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Received 21 March 2005; received in revised form 30 June 2005; accepted 8 July 2005
Abstract
A comprehensive study has been made on biogas kinetics from municipal waste. A 10 dm3 anaerobic batch digester equipped with a
mechanical agitator has been used under controlled environment (pH 6.8, temperature = 40 C) for this purpose. Influent slurry concentration
varied from 20 to 56 kg/m3 . At 20 kg/m3 the concentration of carbohydrate, protein and fat varied from 0.83 to 2.0 kg/m3 , 0.25 to 0.70 kg/m3
and 0.26 to 0.56 kg/m3 , respectively. The biogas generated from the digester had the methane concentration as high as 80% (v/v) at an influent
slurry concentration of 20 kg/m3 on the 15th operating day of the digester. The calorific value of biogas obtained from the digester is in
the range of 27.9831.46 MJ/(N m3 ). An attempt has been made to separate both acidogenic and methanogenic bacterial consortia. It has
been noted that classical Monod-type substrate uninhibited model equation can be used to predict the growth kinetics of separated bacterial
consortia of both types. Biogas generation kinetics was studied using initial influent slurry, carbohydrate, protein and fat concentrations as
parameters. By judiciously coupling differential mass balance equations, mathematical model equations were obtained.
2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
0141-0229/$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.004
494 J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503
2.2. Methods
Nomenclature
2.2.1. Analytical
c concentration (kg/m3 )
2.2.1.1. Determination of bacterial mass concentration.
d days
The concentration of bacterial mass in the reaction broth was
Ks saturation constant (kg/m3 )
determined by dry weight method [11]. The culture broth was
M molecular weight
centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min. The cells were washed
Qc cumulative concentration
twice with distilled water and were taken in aluminium cups.
r reaction rate
Aluminium cups containing the cell mass were left for 24 h
Sl slurry concentration
at 80 C for drying. Finally, the weight of cell mass was
S solubility
measured using a sensitive Mettler-AE 240 (Switzerland) bal-
Y yield coefficientsexpressed as gram
ance.
material substrate/product
consumed/produced per gram of
2.2.1.2. Proximate analysis of solid waste and whey. The
biomass formed
total solid (TS), moisture content and the volatile matter (VM)
Greek letters of vegetable waste, oil cake and whey were determined by
max maximum specific growth rate (d1 ) standard methods [12].
Two grams of the sample was taken in a silica crucible and
Subscripts was dried in an air oven to constant weight at 105110 C for
IVII reaction numbers IVII 5 h. The weight of the residue was reported as total solid (TS)
Bio of biogas content of the material. The difference between the weight
carb of carbohydrate of sample and the residue gave the moisture content. Volatile
CH4 of methane matter and the ash content of the waste were determined using
fat of fat a muffle furnace maintained at 925 C and at 775 25 C,
i concerned with any reaction i respectively. Covered and open petridishes were used to hold
LCFA of long chain fatty acid the samples in the furnace for the determination of volatile
pr of protein matter and ash content, respectively. Volatile matter and ash
s of substrate content were determined by taking the differences between
VFA of volatile fatty acid weight of the samples taken and the residues left in respective
x of biomass experiments.
using the following relation: crude protein = sample N Determination of Biogas composition. The product bio-
6.25. gas composition was analysed by gas chromatograph
Fat. For the estimation of the fat content of solid waste, (CHEMITO Model No. 8510) using thermal conductivity
the material was first digested with acid. The material was detector (CHEMITO Model No. 8510) with a Porapaq-q col-
heated with hydrochloric acid to destroy the protein and the umn (Netel Chromatographs length 2 m, mesh size range
fat separated as a layer on the top of the acidic liquid. The 80/100). Hydrogen was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate
acid concentration during extraction was approximately 6 M. of 20 ml/min. The oven, injector and detector temperatures
One to two grams of solid waste was mixed with 89 ml of were maintained at 60, 80 and 80 C, respectively.
water and 10 ml of acid. The protein got dissolved in the acid
and the separated fat was extracted with light petroleum ether 2.2.1.5. Determination of caloric value of biogas. Calorific
in a continuous extraction apparatus. value of the gas was determined using Junkers Calorimeter.
