Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Petroleum Refining
2017/2018
Filipa Ribeiro
Natural
OIl
Gas
Refinery NG Up
Fuel gas
Synthesis Gas Fuel gas
Motor
LPG or
fuels
Naphthas reinjection
Lube oils Aromatics
Fuel oil
Asphalt Plastics Antioxidants
Fibers Fungicides
Petrochemical
Rubbers Pesticides
Fertilizers Chemicals
Insecticides Solvents
Dyes Refrigerants
Synthetic
Resins Medicals
products
Plasticizers Explosives
Detergents
ICT intensity of operations at the level of the whole
Chart 4.21.
company a measure computing the percentage of total
company expenditure devoted to ICTs is used. As a
ICTs and upstream operations
result of such surveys, a participating oil company has The main challenge of upstream operations that
ICTsOil
in the oil value chain
a better idea regarding the use of ICTs, on the basis of include exploration and production (E&P) of crude
Industry
comparison with its peers and with companies in other oil is to extend the life of this depleting resource.
Chart 4.2
ICTs in the oil value chain
120
Road transportation is clearly the biggest contributor to demand
100
80
60
40
42%
20 44%
0
2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
50
40 Middle East
Russia & Caspian
Europe
30 Africa
Latin America
US & Canada
20
10
0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
(World Oil Outlook 2016)
* Only trade between major regions is considered.
Total export volume is projected to increase by around 2.5 mb/d between 2015 and
2020, then stagnate until 2025, before increasing by another 5 mb/d until 2040
25
20
15
10
0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined oil from its point of extraction to
refineries
World Oil Transit Chokepoints
to Europe and the United States will either use the Suez Canal or the Cape
More than 100 million tons of oil is shipped each
of Good day
Hope, bythetankers.
pending tankers size and its specific the destination.
About half the petroleum shipped is loaded in the
International oil
the United States.
Middle
trade is often East
correlatedand
with oilthen
prices, asshipped to
it is the case for
Japan, the United States and Europe. The world tanker fleet capacity (excluding tankers owned or chartered
on long-term basis for military use by governments) was about 280 million
deadweight tons in 2002. There are roughly 3500 tankers available on the
international oil transportation market.The cost of hiring a tanker is known
The seaborne crude oil transportation business is highly fragmented: two
as the charter rate. It varies according to the size and characteristics of the
tanker, its origin, destination and the availability of ships, although larger
types of operators: independent ship owners and captive fleets of privately
ships are preferred due to the economies of scale. In addition, due to envi-
ronmental and security considerations, single-hulled tankers are gradually
and state owned oil companies. phased out to be replaced by double-hulled tankers.
Tankers transport crude oil from their points of production to their
points of consumption, which are typically oil refineries. The main clients
within the industry include oil companies, oil traders, large oil consum-
ers, petroleum product producers, and government agencies. The contracts
by which crude oil is transported include spot charters, time charters and
bareboat charters.
Bulk Trade Outlook, produced by Clarksons Research.
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
tankers 2 000
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Container 102 152 234 371 598 969 1 076 1 193 1 249 1 127 1 280 1 393 1 464 1 544 1631
Other dry cargo 1 123 819 1 031 1 125 1 928 2 009 2 112 2 141 2 173 2 004 2 022 2 112 2 150 2 218 2272
Five major bulks 608 900 988 1 105 1 295 1 709 1 814 1 953 2 065 2 085 2 335 2 486 2 742 2 923 3112
Oil and gas 1 871 1 459 1 755 2 050 2 163 2 422 2 698 2 747 2 742 2 642 2 772 2 794 2 841 2 829 2 826
Sources: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, various issues. For 20062014, the breakdown by type of cargo is based on
Clarksons Research, Shipping Review and Outlook, various issues.
