Chapter 1

Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics
True / False Questions
1. The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard
of "right" behavior.
True False
2. Moral standards are based on religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs by which

judgments are made about good or bad behavior.
True False
3. A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers
to society.
True False
4. Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as you observe the examples, both
positive and negative, set by everyone around youparents, family members, friends, peers,
and neighbors.
True False
5. Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the
alphabet.
True False
6. A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior refers to a value system.
True False
7. The terms morals and values do not mean the same thing.
True False
1-1
8. A person's values have a specific worth to them.

True False
9. An intrinsic value, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for
its own sake.
True False
10. An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of a one value is a good way to reach another
value.
True False
11. There are clearly defined rules of right and wrong, and you should live your life in direct
observance of those rules.
True False
12. 12. Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed simply
as doing the right thing.
True False
13. 13. Typically people do share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, but they
may not share the same commitment in doing it.
True False
14. Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity.

True False
1-2
15. Rules of appropriate individual behavior represent the idea that the moral standards we
develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and the other types of
decisions we make.
True False
16. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the golden rule.
True False
17. Every religion in the world shares the golden rule.

True False
18. Aristotle believed in individual character and integrity, and established a concept of living
your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal what sort of person
would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person?
True False
19. Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the achievement of clear and
similar virtues.
True False
20. Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism.

True False
21. The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the means.
True False
1-3
22. The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few, such
as Adolf Hitler and the idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the utilitarian
grounds of restoring the Aryan race.
True False
23. Universal ethics argue that there are certain universal principles that should apply to all
ethical judgments.
True False
24. The problem with universal ethics is that no one is held accountable for the consequences
of actions taken to abide by those principles.
True False
25. Applied ethics is the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.
True False
26. Ethical relativism is where the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the
circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
True False
27. Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.
True False
28. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but
rather a right or right answer.

True False
1-4
29. The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community are in
control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make.
True False
30. Usually an ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem.
True False
31. The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the consequences.
True False
32. Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer
to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. With this ethical dilemma,
the first thing Joe must do is analyze the actions without thinking about consequences.
True False
33. The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to evaluate the results of your decision.
True False
34. Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions you should consider when resolving an ethical
dilemma.
True False
35. The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then
drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.
True False
1-5
36. Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.
True False
37. The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is preconventional.
True False
38. The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law and order.
True False
39. In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on meeting
the expectations of friends and coworkers and how something will affect their life.
True False
40. The highest level of ethical reasoning is the post-conventional level.

True False
41. According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his
or her six stages.
True False
42. Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues
and dilemmas at a level so far beyond his or her life experience and education.
True False
1-6
Multiple Choice Questions
43. ______ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of
right" or "wrong" behavior.
A. Morality
B. Ethics
C. Virtuosity
D. Philosophy
44. All of the following are sources of individuals' moral standards except:
A. Family
B. Religion
C. Government
D. Friends
to _________.
A. neighborhood
B. global Village
C. cult
D. society
46. _______ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of
individuals.
A. Culture
B. Role
C. Morals
D. Norm
1-7
47. When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term _______.
A. moral system
B. value system
C. ethical system
D. instrumental system
48. The terms _________ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal
principles by which you aim to live your life.
A. instrumental system
B. outcomes
C. morals
D. lessons
49. An _______ is a value that is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake.
A. intrinsic value
B. extrinsic value
C. instrumental value
D. external value
50. An _________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its
own sake.
A. extrinsic value
B. external value
D. intrinsic value
51. An _______ is where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value.
A. intrinsic value
B. extrinsic value
D. external value
1-8
52. The impact of a person's or a group's _______ can be seen in the extent to which their
daily lives are influenced by those values.
A. ethics
B. morality
C. religion
D. value system
53. What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex?

A. Constant change
B. The grey area
C. Differing religions
D. Black and white decisions
54. Which of the following is not one of the four basic categories of ethics?
A. Personal integrity
B. Rules of appropriate individual behavior
C. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society
D. Stretched truth
55. ________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and
support.
D. A simple truth
1-9
56. Which of the following defines simple truth?

