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PHN I: BI

1. Chng minh 7 l s v t.
2. a) Chng minh : (ac + bd)2 + (ad bc)2 = (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
b) Chng minh bt dng thc Bunhiacpxki : (ac + bd)2 (a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)
3. Cho x + y = 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : S = x2 + y2.
a+b
4. a) Cho a 0, b 0. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy : ab .
2
bc ca ab
b) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng : + + a+b+c
a b c
c) Cho a, b > 0 v 3a + 5b = 12. Tm gi tr ln nht ca tch P = ab.
5. Cho a + b = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : M = a3 + b3.
6. Cho a3 + b3 = 2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : N = a + b.
7. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh : a3 + b3 + abc ab(a + b + c)
8. Tm lin h gia cc s a v b bit rng : a + b > a - b
9. a) Chng minh bt ng thc (a + 1)2 4a
b) Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh : (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8
10. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2) b) (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
11. Tm cc gi tr ca x sao cho :
a) | 2x 3 | = | 1 x | b) x2 4x 5 c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1.
12. Tm cc s a, b, c, d bit rng : a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = a(b + c + d)
13. Cho biu thc M = a2 + ab + b2 3a 3b + 2001. Vi gi tr no ca a v b th M t gi tr
nh nht ? Tm gi tr nh nht .
14. Cho biu thc P = x2 + xy + y2 3(x + y) + 3. CMR gi tr nh nht ca P bng 0.
15. Chng minh rng khng c gi tr no ca x, y, z tha mn ng thc sau :
x2 + 4y2 + z2 2a + 8y 6z + 15 = 0
1
16. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : A =
x - 4x + 9
2

17. So snh cc s thc sau (khng dng my tnh) :

a) 7 + 15 v 7 b) 17 + 5 + 1 v 45
23 - 2 19
c) v 27 d) 3 2 v 2 3
3
18. Hy vit mt s hu t v mt s v t ln hn 2 nhng nh hn 3
19. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 + 6x + 7 + 5x 2 + 10x + 21 = 5 - 2x - x 2 .
20. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = x2y vi cc iu kin x, y > 0 v 2x + xy = 4.
1 1 1 1
21. Cho S = + + .... + + ... + .
1.1998 2.1997 k(1998 - k + 1) 1998 - 1
1998
Hy so snh S v 2. .
1999
22. Chng minh rng : Nu s t nhin a khng phi l s chnh phng th a l s v t.
23. Cho cc s x v y cng du. Chng minh rng :

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x y
a) + 2
y x
x 2 y2 x y
b) 2 + 2 - + 0
y x y x
x 4 y4 x 2 y2 x y
c) 4
+ 4 - 2 + 2 + + 2.
y x y x y x
24. Chng minh rng cc s sau l s v t :
a) 1+ 2
3
b) m + vi m, n l cc s hu t, n 0.
n
25. C hai s v t dng no m tng l s hu t khng ?
x 2 y2 x y
26. Cho cc s x v y khc 0. Chng minh rng : 2 + 2 + 4 3 + .
y x y x
x 2 y2 z2 x y z
27. Cho cc s x, y, z dng. Chng minh rng : + + + + .
y2 z2 x 2 y z x
28. Chng minh rng tng ca mt s hu t vi mt s v t l mt s v t.
29. Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2)
b) (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
c) (a1 + a2 + .. + an)2 n(a12 + a22 + .. + an2).
30. Cho a3 + b3 = 2. Chng minh rng a + b 2.
31. Chng minh rng : [ x ] + [ y ] [ x + y ] .
1
32. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : A = .
x - 6x + 17
2

x y z
33. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = + + vi x, y, z > 0.
y z x
34. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = x2 + y2 bit x + y = 4.
35. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) vi x, y, z 0 ; x + y + z = 1.
36. Xt xem cc s a v b c th l s v t khng nu :
a
a) ab v l s v t.
b
a
b) a + b v l s hu t (a + b 0)
b
c) a + b, a2 v b2 l s hu t (a + b 0)
37. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh : a3 + b3 + abc ab(a + b + c)
a b c d
38. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh : + + + 2
b+c c+d d+a a +b
39. Chng minh rng [ 2x ] bng 2 [ x ] hoc 2 [ x ] + 1
40. Cho s nguyn dng a. Xt cc s c dng : a + 15 ; a + 30 ; a + 45 ; ; a + 15n.
Chng minh rng trong cc s , tn ti hai s m hai ch s u tin l 96.
41. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :

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1 1 1 2
A= x 2 - 3 B= C= D= E= x+ + -2x
x 2 + 4x - 5 x - 2x - 1 1- x2 - 3 x
G = 3x - 1 - 5x - 3 + x 2 + x + 1
42. a) Chng minh rng : | A + B | | A | + | B | . Du = xy ra khi no ?
b) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau : M = x 2 + 4x + 4 + x 2 - 6x + 9 .
c) Gii phng trnh : 4x 2 + 20x + 25 + x 2 - 8x + 16 = x 2 + 18x + 81
43. Gii phng trnh : 2x 2 - 8x - 3 x 2 - 4x - 5 = 12 .
44. Tm cc gi tr ca x cc biu thc sau c ngha :
1 1
A = x2 + x + 2 B= C = 2 - 1 - 9x 2 D=
1 - 3x x 2 - 5x + 6
1 x
E= G= + x-2 H = x 2 - 2x - 3 + 3 1 - x 2
2x + 1 + x x -42

x 2 - 3x
45. Gii phng trnh : =0
x -3
46. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A = x +x.
47. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : B = 3 - x + x
3 +1
48. So snh : a) a = 2 + 3 v b= b) 5 - 13 + 4 3 v 3 -1
2
c) n + 2 - n + 1 v n+1 - n (n l s nguyn dng)
49. Vi gi tr no ca x, biu thc sau t gi tr nh nht : A = 1 - 1 - 6x + 9x 2 + (3x - 1) 2 .
50. Tnh : a) 4-2 3 b) 11 + 6 2 c) 27 - 10 2
d) A = m 2 + 8m + 16 + m 2 - 8m + 16 e) B = n + 2 n - 1 + n - 2 n - 1 (n
1)
8 41
51. Rt gn biu thc : M = .
45 + 4 41 + 45 - 4 41
52. Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn ng thc : (2x - y) 2 + (y - 2)2 + (x + y + z) 2 = 0
53. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P = 25x 2 - 20x + 4 + 25x 2 - 30x + 9 .
54. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
a) x 2 - x - 2 - x - 2 = 0 b) x 2 - 1 + 1 = x 2 c) x 2 - x + x 2 + x - 2 = 0

d) x - x 4 - 2x 2 + 1 = 1 e) x 2 + 4x + 4 + x - 4 = 0 g) x - 2 + x - 3 = -5
h) x 2 - 2x + 1 + x 2 - 6x + 9 = 1 i) x + 5 + 2 - x = x 2 - 25
k) x + 3 - 4 x - 1 + x + 8 - 6 x - 1 = 1 l) 8x + 1 + 3x - 5 = 7x + 4 + 2x - 2

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x 2 + y2
55. Cho hai s thc x v y tha mn cc iu kin : xy = 1 v x > y. CMR: 2 2.
x-y
56. Rt gn cc biu thc :

a) 13 + 30 2 + 9 + 4 2 b) m + 2 m - 1 + m - 2 m - 1

c) 2 + 3. 2 + 2 + 3 . 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 . 2 - 2 + 2 + 3 d) 227 - 30 2 + 123 + 22 2
6 2
57. Chng minh rng 2+ 3 = + .
2 2
58. Rt gn cc biu thc :

a) C =
6+2 ( )
6 + 3 + 2 - 6-2 ( 6- 3+ 2 ) b) D =
9-6 2 - 6
.
2 3
59. So snh :

a) 6 + 20 v 1+ 6 b) 17 + 12 2 v 2 +1 c) 28 - 16 3 v 3 - 2

60. Cho biu thc : A = x - x 2 - 4x + 4

a) Tm tp xc nh ca biu thc A.
b) Rt gn biu thc A.
61. Rt gn cc biu thc sau : a) 11 - 2 10 b) 9 - 2 14
3 + 11 + 6 2 - 5 + 2 6
c)
2 + 6 + 2 5 - 7 + 2 10
1 1 1 1 1 1
62. Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a, b, c 0. Chng minh ng thc : 2
+ 2+ 2 = + +
a b c a b c
63. Gii bt phng trnh : x 2 - 16x + 60 < x - 6 .
64. Tm x sao cho : x 2 - 3 + 3 x 2 .
65. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x2 + y2 , bit rng :
x2(x2 + 2y2 3) + (y2 2)2 = 1 (1)
66. Tm x biu thc c ngha:
1 16 - x 2
a) A = b) B = + x 2 - 8x + 8 .
x - 2x - 1 2x + 1
x + x 2 - 2x x - x 2 - 2x
67. Cho biu thc : A = - .
x - x - 2x
2
x + x - 2x
2

a) Tm gi tr ca x biu thc A c ngha.

b) Rt gn biu thc A. c) Tm gi tr ca x A < 2.
68. Tm 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca s : 0,9999....9 (20 ch s 9)
69. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca : A = | x - 2 | + | y 1 | vi | x | + | y | = 5
70. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x4 + y4 + z4 bit rng xy + yz + zx = 1
71. Trong hai s : n + n + 2 v 2 n+1 (n l s nguyn dng), s no ln hn ?

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72. Cho biu thc A = 7 + 4 3 + 7 - 4 3 . Tnh gi tr ca A theo hai cch.

73. Tnh : ( 2 + 3 + 5)( 2 + 3 - 5)( 2 - 3 + 5)(- 2 + 3 + 5)
74. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3+ 5 ; 3- 2 ; 2 2 +3
5 +1
75. Hy so snh hai s : a = 3 3 - 3 v b=2 2 - 1 ; 2 + 5 v
2
76. So snh 4 + 7 - 4 - 7 - 2 v s 0.
2+ 3+ 6+ 8+4
77. Rt gn biu thc : Q = .
2+ 3+ 4
78. Cho P = 14 + 40 + 56 + 140 . Hy biu din P di dng tng ca 3 cn thc bc hai
79. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc x2 + y2 bit rng : x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 = 1 .
80. Tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca : A = 1 - x + 1 + x .

( )
2
81. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : M = a+ b vi a, b > 0 v a + b 1.

82. CMR trong cc s 2b + c - 2 ad ; 2c + d - 2 ab ; 2d + a - 2 bc ; 2a + b - 2 cd c t

nht hai s dng (a, b, c, d > 0).
83. Rt gn biu thc : N = 4 6 + 8 3 + 4 2 + 18 .
84. Cho x + y + z = xy + yz + zx , trong x, y, z > 0. Chng minh x = y = z.
85. Cho a1, a2, , an > 0 v a1a2an = 1. Chng minh: (1 + a1)(1 + a2)(1 + an) 2n.

( )
2
86. Chng minh : a+ b 2 2(a + b) ab (a, b 0).
87. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt tam gic th cc
on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt tam gic.
ab - b 2 a (x + 2) 2 - 8x
88. Rt gn : a) A = - b) B = .
b b 2
x-
x
a +2
2
89. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, ta u c : 2 . Khi no c ng thc ?
a +1
2

90. Tnh : A = 3 + 5 + 3 - 5 bng hai cch.

3 7 +5 2
91. So snh : a) v 6,9 b) 13 - 12 v 7- 6
5
2+ 3 2- 3
92. Tnh : P = + .
2 + 2+ 3 2 - 2- 3
93. Gii phng trnh : x + 2 + 3 2x - 5 + x - 2 - 2x - 5 = 2 2 .
1.3.5...(2n - 1) 1
94. Chng minh rng ta lun c : Pn = < ; "n Z+
2.4.6...2n 2n + 1

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a2 b2
95. Chng minh rng nu a, b > 0 th a+ b + .
b a
x - 4(x - 1) + x + 4(x - 1) 1
96. Rt gn biu thc : A= .1 - .
x 2 - 4(x - 1) x -1
a b +b a 1
97. Chng minh cc ng thc sau : a)
: = a - b (a, b > 0 ; a b)
ab a- b
14 - 7 15 - 5 1 a + a a - a
b) + : = -2 c) 1 + 1 - = 1 - a (a >
1- 2 1- 3 7 - 5 a + 1 a -1
0).

98. Tnh : a) 5 - 3 - 29 - 6 20 ; b) 2 3 + 5 - 13 + 48 .

c) 7 + 48 -28 - 16 3 . 7 + 48 .

99. So snh : a) 3 + 5 v 15 b) 2 + 15 v 12 + 7
16
c) 18 + 19 v 9 d) v 5. 25
2
100. Cho hng ng thc :
a + a2 - b a - a2 - b
a b = (a, b > 0 v a2 b > 0).
2 2
p dng kt qu rt gn :
2+ 3 2- 3 3- 2 2 3+ 2 2
a) + ; b) -
2 + 2+ 3 2 - 2- 3 17 - 12 2 17 + 12 2
2 10 + 30 - 2 2 - 6 2
c) :
2 10 - 2 2 3 -1
101. Xc nh gi tr cc biu thc sau :
xy - x 2 - 1. y 2 - 1 1 1 1 1
a) A = vi x = a + , y = b + (a > 1 ; b > 1)
xy + x 2 - 1. y 2 - 1 2 a 2 b
a + bx + a - bx 2am
b) B = vi x = , m < 1.
a + bx - a - bx b (1 + m 2 )

2x - x 2 - 1
102. Cho biu thc P(x) =
3x 2 - 4x + 1
a) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x P(x) xc nh. Rt gn P(x).
b) Chng minh rng nu x > 1 th P(x).P(- x) < 0.
x+2-4 x -2 + x +2+4 x -2
103. Cho biu thc A = .
4 4
- +1
x2 x

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a) Rt gn biu thc A.
b) Tm cc s nguyn x biu thc A l mt s nguyn.
104. Tm gi tr ln nht (nu c) hoc gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca cc biu thc sau:
a) 9 - x 2 b) x - x (x > 0) c) 1 + 2 - x d) x - 5 - 4
1
e) 1 - 2 1 - 3x g) 2x 2 - 2x + 5 h) 1 - - x 2 + 2x + 5 i)
2x - x + 3
105. Rt gn biu thc : A = x + 2x - 1 - x - 2x - 1 , bng ba cch ?