The fat content in whey was measured with the help of
a milk butyrometer. The following liquids, namely 10 ml of 2.2.2. Experimental methods
H2 SO4 (density 1.8121.818 at 20 C), 10.94 ml of whey and 2.2.2.1. Preparation of inuent digester feed. Vegetable
1 ml of fat free amyl alcohol (density 0.8090.813 at 20 C) market waste, consisting of potato, spinach, carrot,
were pipetted in the butyrometer ensuring that they did not cauliflower, cabbage, etc., having seasonal variation, sweet
mix with one another. The tube was closed with a stopper. meat whey and mustard oil cake were collected from local
The contents were mixed thoroughly and were immediately municipal market. The characteristics of different wastes,
centrifuged at 1100 rpm for 4 min. The tube was transferred determined following different analytical techniques, have
(stopper downwards) to a thermostatic bath maintained at been given in Table 1. All the components were sterilized
65 C and was held for at least 3 min and the percentage fat in an autoclave at a temperature and pressure of 121 C and
was read directly from the scale. 0.2 MPa to ensure absence of harmful pathogens. Sterile com-
Total, degradable and non-degradable carbohydrates. ponents were subsequently taken in different proportion and
Total: The total carbohydrate, including fibre and soluble were mixed thoroughly using electrically operated mixer.
ones, was determined by the method of difference (total car- Slurry concentration was maintained at different levels using
bohydrate = 100 %(moisture + ash + crude protein + fat)). variable quantities of tap water. Concentrations of carbohy-
Degradable and non-degradable: The degradable carbo- drate, protein and fat were adjusted at desired values using
hydrate in the vegetable waste and in the oil cake was deter- their pure sources like sucrose, casein and hydrogenated oil,
mined using amyloglucosidase [14]. Duplicate 1g analytical respectively.
portions were taken for the analysis. Enzymatic digestion was
carried out for 30 min at pH 4.5 and at a temperature of 60 C 2.2.2.2. Operation of the digester. A 10 dm3 semi-batch
with continuous agitation. The mass consumed during the biodigester having a height to diameter ratio of three, fit-
digestion was considered the degradable carbohydrate. The ted with a mechanical agitator, was employed in the present
non-degradable carbohydrate was calculated by subtracting investigation. Outside the reactor a jacket was provided
this value from that of the total carbohydrate. through which water was circulated to ensure isothermal con-
dition at 40 C inside the reactor. The pH of the reaction broth
2.2.1.4. Gas chromatographic analysis. Determination of was always maintained at 6.8. There was a provision for gas
volatile and long chain fatty acids. Volatile fatty acids were outlet on the top closure from which the generated biogas
analysed in a gas chromatograph (CHEMITO Model No. was collected continuously.
8510) equipped with a flame ionization detector (CHEMITO Initially the digester was fed with influent slurry to fill 80%
Model No. 8510) with 60/80 carbopack carbowax column of the reactor volume. The volume of the seed culture added
[15]. Long chain fatty acid was analysed by the same gas was 10% of the reactant volume. A continuous agitation at
chromatograph using flame ionisation detector (CHEMITO 50 rpm was maintained during digestion process. Although
Model No. 8510) and SP 2330 capillary column [15]. the reaction is an anaerobic one, stirring was provided only to
Table 1
Composition of different constituents of slurry
Constituents of Moisture (%) Total solid Volatile solid Protein (%) Fat (%) Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Ash (%)
slurry (TS) (%) (VS) (%) degradable (%) non-degradable (%)
Vegetable waste 89.14 0.5 10.76 0.5 9.78 0.5 2.42 0.5 0.28 0.5 7.18 0.5 0.98 0.5
Oil cake 8.50 0.5 91.5 0.5 81.20 0.5 30.8 0.5 9.3 0.5 41.0 0.5 10.30 0.5
Whey 93.5 0.5 6.5 0.5 5.85 0.5 0.7995 0.5 0.0494 0.5 5.005 0.5 9.2 0.5
( m )2
Definition: (standard deviation) s = n , % deviation = sm 100 where , value of any observation, m , mean value, n, number of replicate
experiments. Percent standard deviation: 0.1% in all the cases. All the experiments were repeated thrice.