A. The idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily
basis.
B. The idea that we must bring our personal value systems into a world that we share with
people who may have different value systems.
C. Doing the right thing.
D. Viewing one's behavior from an external, rather than an internal, viewpoint.
57. All of the following represent the ideal of personal integrity except:
A. Scrooge McDuck
B. Batman
C. Superman
D. Spider-Man
58. For some, the _______ rule best expresses the goal of living an ethical life: Do unto others
as you would have them do unto you.
A. golden
B. virtuous
C. moral justice
D. equality
59. Ethical theories can be divided into the following categories except:
A. Virtue ethics
B. Ethics for the greater good
C. Rational ethics
D. Universal ethics
1-10
60. ______ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a
clear ideal.
A. Universal ethics
C. Utilitarianism
D. Virtue ethics
61. Which of the following faces the problem that societies can place different emphases on
different virtues?
A. Normative ethics
B. Utilitarianism
C. Virtue ethics
D. Universal ethics
62. The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established
the concept of _______.
A. philosophical ethics
B. virtue ethics
C. moral ethics
D. societal ethics
63. _______ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather focusing on the
apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
A. Ethics for the greater good
B. Normative ethics
C. Ethical relativism
D. Utilitarianism
1-11
64. Ethics for the greater good, a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather
focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves is also referred to as __________.
A. virtue ethics
B. normative ethics
C. ethical relativism
D. utilitarianism
65. Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher ______.
A. David Hume
B. Joseph Badaracco
C. Aristotle
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
66. The problem with _______ is the idea that the ends justify the means.
A. ethics for the greater good
B. normative ethics
D. utilitarianism
67. The problem with utilitarianism is

A. it is a gray area.
B. constant change.
C. not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
D. the idea that the ends justify the means.
68. The theory of ______ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing
actions on the needs of a particular situation.
A. normative ethics
B. universal ethics
C. virtue ethics
D. utilitarianism
1-12
69. According to the theory of _______, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions,
and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
B. normative ethics
D. utilitarianism
70. The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _______.
A. applied ethics
B. normative ethics
C. descriptive ethics
D. meta-ethics
71. Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer
to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an ethical
______.
A. choice
B. dilemma
C. impasse
D. preference
72. An ethical _______ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision,
but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
A. choice
B. dilemma
C. impasse
D. preference
1-13
73. The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community
_______.
A. there are no grey areas
B. after extensive research and discussion, there is always a clear right answer
C. people will usually act ethically when presented with the right choice
D. are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make
74. The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______.
A. analyze the consequences
B. analyze the problem
C. make a decision
D. analyze the actions
75. The second step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______.
C. make a decision
76. The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______.
C. make a decision
77. All of the following are questions identified by Arthur Dorbin to resolve an ethical
dilemma except:
A. What do your feelings tell you?
B. What are the alternatives?
C. What are the facts?
D. What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another?
1-14
78. Arthur Dobrin identified ___ questions you should consider when resolving an ethical
dilemma.
A. 8
B. 6
C. 10
D. 15
79. _______ looks at the information available to us in resolving an ethical dilemma, and
draws conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.
A. Ethical framework
B. Philosophical logic
C. Ethical reasoning
D. Moral reasoning
80. Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development?

A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Social contract
81. How many stages are in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
82. The _______ stage focuses on the avoidance of punishment and deference to power and
authority.
A. "good boy/nice girl" orientation
B. law and order orientation
C. principled conscience
D. obedience and punishment orientation
1-15
83. At the _______ stage, a person focuses on self-chosen ethical principles that are
comprehensive and consistent.
84. The _______ stage focuses on individual rights and the development of standards based
on critical examination.
A. social-contract legalistic orientation
85. Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of _______.
A. resolving ethical dilemmas
B. ethical reasoning
D. applied ethics
Fill in the Blank Questions
86. __________________________ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives
according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior.
________________________________________
to _____________________________.
________________________________________
1-16
88. _________________________ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that

characterize a group of individuals.
________________________________________
89. When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term
______________________.
________________________________________
90. The terms _______________________ and values are often used to mean the same thing,
a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life.
________________________________________
91. An ______________________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and
is pursued for its own sake.
________________________________________
92. The impact of a person's or a group's _____________________________ can be seen in

the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values.
________________________________________
93. The ___________________________ makes the study of ethics so complex.