106. Rt gn cc biu thc sau : a) 5 3 + 5 48 - 10 7 + 4 3

b) 4 + 10 + 2 5 + 4 - 10 + 2 5 c) 94 - 42 5 - 94 + 42 5 .
107. Chng minh cc hng ng thc vi b 0 ; a b
a) a + b a - b = 2 a a2 - b ( )
a + a2 - b a - a2 - b
b) a b =
2 2
108. Rt gn biu thc : A = x + 2 2x - 4 + x - 2 2x - 4
109. Tm x v y sao cho : x+y-2 = x + y - 2
a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 (a + c) + (b + d) .
2 2
110. Chng minh bt ng thc :
a2 b2 c2 a+b+c
111. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh : + + .
b+c c+a a +b 2
112. Cho a, b, c > 0 ; a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :
a) a + 1 + b + 1 + c + 1 < 3,5 b) a +b + b+c + c+a 6 .
113. CM : (a 2
+ c 2 )( b 2 + c2 ) + (a 2
+ d 2 )( b 2 + d 2 ) (a + b)(c + d) vi a, b, c, d > 0.
114. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = x + x .
(x + a)(x + b)
115. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A = .
x
116. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = 2x + 3y bit 2x2 + 3y2 5.
117. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x + 2 - x .
118. Gii phng trnh : x - 1 - 5x - 1 = 3x - 2
119. Gii phng trnh : x + 2 x -1 + x - 2 x -1 = 2
120. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 + 21x + 18 + 2 x 2 + 7x + 7 = 2
121. Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 + 6x + 7 + 5x 2 + 10x + 14 = 4 - 2x - x 2
122. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : 3 - 2 ; 2 2+ 3
123. Chng minh x - 2 + 4 - x 2 .
124. Chng minh bt ng thc sau bng phng php hnh hc :
a 2 + b 2 . b 2 + c 2 b(a + c) vi a, b, c > 0.

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125. Chng minh (a + b)(c + d) ac + bd vi a, b, c, d > 0.

126. Chng minh rng nu cc on thng c di a, b, c lp c thnh mt tam gic th cc
on thng c di a , b , c cng lp c thnh mt tam gic.
(a + b)2 a + b
127. Chng minh + a b + b a vi a, b 0.
2 4
a b c
128. Chng minh + + > 2 vi a, b, c > 0.
b+c a+c a+b
129. Cho x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 = 1 . Chng minh rng x2 + y2 = 1.
130. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x - 2 x -1 + x + 2 x -1
131. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A = 1 - x + 1 + x .
132. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x 2 + 1 + x 2 - 2x + 5
133. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = - x 2 + 4x + 12 - - x 2 + 2x + 3 .
134. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca : a) A = 2x + 5 - x 2 (
b) A = x 99 + 101 - x 2 )
a b
135. Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn + = 1 (a v b l hng s dng).
x y
136. Tm GTNN ca A = (x + y)(x + z) vi x, y, z > 0 , xyz(x + y + z) = 1.
xy yz zx
137. Tm GTNN ca A = + + vi x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1.
z x y
x2 y2 z2
138. Tm GTNN ca A = + + bit x, y, z > 0 , xy + yz + zx = 1 .
x+y y+z z+x

( )
2
139. Tm gi tr ln nht ca : a) A = a+ b vi a, b > 0 , a + b 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
b) B = a+ b + a+ c + a+ d + b+ c + b+ d + c+ d
vi a, b, c, d > 0 v a + b + c + d = 1.
140. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = 3x + 3y vi x + y = 4.
b c
141. Tm GTNN ca A = + vi b + c a + d ; b, c > 0 ; a, d 0.
c+d a+b
142. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
a) x 2 - 5x - 2 3x + 12 = 0 b) x 2 - 4x = 8 x - 1 c) 4x + 1 - 3x + 4 = 1

d) x - 1 - x + 1 = 2 e) x - 2 x - 1 - x - 1 = 1 g) x + 2x - 1 + x - 2x - 1 = 2
h) x + 2 - 4 x - 2 + x + 7 - 6 x - 2 = 1 i) x + x + 1 - x = 1

k) 1 - x 2 - x = x - 1 l) 2x 2 + 8x + 6 + x 2 - 1 = 2x + 2

m) x 2 + 6 = x - 2 x 2 - 1 n) x + 1 + x + 10 = x + 2 + x + 5
o) x - 1 + x + 3 + 2 ( x - 1) ( x 2 - 3x + 5) = 4 - 2x

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p) 2x + 3 + x + 2 + 2x + 2 - x + 2 = 1 + 2 x + 2 .
q) 2x 2 - 9x + 4 + 3 2x - 1 = 2x 2 + 21x - 11
(
143. Rt gn biu thc : A = 2 2 - 5 + 3 2 )( 18 - 20 + 2 2 . )
144. Chng minh rng, "n Z+ , ta lun c : 1 +
1
2
+
1
3
+ .... +
1
n
( )
> 2 n +1 -1 .

1 1
145. Trc cn thc mu : a) b) .
1+ 2 + 5 x + x +1
146. Tnh :

a) 5 - 3 - 29 - 6 20 b) 6 + 2 5 - 13 + 48 c) 5 - 3 - 29 - 12 5

147. Cho a = 3 - 5 . 3 + 5 ( )( )
10 - 2 . Chng minh rng a l s t nhin.

3- 2 2 3+ 2 2
148. Cho b = - . b c phi l s t nhin khng ?
17 - 12 2 17 + 12 2
149. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
a) ( )
3 -1 x - x + 4 - 3 = 0 b) ( )
3 -1 x = 2 ( )
3 +1 x - 3 3

c)
(5 - x ) 5 - x + ( x - 3) x - 3
=2 d) x + x - 5 = 5
5- x + x -3
150. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc :
M = 12 5 - 29 + 25 + 4 21 - 12 5 + 29 - 25 - 4 21
1 1 1 1
151. Rt gn : A = + + + ... + .
1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ 4 n -1 + n
1 1 1 1
152. Cho biu thc : P = - + - ... +
2- 3 3- 4 4- 5 2n - 2n + 1
a) Rt gn P. b) P c phi l s hu t khng ?
1 1 1 1
153. Tnh : A = + + + ... + .
2 1 +1 2 3 2 + 2 3 4 3 + 3 4 100 99 + 99 100
1 1 1
154. Chng minh : 1 + + + ... + > n.
2 3 n
155. Cho a = 17 - 1 . Hy tnh gi tr ca biu thc: A = (a5 + 2a4 17a3 a2 + 18a 17)2000.
156. Chng minh : a - a - 1 < a - 2 - a - 3 (a 3)
1
157. Chng minh : x 2 - x + > 0 (x 0)
2
158. Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = x - 1 + y - 2 , bit x + y = 4.
3 1 + 2a 1 - 2a
159. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau vi a = : A= + .
4 1 + 1 + 2a 1 - 1 - 2a

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160. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :

(
a) 4 + 15 )( 10 - 6 ) 4 - 15 = 2 b) 4 2 + 2 6 = 2 ( )
3 +1

5 ( 3 + 5 )( 10 - 2 ) = 8 d) ( )
2
c) 3 - 7 + 48 = 3 + 1 e) 17 - 4 9 + 4 5 = 5 - 2
2
161. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :
5+ 5 5- 5
a) 27 + 6 > 48 + b) - 10 < 0
5- 5 5+ 5
5 +1 5 - 1 1
c) + 3 - 4 + 2 0, 2 - 1,01 > 0
1 + 5 + 3 1 + 3 - 5 3
2 + 3 -1 2- 3 3 3 1
d) + + - + 3- 2 > 0
2+ 6 2 6 2- 6 2+ 6 2

e) 2+2 2 -1 + 2 -2 2 - 1 > 1,9 g) 17 + 12 2 - 2 > 3 - 1

h) ( 3+ 5+ )
7 - ( 3+ 5+ 7 <3) i)
2 + 2 + 3 2- 2
4
< 0,8
1
162. Chng minh rng : 2 n + 1 - 2 n < < 2 n - 2 n - 1 . T suy ra:
n
1 1 1
2004 < 1 + + + ... + < 2005
2 3 1006009
2+ 3+ 4 3
163. Trc cn thc mu : a) b) .
2+ 3+ 6+ 8+4 2+ 3 2 + 3 4
3+ 2 3- 2
164. Cho x = v y= . Tnh A = 5x2 + 6xy + 5y2.
3- 2 3+ 2
2002 2003
165. Chng minh bt ng thc sau : + > 2002 + 2003 .
2003 2002
x 2 - 3xy + y 2
166. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : A = vi x = 3 + 5 v y = 3 - 5 .
x+y+2
6x - 3
167. Gii phng trnh : = 3 + 2 x - x2 .
x - 1- x
168. Gii bt cc pt :
1
a) 3 3 + 5x 72 b) 10x - 14 1 c) 2 + 2 2 + 2x 4 .
4
169. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :
a -1
a) A = 5 - 3 - 29 - 12 5 b) B = 1 - a + a(a - 1) + a
a

x + 3 + 2 x2 - 9 x 2 + 5x + 6 + x 9 - x 2
c) C = d) D =
2x - 6 + x 2 - 9 3x - x 2 + (x + 2) 9 - x 2

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1 1 1 1
E= - + - ... -
1- 2 2- 3 3- 4 24 - 25
1
170. Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc A = .
2 - 3 - x2
2 1
171. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = + vi 0 < x < 1.
1- x x
172. Tm GTLN ca : a) A = x - 1 + y - 2 bit x + y = 4 ;
x -1 y-2
b) B = +
x y
173. Cho a = 1997 - 1996 ; b = 1998 - 1997 . So snh a vi b, s no ln hn ?
174. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca :
1
a) A = b) B = - x 2 + 2x + 4 .
5+2 6-x 2

175. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x 1- x2 .
176. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = | x y | bit x2 + 4y2 = 1.
177. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A = x3 + y3 bit x, y 0 ; x2 + y2 = 1.
178. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca A = x x + y y bit x + y = 1.
x -1
179. Gii phng trnh : 1 - x + x 2 - 3x + 2 + (x - 2) = 3.
x-2
180. Gii phng trnh : x 2 + 2x - 9 = 6 + 4x + 2x 2 .
1 1 1 1
181. CMR, "n Z+ , ta c : + + + ... + < 2.
2 3 2 4 3 (n + 1) n
1 1 1 1
182. Cho A = + + + ... + . Hy so snh A v 1,999.
1.1999 2.1998 3.1997 1999.1
183. Cho 3 s x, y v x + y l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s x ; y u l s
hu t
3+ 2
184. Cho a = - 2 6 ; b = 3 + 2 2 + 6 - 4 2 . CMR : a, b l cc s hu t.
3- 2
2+ a a - 2 a a + a - a -1
185. Rt gn biu thc : P = - .
a + 2 a +1 a -1 a
(a >0 ; a 1)
a +1 a -1 1
186. Chng minh : - + 4 a a - = 4a . (a > 0 ; a 1)
a -1 a +1 a

( x + 2)
- 8x
2

187. Rt gn : (0 < x < 2)

2
x-
x

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b - ab a b a+b
188. Rt gn : a + : + -
a + b ab + b ab - a ab

(
189. Gii bt phng trnh : 2 x + x + a 2 2
)
x2 + a2
5a 2
(a 0)

1 - a a 1 + a a
190. Cho A = (1 - a 2 ) : + a - a + 1
1 - a 1 + a
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tnh gi tr ca A vi a = 9.

c) Vi gi tr no ca a th | A | = A.
a + b -1 a- b b b
191. Cho biu thc : B = + + .
a + ab 2 ab a - ab a + ab
a) Rt gn biu thc B. b) Tnh gi tr ca B nu a = 6 + 2 5 .
c) So snh B vi -1.
1
1 a+b
192. Cho A = + : 1 +
a - a-b a + a+b a-b
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm b bit | A | = -A.
c) Tnh gi tr ca A khi a = 5 + 4 2 ; b = 2 + 6 2 .
a +1 a -1 1
193. Cho biu thc A = - + 4 a a -
a -1 a +1 a
a) Rt gn biu thc A.
6
b) Tm gi tr ca A nu a = . c) Tm gi tr ca a A > A.
2+ 6
a 1 a - a a + a
194. Cho biu thc A = - - .
2 2 a a + 1 a - 1
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm gi tr ca A A = - 4
1+ a 1- a 1+ a 1- a
195. Thc hin php tnh : A = + : -
1- a 1+ a 1- a 1+ a
2+ 3 2- 3
196. Thc hin php tnh : B = +
2 + 2+ 3 2 - 2- 3
197. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :

x - y 1 1 1 2 1 1
a) A = : + . + 3
. +
y
xy xy

x y x + y + 2 xy ( x+ y x)
vi x = 2 - 3 ; y = 2 + 3 .

x + x 2 - y2 - x - x 2 - y2
b) B = vi x > y > 0
2(x - y)

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2a 1 + x 2 1 1- a a
c) C = vi x = - ; 0<a<1
1+ x2 - x 2 a 1- a

`d) D = (a + b) -
(a 2
+ 1)( b 2 + 1)
vi a, b, c > 0 v ab + bc + ca = 1
c2 + 1
x + 2 x -1 + x - 2 x -1
e) E = . 2x - 1
x + 2x - 1 + x - 2x - 1
x2 - 4 x2 - 4 2x + 4
198. Chng minh : x+ + x- = vi x 2.
x x x
-1 + 2 -1 - 2
199. Cho a = ,b= . Tnh a7 + b7.
2 2
200. Cho a = 2 - 1
` a) Vit a2 ; a3 di dng m - m - 1 , trong m l s t nhin.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, s an vit c di dng trn.
201. Cho bit x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 vi cc h s
hu t. Tm cc nghim cn li.
1 1 1
202. Chng minh 2 n - 3 < + + ... + < 2 n - 2 vi n N ; n 2.
2 3 n
203. Tm phn nguyn ca s 6 + 6 + ... + 6 + 6 (c 100 du cn).
204. Cho a = 2 + 3. Tnh a) a 2 b) a 3 .
205. Cho 3 s x, y, x + y l s hu t. Chng minh rng mi s x , y u l s hu
t
1 1 1 1
206. CMR, "n 1 , n N : + + + ... + <2
2 3 2 4 3 (n + 1) n
1 1 1 1
207. Cho 25 s t nhin a1 , a2 , a3 , a25 tha k : + + + ... + =9.
a1 a2 a3 a 25
Chng minh rng trong 25 s t nhin tn ti 2 s bng nhau.
2+ x 2- x
208. Gii phng trnh + = 2.
2 + 2+ x 2 - 2- x
1+ x + 1- x
209. Gii v bin lun vi tham s a = a.
1+ x - 1- x
x (1 + y ) = 2y

210. Gii h phng trnh y (1 + z ) = 2z

z (1 + x ) = 2x
211. Chng minh rng :

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(8 + 3 7 ) c 7 ch s 9 lin sau du phy.

7
a) S

b) S ( 7 + 4 3 ) c mi ch s 9 lin sau du phy.

10

n nht (n N*), v d :
212. K hiu an l s nguyn gn
1 = 1 a1 = 1 ; 2 1, 4 a 2 = 1 ; 3 1,7 a 3 = 2 ; 4 = 2 a4 = 2
1 1 1 1
Tnh : + + + ... + .
a1 a 2 a 3 a1980

213. Tm phn nguyn ca cc s (c n du cn) : a) a n = 2 + 2 + ... + 2 + 2

b) a n = 4 + 4 + ... + 4 + 4 c) a n = 1996 + 1996 + ... + 1996 + 1996

214. Tm phn nguyn ca A vi n N : A = 4n 2 + 16n 2 + 8n + 3

( )
200
215. Chng minh rng khi vit s x = 3+ 2 di dng thp phn, ta c ch s lin
trc du phy l 1, ch s lin sau du phy l 9.

( )
250
216. Tm ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca 3+ 2 .

