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  • Separator Design

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    elvis prieto ramirez
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    descripcion de separadores convencionales

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    descripcion de separadores convencionales

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    8 vistas5 páginas

    Separator Design

    Cargado por

    elvis prieto ramirez
    descripcion de separadores convencionales

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descargue como DOC, PDF o lea en línea desde Scribd
    Marcar por contenido inapropiado
    de 5
    ‘Separator Design ‘The design aspects encountered by a petroleum engineer only involve choosing the correct separator size for a given field installation. Separator sizing is esentially quoted in terms of the gas capacity, and the liquid capac- ity of the separator. Other parameters, such as pressure drop through the separator, are specified for a given design by the manufacturer and are be- yond the scope of the present discussion, ‘Separator Design Using Basic Separation Principles Gax Capacity ‘The Souders-Brown relationship (Equation 4-6) has been traditionally used for calculating the gas capacity of gas-liquid separators: where v, = allowable gas velocity at the operating conditions, ft/sec ‘p= liquid density at the operating conditions, Ibm/ft! bg ~ gas density at the operating conditions, Ibm/ft? K = separation coefficient ‘The separation coefficient, K, is an empirical constant given as follows (Craft et al., 1962; Sivalls, 197) Most commonly used Separator type Range of K K value Vertical 0.06 to 0.35 0.117 without mist extractor 0.167 with a mist extractor Horizontal 0.40 to 0.50 0.382 with a mist extractor Spherical* - 0.35 with a mist extractor Besides calculating the diameter of the separator required for a given gas capacity, the Souders Brown relationship can also be used for other designs such as bubble cap or trayed towers for dehydration and desulfurization units, and for sizing mist eliminators. The K values given by Sivalls (1977) for these are as follows: Wire mesh mist eliminators Bubble cap trayed columns Valve tray columns a ).16 for 24 in, spacing, 18 for 24 in, spacing Using Equation 4-6, the gas capacity at operating conditions, gy in FP isee is given by: 1g = Ave = (#/4)(DK [lpi ~ pglogP? «9 Tie pe eae of verte paris baal eps Uo epeay of te i cao where A = cross-sectional area of the separator, ft D = internal diameter of the vessel, ft Note that the gas velocity v, is based upon total separator area, and it is therefore more appropriate to refer to it as the superficial gas velocity. The as capacity at standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60°F), dc, generally re- ported in units of MMsofd (million standard cubic feet per day), is thus given by: 2.40D*Kpi(pi — p,)* Gee ZT + 460)09° (4-10) where dee = gas capacity at standard conditions, MMsefd ’p = operating pressure, psia T = operating temperature, °F Z = gas compressibility factor at the operating conditions Equation 4-9 or 4-10 can be used to calculate the separator diameter re quired to handle a given gas rate, or to calculate the gas rate that a separator of a given size can handle. The area of the mist extractor required, Ay, can be obtained as follows: — oy where va is the gas velocity through the mist extractor, determined using Equation 4-6 with K = 0.35 for mist extractor (wire mesh type). Liquid Capacity ‘The liquid capacity of a separator depends upon the volume of the separa tor available to the liquid, and the retention time of the liquid within the separator (Sivalls, 1977): W = 1ui0vi/t (412) where W ~ liquid capacity, bbl/day Vi, = liquid settling volume, bbl {t= retention time, min (1440 is the conversion factor to convert bbl/day into bbl/min) ‘The liquid settling volume, Vz, can be caleulated as follows: Vi. = 0.1399D*h for vertical separators ‘Vi. = 0.1399D*(L/2) for horizontal single-tube separators, \V,. = 0.1989D"L for horizontal double-tube separators Vi, = 0.0466D'(D/2)"* for spherical separators" ‘where h = height of liquid column above the bottom of the liquid outlet in the vertical separator, ft L = separator length (height), ft For good separation, a sufficient retention time, t, must be provided. From field experience, the following liquid retention times have been sug- gested by Sivalls (1977): Oil-gas separation 1 min. High