________________________________________
94. ________________________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people
can understand and support.
________________________________________
1-17
95. _________________________ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment

to the achievement of a clear ideal.
________________________________________
96. ___________________________________ is a theory more focused on the outcome of

your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
________________________________________
97. Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher
______________________________.
________________________________________
98. The theory of _____________________________ places actions within a strictly moral

context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation.
________________________________________
99. According to the theory of ___________________________, the traditions of your

society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your
ethical principles.
________________________________________
100. Due to new competitors, Joe feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the
customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an ethical
_______________.
________________________________________
1-18
101. An ethical ______________________ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right"

or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
________________________________________
102. The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to analyze the
_________________.
________________________________________
103. The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to make a
___________________.
________________________________________
104. Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of ethical
______________.
________________________________________
Essay Questions
105. Name and discuss the four categories of doing the right thing.
1-19
106. Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value.
107. Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories.
108. Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories.
109. Discuss utilitarianism.
1-20
110. Define ethical dilemma. Give an example of an ethical dilemma. Explain the process to
resolve it.
111. Discuss ethical relativism.
112. Identify the eight questions offered by Arthur Dobrin for consideration when resolving
an ethical dilemma. Do you believe these questions could help you? Explain.
113. Briefly describe the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's framework for ethical
reasoning.
1-21
Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key
True / False Questions
1. (p. 4) The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a
standard of "right" behavior.
TRUE
The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of
"right" behavior.
Bloom's: Remembering
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 1.1
2. (p. 4) Moral standards are based on religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs by which
judgments are made about good or bad behavior.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
3. (p. 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs
refers to society.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
1-22
4. (p. 4) Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as you observe the examples,
both positive and negative, set by everyone around youparents, family members, friends,
peers, and neighbors.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
5. (p. 4) Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the
alphabet.
FALSE
Individuals acquire their personal moral standards by osmosis as you observe the examples,
both positive and negative, set by everyone around youparents, family members, friends,
peers, and neighbors.
Bloom's: Understanding
Difficulty: Medium
6. (p. 4) A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior refers to a value system.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
7. (p. 4) The terms morals and values do not mean the same thing.
FALSE
The terms morals and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal
principles by which you aim to live your life.
Difficulty: Medium
1-23
8. (p. 4) A person's values have a specific worth to them.

TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
9. (p. 4 - 5) An intrinsic value, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is
pursued for its own sake.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
10. (p. 5) An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of a one value is a good way to reach another
value.
FALSE
The pursuit of one value to reach another value is an instrumental value. Foe example, money
is valued for what it can buy.
Difficulty: Medium
11. (p. 5) There are clearly defined rules of right and wrong, and you should live your life in
direct observance of those rules.
FALSE
We would like to believe that there are clearly defined rules of right and wrong and that you
can live your life in direct observance of those rules. However, it is more likely that situations
will arise that will require exceptions to those rules.
Difficulty: Medium
1-24
12. (p. 5) 12. Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed
simply as doing the right thing.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
13. (p. 5) 13. Typically people do share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, but
they may not share the same commitment in doing it.
FALSE
Typically people do not share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, and they
may not share the same commitment in doing it.
Difficulty: Medium
14. (p. 5) Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity.

TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
15. (p. 5) Rules of appropriate individual behavior represent the idea that the moral standards
we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and the other types
of decisions we make.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
1-25
16. (p. 6) "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the golden rule.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
17. (p. 6) Every religion in the world shares the golden rule.
FALSE
This is simple and very clear rule is shared by many different religions in the world.
Difficulty: Medium
18. (p. 6) Aristotle believed in individual character and integrity, and established a concept of
living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal what sort of
person would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person?
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
19. (p. 6) Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the achievement of clear
and similar virtues.
FALSE
Thee problem with virtue ethics is that societies can place different emphasis on different
virtues. For example, Greek society at the time of Aristotle valued wisdom, courage, and
justice. By contrast, Christian societies value faith, hope, and charity.
Difficulty: Medium
1-26
20. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
21. (p. 6) The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the
means.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
22. (p. 6) The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few,
such as Adolf Hitler and the idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the
utilitarian grounds of restoring the Aryan race.
FALSE
The problem with this approach to ethics is the idea of doing the greatest good for the greatest
number of people. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party launched a national genocide against Jews
and "defective" people on the utilitarian grounds of restoring the Aryan race.
Difficulty: Medium
23. (p. 6) Universal ethics argue that there are certain universal principles that should apply to
all ethical judgments.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
1-27
24. (p. 7) The problem with universal ethics is that no one is held accountable for the
consequences of actions taken to abide by those principles.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
25. (p. 8) Applied ethics is the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
26. (p. 7) Ethical relativism is where the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and
the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
27. (p. 8) Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.
FALSE
The study of how ethical theories are put into practice is applied ethics. Ethical dilemmas are
situations in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right
answer.
Difficulty: Medium
1-28
28. (p. 8) An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision,
but
rather a right or right answer.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
29. (p. 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community are
in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
30. (p. 9) Usually an ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem.
FALSE
Usually an ethical dilemma cannot really be resolved in the sense that a resolution of the
problem implies a satisfactory answer to the problem. Since, in reality, the "answer" to an
ethical dilemma is often the lesser of two evils, it is questionable to assume that there will
always be an acceptable answer it's more a question of whether or not you can arrive at an
outcome you can live with.
Difficulty: Medium
31. (p. 9) The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the consequences.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
1-29
32. (p. 9) Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important
customer to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. With this ethical
dilemma, the first thing Joe must do is analyze the actions without thinking about
consequences.
FALSE
The first thing he must do is analyze the consequences.
Bloom's: Applying
Difficulty: Medium
33. (p. 9) The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to evaluate the results of your decision.
FALSE
The final step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision.
Difficulty: Easy
34. (p. 10) Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions you should consider when resolving an ethical
dilemma.
FALSE
Arthur Dobrin identified eight questions to consider when resolving an ethical dilemma.
Difficulty: Easy
35. (p. 10) The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and
then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.
TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
1-30
36. (p. 10) Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical
reasoning.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
37. (p. 10 - 11) The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is
preconventional.
FALSE
The first stage is obedience and punishment orientation.
Difficulty: Easy
38. (p. 11) The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law and order.
FALSE
The third stage is "Good boy/nice girl" orientation.
Difficulty: Easy
39. (p. 11) In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on
meeting the expectations of friends and coworkers and how something will affect their life.
FALSE
The third stage is "Good boy/nice girl" orientation, and a person is focused on meeting the
expectations of family membersthat is, something is right or wrong because it pleases those
family members.
Difficulty: Difficult
1-31
40. (p. 11) The highest level of ethical reasoning is the post-conventional level.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
41. (p. 12) According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of
his or her six stages.
FALSE
According to Kohlberg, an individual cannot jump beyond the next stage.
42. (p. 12) Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral
issues and dilemmas at a level so far beyond his or her life experience and education.
TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple Choice Questions
43. (p. 4) ______ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of
right" or "wrong" behavior.
A. Morality
B. Ethics
C. Virtuosity
D. Philosophy
Difficulty: Easy
1-32
44. (p. 4) All of the following are sources of individuals' moral standards except:
A. Family
B. Religion
C. Government
D. Friends
Difficulty: Easy
refers to _________.
A. neighborhood
B. global Village
C. cult
D. society
Difficulty: Easy
46. (p. 4) _______ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group
of individuals.
A. Culture
B. Role
C. Morals
D. Norm
Difficulty: Easy
1-33
47. (p. 4) When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term
_______.
A. moral system
B. value system
C. ethical system
D. instrumental system
Difficulty: Easy
48. (p. 4) The terms _________ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of
personal principles by which you aim to live your life.
A. instrumental system
B. outcomes
C. morals
D. lessons
Difficulty: Easy
49. (p. 4) An _______ is a value that is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake.
A. intrinsic value
B. extrinsic value
D. external value
Difficulty: Easy
1-34
50. (p. 4 - 5) An _________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued
for its own sake.
A. extrinsic value
B. external value
D. intrinsic value
Difficulty: Easy
51. (p. 5) An _______ is where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value.
A. intrinsic value
B. extrinsic value
D. external value
Difficulty: Easy
52. (p. 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _______ can be seen in the extent to which their
daily lives are influenced by those values.
A. ethics
B. morality
C. religion
D. value system
Difficulty: Easy
1-35
53. (p. 5) What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex?