217. Tnh tng A = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 24

2
218. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x (3 x) vi x 0.
219. Gii phng trnh : a) 3 x + 1 + 3 7 - x = 2 x - 2 + x +1 = 3 .
b) 3

220. C tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b khng nu : a) a + b = 2 b) a + b = 4 2 .

221. Chng minh cc s sau l s v t : a) 3 5 b) 3 2 + 3 4
a+b+c 3
222. Chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m : abc .
3
a b c d 1
223. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Bit + + + 1 . Chng minh rng : abcd .
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c 1+ d 81
2 2 2
x y z x y z
224. Chng minh bt ng thc : 2 + 2 + 2 + + vi x, y, z > 0
y z x y z x
225. Cho a = 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 - 3 3 ; b = 2 3 3 . Chng minh rng : a < b.
n
1
226. a) Chng minh vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta c : 1 + < 3 .
n
b) Chng minh rng trong cc s c dng n n (n l s t nhin), s 3 3 c gi tr ln nht
227. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x 2 + x + 1 + x 2 - x + 1 .
228. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x2(2 x) bit x 4.
229. Tm gi tr ln nht ca A = x 2 9 - x 2 .
230. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca A = x(x2 6) bit 0 x 3.
231. Mt ming ba hnh vung c cnh 3 dm. mi gc ca hnh vung ln, ngi ta ct i
mt hnh vung nh ri gp ba c mt ci hp hnh hp ch nht khng np. Tnh cnh
hnh vung nh th tch ca hp l ln nht.

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232. Gii cc phng trnh sau :

a) 1 + 3 x - 16 = 3 x + 3 b) 3
2 - x + x -1 = 1
c) 3
x + 1 + 3 x - 1 = 3 5x d) 2 3 2x - 1 = x 3 + 1

x 3 - 3x - ( x 2 - 1) x 2 - 4 7- x - 3 x -5
3
e) 3
= 2- 3 g) 3 = 6-x
2 7- x + 3 x -5

h) 3
(x + 1) 2 + 3 (x - 1) 2 + 3 x 2 - 1 = 1 i) 3
x +1 + 3 x + 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0

k) 4
1- x2 + 4 1+ x + 4 1- x = 3 l) 4
a - x + 4 b - x = 4 a + b - 2x (a, b l
tham s)
3
a 4 + 3 a 2 b2 + 3 b4
233. Rt gn A = .
3
a 2 + 3 ab + 3 b 2
234. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A = x 2 - x + 1 + x 2 + x + 1
235. Xc nh cc s nguyn a, b sao cho mt trong cc nghim ca phng trnh :
3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0 l 1 + 3 .
236. Chng minh 3
3 l s v t.
237. Lm php tnh : a) 3
1 + 2 .6 3 - 2 2 b) 6
9 + 4 5. 3 2 - 5 .
238. Tnh : a = 3 20 + 14 2 + 3 20 - 14 2 .
239. Chng minh : 3
7 + 5 2 + 3 7 - 2 5 = 2.
240. Tnh : A = ( 4
7 + 48 - 4 28 - 16 3 . 4 7 + 48 . )
241. Hy lp phng trnh f(x) = 0 vi h s nguyn c mt nghim l : x = 3 3 + 3 9 .
1
242. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : M = x3 + 3x 14 vi x = 3 7 + 5 2 - .
3
7+5 2
243. Gii cc phng trnh : a) 3
x + 2 + 25 - x = 3 .
3

b) 3
x - 9 = (x - 3) 2 + 6 c) x 2 + 32 - 2 4 x 2 + 32 = 3

244. Tm GTNN ca biu thc : A = ( )

x3 + 2 1 + x3 + 1 + x3 + 2 1 - x3 + 1 . ( )
245. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d. Chng minh : a + b + c + d 4 4 abcd .
8-x 3
x2 3 2 3 x 3 x2 - 4
246. Rt gn : P = :2+ + x + 3 3 2 ;
2- 3 x 2+ 3 x -
x 2 x + 2 x
Voi x > 0 , x 8
247. CMR : x = 3 5 - 17 + 3 5 + 17 l nghim ca phng trnh x3 6x 10 = 0.
1
248. Cho x = + 3 4 - 15 . Tnh gi tr biu thc y = x3 3x + 1987.
3
4 - 15

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a + 2 + 5. 9-4 5
249. Chng minh ng thc : = - 3 a -1.
3
2 - 5 .3 9 + 4 5 - 3 a 2 + 3 a
3
250. Chng minh bt ng thc : 9 + 4 5 + 3 2 + 5 . 3 5 - 2 - 2,1 < 0 .

251. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :

1+ 23 1 24
a + a b + b
3 4 3 2 2 3 4
b) .
b 4b b
a) A = - -
b +8
( )
b + 2 1 - 2. b +8
3
a + 3 ab + 3 b 2
3 2
3 1
3
b
a 3 a - 2a 3 b + 3 a 2 b 2 3 a 2 b - 3 ab 2 1
c) C = + 3 . 2 .
3 2
- 3 a - 3
b 3a
a ab
252. Cho M = x 2 - 4a + 9 + x 2 - 4x + 8 . Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M bit rng:
x 2 - 4x + 9 - x 2 - 4x + 8 = 2 .
253. Tm gi tr nh nht ca : P = x 2 - 2ax + a 2 + x 2 - 2bx + b 2 (a < b)
254. Chng minh rng, nu a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic th :
abc (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)
255. Tm gi tr ca biu thc | x y | bit x + y = 2 v xy = -1
256. Bit a b = 2 + 1 , b c = 2 - 1, tm gi tr ca biu thc :
A = a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca.
257. Tm x, y, z bit rng : x + y + z + 4 = 2 x - 2 + 4 y - 3 + 6 z - 5 .
258. Cho y = x + 2 x - 1 + x - 2 x - 1 . CMR, nu 1 x 2 th gi tr ca y l mt hng
s.
259. Phn tch thnh nhn t : M = 7 x - 1 - x 3 - x 2 + x - 1 (x 1).
260. Trong tt c cc hnh ch nht c ng cho bng 8 2 , hy tm hnh ch nht c din
tch ln nht.
261. Cho tam gic vung ABC c cc cnh gc vung l a, b v cnh huyn l c. Chng minh
a+b
rng ta lun c : c .
2
262. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, a, b, c. Chng minh rng :
a b c
Nu aa' + bb ' + cc ' = (a + b + c)(a '+ b '+ c ') th = = .
a' b ' c '
263. Gii phng trnh : | x2 1 | + | x2 4 | = 3.
264. Chng minh rng gi tr ca biu thc C khng ph thuc vo x, y :
( x + y)
4
1 x+y
C= - - vi x > 0 ; y > 0.
x+ y x+y 2 x y 4xy
-
x+y x + y
265. Chng minh gi tr biu thc D khng ph thuc vo a:

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2+ a a - 2 a a + a - a -1
D= - vi a > 0 ; a 1
a + 2 a +1 a -1 a
c - ac 1
266. Cho biu thc B = a + - .
a + c a c a + c
+ -
ac + c ac - a ac
a) Rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc B khi c = 54 ; a = 24
c) Vi gi tr no ca a v c B > 0 ; B < 0.
2mn 2mn 1
267. Cho biu thc : A= m+ + m- 2
1+ 2 vi m 0 ; n 1
1+n 2
1+ n n
a) Rt gn biu thc A. b) Tm gi tr ca A vi m = 56 + 24 5 .
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca A.
268. Rt gn
1+ x 1- x 1 1- x x
D= - -1 -
1+ x - 1- x
2
1 - x 2 - 1 + x x x 1- x + 1- x2
1 2 x 2 x
269. Cho P = - : 1 - vi x 0 ; x 1.
x -1 x x + x - x -1 x +1
a) Rt gn biu thc P. b) Tm x sao cho P < 0.
x + x
2
2x + x
270. Xt biu thc y = +1- .
x - x +1 x
a) Rt gn y. Tm x y = 2.
b) Gi s x > 1. Chng minh rng : y - | y | = 0
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca y ?

PHN II: HNG DN GII

m m2
1. Gi s 7 l s hu t 7 = (ti gin). Suy ra 7 = 2 hay 7n 2 = m 2 (1). ng thc
n n
ny chng t m M 7 m 7 l s nguyn t nn m M 7. t m = 7k (k Z), ta c m2 = 49k2 (2).
2

T (1) v (2) suy ra 7n2 = 49k2 nn n2 = 7k2 (3). T (3) ta li c n2 M 7 v v 7 l s nguyn t

m
nn n M 7. m v n cng chia ht cho 7 nn phn s khng ti gin, tri gi thit. Vy 7
n
khng phi l s hu t; do 7 l s v t.
2. Khai trin v tri v t nhn t chung, ta c v phi. T a) b) v (ad bc)2 0.
3. Cch 1 : T x + y = 2 ta c y = 2 x. Do : S = x2 + (2 x)2 = 2(x 1)2 + 2 2.
Vy min S = 2 x = y = 1.

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Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi a = x, c = 1, b = y, d = 1, ta c :

(x + y)2 (x2 + y2)(1 + 1) 4 2(x2 + y2) = 2S S 2. mim S = 2 khi x = y = 1
bc ca bc ab ca ab
4. b) p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc cp s dng v ; v ; v ,
a b a c b c
ta ln lt c:
bc ca bc ca bc ab bc ab ca ab ca ab
+ 2 . = 2c; + 2 . = 2b ; + 2 . = 2a cng tng
a b a b a c a c b c b c
v ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c.
3a + 5b
c) Vi cc s dng 3a v 5b , theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c : 3a.5b .
2
12 12
(3a + 5b)2 4.15P (v P = a.b) 122 60P P max P = .
5 5
Du bng xy ra khi 3a = 5b = 12 : 2 a = 2 ; b = 6/5.
5. Ta c b = 1 a, do M = a3 + (1 a)3 = 3(a )2 + . Du = xy ra khi a = .
Vy min M = a = b = .
6. t a = 1 + x b3 = 2 a3 = 2 (1 + x)3 = 1 3x 3x2 x3 1 3x + 3x2 x3 = (1 x)3.
Suy ra : b 1 x. Ta li c a = 1 + x, nn : a + b 1 + x + 1 x = 2.
Vi a = 1, b = 1 th a3 + b3 = 2 v a + b = 2. Vy max N = 2 khi a = b = 1.
7. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)2(a + b).
8. V | a + b | 0 , | a b | 0 , nn : | a + b | > | a b | a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 2ab + b2
4ab > 0 ab > 0. Vy a v b l hai s cng du.
9. a) Xt hiu : (a + 1)2 4a = a2 + 2a + 1 4a = a2 2a + 1 = (a 1)2 0.
b) Ta c : (a + 1)2 4a ; (b + 1)2 4b ; (c + 1)2 4c v cc bt ng thc ny c hai v u
dng, nn : [(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)]2 64abc = 64.1 = 82. Vy (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8.
10. a) Ta c : (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2). Do (a b)2 0, nn (a + b) 2 2(a2 + b2).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)2 + (a b)2 + (a c)2 + (b c)2. Khai trin v rt gn, ta c :
3(a2 + b2 + c2). Vy : (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2).
4
2x - 3 = 1 - x 3x = 4 x = 3
11. a) 2x - 3 = 1 - x x = 2
2x - 3 = x - 1
x = 2
b) x2 4x 5 (x 2)2 33 | x 2 | 3 -3 x 2 3 -1 x 5.
c) 2x(2x 1) 2x 1 (2x 1)2 0. Nhng (2x 1)2 0, nn ch c th : 2x 1 = 0
Vy : x = .
12. Vit ng thc cho di dng : a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ab ac ad = 0 (1). Nhn hai v ca
(1) vi 4 ri a v dng : a2 + (a 2b)2 + (a 2c)2 + (a 2d)2 = 0 (2). Do ta c :
a = a 2b = a 2c = a 2d = 0 . Suy ra : a = b = c = d = 0.
13. 2M = (a + b 2)2 + (a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + 2.1998 2.1998 M 1998.
a + b - 2 = 0

Du = xy ra khi c ng thi : a - 1 = 0 Vy min M = 1998 a = b = 1.
b - 1 = 0

14. Gii tng t bi 13.
15. a ng thc cho v dng : (x 1)2 + 4(y 1)2 + (x 3)2 + 1 = 0.
1 1 1 1
16. A = = . max A= x = 2 .
x - 4x + 9 ( x - 2 ) + 5 5
2 2
5

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17. a) 7 + 15 < 9 + 16 = 3 + 4 = 7 . Vy 7 + 15 < 7

b) 17 + 5 + 1 > 16 + 4 + 1 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 = 49 > 45 .
23 - 2 19 23 - 2 16 23 - 2.4
c) < = = 5 = 25 < 27 .
3 3 3
d) Gi s

( ) ( )
2 2
3 2> 2 3 3 2 > 2 3 3 2 > 2 3 18 > 12 18 > 12 .

Bt ng thc cui cng ng, nn : 3 2 > 2 3.

2+ 3
18. Cc s c th l 1,42 v
2
19. Vit li phng trnh di dng : 3(x + 1) 2 + 4 + 5(x + 1)2 + 16 = 6 - (x + 1) 2 .
V tri ca phng trnh khng nh hn 6, cn v phi khng ln hn 6. Vy ng thc ch xy
ra khi c hai v u bng 6, suy ra x = -1.
a+b a+b
2

20. Bt ng thc Cauchy ab vit li di dng ab (*) (a, b 0).

2 2
p dng bt dng thc Cauchy di dng (*) vi hai s dng 2x v xy ta c :
2x + xy
2

2x.xy =4
2
Du = xy ra khi : 2x = xy = 4 : 2 tc l khi x = 1, y = 2. max A = 2 x = 2, y = 2.
1 2 1998
21. Bt ng thc Cauchy vit li di dng : > . p dng ta c S > 2. .
ab a + b 1999
22. Chng minh nh bi 1.
x y x 2 + y 2 - 2xy (x - y) 2 x y
23. a) + -2= = 0 . Vy + 2
y x xy xy y x
x 2
y x y x
2 2
y x y x y
2
b) Ta c : A = 2 + 2 - + = 2 + 2 - 2 + + + . Theo cu a :
y x y x y x y x y x
2
x 2 y2 x y x y
2

A 2 + 2 - 2 + + 2 = - 1 + - 1 0
y x y x y x
x 4 y4 x 2 y2 x y
c) T cu b suy ra : 4 + 4 - 2 + 2 0 . V + 2 (cu a). Do :
y x y x y x
x 4 y4 x 2 y2 x y
4 + 4 - 2 + 2 + + 2.
y x y x y x
24. a) Gi s 1 + 2 = m (m : s hu t) 2 = m2 1 2 l s hu t (v l)
3 3
b) Gi s m + = a (a : s hu t) =am 3 = n(a m) 3 l s hu
n n
t, v l.
25. C, chng hn 2 + (5 - 2) = 5