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2015_en.pdf
Crude oil pipeline transportation
Be able to follow and take into account all market oil products developments
(quantity and quality requirements)
40
2014 2020 2040
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
Ethane/ Naphtha Gasoline Jet/ Diesel/ Residual Other
LPG Kerosene Gasoil fuel* products**
mb/d
18
15 Other products**
Residual fuel*
Gasoil/Diesel
12 Jet/Kerosene
Gasoline
Naphtha
9 Ethane/LPG
0
2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
mb/d
50
Other products**
40
Residual fuel*
Gasoil/Diesel
Jet/Kerosene
30 Gasoline
Naphtha
Ethane/LPG
20
10
0
2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Light
products
Middle
distillates
Heavy
Fuel
Light Products
Middle distillates
Heavy Products
Internal
consumption
API gravity
34.00 1.4
34API gravity
Sulphur content API gravity
Sulphur
33.5 1.3
33.5
33.0 1.2
33
32.5 1.1
32.5
32.0 1.0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Refineries evolution
Environmental Protection
u Consequences:
High quality gasoline, middle distillates and heavy products lead to an increased
number of refining processes
Increase of number and complexity of process flows and pipping
Increase of storage park (number of tanks; mixture points...)
Investment
Increase of Hydrogen Comsumption in Refinery
Development of new processes to reuse and recycle H2 and use of new sources
for H2 production
FIG.21 MAXIMUM GASOLINE SULPHUR LIMIT
Maximum Gasoline Sulphur Limit 2014
Source: Hart Energy Research and Consulting, January 2014
The EU has set the most stringent environmental specifications Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/
for sulphur in gasoline worldwide with a maximum level of 10 cities, or based on average content. Detailed information on
FIG.20 MAXIMUM ON-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR LIMITS
Maximum on-road
Source: Hart Energy Research Diesel
and Consulting, JanuarySulphur
2014 Limits 2014
Europe together with USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and Chile Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/
apply the lowest (10-15 ppm) on-road diesel sulphur limits in the cities, or based on average content. Detailed information on
Evolution of Gasoline and Diesel Specifications in EUROPE
Regarding levels of polluting compounds or generators of pollutants
Fonte: http://www.ifqc.org/
The evolution of EU fuel specifications for sulfur content
http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=EU:_Fuels:_Diesel_and_Gasoline
In 13 years the maximum sulfur content in fuels decreased from
500 to 10 ppm
(50 times less !!!)
ppm Diesel
Gasoline
Introduction
of fuels with
10 ppm S
N2
Diesel engines
Lean burn engines (GDI) CO2
H 2O
New catalysts
(DeNOx)
Requirements of car manufacturers vs fuel producers
Diesel
Euro 1 1992.01 2,72 - 0,97 - 0,14
Euro 2 1996.01 1,0 - 0,7 - 0,08
Euro 3 2000.01 0,64 - 0,56 0,50 0,05
Euro 4 2005.01 0,50 - 0,30 0,25 0,025
Euro 5 2009.09 0,50 - 0,23 0,18 0,005
Euro 6 2014.09 0,50 - 0,17 0,08 0,005
Gasoline
Euro 1 1992.01 2,72 - 0,97 - -
Euro 2 1996.01 2,2 - 0,5 - -
Euro 3 2000.01 2,30 0,20 - 0,15 -
Euro 4 2005.01 1,0 0,10 - 0,08 -
Euro 5 2009.09 1,0 0,10 - 0,06 0,005*
Euro 6 2014.09 1,0 0,10 - 0,06 0,005*
Evolution of the emission regulations
Emission Limits for Gasoline Powered LDVs, NOx, and NMHC in the US
(Light-duty vehicles and Trucks) and the EU (Passenger cars and Light
commercial vehicles)
http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=Global_Comparison:_Light-duty_Emissions#Limit_Values
Evolution of the emission regulations
Emission Limits for Diesel Powered LDVs, NOx, and NMHC in the US (Light-duty
vehicles and Trucks) and the EU (Passenger cars and Light commercial vehicles
Evolution of environmental legislation
Diesel cars
http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php
Marine Fuel Regulations
More than 50,000 merchant ships are trading internationally The world fleet is
registered in over 150 nations
Bunker Fuel Sulphur
New regulations are being proposed by the Marine Environment Protection Committee
(MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
https://www.concawe.eu//uploads/Modules/Publications/marine_factsheet_def_web.pdf
Environmental Protection
Refineries are
2) in situPollution pollution sources
Some of the measures that have been taken have resulted in reduction of energy consumption
and pollutant discharges more satisfactory.