A. Constant change
B. The grey area
C. Differing religions
D. Black and white decisions
Difficulty: Medium
54. (p. 5) Which of the following is not one of the four basic categories of ethics?
D. Stretched truth
Difficulty: Medium
55. (p. 5) ________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand
and support.
D. A simple truth
Difficulty: Medium
1-36
56. (p. 5) Which of the following defines simple truth?

A. The idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily
basis.
B. The idea that we must bring our personal value systems into a world that we share with
people who may have different value systems.
C. Doing the right thing.
D. Viewing one's behavior from an external, rather than an internal, viewpoint.
57. (p. 5) All of the following represent the ideal of personal integrity except:
A. Scrooge McDuck
B. Batman
C. Superman
D. Spider-Man
Difficulty: Medium
58. (p. 6) For some, the _______ rule best expresses the goal of living an ethical life: Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you.
A. golden
B. virtuous
C. moral justice
D. equality
Difficulty: Easy
1-37
59. (p. 6) Ethical theories can be divided into the following categories except:
A. Virtue ethics
C. Rational ethics
D. Universal ethics
Difficulty: Easy
60. (p. 6) ______ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement
of a clear ideal.
A. Universal ethics
C. Utilitarianism
D. Virtue ethics
Difficulty: Easy
61. (p. 6) Which of the following faces the problem that societies can place different emphases
on different virtues?
A. Normative ethics
B. Utilitarianism
C. Virtue ethics
D. Universal ethics
Difficulty: Easy
1-38
62. (p. 6) The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity
established the concept of _______.
A. philosophical ethics
B. virtue ethics
C. moral ethics
D. societal ethics
Difficulty: Easy
63. (p. 6) _______ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather focusing on
the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
A. Ethics for the greater good
B. Normative ethics
C. Ethical relativism
D. Utilitarianism
Difficulty: Easy
64. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good, a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions
rather focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves is also referred to as
__________.
A. virtue ethics
B. normative ethics
D. utilitarianism
Difficulty: Easy
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65. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher
______.
A. David Hume
B. Joseph Badaracco
C. Aristotle
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
Difficulty: Easy
66. (p. 6) The problem with _______ is the idea that the ends justify the means.
B. normative ethics
D. utilitarianism
Difficulty: Medium
67. (p. 6) The problem with utilitarianism is

A. it is a gray area.
B. constant change.
C. not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
D. the idea that the ends justify the means.
Difficulty: Medium
1-40
68. (p. 6) The theory of ______ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing
actions on the needs of a particular situation.
A. normative ethics
B. universal ethics
C. virtue ethics
D. utilitarianism
Difficulty: Easy
69. (p. 7) According to the theory of _______, the traditions of your society, your personal
opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
B. normative ethics
D. utilitarianism
Difficulty: Easy
70. (p. 8) The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _______.
A. applied ethics
B. normative ethics
C. descriptive ethics
D. meta-ethics
Difficulty: Easy
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71. (p. 9) Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important
customer to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an
ethical ______.
A. choice
B. dilemma
C. impasse
D. preference
Difficulty: Medium
72. (p. 9) An ethical _______ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong"
decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
A. choice
B. dilemma
C. impasse
D. preference
Difficulty: Medium
73. (p. 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community
_______.
A. there are no grey areas
B. after extensive research and discussion, there is always a clear right answer
C. people will usually act ethically when presented with the right choice
D. are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make
Difficulty: Medium
1-42
74. (p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______.
C. make a decision
Difficulty: Easy
75. (p. 10) The second step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to
_______.
C. make a decision
Difficulty: Easy
76. (p. 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______.
C. make a decision
Difficulty: Easy
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77. (p. 10) All of the following are questions identified by Arthur Dorbin to resolve an ethical
dilemma except:
A. What do your feelings tell you?
B. What are the alternatives?
C. What are the facts?
D. What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another?
Difficulty: Easy
78. (p. 10) Arthur Dobrin identified ___ questions you should consider when resolving an
ethical dilemma.
A. 8
B. 6
C. 10
D. 15
Difficulty: Easy
79. (p. 10) _______ looks at the information available to us in resolving an ethical dilemma, and
draws conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.
A. Ethical framework
B. Philosophical logic
C. Ethical reasoning
D. Moral reasoning
Difficulty: Easy
1-44
80. (p. 10) Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Social contract
Difficulty: Easy
81. (p. 11) How many stages are in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
Difficulty: Easy
82. (p. 11) The _______ stage focuses on the avoidance of punishment and deference to power
and authority.
Difficulty: Easy
1-45
83. (p. 11) At the _______ stage, a person focuses on self-chosen ethical principles that are
comprehensive and consistent.
Difficulty: Easy
84. (p. 11) The _______ stage focuses on individual rights and the development of standards
based on critical examination.
A. social-contract legalistic orientation
Difficulty: Medium
85. (p. 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of _______.
A. resolving ethical dilemmas
B. ethical reasoning
D. applied ethics
Difficulty: Medium
1-46
Fill in the Blank Questions
86. (p. 4) __________________________ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives
according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior.
Ethics
Difficulty: Easy
refers to _____________________________.
society
Difficulty: Easy
88. (p. 4) _________________________ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices