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x y x 2 y2 x 2 y2
26. t + = a 2 + 2 + 2 = a 2 . D dng chng minh 2 + 2 2 nn a2 4, do
y x y x y x
| a | 2 (1). Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi : a2 2 + 4 3a
a2 3a + 2 0 (a 1)(a 2) 0 (2)
T (1) suy ra a 2 hoc a -2. Nu a 2 th (2) ng. Nu a -2 th (2) cng ng. Bi
ton c chng minh.
27. Bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
x 4 z 2 + y 4 x 2 + z 4 x 2 - ( x 2 z + y 2 x + z 2 y ) xyz
0.
x 2 y2 z2
Cn chng minh t khng m, tc l : x3z2(x y) + y3x2(y z) + z3y2(z x) 0. (1)
Biu thc khng i khi hon v vng x y z x nn c th gi s x l s ln nht. Xt hai
trng hp :
a) x y z > 0. Tch z x (1) thnh (x y + y z), (1) tng ng vi :
x3z2(x y) + y3x2(y z) z3y2(x y) z3y2(y z) 0
z2(x y)(x3 y2z) + y2(y z)(yx2 z3) 0
D thy x y 0 , x3 y2z 0 , y z 0 , yx2 z3 0 nn bt ng thc trn ng.
b) x z y > 0. Tch x y (1) thnh x z + z y , (1) tng ng vi :
x3z2(x z) + x3z2(z y) y3x2(z y) z3y2(x z) 0
z2(x z)(x3 zy2) + x2(xz2 y3)(z y) 0
D thy bt ng thc trn dng.
Cch khc : Bin i bt ng thc phi chng minh tng ng vi :
2
x y z x y z
2 2

- 1 + - 1 + - 1 + + + 3 .
y z x y z x
28. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s tng ca s hu t a vi s v t b l s hu t c. Ta c
: b = c a. Ta thy, hiu ca hai s hu t c v a l s hu t, nn b l s hu t, tri vi gi thit.
Vy c phi l s v t.
29. a) Ta c : (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2) (a + b)2 2(a2 + b2).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)2 + (a b)2 + (a c)2 + (b c)2. Khai trin v rt gn ta c :
3(a2 + b2 + c2). Vy : (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2)
c) Tng t nh cu b
30. Gi s a + b > 2 (a + b)3 > 8 a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) > 8 2 + 3ab(a + b) > 8
ab(a + b) > 2 ab(a + b) > a3 + b3. Chia hai v cho s dng a + b : ab > a2 ab + b2
(a b)2 < 0, v l. Vy a + b 2.
31. Cch 1: Ta c : [ x ] x ; [ y] y nn [ x ] + [ y] x + y. Suy ra [ x ] + [ y] l s nguyn
khng vt qu x + y (1). Theo nh ngha phn nguyn, [ x + y ] l s nguyn ln nht khng
vt qu x + y (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra : [ x ] + [ y] [ x + y ] .
Cch 2 : Theo nh ngha phn nguyn : 0 x - [ x ] < 1 ; 0 y - [ y] < 1.
Suy ra : 0 (x + y) ( [ x ] + [ y] ) < 2. Xt hai trng hp :
- Nu 0 (x + y) ( [ x ] + [ y] ) < 1 th [ x + y] = [ x ] + [ y] (1)
- Nu 1 (x + y) ( [ x ] + [ y] ) < 2 th 0 (x + y) ( [ x ] + [ y] + 1) < 1 nn
[ x + y] = [ x ] + [ y] + 1 (2). Trong c hai trng hp ta u c : [ x ] + [ y] [ x + y]

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32. Ta c x2 6x + 17 = (x 3)2 + 8 8 nn t v mu ca A l cc s dng , suy ra A > 0 do

1
: A ln nht nh nht x2 6x + 17 nh nht.
A
1
Vy max A = x = 3.
8
33. Khng c dng php hon v vng quanh x y z x v gi s x y z.
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng x, y, z :
x y z x y z
A= + + 33 . . = 3
y z x y z x
x y z x y z
Do min + + =3 = = x = y=z
y z x y z x
x y z x y y z y x y
Cch 2 : Ta c : + + = + + + - . Ta c + 2 (do x, y > 0) nn
y z x y x z x x y x
x y z y z y
chng minh + + 3 ta ch cn chng minh : + - 1 (1)
y z x z x x
(1) xy + z2 yz xz (nhn hai v vi s dng xz)
xy + z yz xz 0 y(x z) z(x z) 0 (x z)(y z) 0 (2)
2

(2) ng vi gi thit rng z l s nh nht trong 3 s x, y, z, do (1) ng. T tm c gi

x y z
tr nh nht ca + + .
y z x
34. Ta c x + y = 4 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 16. Ta li c (x y)2 0 x2 2xy + y2 0. T suy
ra 2(x2 + y2) 16 x2 + y2 8. min A = 8 khi v ch khi x = y = 2.
35. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
1 = x + y + z 3. 3 xyz (1)
2 = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) 3. 3 (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) (2)
3
2
Nhn tng v ca (1) vi (2) (do hai v u khng m) : 2 9. A A
3

9
3
2 1
max A = khi v ch khi x = y = z = .
9 3
36. a) C th. b, c) Khng th.
37. Hiu ca v tri v v phi bng (a b)2(a + b).
1 4
38. p dng bt ng thc vi x, y > 0 :
xy (x + y) 2
a c a 2 + ad + bc + c 2 4(a 2 + ad + bc + c 2 )
+ = (1)
b+c d+a (b + c)(a + d) (a + b + c + d) 2
b d 4(b 2 + ab + cd + d 2 )
Tng t + (2)
c+d a+b (a + b + c + d) 2
a b c d 4(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + ad + bc + ab + cd)
Cng (1) vi (2) + + + = 4B
b+c c+d d+a a +b (a + b + c + d)2

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1
Cn chng minh B , bt ng thc ny tng ng vi :
2
2B 1 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + ad + bc + ab + cd) (a + b + c + d)2
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 2ac 2bd 0 (a c)2 + (b d)2 0 : ng.
39. - Nu 0 x - [ x ] < th 0 2x - 2 [ x ] < 1 nn [ 2x ] = 2 [ x ] .
- Nu x - [ x ] < 1 th 1 2x - 2 [ x ] < 2 0 2x (2 [ x ] + 1) < 1 [ 2x ] = 2 [ x ] + 1
40. Ta s chng minh tn ti cc s t nhin m, p sao cho :
96 000...00
1 424 3 a + 15p < 97000...00
1424 3
m ch so 0 m ch so 0

a 15p
Tc l 96 m
+ m < 97 (1). Gi a + 15 l s c k ch s : 10k 1 a + 15 < 10k
10 10
1 a 15 a 15p 15
k + k < 1 (2). t x n = k + k . Theo (2) ta c x1 < 1 v k < 1.
10 10 10 10 10 10
Cho n nhn ln lt cc gi tr 2, 3, 4, , cc gi tr ca xn tng dn, mi ln tng khng qu 1
n v, khi [ x n ] s tri qua cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, n mt lc no ta c x p = 96. Khi
a 15p
96 xp < 97 tc l 96 + < 97. Bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
10 k 10 k
42. a) Do hai v ca bt ng thc khng m nn ta c :
| A + B | | A | + | B | | A + B |2 ( | A | + | B | )2
A2 + B2 + 2AB A2 + B2 + 2| AB | AB | AB | (bt ng thc ng)
Du = xy ra khi AB 0.
b) Ta c : M = | x + 2 | + | x 3 | = | x + 2 | + | 3 x | | x + 2 + 3 x | = 5.
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi (x + 2)(3 x) 0 -2 x 3 (lp bng xt du)
Vy min M = 5 -2 x 3.
c) Phng trnh cho | 2x + 5 | + | x 4 | = | x + 9 | = | 2x + 5 + 4 x |
(2x + 5)(4 x) 0 -5/2 x 4
x -1
43. iu kin tn ti ca phng trnh : x2 4x 5 0
x 5
t n ph x 2 - 4x - 5 = y 0 , ta c : 2y2 3y 2 = 0 (y 2)(2y + 1) = 0.
45. V nghim
46. iu kin tn ti ca x l x 0. Do : A = x + x 0 min A = 0 x = 0.
47. iu kin : x 3. t 3 - x = y 0, ta c : y2 = 3 x x = 3 y2.
13 13 13 11
B = 3 y2 + y = - (y )2 + . max B = y= x= .
4 4 4 4
48. a) Xt a2 v b2. T suy ra a = b.

b) 5 - 13 + 4 3 = 5 - (2 3 + 1) = 4 - 2 3 = 3 - 1 . Vy hai s ny bng nhau.

c) Ta c : ( n + 2 - n +1 )( )
n + 2 + n + 1 = 1 v ( n+1 - n )( )
n + 1 + n = 1.
M n + 2 + n + 1 > n + 1 + n nn n+2 - n + 1 < n + 1 - n .
49. A = 1 - | 1 3x | + | 3x 1 |2 = ( | 3x 1| - )2 + .
T suy ra : min A = x = hoc x = 1/6
51. M = 4

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52. x = 1 ; y = 2 ; z = -3.
2 3
53. P = | 5x 2 | + | 3 5x | | 5x 2 + 3 5x | = 1. min P = 1 x .
5 5
54. Cn nh cch gii mt s phng trnh dng sau :
A 0 (B 0) B 0 A = 0
a) A = B b) A = B c) A + B = 0
A = B A = B B = 0
2

B 0
A = 0
d) A = B A = B e) A + B = 0 .
A = -B B = 0

a) a phng trnh v dng : A = B.
b) a phng trnh v dng : A = B .
c) Phng trnh c dng : A + B = 0 .
d) a phng trnh v dng : A = B .
e) a phng trnh v dng : | A | + | B | = 0
g, h, i) Phng trnh v nghim.
k) t x - 1 = y 0, a phng trnh v dng : | y 2 | + | y 3 | = 1 . Xt du v tri.
l) t : 8x + 1 = u 0 ; 3x - 5 = v 0 ; 7x + 4 = z 0 ; 2x - 2 = t 0 .
u + v = z + t
Ta c h : . T suy ra : u = z tc l : 8x + 1 = 7x + 4 x = 3 .
u - v = z - t
2 2 2 2

55. Cch 1 : Xt
x 2 + y 2 - 2 2(x - y) = x 2 + y 2 - 2 2(x - y) + 2 - 2xy = (x - y - 2)2 0 .
( x 2 + y2 )
2
x 2 + y2
Cch 2 : Bin i tng ng 2 2 8 (x2 + y2)2 8(x y)2 0
x-y ( x - y)
2

(x2 + y2)2 8(x2 + y2 2) 0 (x2 + y2)2 8(x2 + y2) + 16 0 (x2 + y2 4)2 0.

Cch 3 : S dng bt ng thc Cauchy :

x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 - 2xy + 2xy (x - y) 2 + 2.1 2 1
= = = (x - y) + 2 (x - y). (x >
x-y x-y x-y x-y x-y
y).
6+ 2 6- 2 - 6+ 2 - 6- 2
Du ng thc xy ra khi x = ;y= hoc x = ;y=
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2(c + b + a
62. + + = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + + = 2 + 2 + 2 + =
a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c abc
1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
a b c
x 6
x 2 - 16x + 60 0 (x - 6)(x - 10) 0
63. iu kin : x 10 x 10 .
x - 6 0 x 6 x 6

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Bnh phng hai v : x2 16x + 60 < x2 12x + 36 x > 6.

Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho : x 10.
64. iu kin x2 3. Chuyn v : x 2 - 3 x2 3 (1)
x = 3
2 2
x2 - 3 = 0
t tha chung : x - 3 .(1 - x -3) 0 x 2
1 - x 2 - 3 0 x -2

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh : x = 3 ; x 2 ; x -2.
65. Ta c x2(x2 + 2y2 3) + (y2 2)2 = 1 (x2 + y2)2 4(x2 + y2) + 3 = - x2 0.
Do : A2 4A + 3 0 (A 1)(A 3) 0 1 A 3.
min A = 1 x = 0, khi y = 1. max A = 3 x = 0, khi y = 3 .
66. a) x 1.
b) B c ngha

-4 x 4
16 - x 0
2
-4 x 4
x 4 - 2 2 1
2x + 1 > 0 (x - 4)2 8
- < x 4-2 2 .
x 2 - 8x + 8 0 x 4 + 2 2 2
1
x > -
2 x > - 1
2
x - 2x 0
2
x(x - 2) 0 x 2
67. a) A c ngha 2
x x - 2x x < 0
2 2
x x - 2x
b) A = 2 x 2 - 2x vi iu kin trn.
c) A < 2 x 2 - 2x < 1 x2 2x < 1 (x 1)2 < 2 - 2 < x 1 < 2 kq
68. t 0,999...99
1424 3 = a. Ta s chng minh 20 ch s thp phn u tin ca a l cc ch s
20 ch so 9

9. Mun vy ch cn chng minh a < a < 1. Tht vy ta c : 0 < a < 1 a(a 1) < 0 a2
a < 0 a2 < a. T a2 < a < 1 suy ra a < a < 1.
Vy 0,999...99
1424 3 = 0,999...99
1424 3.
20 ch so 9 20 ch so 9

69. a) Tm gi tr ln nht. p dng | a + b | | a | + | b |.

A | x | + 2 + | y | + 1 = 6 + 2 max A = 6 + 2 (khi chng hn x = - 2, y = - 3)
b) Tm gi tr nh nht. p dng | a b | | a | - | b .
A | x | - 2 | y | - 1 = 4 - 2 min A = 4 - 2 (khi chng hn x = 2, y = 3)
70. Ta c : x4 + y4 2x2y2 ; y4 + z4 2y2z2 ; z4 + x4 2z2x2. Suy ra :
x4 + y4 + z4 x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2 (1)
1
Mt khc, d dng chng minh c : Nu a + b + c = 1 th a2 + b2 + c2 .
3
1
Do t gi thit suy ra : x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2 (2).
3

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1 3
T (1) , (2) : min A = x=y=z=
3 3
71. Lm nh bi 8c ( 2). Thay v so snh n + n + 2 v 2 n+1 ta so snh
n + 2 - n + 1 v n + 1 - n . Ta c :
n + 2 - n +1 < n +1 - n n + n + 2 < 2 n +1 .
72. Cch 1 : Vit cc biu thc di du cn thnh bnh phng ca mt tng hoc mt hiu.
Cch 2 : Tnh A2 ri suy ra A.
73. p dng : (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2.
74. Ta chng minh bng phn chng.
r2 - 8
a) Gi s tn ti s hu t r m 3 + 5 = r 3 + 2 15 + 5 = r2 15 = . V tri
2
l s v t, v phi l s hu t, v l. Vy 3 + 5 l s v t.
b), c) Gii tng t.
75. a) Gi s a > b ri bin i tng ng : 3 3 = 3 > 2 2 - 1 3 3 > 2 2 + 2

( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 > 2 2+2 27 > 8 + 4 + 8 2 15 > 8 2 225 > 128 . Vy a > b l ng.
b) Bnh phng hai v ln ri so snh.
76. Cch 1 : t A = 4 + 7 - 4 - 7 , r rng A > 0 v A2 = 2 A = 2
Cch 2 : t B = 4 + 7 - 4 - 7 - 2 2.B = 8 + 2 7 - 8 - 2 7 - 2 = 0 B =
0.