496 J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503
culture of acidogenic bacteria maintained in general bacte- filtrates of growth medium and the control. The growth, due to
rial medium. To replicate the real digester condition, same the supply of limiting substrate was calculated by the method
slurry having 20 kg/m3 concentration was used as the main of difference.
specific medium. Growth kinetics of acidogenic consortia
with respect to any one of the limiting substrate, namely
carbohydrate, fat and protein was determined by varying 3. Theoretical analysis
their concentrations in the range of 0.833.0, 0.250.70,
0.260.56 kg/m3 , respectively. The concentrations of carbo- Since the degradation process occurs following a highly
hydrate, fat and protein were adjusted by using their pure complex route, the reaction scheme for simulation and mod-
eling purpose can be described in the following manner:
sources, namely sucrose, hydrogenated oil and fat. Aseptic Soluble carbohydrate and amino acids are formed through
condition was maintained throughout the process. All the enzymatic hydrolysis whereas volatile and long chain fatty
experiments were conducted at optimum values of growth acids are formed through acidogenic degradation [16]. In a
temperature, namely (40 C) and pH (44.5) for 48 h under separate set of reactions long chain and volatile fatty acids, so
unstirred condition. The control medium was separately inoc- formed via endogenous step, undergo decomposition through
ulated with the stock acidogenic culture. The medium of methanogenic bacterial fermentation to produce the desired
20 kg/m3 slurry concentration was used as the control. Bacte- biogas. The enzymatic solubilization reactions involve extra-
rial mass was determined by standard dry weight method after cellular enzymes of different types, namely cellulase, pro-
filtering both the control and the actual media to exclude the tease, etc., produced by the bacterial culture during the lag or
insoluble vegetable matter. The bacterial growth at different non-growth period. Since practically no information is avail-
time intervals corresponding to different initial concentration able on the exact nature of enzymes produced by the cells in
of carbohydrate, fat and protein was determined along with the lag phase and keeping in mind the fact that the solubi-
that in the control. The bacterial growth, only due to the sup- lization reaction by extracellular enzymes mentioned above
ply of corresponding limiting substrate, was determined by may be very fast in nature compared to the other reactions
the method of difference. involving cell growth, it is logical to assume that the enzy-
Methanogenic consortia. Batch experiments were con- matic solubilization reactions are always in equilibrium and
ducted in 50 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 20 ml of the plays no role on the overall kinetics of the process. While pro-
specific medium with 2 ml of the inoculum. To ensure the cessing experimental data, results obtained from exponential
closeness with the digester condition, the culture of acido- phase of growth have been considered since this is the only sit-
genic bacteria obtained after 2 days of incubation was used uation where one gets balanced cell growth condition. Thus,
to prepare the control medium for methanogenic bacteria. The while developing kinetic models the enzymatic reaction steps
supernatant obtained after the centrifugation of this 2-day-old for the formation of soluble carbohydrate and amino acid have
acidogenic culture was used as the control medium for the been considered as instantaneous. In the present investigation
methanogenic culture. Growth kinetics of methanogenic con- in order to understand the reaction engineering behaviour of
sortia was measured with respect to any one of the limiting complex biodegradation process, Monods substrate uninhib-
nutrients, namely volatile fatty acid and long chain fatty acids, ited model has been tested to represent the exponential growth
whose concentration was varied in the range of 0.821.80 for simulation purpose.
and 0.0760.081 kg/m3 , respectively. The initial concentra- For the prediction of cell growth occurring in the various
tions of the acids were adjusted using their pure sources as reaction steps in the overall reaction scheme, the following
used during the separation of methanogenic consortia. All the Monod cell growth equation has been used:
experiments were conducted at optimum values of growth
temperature (40 C) and pH (6.87.0). Bacterial mass was max i cxi csi
ri = (1)
determined by following standard dry weight method for the Ksi + csi
498 J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503
Differential mass balance equations for different com- Methane concentration in the biogas was determined using
pounds involved in the reaction scheme mentioned ear- gas chromatograph. The pattern of methane concentration
lier have been solved numerically using fourth-order (v/v%) time history in the biogas with a change in slurry con-
RungeKutta method. centration is shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that the methane
Computation of cumulative methane and cumulative bio- concentration in the biogas is always lower corresponding to
gas production rates per unit volume of the reactor have been higher slurry concentration. The cumulative methane gen-
done using the following expressions; eration rate, however, increases with the increase in the
cCH4 SCH4 T slurry concentration. On the other hand, the absolute value of
MCH4 273 22.4 methane production rate expressed as the vapour daily space
Qc,CH4 = (2) velocity always increases with the enhancement of slurry con-
ti
centration. Calorific value of biogas was determined using
cCH4 SCH4 cCO2 SCO2 T Junkers calorimeter and its time history is plotted with slurry
MCH4 + MCO 273 22.4 concentration as a parameter on Fig. 3. The figure reveals that
Qc,Bio = 2 the calorific value of the biogas decreases with the increase
ti
(3) in the slurry concentration.