that characterize a group of individuals.
Culture
Difficulty: Easy
89. (p. 4) When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term
______________________.
value system
Difficulty: Easy
1-47
90. (p. 4) The terms _______________________ and values are often used to mean the same
thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life.
morals
Difficulty: Easy
91. (p. 4 - 5) An ______________________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in

itself and is pursued for its own sake.
intrinsic value
Difficulty: Easy
92. (p. 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _____________________________ can be seen

in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values.
value system
Difficulty: Easy
93. (p. 5) The ___________________________ makes the study of ethics so complex.

grey area
Difficulty: Medium
1-48
94. (p. 5) ________________________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most
people can understand and support.
A simple truth
Difficulty: Medium
95. (p. 6) _________________________ is a concept of living your life according to a

commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.
Virtue ethics
Difficulty: Easy
96. (p. 6) ___________________________________ is a theory more focused on the outcome

of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
Ethics for the greater good
Difficulty: Easy
97. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher
______________________________.
David Hume
Difficulty: Easy
1-49
98. (p. 6) The theory of _____________________________ places actions within a strictly

moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation.
universal ethics
Difficulty: Easy
99. (p. 7) According to the theory of ___________________________, the traditions of your

society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your
ethical principles.
ethical relativism
Difficulty: Easy
100. (p. 9) Due to new competitors, Joe feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep
the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an ethical
_______________.
dilemma
Difficulty: Medium
101. (p. 9) An ethical ______________________ is a situation in which there is no obvious