77. Q =
2 + 3 + 2.3 + 2.4 + 2 4
=
2+ 3+ 4 + 2 2+ 3+ 4 ( = 1+ 2 .
) ( )
2+ 3+ 4 2+ 3+ 4
78. Vit 40 = 2 2.5 ; 56 = 2 2.7 ; 140 = 2 5.7 . Vy P = 2 + 5 + 7 .
79. T gi thit ta c : x 1 - y 2 = 1 - y 1 - x 2 . Bnh phng hai v ca ng thc ny ta
c : y = 1 - x 2 . T : x2 + y2 = 1.
80. Xt A2 suy ra : 2 A2 4. Vy : min A = 2 x = 1 ; max A = 2 x = 0.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
81. Ta c : M = a+ b a+ b + a- b = 2a + 2b 2 .
a = b 1
max M = 2 a=b= .
a + b = 1 2
82. Xt tng ca hai s :
( 2a + b - 2 cd ) + ( 2c + d - 2 ab ) = ( a + b - 2 ab ) + ( c + d - 2 cd ) + a + c =
= (a + c) + ( a - b ) + ( c - d ) a + c > 0 .
2 2

83. N = 4 6 + 8 3 + 4 2 + 18 = 12 + 8 3 + 4 + 4 6 + 4 2 + 2 =

(2 ) ( ) (2 )
2 2
= 3+2 +2 2 2 3+2 +2 = 3 +2+ 2 = 2 3 + 2 + 2.

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
84. T x + y + z = xy + yz + zx x- y + y- z + z- x = 0.

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Vy x = y = z.
85. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 1 v ai ( i = 1, 2, 3, n ).
86. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi hai s a + b 0 v 2 ab 0, ta c :

( )
2
a + b + 2 ab 2 2(a + b) ab hay a+ b 2 2(a + b) ab .
Du = xy ra khi a = b.

( ) >( a)
2 2
87. Gi s a b c > 0. Ta c b + c > a nn b + c + 2 bc > a hay b+ c
Do : b + c > a . Vy ba on thng a , b , c lp c thnh mt tam gic.
88. a) iu kin : ab 0 ; b 0. Xt hai trng hp :
b.( a - b) a a- b a
* Trng hp 1 : a 0 ; b > 0 : A = - = - = -1 .
b. b b b b
ab - b 2 a a a a
* Trng hp 2 : a 0 ; b < 0 : A = - =- +1- = 1- 2 .
- b 2 b b b b

(x + 2) 2 - 8x 0
x > 0
b) iu kin : x > 0 . Vi cc iu kin th :
x 2
2
x- 0
x
(x + 2) 2 - 8x (x - 2) 2 . x x - 2 . x
B= = = .
x-
2 x - 2 x - 2
x
Nu 0 < x < 2 th | x 2 | = -(x 2) v B = - x .
Nu x > 2 th | x 2 | = x 2 v B = x

( )
2

a +2
2 a2 +1 +1 1
89. Ta c : = = a2 +1 + . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy:
a2 +1 a2 +1 a2 +1
1 1 a2 + 2
a2 +1 + 2 a 2 + 1. = 2 . Vy 2 . ng thc xy ra khi :
a2 +1 a2 +1 a2 +1
1
a2 +1 = a = 0.
a2 +1
93. Nhn 2 v ca pt vi 2 , ta c : 2x - 5 + 3 + 2x - 5 - 1 = 4 5/2 x 3.
94. Ta chng minh bng qui np ton hc :
1 1
a) Vi n = 1 ta c : P1 = < (*) ng.
2 3
1 1.3.5...(2k - 1) 1
b) Gi s : Pk < < (1)
2k + 1 2.4.6...2k 2k + 1
c) Ta chng minh rng (*) ng khi n = k + 1 , tc l :

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1 1.3.5...(2k + 1) 1
Pk +1 < < (2)
2k + 3 2.4.6...(2k + 2) 2k + 3
2k + 1 2k + 1
Vi mi s nguyn dng k ta c : < (3)
2k + 2 2k + 3
Nhn theo tng v cc bt ng thc (1) v (3) ta c bt ng thc (2). Vy " n Z+ ta c
1.3.5...(2n - 1) 1
Pn = <
2.4.6...2n 2n + 1
a2 b2 a 3 + b3
95. Bin i tng ng : a + b + a+ b
b a ab
( a + b)(a - ab + b)
( )
2
a+ b ab a - ab + b a - b 0 (ng).
ab
x - 4(x - 1) 0

x + 4(x - 1) 0 1 < x < 2
96. iu kin :
x 2 - 4(x - 1) > 0 x > 2

x - 1 0
2 2
Xt trn hai khong 1 < x < 2 v x > 2. Kt qu : A = v A=
1- x x-1
105. Cch 1 : Tnh A 2 . Cch 2 : Tnh A 2

Cch 3 : t 2x - 1 = y 0, ta c : 2x 1 = y2.
2x + 2 2x - 1 2x - 2 2x - 1 y 2 + 1 + 2y y 2 + 1 - 2y y + 1 y - 1
A= - = - = -
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
Vi y 1 (tc l x 1), A = (y + 1 - y + 1) = 2 .
2
1 1 2y
Vi 0 y < 1 (tc l x < 1), A = (y + 1 + y - 1) = = y 2 = 4x - 2 .
2 2 2
108. Nu 2 x 4 th A = 2 2 . Nu x 4 th A = 2 x - 2 .
109. Bin i : x + y - 2 + 2 = x + y . Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta c :
2(x + y - 2) = xy . Li bnh phng hai v ri rt gn : (2 y)(x 2) = 0.
p : x = 2 , y 0 , x 0 , y = 2.
110. Bin i tng ng :
(1) a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2 (a 2
+ b2 )( c2 + d 2 ) a2 + c2 + 2ac + b2 + d2 + 2bd

(a 2
+ b2 )( c2 + d 2 ) ac + bd (2)
* Nu ac + bd < 0, (2) c chng minh.
* Nu ac + bd 0, (2) tng ng vi :
(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2) a2c2 + b2d2 + 2abcd a2c2 + a2d2 + b2c2 + b2d2 a2c2 + b2d2 + 2abcd
(ad bc)2 0 (3). Bt ng thc (3) ng, vy bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
111. Cch 1 : Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :

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a2 b+c a2 b + c a a2 b+c
+ 2 . = 2. = a a- .
b+c 4 b+c 4 2 b+c 4
b2 a+c c2 a+b
Tng t : b- ; c- .
a+c 4 a+b 4
a2 b2 c2 a+b+c a+b+c
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc : + + ( a + b + c) - =
b+c c+a a+ b 2 2
Cch 2 : Theo BT Bunhiacpxki : (a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) (ax + by + cz)2. Ta c :
a 2 b 2 c 2
( ) +( ) +( )
2 2 2
+ + X b+c c+a a+b

b + c c + a a + b
2
a b c
. b+c + . c+a + . a+b
b+c c+a a+b
2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c2 a+b+c
[ ] 2
+ + . 2(a + b + c) (a + b + c) + + .
b + c c + a a + b b + c c + a a + b 2
x+y
112. a) Ta nhn tng a + 1 di dng mt tch 1.(a + 1) v p dng bt Cauchy : xy
2
(a + 1) + 1 a
a + 1 = 1.(a + 1)
= +1
2 2
b c
Tng t : b + 1 = + 1 ; c + 1 = + 1
2 2
a+b+c
Cng tng v 3 bt ng thc : a + 1 + b + 1 + c + 1 + 3 = 3,5 .
2
Du = xy ra a + 1 = b + 1 = c + 1 a = b = c = 0, tri vi gi thit a + b + c = 1.
Vy : a + 1 + b + 1 + c + 1 < 3,5 .
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki vi hai b ba s :

(1. a + b + 1. b + c + 1. c + a ) (1 + 1 + 1)X ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a )
2 2 2 2

( a + b + b + c + c + a ) 3(a + b + b + c + c + a) = 6 a + b + b + c + c + a
2
6
C

B b
113. Xt t gic ABCD c AC ^ BD, O l giao im hai ng cho. c

OA = a ; OC = b ; OB = c ; OD = d vi a, b, c, d > 0. Ta c : a O d

2 2 2 2
AB = a + c ; BC = b + c ; AD = a + d ; CD = b + d 2 2 2 2
A
D

AC = a + b ; BD = c + d. Cn chng minh : AB.BC + AD.CD AC.BD.

Tht vy ta c : AB.BC 2SABC ; AD.CD 2SADC. Suy ra :
Suy ra : AB.BC + AD.CD 2SABCD = AC.BD.
Vy : (a 2
+ c2 )( b2 + c2 ) + (a 2
+ d 2 )( b2 + d 2 ) (a + b)(c + d) .
Ch : Gii bng cch p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
(m2 + n2)(x2 + y2) (mx + ny)2 vi m = a , n = c , x = c , y = b ta c :

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(a2 + c2)(c2 + b2) (ac + cb)2 (a 2

+ c2 )( c2 + b2 ) ac + cb (1)

Tng t : (a 2
+ d 2 )( d 2 + b2 ) ad + bd (2) . Cng (1) v (2) suy ra pcm.
2
1 1 1 1
114. Li gii sai : A = x + x = x + - - . Va y min A = - .
2 4 4 4
1 1
Phn tch sai lm : Sau khi chng minh f(x) - , cha ch ra trng hp xy ra f(x) = -
4 4
1
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi x = - . V l.
2
Li gii ng : tn ti x phi c x 0. Do A = x + x 0. min A = 0 x = 0.
(x + a)(x + b) x 2 + ax + bx + ab ab
115. Ta c A = = = x + + (a + b) .
x x x
ab
( )
2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : x + 2 ab nn A 2 ab + a + b = a + b .
x
ab
x =
( )
2
min A = a + b khi v chi khi x x = ab .
x > 0
116. Ta xt biu thc ph : A2 = (2x + 3y)2. Nh li bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
(am + bn)2 (a2 + b2)(m2 + n2) (1)
Nu p dng (1) vi a = 2, b = 3, m = x, n = y ta c :
A2 = (2x + 3y)2 (22 + 32)(x2 + y2) = 13(x2 + y2).
Vi cch trn ta khng ch ra c hng s m A2 . By gi, ta vit A2 di dng :

( ) ri p dng (1) ta c :
2
A2 = 2. 2x + 3. 3y

= ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) ( x 2 ) + ( y 3 ) = (2 + 3)(2x
2 2 2 2
A2 2
+ 3y 2 ) 5.5 = 25

x = y
Do A2 25 nn -5 A 5. min A = -5 x = y = -1
2x + 3y = 5
x = y
max A = 5 x = y =1
2x + 3y = 5
117. iu kin x 2. t 2 - x = y 0, ta c : y2 = 2 x.
2
2 1 9 9 9 1 7
a = 2 - y + y = - y - + max A = y = x =
2 4 4 4 2 4
118. iu kin x 1 ; x 1/5 ; x 2/3 x 1.
Chuyn v, ri bnh phng hai v : x 1 = 5x 1 + 3x 2 + 2 15x 2 - 13x + 2 (3)
Rt gn : 2 7x = 2 15x 2 - 13x + 2 . Cn c thm iu kin x 2/7.
Bnh phng hai v : 4 28x + 49x2 = 4(15x2 13x + 2) 11x2 24x + 4 = 0
(11x 2)(x 2) = 0 x1 = 2/11 ; x2 = 2.
C hai nghim u khng tha mn iu kin. Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
119. iu kin x 1. Phng trnh bin i thnh :

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x -1 +1+ x -1 -1 = 2 x -1 + x -1 -1 = 1
* Nu x > 2 th : x - 1 + x - 1 - 1 = 1 x - 1 = 1 x = 2 , khng thuc khong ang xt.
* Nu 1 x 2 th : x - 1 + 1 - x - 1 + 1 = 2 . V s nghim 1 x 2
Kt lun : 1 x 2.
120. iu kin : x + 7x + 7 0. t x 2 + 7x + 7 = y 0 x2 + 7x + 7 = y2.
2

Phng trnh cho tr thnh : 3y2 3 + 2y = 2 3y2 + 2y 5 = 0 (y 1)(3y + 5) = 0

y = - 5/3 (loi) ; y = 1. Vi y = 1 ta c x 2 + 7x + 7 = 1 x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0. Cc gi tr x = - 1, x = - 6 tha mn x2 + 7x + 7 0 l nghim ca (1).
121. V tri : 3(x + 1)2 + 4 + 5(x + 1)2 + 9 4 + 9 = 5 .
V phi : 4 2x x2 = 5 (x + 1)2 5. Vy hai v u bng 5, khi x = - 1. Vi gi tr ny c
hai bt ng thc ny u tr thnh ng thc. Kt lun : x = - 1
5 - a2
122. a) Gi s 3 - 2 = a (a : hu t) 5 - 2 6 = a2 6= . V phi l s
2
hu t, v tri l s v t. V l. Vy 3 - 2 l s v t.
b) Gii tng t cu a.
123. t x - 2 = a, 4 - x = b, ta c a2 + b = 2. S chng minh a + b 2. Cng tng v bt
a2 + 1 b2 + 1
ng thc : a ;b . A
2 2
124. t cc on thng BH = a, HC = c trn mt ng thng. b
K HA ^ BC vi AH = b. D thy AB.AC 2SABC = BC.AH.
a c
125. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn, ta c bt ng thc tng B C

ng : (ad bc)2 0. Ch : Cng c th chng minh bng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki.

126. Gi s a b c > 0. Theo bi : b + c > a. Suy ra : b + c + 2 bc > a

( ) ( )
2 2
b+ c > a b+ c> a
Vy ba on thng c di b , c , a lp c thnh mt tam gic.
127. Ta c a, b 0. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
(a + b)2 a + b a + b 1 1
+ = a + b + ab a + b +
2 4 2 2 2
1
Cn chng minh : ab a + b + a b + b a . Xt hiu hai v :
2
1 1

( )
ab a + b + - ab a + b = ab a + b + - a - b =
2 2


2 2
1 1
= ab a - + b - 0
2 2
1
Xy ra du ng thc : a = b = hoc a = b = 0.
4
b+c b+c b+ c+a
128. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : .1 + 1 : 2 = .
a a 2a

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a 2a b 2b c 2c
Do : . Tng t : ;
b+c a+ b+c a+c a+ b+c a+b a+b+c
a b c 2(a + b + c)
Cng tng v : + + = 2.
b+c c+a a+ b a+ b+c
a = b + c

Xy ra du ng thc : b = c + a a + b + c = 0 , tri vi gi thit a, b, c > 0.
c = a + b

Vy du ng thc khng xy ra.
129. Cch 1 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki. Ta c :

( )
2
x 1 - y2 + y 1 - x2 ( x 2 - y 2 )(1 - y 2 + 1 - x 2 ) .
t x2 + y2 = m, ta c : 12 m(2 - m) (m 1)2 0 m = 1 (pcm).
Cch 2 : T gi thit : x 1 - y 2 = 1 - y 1 - x 2 . Bnh phng hai v :
x2(1 y2) = 1 2y 1 - x 2 + y2(1 x2) x2 = 1 2y 1 - x 2 + y2
0 = (y - 1 - x 2 )2 y = 1 - x 2 x2 + y2 = 1 .
130. p dng | A | + | B | | A + B | . min A = 2 1 x 2 .
131. Xt A2 = 2 + 2 1 - x 2 . Do 0 1 - x2 1 2 2 + 2 1 - x2 4
2 A2 4. min A = 2 vi x = 1 , max A = 2 vi x = 0.
132. p dng bt ng thc : a2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 (a + c)2 + (b + d)2 (bi 23)
A = x 2 + 12 + (1 - x)2 + 22 (x + 1 - x)2 + (1 + 2)2 = 10
1- x 1
min A = 10 =2 x= .
x 3
2
-x + 4x + 12 0 (x + 2)(6 - x) 0
133. Tp xc nh : 2 - 1 x 3 (1)
- x + 2x + 3 0 (x + 1)(3 - x) 0
Xt hiu : (- x2 + 4x + 12)(- x2 + 2x + 3) = 2x + 9. Do (1) nn 2x + 9 > 0 nn A > 0.