Table 2
Kinetic parameters determined using batch type (Erlenmeyer flasks) experimental data
Reaction type Kinetic parameters Y (yield coefficients)
Fig. 2. Simulated (lines) and experimental time histories of volume % of methane in biogas and cumulative methane generation rate (Qc,CH4 ) in biogas with
slurry concentration (SL) as a parameter. Lines () volumetric methane percent (CH4 %); arrows ( ) represent CH4 % as ordinate and time in days as abscissa;
() cumulative methane generation rate (Qc,CH4 ) in (dm3 /(dm3 d)); arrows ( ) represent Qc,CH4 in (dm3 /(dm3 d)) as ordinate and time in days as abscissa.
Points: () 20 kg/m3 ; () 40 kg/m3 ; () 56 kg/m3 .
volume of bioreactor and is expressed in terms of vapour 4.1.3.2. Concentration of carbohydrate and protein. As
daily space velocity. Since the total quantum of energy in case of the variation of slurry concentration, increase
supplied by biogas depends both on its calorific value and in the initial concentration of carbohydrate and protein
its quantity, vapour daily space velocity of biogas has been results in the increase of cumulative biogas production
considered as an important parameter. rate.
4.1.3.1. Slurry concentration. Fig. 5 shows that the cumu- 4.1.3.3. Concentration of fat. Fig. 6 reveals that the biogas
lative biogas production rate increases with the increase of production rate is insensitive towards the variation of fat con-
slurry concentration. centration.
Fig. 3. Simulated (lines) and experimental time histories of calorific value of biogas with slurry concentration (SL) as a parameter. Points: () 20 kg/m3 ; ()
40 kg/m3 ; () 56 kg/m3 .
500 J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503
Fig. 4. Simulated (lines) and experimental time histories of volume % of methane in biogas and cumulative methane generation rate (Qc,CH4 ) in biogas with
fat concentration in the slurry as a parameter. Lines: () volumetric methane percent (CH4 %); arrows ( ) represent CH4 % as ordinate and time in days as
abscissa; () cumulative methane generation rate (Qc,CH4 ) in (dm3 /(dm3 d)); arrows ( ) represent Qc,CH4 in (dm3 /(dm3 d)) as ordinate and time in days as
abscissa. Points signify concentration of fat: () 0.26 kg/m3 ; () 0.46 kg/m3 ; () 0.56 kg/m3 .
Fig. 5. Simulated (lines) and experimental points time histories of cumulative biogas production rate Qc,Bio in dm3 /(dm3 d)) with slurry concentration (SL) as
a parameter. Points: () 20 kg/m3 ; () 40 kg/m3 ; () 56 kg/m3 .
J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503 501
Fig. 6. Simulated (lines) and experimental points time histories of cumulative biogas production rate (Qc,Bio in dm3 /(dm3 d)) with fat concentration in the
slurry as a parameter. Points signify ratio of carbohydrate:protein:fat: () 3.2:1.92:1; () 3.2:1.92:1.76;() 3.2:1.92:2.15.
and continues up to 11 days has again a rising slope and dogenic degradation of carbohydrate and protein (reactions
after that the fourth segment is characterized by constant III and IV) and also during the methanogenic degradation of
methane concentration with time. The first segment is prob- volatile fatty acids (reaction VI). On the other hand methane
ably due to methanogenic breakdown of volatile fatty acids is generated only during the methanogenic reactions which
produced from carbohydrate and protein. The second and are much slower than the acidogenic reactions. As a conse-
the third segments are due to the methanogenic breakdown quence, as the slurry concentration increases, the production
of long chain fatty acids formed from available fat follow- rates of both CO2 and CH4 increase. However, the produc-
ing a slow reaction path as evidenced from the low value tion rate of CO2 exceeds that of CH4 causing the fall of CH4
of max . The fourth segment is evidently representing the concentration with the increase of slurry concentration. The
saturation condition where no further methanogenic reaction increase in the absolute value of methane production rate,
takes place. On the basis of the simplistic model assump- represented by vapour daily space velocity, with the increase
tions, methane is generated both from the volatile fatty acids in slurry concentration may also be justified by the same fact.