"right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
dilemma
Difficulty: Medium
1-50
102. (p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to analyze
the _________________.
consequences
Difficulty: Easy
103. (p. 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to make a
___________________.
decision
Difficulty: Easy
104. (p. 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of ethical
______________.
reasoning
Difficulty: Medium
Essay Questions
105. (p. 5) Name and discuss the four categories of doing the right thing.
Simple truthright and wrong or good and bad; question of someone's personal character
his or her integrity; rules of appropriate individual behavior; rules of appropriate behavior for
a community or society.
Difficulty: Medium
1-51
106. (p. 4 - 5) Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value.
Intrinsic valuea value that is a good thing in itself; it is pursued for its own sake, whether
anything good comes from the pursuit or not. An example would be happiness or health.
In contrast, the pursuit of an instrumental value is a good way to reach another value. For
example, money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself.
Bloom's: Analyzing
107. (p. 6 - 7) Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories.
Virtue ethics: Living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal;
ethics for the greater good: A theory focused on the outcomes of your actions rather than
focusing on the apparent virtue of actions themselves; universal ethics: Actions placed within
a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation.
Bloom's: Analyzing
108. (p. 6 - 7) Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories.
Virtue ethics can create value conflict. Therefore, conflict can occur if the virtues you hope to
achieve fail to reflect the values of the society in which you live; ethics for the greater good
emphasizes the idea that the ends justify the means; universal ethics focus on abiding by a
universal principle; however, no one is accountable for the consequences of actions taken to
abide by these principles.
Bloom's: Analyzing
1-52
109. (p. 6) Discuss utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism, also known as ethics for the greater good is more focused on the outcome of
your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselvesthat is, a focus on the
greatest good for the greatest number of people. Originally proposed by a Scottish
philosopher named David Hume, this approach to ethics is also referred to as utilitarianism.
The problem with this approach to ethics is the idea that the ends justify the means. If all you
focus on is doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people, no one is accountable
for the actions that are taken to achieve that outcome.
Difficulty: Medium
110. (p. 8 - 12) Define ethical dilemma. Give an example of an ethical dilemma. Explain the
process to resolve it.
Ethical Dilemma - a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather
a right or right answer. Examples and explanations of the process to resolve it will vary.
Bloom's: Applying
111. (p. 7 - 8) Discuss ethical relativism.
Ethical relativismConcept that the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and
the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
Difficulty: Medium
1-53
112. (p. 10) Identify the eight questions offered by Arthur Dobrin for consideration when
resolving an ethical dilemma. Do you believe these questions could help you? Explain.
1. What are the facts? 2. What can you guess about the facts you don't know? 3. What do the
facts mean? 4. What does the problem look like through the eyes of people involved? 5. What
will happen if you choose one thing rather than another? 6. What do your feelings tell you? 7.
What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another? 8. Can you explain and
justify your decision to others?
113. (p. 10 - 12) Briefly describe the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's framework for ethical
reasoning.
Preconventional: At this lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a

perception of right and wrong is directly linked to expectations of punishment or reward;
Conventional: At this level, a person becomes increasingly aware of broader influences
outside of the family; Post-conventional: At this highest level of ethical reasoning, a person
makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value
system, rather than simply reflecting the group position.
1-54

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Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics

True / False Questions

2. Moral standards are based on religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs by which

8. A person's values have a specific worth to them.

14. Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity.

17. Every religion in the world shares the golden rule.

20. Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism.

rather a right or right answer.

40. The highest level of ethical reasoning is the post-conventional level.

Multiple Choice Questions

53. What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex?

56. Which of the following defines simple truth?

67. The problem with utilitarianism is

80. Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development?

Fill in the Blank Questions

88. _________________________ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that

92. The impact of a person's or a group's _____________________________ can be seen in

93. The ___________________________ makes the study of ethics so complex.

95. _________________________ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment

96. ___________________________________ is a theory more focused on the outcome of

98. The theory of _____________________________ places actions within a strictly moral

99. According to the theory of ___________________________, the traditions of your

101. An ethical ______________________ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right"

106. Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value.

107. Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories.

108. Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories.

109. Discuss utilitarianism.

111. Discuss ethical relativism.

True / False Questions

8. (p. 4) A person's values have a specific worth to them.

14. (p. 5) Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity.

The first thing he must do is analyze the consequences.

The final step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision.

The first stage is obedience and punishment orientation.

The third stage is "Good boy/nice girl" orientation.

According to Kohlberg, an individual cannot jump beyond the next stage.

Multiple Choice Questions

53. (p. 5) What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex?

56. (p. 5) Which of the following defines simple truth?

67. (p. 6) The problem with utilitarianism is

Fill in the Blank Questions

88. (p. 4) _________________________ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices

91. (p. 4 - 5) An ______________________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in

92. (p. 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _____________________________ can be seen

93. (p. 5) The ___________________________ makes the study of ethics so complex.

95. (p. 6) _________________________ is a concept of living your life according to a

96. (p. 6) ___________________________________ is a theory more focused on the outcome

98. (p. 6) The theory of _____________________________ places actions within a strictly

99. (p. 7) According to the theory of ___________________________, the traditions of your

101. (p. 9) An ethical ______________________ is a situation in which there is no obvious

106. (p. 4 - 5) Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value.

109. (p. 6) Discuss utilitarianism.

111. (p. 7 - 8) Discuss ethical relativism.

Preconventional: At this lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a

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