( )
2
Xt : A 2 = (x + 2)(6 - x) - (x + 1)(3 - x) . Hin nhin A2 0 nhng du = khng xy
ra (v A > 0). Ta bin i A2 di dng khc :
A2 = (x + 2)(6 x) + (x + 1)(3 x) - 2 (x + 2)(6 - x)(x + 1)(3 - x) =
= (x + 1)(6 x) + (6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) (3 x) - 2 (x + 2)(6 - x)(x + 1)(3 - x)
= (x + 1)(6 x) + (x + 2)(3 x) - 2 (x + 2)(6 - x)(x + 1)(3 - x) + 3

( )
2
= (x + 1)(6 - x) - (x + 2)(3 - x) +3.
A2 3. Do A > 0 nn min A = 3 vi x = 0.
2
134. a) iu kin : x 5.
* Tm gi tr ln nht : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
A2 = (2x + 1. 5 - x 2 )2 (22 + 11)(x2 + 5 x2) = 25 A2 25.

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x 2
x 0
= 5 - x
A 2 = 25 2 x 2 = 4(5 - x 2 ) x = 2 .
x2 5 x2 5

Vi x = 2 th A = 5. Vy max A = 5 vi x = 2.
* Tm gi tr nh nht : Ch rng tuy t A2 25, ta c 5 x 5, nhng khng xy ra
A2 = - 5. Do tp xc nh ca A, ta c x2 5 - 5 x 5 . Do : 2x - 2 5 v
5 - x 2 0. Suy ra :
A = 2x + 5 - x 2 - 2 5 . Min A = - 2 5 vi x = - 5
b) Xt biu thc ph | A | v p dng cc bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki v Cauchy :
A =x ( )
99. 99 + 1. 101 - x 2 x (99 + 1)(99 + 101 - x 2 ) = x .10. 200 - x 2 <

x 2 + 200 - x 2
< 10. = 1000
2
x 2 101

99 99
A = 1000 = x = 10 . Do : - 1000 < A < 1000.
1 101 - x 2

x 2 = 200 - x 2

min A = - 1000 vi x = - 10 ; max A = 1000 vi x = 10.
a b ay bx
135. Cch 1 : A = x + y = 1.(x + y) = + ( x + y) = a + + + b.
x y x y
ay bx ay bx
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s dng : + 2 . = 2 ab .
x y x y

( )
2
Do A a + b + 2 ab = a+ b .
ay bx
x = y

x = a + ab
( ) a b
2
min A = a+ b vi + = 1
x y y = b + ab
x, y > 0


Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
2
a b b
a
( )
2
A = (x + y).1 = (x + y) + x. + y. = a+ b .
x y x y
T tm c gi tr nh nht ca A.
136. A = (x + y)(x + z) = x2 + xz + xy + yz = x(x + y + z) + yz 2 xyz(x + y + z) = 2
min A = 2 khi chng hn y = z = 1 , x = 2 - 1.

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xy yz xy yz
137. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : + 2 . = 2y .
z x z x
yz zx zx xy
Tng t : + 2z ; + 2x . Suy ra 2A 2(x + y + z) = 2.
x y y z
1
min A = 1 vi x = y = z = .
3
x 2
y 2
z 2
x+y+z
138. Theo bi tp 24 : + + . Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
x+y y+z z+x 2
x+y y+z z+x x+y+z xy + yz + zx 1
xy ; yz ; zx nn = .
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
min A = x=y=z= .
2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
139. a) A = a+ b a+ b + a- b = 2a + 2b 2 .
a = b 1
max A = 2 a=b=
a + b = 1 2

( ) ( ) +( )
4 4 4
b) Ta c : a+ b a+ b a- b = 2(a 2 + b 2 + 6ab)

( ) ( ) 2(a + d + 6ad)
4 4
a+ c 2(a 2 + c 2 + 6ac) ; a+ d 2 2

Tng t : ( c) + 6bc) ; ( d ) 2(b + d + 6bd)

4 4
b+ 2(b 2 + c 2 b+ 2 2

( d)
4
c+ 2(c 2 + d 2 + 6cd)
Suy ra : B 6(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2ad + 2bc + 2bd + 2cd) = 6(a + b + c + d)2 6
a = b = c = d 1
max B = 6 a =b=c=d=
a + b + c + d = 1 4
140. A = 3x + 3y 2. 3x.3y = 2 3x + y = 2. 34 = 18 . min A = 18 vi x = y = 2.
141. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a + b c + d. T gi thit suy ra :
a +b+c+d
. b+c
2
b c b+c c c a+b+c+d c+d c+d
A= + = - - - -
c+d a+b c+d c+d a+b 2(c + d) c+d a+b
t a + b = x ; c + d = y vi x y > 0, ta c :
x+y y y x 1 y x y 1 x y 1 1
A - + = + -1+ = + - 2. . - = 2-
2y y x 2y 2 x 2y x 2 2y x 2 2
1
min A = 2 - d = 0 , x = y 2 , b + c a + d ; chng hn khi
2
a = 2 + 1, b = 2 - 1,c = 2,d = 0
142. a) (x - 3) 2 + ( x - 3) 2 = 0 . p s : x = 3.

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b) Bnh phng hai v, a v : (x2 + 8)(x2 8x + 8) = 0. p s : x = 4 + 2 2 .

c) p s : x = 20.
d) x - 1 = 2 + x + 1 . V phi ln hn v tri. V nghim.
e) Chuyn v : x - 2 x - 1 = 1 + x - 1 . Bnh phng hai v. p s : x = 1.
1
g) Bnh phng hai v. p s : x 1
2
h) t x - 2 = y. a v dng y - 2 + y - 3 = 1. Ch n bt ng thc :
y - 2 + 3 - y y - 2 + 3 - y = 1 . Tm c 2 y 3. p s : 6 x 11.
16
i) Chuyn v : x + 1 - x = 1 - x , ri bnh phng hai v. p : x = 0 (ch loi x = )
25
16
k) p s : .
25
l) iu kin : x 1 hoc x = - 1. Bnh phng hai v ri rt gn :
2 2(x + 1) 2 (x + 3)(x - 1) = x 2 - 1 .
Bnh phng hai v : 8(x + 1)2(x + 3)(x 1) = (x + 1)2(x 1)2 (x + 1)2(x 1)(7x + 25) = 0
25
x=- loi. Nghim l : x = 1.
7
m) V tri ln hn x, v phi khng ln hn x. Phng trnh v nghim.
n) iu kin : x - 1. Bnh phng hai v, xut hin iu kin x - 1. Nghim l : x = - 1.
o) Do x 1 nn v tri ln hn hoc bng 2, v phi nh hn hoc bng 2. Suy ra hai v bng 2,
khi x = 1, tha mn phng trnh.
p) t 2x + 3 + x + 2 = y ; 2x + 2 - x + 2 = z (1). Ta c :
y 2 - z 2 = 1 + 2 x + 2 ; y + z = 1 + 2 x + 2 . Suy ra y z = 1.
T z = x + 2 (2). T (1) v (2) tnh c x. p s : x = 2 (ch loi x = - 1).
q) t 2x2 9x + 4 = a 0 ; 2x 1 b 0. Phng trnh l : a + 3 b = a + 15b . Bnh
1
phng hai v ri rt gn ta c : b = 0 hoc b = a. p s : ; 5
2
2 ( k +1 - k )
1
=
2
>
2
= =2 ( )
k +1 - k .
( )( )
144. Ta c :
k 2 k k + k +1 k +1 + k k +1 - k
1 1 1
Vy : 1 + + + ... + > 2( 2 - 1) + 2( 3 - 2) + 2( 4 - 3) + ... + 2( n + 1 - n ) =
2 3 n
= 2( n + 1 - 1) (pcm).
150. a cc biu thc di du cn v dng cc bnh phng ng. M = -2
151. Trc cn thc mu tng hng t. Kt qu : A = n - 1.
1
152. Ta c : = -( a + a + 1) P = -( 2 + 2n + 1) .
a - a +1
P khng phi l s hu t (chng minh bng phn chng).

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1 1 1 9
153. Ta hy chng minh : = - A=
(n + 1) n + n n + 1 n n +1 10
1 1 1 1 1
154. 1 + + + + ... + > .n = n .
2 3 4 n n
155. Ta c a + 1 = 17 . Bin i a thc trong ngoc thnh tng cc ly tha c s a + 1
A = [(a + 1)5 3(a + 1)4 15(a + 1)3 + 52(a + 1)2 14(a + 1)]2000
= (259 17 - 225 17 - 34 17 - 1)2000 = 1.
1 1
156. Bin i : a - a -1 = ; a -2 - a -3 = .
a + a -1 a -2 + a -3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
157. x - x + = x 2 - x + + x - x + = x - + x - 0 .
2

2 4 4 2 2
1 1
Du = khng xy ra v khng th c ng thi : x = v x = .
2 2
168. Trc ht ta chng minh : a + b 2(a 2 + b 2 ) (*) (a + b 0)
p dng (*) ta c : S = x - 1 + y - 2 2(x - 1 + y - 2) = 2
3
x =
x -1 = y - 2 2
max S = 2
x + y = 4 y = 5
2
* C th tnh S2 ri p dng bt ng thc Cauchy.
1
180. Ta phi c | A | 3 . D thy A > 0. Ta xt biu thc : B = = 2 - 3 - x 2 . Ta c :
A
0 3 - x2 3 - 3 - 3 - x2 0 2 - 3 2 - 3 - x2 2 .
1
min B = 2 - 3 3 = 3 - x 2 x = 0 . Khi max A = = 2+ 3
2- 3
1
max B = 2 3 - x 2 = 0 x = 3 . Khi min A =
2
2x 1 - x
181. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta xt biu thc : B = + . Khi :
1- x x
2x 1 - x
2x 1 - x = (1)
B2 . = 2 2 . B = 2 2 1 - x x
1- x x 0 < x < 1 (2)
Gii (1) : 2x2 = (1 x)2 | x 2 | = | 1 x |. Do 0 < x < 1 nn x 2 = 1 x
1
x= = 2 - 1.
2 +1
Nh vy min B = 2 2 x = 2 - 1.
2 1 2x 1 - x 2 - 2x 1 - 1 + x
By gi ta xt hiu : A - B = + - + = + = 2 +1 = 3
1- x x 1- x x 1- x x

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Do min A = 2 2 + 3 khi v ch khi x = 2 - 1.

182. a) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm gim mt tng :
a+b
ab . y ta mun lm tng mt tng. Ta dng bt ng thc : a + b 2(a 2 + b 2 )
2
A = x - 1 + y - 2 2(x - 1 + y - 3) = 2
x - 1 = y - 2 x = 1,5
max A = 2
x + y = 4 y = 2,5
Cch khc : Xt A2 ri dng bt ng thc Cauchy.
a+b
b) iu kin : x 1 , y 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy cho php lm tri mt tch : ab
2
2(y - 2)
Ta xem cc biu thc x - 1 , y - 2 l cc tch : x - 1 = 1.(x - 1) , y - 2 =
2
x - 1 1.(x - 1) 1 + x - 1 1
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : = =
x x 2x 2
y-2 2.(y - 2) 2 + y - 2 1 2
= = =
y y 2 2y 2 2 2 4
1 2 2+ 2 x - 1 = 1 x = 2
max B = + =
2 4 4 y - 2 = 2 y = 4
1 1
183. a = ,b= . Ta thy
1997 + 1996 1998 + 1997
1997 + 1996 < 1998 + 1997
Nn a < b.
1
184. a) min A = 5 - 2 6 vi x = 0. max A = vi x = 6.
5
b) min B = 0 vi x = 1 5 . max B = 5 vi x = 1
x 2 + (1 - x 2 ) 1
185. Xt 1 x 0 th A 0. Xt 0 x 1 th A = x 2 (1 - x 2 )
= .
2 2
1 x = 1 - x
2 2
2
max A = x=
2 x > 0 2
186. A = | x y | 0, do A ln nht khi v chi khi A2 ln nht. Theo bt Bunhiacpxki :
2
1 1 5
A = (x - y) = 1.x - .2y 1 + (x 2 + 4y 2 ) =
2 2

2 4 4

2 5 2 5
2y 1 x=- x=
5 =- 5 5
max A = x 2 hoc
2 x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 y = 5 y = - 5

10 10
187. a) Tm gi tr ln nht : T gi thit :

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0 x 1 x 3 x 2
3 x 3 + y3 x 2 + y 2 = 1
0 y 1 y y
2

x 3 = x 2
max A = 1 3 x = 0, y = 1 V x = 1, y = 0
y = y
2

x+y
b) Tm gi tr nh nht : (x + y)2 2(x2 + y2) = 2 x + y 2 1 . Do :
2

x +y
3 3 ( x 3 + y3 ) ( x + y )
. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

(x 3 + y3 )(x + y) = x 3 + y3 x + y x 3 . x + y3 . y = (x2 + y2) = )
2 2 2 2 2

1
1 2
min A = x=y=
2 2
188. t x = a ; y = b , ta c a, b 0, a + b = 1.
A = a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2) = a2 ab + b2 = (a + b)2 3ab = 1 3ab.
Do ab 0 nn A 1. max A = 1 a = 0 hoc b = 0 x = 0 hoc x = 1, y = 0.
(a + b) 2 1 1 1 1 1
Ta c ab = ab 1 - 3ab . min A = x = y =
4 4 4 4 4 4
189. iu kin : 1 x 0 , 2 x 0 nn x 1. Ta c :
x -1
1 - x + (x - 1)(x - 2) - x - 2 =3
x-2
1 - x + (x - 1)(x - 2) - (x - 1)(x - 2) = 3 1 - x = 3 x = -8 .
190. Ta c : 6 + 4x + 2x2 = 2(x2 + 2x + 1) + 4 = 2(x + 1)2 + 4 > 0 vi mi x. Vy phng trnh
x 2 + 2x + 3 = y 0, phng trnh c dng :
xc nh vi mi gi tr ca x. t
y = 3 2
y2 - y 2 - 12 = 0 (y - 3 2 )(y + 2 2 ) = 0
y = -2 2 (loai v y 0
Do x 2 + 2x + 3 = 3 2 x2 + 2x + 3 = 18 (x 3)(x + 5) = 0 x = 3 ; x = -5 .
191. Ta c :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= k. = k - = k + -
(k + 1) k (k + 1)k k k +1 k k + 1 k k +1
k 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + - . Do : < 2 - .
k +1 k k +1 (k + 1) k k k +1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vy : + + + ... + < 2 1 - + 2 - + ... + 2 -
2 3 2 4 3 (n + 1) n 2 2 3 n n +1
1
= 2 1 - < 2 (pcm).
n +1