pressure oil-water-gas separation 2 to 5 min, Low pressure oil-water-gas separation 5 to 10 min, at >100°F 10 to 15 min, at 90°F 15 to 20 min, at 80°F 20 to 25 min, at 70°F 25 to 30 min, at 60°F Some of the basic factors that must be considered in designing separators are (Lockhart et al., 1986): 1, The length to diameter ratio, L/D, for a horizontal or vertical separa- tor should be kept between 3 and 8, due to considerations of fabrica- tion casts, foundation costs, ete. 2. Fora vertical separator, the vapor-liquid interface (at which the feed enters) should be at least 2ft from the bottom and 4 ft from the top of the vessel. This implies a minimum vertical separator height (length) of 6 ft. 3. For a horizontal separator, the feed enters just above the vapor-liquid interface that may be off-centered to adjust for a greater gas (or liquid) ‘capacity as needed, The vapor-liquid interface, however, must be kept at least 10 in. from the bottom and 16 in. from the top of the vessel. ‘This implies a minimum horizontal separator diameter of 26 in. In practice, novel design techniques violate these rules of thumb by pro- viding additional features. Therefore, standard vertical separators less than * Spbericl separators are generally operated at half-full of liquid conditions; the relationship ‘mentioned asumnes tis ews Also, the volume i increased by a factor of (D'2)** because spherical separators have greater surge capacity due to thelr shape, ‘6 ft and standard horizontal separators of diameter less than 26 in. are avail- able and have been used successfully. High-pressure separators are generally used for high-pressure, high gas- liquid ratio (gas and gas condensate) wells. In this case, the gas capacity of the separator is usually the limiting factor, Low-pressure separators, used generally for low gas-liquid ratio at low pressures, are subject to the opposite ‘constraint—they require a high liquid capacity. The separator chosen must ‘satisfy both the gas as well as liquid capacities. Also, the liquid discharge (or dump) valve should be designed for the pressure drop available and the liq- uid flow rate (Sivalls, 1977). Note that as the gas-liquid ratio (GLR) increases, the retention time t de- creases. The volume of the separator occupied by gas, Ve, is given by: VorV-Vi=V-We because Vi, = Wt by Equation 4-12. where V ~ total separator volume Ve is also given by: Ve = agt = W'GLR't ‘Therefore: W-GLR-t = V- Wt (On rearranging: ae WI(GLR + 1) ‘Thus, for a fixed separator volume V and liquid capacity W, as GLR in- ‘creases, retention time t decreases. Example 4-1. A separator, to be operated at 1,000 psia, is required to han- le a wellstream with gas flow rate 7 MMsefd at a GLR = 40 bbl/MMscf. ‘Determine the separator size required, for: (1) a vertical separator, (2) a hor- ‘zontal single-tube separator, and (3) spherical separator. Assume a liquid (Gil + water) density of 52 Ibm/ft, ideal gas with gravity = 0.80, an oper- ‘ating temperature equal to 110°F, a retention time t = 3min., and "full of ‘conditions. liquid Gas density, p, = pM/ZRT = (1000)(28.97)(0.8)/(1)(10.73)(570) = 3.789 Tbmvife From Equation 4-10: pin SeZ(T + 460)08% ___(7)(1)(570)(3.789") 240K pie — 94)" K(2.40)(1000)(52 — 3.785) = 0.466065/K For a retention time t of 3 min., the liquid settling volume required for each separator type is (Equation 4-12): Vi, = WU1440 = (40)(7)(8)/1440 = 0.583 bbI 1. Fora vertical separator with mist extractor, K = 0.167. Therefore, the diameter of the vertical separator required is; D = (0.466065/0.167)°5 = 1.67 ft ( = 20 in.) The liquid capacity, Vi = 0.1999D4 = 0.583 ‘Therefore, h = 0.583/{(0.1399)(1.679)] = 1.49 ft. Thus, the minimum separator length of 6 ft should be used. The LID ratio = 6/1.67 = 3.6 So, a vertical separator of size 20 in. x 6 ft is required. 2. Fora horizontal separator with mist extractor, K = 0,382. Therefore, the diameter of the horizontal separator required is: D = [0,466065/0.382)°* = 1.10 ft ( = 13.20 in.). Thus, the mini- mum separator diameter of 26 in. ( = 2.17 ft) shouild be used, The liquid capacity, V, = 0.1300D*(L/2) = 0,583 Therefore, L = (2)(0.583)/[(0.1399)(2.174)] = 1.7 ft. The LID ri tio = 1,77/2.17 = 0.816, which does not satisfy design criteria. For a minimum LID ratio = 3, separator length required = 3 x 2.17 = 6.5 So, a horizontal separator of size 26 in. x 6.5 ft is required. 3. Fora spherical separator with mist extractor, K = 0.35. Therefore, the

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