and long chain fatty acids generated from carbohydrate, pro- The calorific value of the biogas has been calculated using
tein and fatty components, respectively, at different rates. The the concentration and the calorific value of methane of the
kinetic parameters (Table 2) determined from the actual batch biogas. Therefore, the pattern of time history curves plotted
type experiments using simple model carbohydrate (sucrose), in Fig. 3 as functions of the slurry concentration is similar to
protein (casein) and fat (hydrogenated oil) reveal that the for- that of time history curve of methane (Fig. 2).
mation of volatile fatty acids is much faster in comparison to
long chain fatty acids. Keeping in mind that the simulated 4.2.1.2. Effect of carbohydrate and protein concentration.
data have been computed by solving a number of differential The same set of mathematical model equations as in case of
equations instead of a single one, the effects of interactive slurry concentration, have been used to simulate the methane
as well as non-interactive parameters play an important role concentration in biogas as a function of carbohydrate and
on the overall methane production at a fixed time param- protein concentration. It is observed that both in case of car-
eter. As a result simulated curves follow a distinct pattern bohydrate and protein concentration the nature of the family
which cannot be visualized by simple speculation. However, of curves (not shown) is similar to that observed during the
the success of present simulation work lies in the fact that variation of initial slurry concentration. This is because of
experimental results fit well with the simulated values during the fact that the same reaction mechanism similar to that
a large course of time. This is evident from Fig. 2. The sim- of initial slurry concentration study is considered in case of
ulated patterns are obvious from the mathematical equations carbohydrate and protein concentrations. Also in all cases
used in the model. Accordingly the mathematical model may experimental trend can be explained well by the simulated
be utilized to predict the methane concentration in biogas for one.
other systems using waste materials consisting of carbohy-
drate, protein and fatty components. 4.2.1.3. Effect of concentration of fat. Methane concentra-
The plots in Fig. 2 also reveal that the methane concen- tion as a function of initial concentration of fat in the slurry
tration in biogas gets higher when the slurry concentration has been simulated using the same set of model equations.
decreases. This trend was also noticed by other investigators The theoretical time history patterns of methane concentra-
[17] working in the same area. In fact, CO2 is produced in aci- tion have been represented by lines in Fig. 4. Experimental
502 J. Biswas et al. / Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 (2006) 493503
values represented by points are in good agreement with of municipal wastes. Present study reveals that methane con-
the theoretical ones. Accordingly the mathematical model centration and the calorific value of biogas decrease with the
may be used to predict the effect of fat concentration on the increase in the concentration of slurry, carbohydrate and pro-
concentration of methane and the absolute methane genera- tein, while the variation in fat concentration has the opposite
tion rate. Fig. 4 shows that in contrary to the case of initial effect. A mathematical model based on the kinetic parameters
slurry, carbohydrate, and protein concentrations, methane obtained from the growth kinetics of separated acidogenic
concentration increases with increase in fat concentration. and methanogenic bacterial consortia has been developed.
Moreover the cumulative methane production also increases Sufficient agreement between the theoretical and experimen-
with increase in fat concentration. Evidently during acido- tal values indicates that the model should be suitable for
genic step of fat decomposition and methanogenic step of similar bio-reaction systems. However, refinement of the
decomposition of long chain fatty acids CO2 is acting as one model is possible by the incorporation of exact enzymatic
of the reactants and its consumption increases methane con- reaction kinetics by undergoing further studies. More exper-
centration in biogas. imental work in this area is needed for the expansion of the
applicability of the model.
4.2.2. Biogas generation rate
4.2.2.1. Effects of slurry, carbohydrate and protein concen-
tration. Since cumulative biogas production is an important Acknowledgements
parameter of the present investigation, equation (3) has been
used to compute cumulative biogas production rate in terms Authors highly acknowledge the financial support ren-
of gas daily space velocity for different initial slurry concen- dered by University Grants Commission of India to carry out
tration. When these computed values are plotted against time the Research and Development Project on Biogas Generation
as shown in Fig. 5, it is observed that as expected gas daily from Food/Vegetable Wastes.
space velocity increases with generation time. Moreover the
higher the initial slurry concentration the higher is the gas References
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