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1 2
192. Dng bt ng thc Cauchy > (a, b > 0 ; a 0).
ab a + b
193. t x y = a , x + y = b (1) th a, b Q .
a) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, do y Q. x ,
x-y a a
b) Nu b 0 th = x - y = Q (2).
x+ y b b
1 a 1 a
T (1) v (2) : x = b + Q ; y = b - Q .
2 b 2 b
199. Nhn xt : ( x2 + a2 + x )( )
x 2 + a 2 - x = a 2 . Do :

( x2 + a2 + x )( x2 + a2 - x )
( ) ( )
5a 2 5
2 x + x2 + a 2 (1) 2 x + x 2 + a 2
x2 + a2 x2 + a2
Do a 0 nn : x 2 + a 2 + x > x 2 + x = x + x 0 . Suy ra : x 2 + a 2 + x > 0 , "x.
x 0
( )
V vy : (1) 2 x 2 + a 2 5 x 2 + a 2 - x 5x 3 x 2 + a 2 x > 0
25x 2 9x 2 + 9a 2

x 0
3
3 x a .
0 < x a 4
4
1 - 2a 1
207. c) Trc ht tnh x theo a c x = . Sau tnh 1 + x 2 c .
2 a(1 - a) 2 a(1 - a)
p s : B = 1.
d) Ta c a2 + 1 = a2 + ab + bc + ca = (a + b)(a + c). Tng t :
b2 + 1 = (b + a)(b + c) ; c2 + 1 = (c + a)(c + b). p s : M = 0.
2x + 4
208. Gi v tri l A > 0. Ta c A 2 = . Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
x
1 1 3
209. Ta c : a + b = - 1 , ab = - nn : a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab = 1 + = .
4 2 2
9 1 17 3 7
a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2)2 2a2b2 = - = ; a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 3ab(a + b) = - 1 - = -
4 9 8 4 4
7 17 1 239
Do : a7 + b7 = (a3 + b3)(a4 + b4) a3b3(a + b) = - . - - ( -1) = - .
4 8 64 64
210. a) a 2 = ( 2 - 1) 2 = 3 - 2 2 = 9 - 8 .
a 3 = ( 2 - 1)3 = 2 2 - 6 + 3 2 - 1 = 5 2 - 7 = 50 - 49 .
b) Theo khai trin Newton : (1 - 2 )n = A - B 2 ; (1 + 2 )n = A + B 2 vi A, B N
Suy ra : A2 2B2 = (A + B 2 )(A - B 2 ) = [(1 + 2 )(1 - 2 )]n = (- 1)n.
Nu n chn th A2 2b2 = 1 (1). Nu n l th A2 2B2 = - 1 (2).

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By gi ta xt an. C hai trng hp :

* Nu n chn th : an = ( 2 - 1)n = (1 - 2 )n = A - B 2 = A 2 - 2B2 . iu kin
A2 2B2 = 1 c tha mn do (1).
* Nu n l th : an = ( 2 - 1)n = - (1 - 2 )n = B 2 - A = 2B2 - A 2 . iu kin
2B2 A2 = 1 c tha mn do (2).
211. Thay a = 2 vo phng trnh cho : 2 2 + 2a + b 2 + c = 0
2 (b + 2) = -(2a + c).
Do a, b, c hu t nn phi c b + 2 = 0 do 2a + c = 0. Thay b = - 2 , c = - 2a vo phng trnh
cho :
x3 + ax2 2x 2a = 0 x(x2 2) + a(x2 2) = 0 (x2 2)(x + a) = 0.
Cc nghim phng trnh cho l: 2 v - a.
1 1 1
212. t A = + + ... + .
2 3 n
a) Chng minh A > 2 n - 3 : Lm gim mi s hng ca A :
1
k
=
2
k+ k
>
2
k +1 + k
= 2 k +1 - k . ( )
( ) (
Do A > 2 - 2 + 3 + - 3 + 4 + ... + - n + n + 1 =
) ( )
=2 ( )
n +1 - 2 = 2 n +1 - 2 2 > 2 n +1 - 3 > 2 n - 3 .
b) Chng minh A < 2 n - 2 : Lm tri mi s hng ca A :
1
k
=
2
k+ k
<
2
k + k -1
= 2 k - k -1 ( )
( ) ( ) (
Do : A < 2 n - n - 1 + ... + 3 - 2 + 2 - 1 = 2 n - 2 .
)
213. K hiu a n = 6 + 6 + ... + 6 + 6 c n du cn. Ta c :
a1 = 6 < 3 ; a 2 = 6 + a1 < 6 + 3 = 3 ; a 3 = 6 + a 2 < 6 + 3 = 3 ... a100 = 6 + a 99 < 6 + 3 = 3
Hin nhin a100 > 6 > 2. Nh vy 2 < a100 < 3, do [ a100 ] = 2.
214. a) Cch 1 (tnh trc tip) : a2 = (2 + 3 )2 = 7 + 4 3 .
Ta c 4 3 = 48 nn 6 < 4 3 < 7 13 < a2 < 14. Vy [ a2 ] = 13.
Cch 2 (tnh gin tip) : t x = (2 + 3 )2 th x = 7 + 4 3 .
Xt biu thc y = (2 - 3 )2 th y = 7 - 4 3 . Suy ra x + y = 14.
D thy 0 < 2 - 3 < 1 nn 0 < (2- 3 )2 < 1, tc l 0 < y < 1. Do 13 < x < 14.
Vy [ x ] = 13 tc l [ a2 ] = 13.
3
b) p s : [ a ] = 51.
215. t x y = a ; x + y = b (1) th a v b l s hu t. Xt hai trng hp :
x-y a a
a) Nu b 0 th = x- y= l s hu t (2). T (1) v (2) ta c :
x+ y b b

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1 a 1 a
x = b + l s hu t ; y = b - l s hu t.
2 b 2 b
b) Nu b = 0 th x = y = 0, hin nhin x , y l s hu t.
1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1
216. Ta c = = n - = n + - =
(n + 1) n n(n + 1) n n +1 n n + 1 n n +1
n 1 1 1 1
= 1 + - < 2 - . T ta gii c bi ton.
n +1 n n +1 n n +1
217. Chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s trong 25 s t nhin cho, khng c hai s no
bng nhau. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a1 < a2 < . < a25. Suy ra : a1 1 , a2 2 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
a25 25. Th th : + + .... + + + .... + (1). Ta li c :
a1 a2 a 25 1 2 25
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
+ + .... + + = + + .... + +1 <
25 24 2 1 25 + 25 24 + 24 2+ 2
<
2
24 + 24
+
2
23 + 23
+ .... +
2
2+ 2
(
+ 1 = 2 25 - 24 + 24 - 23 + .... + 2 - 1 + 1 = )
=2 ( )
25 - 1 + 1 = 9 (2)
1 1 1
T (1) v (2) suy ra : + + .... + < 9 , tri vi gi thit. Vy tn ti hai s bng
a1 a2 a 25
nhau trong 25 s a1 , a2 , , a25.
218. iu kin : 0 x 4. t 2 + x = a 0 ; 2 - x = b 0.
a2 b2
Ta c : ab = 4 - x , a2 + b2 = 4. Phng trnh l : + = 2
2 +a 2 -b
a2 2 - a2b + b2 2 + ab2 = 2 (2 - b 2 + a 2 - ab)
2 (a2 + b2 2 + ab) ab(a b) = 2(a b)
2 (2 + ab) = (a b)(2 + ab) (ch : a2 + b2 = 4)
a b = 2 (do ab + 2 0)
Bnh phng : a + b 2ab = 2 2ab = 2 ab = 1 4 - x = 1. Tm c x = 3 .
2 2

a -1
219. iu kin : 0 < x 1 , a 0. Bnh phng hai v ri thu gn : 1 - x 2 = .
a +1
2 a
Vi a 1, bnh phng hai v, cui cng c : x = .
a +1
iu kin x 1 tha mn (theo bt ng thc Cauchy).
2 a
Kt lun : Nghim l x = . Vi a 1.
a +1
220. Nu x = 0 th y = 0, z = 0. Tng t i vi y v z. Nu xyz 0, hin nhin x, y, z > 0
2y 2y
T h phng trnh cho ta c : x= = y.
1+ y 2 y

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Tng t y z ; z x . Suy ra x = y = z. Xy ra du = cc bt ng thc trn

vi x = y = z = 1. Kt lun : Hai nghim (0 ; 0 ; 0) , (1 ; 1 ; 1).
1
221. a) t A = (8 + 3 7 )7. chng minh bi ton, ch cn tm s B sao cho 0 < B <
107
v A + B l s t nhin.
Chn B = (8 - 3 7 )7. D thy B > 0 v 8 > 3 7 . Ta c 8 + 3 7 > 10 suy ra :
1 1
( ) 1
7
< 8-3 7 <
(8 + 3 7 )
7
107 107

Theo khai trin Newton ta li c : A = (8 + 3 7 )7 = a + b 7 vi a, b N.

B = (8 - 3 7 )7 = a - b 7 . Suy ra A + B = 2a l s t nhin.
1
Do 0 < B < v A + B l s t nhin nn A c by ch s 9 lin sau du phy.
107
Ch : 10- 7 = 0,0000001.
b) Gii tng t nh cu a.
222. Ta thy vi n l s chnh phng th n l s t nhin, nu n khc s chnh phng th
n l s v t, nn n khng c dng ....,5 . Do ng vi mi s n N* c duy nht mt s
nguyn an gn n nht.
Ta thy rng, vi n bng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, th an bng 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, Ta s chng minh
rng an ln lt nhn cc gi tr : hai s 1, bn s 2, su s 3 Ni cch khc ta s chng minh
bt phng trnh :
1 1
1- < x < 1+ c hai nghim t nhin.
2 2
1 1
2- < x < 2 + c bn nghim t nhin.
2 2
1 1
3- < x < 3 + c su nghim t nhin.
2 2
1 1
Tng qut : k - < x < k + c 2k nghim t nhin. Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng
2 2
1 1
vi : k2 k + < x < k2 + k + . R rng bt phng trnh ny c 2k nghim t nhin l :
4 4
k2 k + 1 ; k2 k + 2 ; ; k2 + k. Do :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + ... + = + + + + + + ... + + + ... + = 2.44 = 88 .
a1 a2 a1980 1{ 1 14
2 4
2244 2 3
2 44
14444
42444 44
3
2 so 4 so 88 so
223. Gii tng t bi 24.
a) 1 < an < 2. Vy [ an ] = 1. b) 2 an 3. Vy [ an ] = 2.
c) Ta thy : 442 = 1936 < 1996 < 2025 = 452, cn 462 = 2116.
a1 = 1996 = 44 < a1 < 45.
Hy chng t vi n 2 th 45 < an < 46.
Nh vy vi n = 1 th [ an ] = 44, vi n 2 th [ an ] = 45.

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224. Cn tm s t nhin B sao cho B A < B + 1. Lm gim v lm tri A c hai s t

nhin lin tip.
Ta c : (4n + 1)2 < 16n2 + 8n + 3 < (4n + 2)2 4n + 1 < 16n 2 + 8n + 3 < 4n + 2
4n2 + 4n + 1 < 4n2 + 16n 2 + 8n + 3 < 4n2 + 4n + 2 < 4n2 + 8n + 4
(2n + 1)2 < 4n2 + 16n 2 + 8n + 3 < (2n + 2)2.
Ly cn bc hai : 2n + 1 < A < 2n + 2. Vy [ A ] = 2n + 1.
225. chng minh bi ton, ta ch ra s y tha mn hai iu kin : 0 < y < 0,1 (1).
x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2 (2).

( )
200
Ta chn y = 3- 2 . Ta c 0 < 3 - 2 < 0,3 nn 0 < y < 0,1. iu kin (1) c
chng minh.
By gi ta chng minh x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. Ta c :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
200 200 100 100
x+y= 3+ 2 + 3- 2 = 5+2 6 + 5-2 6 .

Xt biu thc tng qut Sn = an + bn vi a = 5 + 2 6 , b = 5 - 2 6 .

Sn = (5 + 2 6 )n = (5 - 2 6 )n
A v b c tng bng 10, tch bng 1 nn chng l nghim ca phng trnh X2 -10X + 1 = 0, tc
l : a2 = 10a 1 (3) ; b2 = 10b 1 (4).
Nhn (3) vi an , nhn (4) vi bn : an+2 = 10an+1 an ; bn+2 = 10bn+1 bn.
Suy ra (an+2 + bn+2) = 10(an+1 + bn+1) (an + bn),
tc l Sn+2 = 10Sn+1 Sn , hay Sn+2 - Sn+1 (mod 10)
Do Sn+4 - Sn+2 Sn (mod 10) (5)
Ta c S0 = (5 + 2 6 ) + (5 - 2 6 )0 = 1 + 1 = 2 ; S1 = (5 + 2 6 ) + (5 - 2 6 ) = 10.
0

T cng thc (5) ta c S2 , S3 , , Sn l s t nhin, v S0 , S4 , S8 , , S100 c tn cng bng 2,

tc l tng x + y l mt s t nhin c tn cng bng 2. iu kin (2) c chng minh. T (1)
v (2) suy ra iu phi chng minh.