Environmental constraints
By year
Conversion Desulphurization* Octane units
By region
Conversion Desulphurization* Octane units
mb/d
(World Oil outlook 2016- section II)
30
Additional requirements to 2040
Additional requirements to 2030
25 Projects to 2021
20
15
10
0
Crude distillation Conversion Octane units Desulphurization
Many new refineries are being designed with the ability to process heavy, low quality, and often high acid number
(high TAN) crudes, as well as better quality grades and/or to produce petrochemical feedstocks such as propylene
and aromatics. Smaller projects in existing refineries are generally directed toward the same aims.
Table 6.3
Global capacity requirements by process, 20162040 mb/d 6
The new "clean" technologies implemented in the engines require that the
market will provide high quality fuels.
World Wide Fuel Charter Worldwide Fuel Charter provides fuel quality recommendations
published by the members of the Worldwide Fuel Charter
(1 publicao em 1998)
Committee as a service to worldwide legislators, fuel users and
producers
Fifth Edition
European Automobile
WORLDWIDE
Manufacturers Association
Avenue des Nerviens 85
B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 732 55 50
Fax: +32 2 738 73 10
www.acea.be
Japan Automobile
Manufacturers Association
Jidosha Kaikan
1-30, Shiba Daimon 1-Chome
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 Japan
Tel: +81-3-5405-6125
Fax: +81-3-5405-6136
For copies, please contact ACEA, Alliance, EMA or JAMA or visit their websites. www.japanauto.com
http://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/Worldwide_Fuel_Charter_5ed_2013.pdf
Fuel quality: evolution
Main changes in refining process
Gasoline
Lead elimination Isomerization
To keep required octane number alkylation
CCR reforming
Benzene Extraction
Oxygen MTBE, ETBE, TAME........
Sulphur Desulphurization of FCC feed
LDVs, 2016.
class emission standards for HDVs (US, EU, Japan, Canada, and South Korea) and have
ultralow-sulfur diesel fuel available. Another four major marketsChina, India, Brazil and
International
RussiacouldCouncil on Clean
adopt world-class Transportation
standards within the next (http://www.theicct.org)
several years.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year of implementation (all sales & registrations)
Euro-equivalent standard 1/I 2/II 3/III 4/IV 5/V 6/VI Post 6/VI
DIESEL
Decrease density
Remove Sulphur
Reduce contaminants
Composition of diesel produced by various processes
one of main ways to achieve increased production of LPG, Diesel and Jet
DIESEL
Introduction of new units to produce H2 (CO2 production )
Introduction of new Claus Units.
Other trends:
Remove unsaturated products from refineries and introduce them in the
petrochemicals
After Sulphur....
4.6%
%
.6
10
46.5%
73.9%
Other Transport
77% 23%
53.5%
10
.9%
LEGEND
RODUCTION Figure
ICCT, J. Miller and1.C.
Global transport
Faanha Thesector
state lifecycle
of CleanCO emissions,
transport 2010
Technology, A 2014 synthesis of vehicle and fuel
2
The European Union has committed to reduce emissions of gases that contribute to
the greenhouse effect,
- set the goal of doubling in the space of ten years, the share of renewable energy
use.
- defined global indicative targets for energy production in 2010 from renewable
sources
replacing x% of all transport fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel) with biofuels
X= 2 % by 2005
X= 5,75 % by 2010.
VEGETABLE OTHER
OIL DIESEL DD FRACTIONS
ATMOSPHERIC OIL
OF DIESEL
DISTILLATION
atmospheric
residue
Existing
HDT
VACUUM Gas-oil DIESEL FCC
FCC DIESEL
DISTILLATION
Process
HBIO
Vacuum
Residue
e
-
r
en
Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis
ACI | European Fuels Markets & Refining Strategy Conference - ACI 03/10/2017, 12)47
$POSNFE4QFBLFST*ODMVEF
Chris Hunt, Director General, UKPIA
Richard De Caux, Head of Refining Economics, BP
Alessandro Bartelloni, Policy Director, Fuels Europe
Eddy Van Bouwel, Policy Planning Senior Advisor, IPIECA
Dr Pierre Dechamps, Policy Officer, EU Commission
Dr Carlos Alberto Prieto, Development Engineer, CEPSA
Donald Gregory, Director, EGCSA
Recent internet news
https://www.oilandgaspeople.com/news/5-oil-industry-news/