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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROUTE SURVEYING

INTRODUCTION TO ROUTE SURVEYING

ROUTE SURVEYING:
Applied to surveys required for the design and construction of engineering works such as
highways, pipelines, canals or railroads.

Stages in the Design & Construction of Transportation Facilities:

1. Route Alignment and Planning


2. Work Design
3. Right of Way Acquisition
4. Construction

Major Elements of Route Surveying System:

1. Stationing
2. Offset Distance
3. Profile Grades
4. Horizontal Curves
5. Vertical Curves
6. Cross Sections
7. Slope Staking

Our function as Project Engineer or Survey Engineer:

1. Obtaining necessary information regarding terrain and land use.


2. Making surveys to determine detailed topography.
3. Establishing horizontal and vertical control required for construction layout.

In order to plan and perform the surveys needed to acquire the needed data, the survey engineer must
be familiar with the following:

1. The geometry of horizontal and vertical curves and how they are use in the route alignment
procedure.
2. The methods of acquiring terrain data utilize in the route design procedure.
3. Obtain earthwork volumes.
4. Earthwork Distribution Process
LESSON 2: CONTOURING

A contour or contour line is defined as a line of intersection of level surface with the surface of the
ground. Thus, every point on a contour line has the same elevation. Therefore, contour line may also be
defined as a line joining the points of equal elevation.

Contour interval. The constant vertical distance between two consecutive contour lines is called the
contour interval. The contour interval is kept constant; otherwise the map will be misleading. The
horizontal distance between any two consecutive contour lines is known as the horizontal equivalent.
The horizontal equivalent, for a given contour interval depends on the nature of the ground.

The contour interval depends upon the following factors:

a. time and fund available for field and office work


b. purpose and extent of survey
c. nature of the ground
d. scale of the map

The following contour intervals are generally used:

a. for flat agricultural land, calculation of earthwork, land leveling etc. 0.15 to 0.50 m
b. for construction of reservoirs and town planning 0.5 to 2m
c. for location surveys 2 to 3 m
d. for small scale topographic map of hilly area 3m to 25m.
Characteristics of contour lines:

a. All points of contour line have the same elevation.


b. Uniformly spaced contour lines indicate uniform slope whereas, straight, parallel and equally
spaced lines indicate a plane surface.
c. Widely spaced contour lines indicate a flat ground and closely spaced contour lines indicate
steep ground.
d. A series of closed contours with the higher values inside indicate a summit or hill (fig. 1).
e. A series of closed contours with the higher values outside indicate a depression (fig. 1).
f. Contour lines cross a ridge or a valley line at right angles.
g. If the contour lines form U-shaped curves and higher values of contour are inside the loop, then
it indicates a ridge line (fig. 1).
h. If the contour lines form V-shaped curves and the lower values of contour are inside the loop, it
indicates a valley line (fig. 1).
i. Contour lines cannot cross one another or merge on the map except in case of an overhanging
cliff (fig. 1).
j. If several contour lines coincide i.e. the horizontal equivalent is zero then it indicates a vertical
cliff (fig. 1).
k. Four sets of contours shown in fig. 2 represent a saddle i.e. a depression between summits. It is
a dip in a ridge or the junction of two ridges. Line passing through the saddles and summits give
watershed line.

Figure 1: Characteristic of contour lines


Figure 2: Characteristic of contour lines

Use of Contours

a. By inspection of a contour map, information regarding the characters of the terrain is obtained,
whether it is flat, undulating or rolling etc.
b. Contour map is very useful for taking up land leveling works.
c. With the help of contour map, suitable site for reservoirs, canal, drainage channels, roads,
railway etc. can be selected.
d. Total drainage area and capacity of reservoirs can be determined with the help of contour map.
e. Computation of earth work is possible from contour map.
f. Contour maps are essential for taking up any soil conservation works like terracing, bunding,
construction of structures and spillways.
g. In coastal areas for construction of brackish water fish farm contour map is required to decide
about the type of farm to be constructed i.e. tide-fed or pump-fed farm.
h. Intervisibility of any two points can be known from the contour map.
i. From the contour map of agricultural land, most suitable method of irrigation for a particular
crop can be decided.
j. Section can easily be drawn from contours.
k. A route with a given slope can be traced on a contour map.

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