( ) ( )
250 125
226. Bin i 3+ 2 = 5+2 6 . Phn nguyn ca n c ch s tn cng bng 9.
(Gii tng t bi 36)
227. Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) (
A = 1 + ... + 3 + 4 + ... + 8 + 9 + ... + 15 + 16 + ... + 24 )
Theo cch chia nhm nh trn, nhm 1 c 3 s, nhm 2 c 5 s, nhm 3 c 7 s, nhm 4 c 9 s.
Cc s thuc nhm 1 bng 1, cc s thuc nhm 2 bng 2, cc s thuc nhm 3 bng 3, cc s
thuc nhm 4 bng 4.
Vy A = 1.3 + 2.5 + 3.7 + 4.9 = 70
x x
228. a) Xt 0 x 3. Vit A di dng : A = 4.
. .(3 x). p dng bt ng thc
2 2
3
x x
x x x x 2 + 2 +3- x
Cauchy cho 3 s khng m , , (3 x) ta c : . .(3 x) = 1.
2 2 2 2 3

Do A 4 (1)
b) Xt x > 3, khi A 0 (2). So snh (1) v (2) ta i n kt lun :

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x
= 3-x
max A = 4 2 x = 2.
x 0
229. a) Lp phng hai v, p dng hng ng thc (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), ta c :
x + 1 + 7 - x + 3. 3 (x + 1)(7 - x).2 = 8 (x + 1)(7 - x) = 0 x = - 1 ; x = 7 (tha)
b) iu kin : x - 1 (1). t 3 x - 2 = y ; x + 1 = z . Khi x 2 = y2 ; x + 1 = z2
nn z2 y3 = 3. Phng trnh cho c a v h :
y + z = 3 (2)
2 3
z - y = 3 (3)
z 0 (4)

Rt z t (2) : z = 3 y. Thay vo (3) : y3 y2 + 6y 6 = 0 (y 1)(y2 + 6) = 0 y = 1
Suy ra z = 2, tha mn (4). T x = 3, tha mn (1). Kt lun : x = 3.
1 1
230. a) C, chng hn : + = 2.
2 2
b) Khng. Gi s tn ti cc s hu t dng a, b m a + b = 4 2 . Bnh phng hai v :
a + b + 2 ab = 2 2 ab = 2 - (a + b) .
Bnh phng 2 v : 4ab = 2 + (a + b)2 2(a + b) 2 2(a + b) 2 = 2 + (a + b)2 4ab
V phi l s hu t, v tri l s v t (v a + b 0), mu thun.
m m3
231. a) Gi s 3
5 l s hu t (phn s ti gin). Suy ra 5 = 3 . Hy chng minh rng
n n
m
c m ln n u chia ht cho 5, tri gi thit l phn s ti gin.
n
m
b) Gi s 3 2 + 3 4 l s hu t (phn s ti gin). Suy ra :
n
m3 m 6m
( )
3
3
= 3 2 + 3 4 = 6 + 3. 3 8. = 6 + m 3 = 6n3 + 6mn 2 (1) m 3 M 2 m M 2
n n n
Thay m = 2k (k Z) vo (1) : 8k3 = 6n3 + 12kn2 4k3 = 3n3 + 6kn2. Suy ra 3n3 chia ht cho
2 n3 chia ht cho 2 n chia ht cho 2. Nh vy m v n cng chia ht cho 2, tri vi gi
m
thit l phn s ti gin.
n
a+b+c 3
232. Cch 1 : t a = x3 , b = y3 , c = z3. Bt ng thc cn chng minh abc
3
x3 + y3 + z3
tng ng vi xyz hay x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz 0. Ta c hng ng thc :
3
1
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z)[(x y)2 + (y z)2 + (z x)2]. (bi tp sbt)
2
a+b+c 3
Do a, b, c 0 nn x, y, z 0, do x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz 0. Nh vy : abc
3
Xy ra du ng thc khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Cch 2 : Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy cho bn s khng m. Ta c :

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a+ b+ c+d 1a+ b c+d 1

4
=
2 2
+
2 2
(
ab + cd )
ab. cd = 4 abcd
4
a+ b+ c+d a+b+c
Trong bt ng thc abcd , t d = ta c :
4 3
4
a+b+c
a+ b+ c+ 3 a+b+c a+ b+c
4
a+b+c
abc. abc. .
4 3 3 3

a+b+c
Chia hai v cho s dng (trng hp mt trong cc s a, b, c bng 0, bi ton c
3
3
a+b+c a+b+c 3
chng minh) : abc abc .
3 3
a+b+c
Xy ra ng thc : a = b = c = a=b=c=1
3
b c d a 1
233. T gi thit suy ra : + + 1- = . p dng bt ng thc
b +1 c +1 d +1 a +1 a +1
1 b c d bcd
Cauchy cho 3 s dng : + + 3. 3 . Tng t :
a +1 b +1 c +1 d +1 (b + 1)(c + 1)(d + 1)
1 acd
3. 3
b +1 (a + 1)(c + 1)(d + 1)
1 abd
3. 3
c +1 (a + 1)(b + 1)(d + 1)
1 abc
3. 3
d +1 (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)
1
Nhn t bn bt ng thc : 1 81abcd abcd .
81
x2 y2 z2
234. Gi A = + + . p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
y2 z2 x2
2
x2 y2 z2 x y z
3A = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + 1 + 1) + + (1)
y z x y z x
x y z x y z
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s khng m : + + 3. 3 . . = 3 (2)
y z x y z x
2
x y z x y z x y z
Nhn tng v (1) vi (2) : 3A + + 3 + + A + +
y z x y z x y z x
235. t x = 3 3 + 3 3 ; y = 3 3 - 3 3 th x3 + y3 = 6 (1). Xt hiu b3 a3 , ta c :
b3 a3 = 24 (x + y)3 = 24 (x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y)
Do (1), ta thay 24 bi 4(x3 + b3), ta c :

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b3 a3 = 4(x3 + y3) (x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y) = 3(x3 + y3) 3xy(x + y) =

= 3(x + y)(x2 xy + y2 xy) = 3(x + y)(x y)2 > 0 (v x > y > 0).
Vy b3 > a3 , do b > a.
236. a) Bt ng thc ng vi n = 1. Vi n 2, theo khai trin Newton, ta c :
n
1 1 n(n - 1) 1 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 1 n(n - 1)...2.1 1
1 + = 1 + n. + . 2+ . 3 + ... + . n
n n 2! n 3! n n! n
1 1 1
< 1 + 1 + + + ... +
2! 3! n!
1 1 1 1 1 1
D dng chng minh : + + ... + + + ... + =
2! 3! n! 1.2 2.3 (n - 1)n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 - + - + ... + - = 1- < 1
2 2 3 n -1 n n
1
Do (1 + )n < 3
n
( ) ( )
6 6
b) Vi n = 2, ta chng minh 3
3 > 2 (1). Tht vy, (1) 3
3 > 2 32 > 22.

Vi n 3, ta chng minh n
n > n +1 n + 1 (2). Tht vy :
n
(n + 1)n 1
( ) ( n)
n(n +1) n(n +1)
n n +1
(2) n +1
n +1 < n
(n + 1) < n < n 1 + < n (3)
n n
n
n
1
Theo cu a ta c 1 + < 3 , m 3 n nn (3) c chng minh.
n
Do (2) c chng minh.

(
237. Cch 1 : A 2 = 2 x 2 + 1 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 4 . min A = 2 vi x = 0.)
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
A 2 4 (x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 - x + 1) = 2 4 x 4 + x 2 + 1 2
min A = 2 vi x = 0.
238. Vi x < 2 th A 0 (1). Vi 2 x 4, xt - A = x2(x 2). p dng bt ng thc
Cauchy cho ba s khng m :
3
x x
A x x + + x - 2 3
2 2 2x - 2
- = . .(x - 2) = 8
4 2 2 3 3

- A 32 A - 32. min A = - 32 vi x = 4.
2
239. iu kin : x 9.
3
x2 x2
2 2 + + 9 - x2
x x
A 2 = x 4 (9 - x 2 ) = 4. . (9 - x 2 ) 4 2 2 = 4.27
2 2 3

max A = 6 3 vi x = 6 .
240. a) Tm gi tr ln nht :

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Cch 1 : Vi 0 x < 6 th A = x(x2 6) 0.

Vi x 6 . Ta c 6 x 3 6 x2 9 0 x2 6 3.
Suy ra x(x2 6) 9. max A = 9 vi x = 3.
Cch 2 : A = x(x2 9) + 3x. Ta c x 0, x2 9 0, 3x 9, nn A 9.
max A = 9 vi x = 3
b) Tm gi tr nh nht :
Cch 1 : A = x3 6x = x3 + (2 2 )3 6x (2 2 )3 =
= (x + 2 2 )(x2 - 2 2 x + 8) 6x - 16 2
= (x + 2 2 )(x2 - 2 2 x + 2) + (x + 2 2 ).6 6x - 16 2
= (x + 2 2 )(x - 2 )2 - 4 2 - 4 2 .
min A = - 4 2 vi x = 2 .
Cch 2 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s khng m :
x3 + 2 2 + 2 2 3. 3 x3 .2 2.2 2 = 6x.
Suy ra x3 6x - 4 2 . min A = - 4 2 vi x = 2.
241. Gi x l cnh ca hnh vung nh, V l th tch ca hnh hp. x x
Cn tm gi tr ln nht ca V = x(3 2x)2. x 3-2x x

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi ba s dng : 3-2x

3
4x + 3 - 2x + 3 - 2x x
4V = 4x(3 2x)(3 2x) x
= 8
3
x x

1
max V = 2 4x = 3 2x x =
2
1
Th tch ln nht ca hnh hp l 2 dm3 khi cnh hnh vung nh bng dm.
2
242. a) p s : 24 ; - 11. b) t 3
2 - x = a ; x - 1 = b . p s : 1 ; 2 ; 10.
5
c) Lp phng hai v. p s : 0 ;
2
d) t 2x - 1 = y. Gii h : x3 + 1 = 2y , y3 + 1 = 2x, c (x y)(x2 + xy + y2 + 2) = 0
3

-1 5
x = y. p s : 1 ; .
2
e) Rt gn v tri c :
1
2
( )
x - x 2 - 4 . p s : x = 4.

g) t 3 7 - x = a ; 3 x - 5 = b . Ta c : a3 + b3 = 2, a3 b3 = 12 2x, do v phi ca
a3 - b 3 a - b a3 - b 3
phng trnh cho l . Phng trnh cho tr thnh : = .
2 a+b 2
a - b a3 - b 3
3 3
Do a + b = 2 nn = 3 3
(a b)(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a3 b3)
a+b a +b
Do a + b 0 nn : (a b)(a2 ab + b2 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2).
T a = b ta c x = 6. T ab = 0 ta c x = 7 ; x = 5.
h) t 3 x + 1 = a ; 3 x - 1 = b . Ta c : a2 + b2 + ab = 1 (1) ; a3 b3 = 2 (2).
T (1) v (2) : a b = 2. Thay b = a 2 vo (1) ta c a = 1. p s : x = 0.

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i) Cch 1 : x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x + 2 0, chia hai v cho 3

x+2 .
x +1 x+3
t 3 =a ; = b . Gii h a3 + b3 = 2, a + b = - 1. H ny v nghim.
x+2 x+2
Cch 2 : t 3
x + 2 = y. Chuyn v : 3
y3 - 1 + 3 y3 + 1 = -y . Lp phng hai v ta c :
y3 1 + y3 + 1 + 3. 3 y 6 - 1 .(- y) = - y3 y3 = y. 3
y6 - 1 .
Vi y = 0, c nghim x = - 2. Vi y 0, c y2 = 3 y 6 - 1 . Lp phng : y6 = y6 1. V n0.
Cch 3 : Ta thy x = - 2 nghim ng phng trnh. Vi x < - 2, x > - 2, phng trnh v
nghim, xem bng di y :

x 3
x +1 3
x+2 3
x+3 V tri
x < -2 < -1 < 0 < 1 < 0
x > -x > -1 > 0 > 1 > 0

k) t 1 + x = a , 1 x = b. Ta c : a + b = 2 (1), 4
ab + 4 a + 4 b = 3 (2)
m+n
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy mn , ta c :
2
a + b 1+ a 1+ b
3= a. b + 1. a + 1. b + + =
2 2 2
1+ a 1+ b a+b
= a + b +1 + +1 = +2 = 3.
2 2 2
Phi xy ra du ng thc, tc l : a = b = 1. Do x = 0.
l) t 4 a - x = m 0 ; 4 b - x = n 0 th m4 + n4 = a + b 2x.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : m + n = 4 m 4 + n 4 . Nng ln ly tha bc bn hai v ri thu
gn : 2mn(2m2 + 3mn + 2n2) = 0.
Suy ra m = 0 hoc n = 0, cn nu m, n > 0 th 2m2 + 3mn + 2n2 > 0.
Do x = a , x = b. Ta phi c x a , x b cc cn thc c ngha.
Gi s a b th nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = a.
243. iu kin biu thc c ngha : a2 + b2 0 (a v b khng ng thi bng 0).
x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 x 4 + 2x 2 y 2 + y 4 - 2x 2 y 2
t 3
a = x ; 3 b = y , ta c : A = = =
x 2 + xy + y 2 x 2 + xy + y 2
(x + y 2 ) - (xy) 2 (x + y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 - xy )
2 2 2

= = = x 2 + y 2 - xy .
x + xy + y
2 2
x + y + xy
2 2

Vy : A = 3 a 2 + 3 b 2 - 3 ab (vi a2 + b2 0).
244. Do A l tng ca hai biu thc dng nn ta c th p dng bt ng thc Cauchy :
A = x2 - x +1 + x2 + x +1 2 x 2 - x + 1. x 2 + x + 1 = 2 4 (x 2 - x + 1)(x 2 + x + 1) =
= 2 4 x 4 + x 2 + 2 2 . ng thc xy ra khi :
x 2 + x + 1 = x 2 - x + 1
4 x = 0.
x + x 2
+ 1 = 1
Ta c A 2, ng thc xy ra khi x = 0. Vy : min A = 2 x = 0.

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245. V 1 + 3 l nghim ca phng trnh 3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0, nn ta c :

3(1 + 3 )3 + a(1 + 3 )2 + b(1 + 3 ) + 12 = 0.
Sau khi thc hin cc php bin i, ta c biu thc thu gn :
(4a + b + 42) + (2a + b + 18) 3 = 0.
V a, b Z nn p = 4a + b + 42 Z v q = 2a + b + 18 Z. Ta phi tm cc s nguyn a, b sao
cho p + q 3 = 0.
p
Nu q 0 th 3 =- , v l. Do q = 0 v t p + q 3 = 0 ta suy ra p = 0.
q
Vy 1 + 3 l mt nghim ca phng trnh 3x3 + ax2 + bx + 12 = 0 khi v ch khi :
4a + b + 42 = 0
. Suy ra a = - 12 ; b = 6.
2a + b + 18 = 0
p p p3
246. Gi s 3 l s hu t
3
( l phn s ti gin ). Suy ra : 3 = 3 . Hy chng minh c p
q q q
p
v q cng chia ht cho 3, tri vi gi thit l phn s ti gin.
q

( )
2
247. a) Ta c : 3
1+ 2 = 6 1+ 2 = 6 1+ 2 2 + 2 = 6 3 + 2 2 .

( )
2
Do : 3
1 + 2 . 6 3 - 2 2 = 6 3 + 2 2 . 6 3 - 2 2 = 6 32 - 2 2 = 1.

b) 6 9 + 4 5. 3 2 - 5 = -1 .
248. p dng hng ng thc (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), ta c :
a 3 = 20 + 14 2 + 20 - 14 2 + 3 3 (20 + 14 2)(20 - 14 2).a a 3 = 40 + 3 3 202 - (14 2) 2 .a

a3 6a 40 = 0 (a 4)(a2 + 4a + 10) = 0. V a2 + 4a + 10 > 0 nn a = 4.

249. Gii tng t bi 21.
250. A = 2 + 3 - 2 .
251. p dng : (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b).
T x = 3 3 + 3 9 . Suy ra x3 = 12 + 3.3x x3 9x 12 = 0.
252. S dng hng ng thc (A B)3 = A3 B3 3AB(A B). Tnh x3. Kt qu M = 0
253. a) x1 = - 2 ; x2 = 25.
u = v3 + 6
b) t u = 3
x - 9 , v = x - 3 , ta c : u = v = - 2 x = 1.
v = u + 6
3

c) t : 4
x 2 + 32 = y > 0 . Kt qu x = 7.
254. a biu thc v dng : A = x3 + 1 + 1 + x 3 + 1 - 1 . p dng | A | + | B | | A + B |
min A = 2 -1 x 0.
255. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy hai ln.
256. t 3
x = y th 3 x 2 = y 2 P = 23 x + 2
258. Ta c : P = (x - a) + ( x - b)
2 2
= | x a | + | x b | | x a + b x | = b a (a < b).

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Du ng thc xy ra khi (x a)(x b) 0 a x b. Vy min P = b a a x b.

259. V a + b > c ; b + c > a ; c + a > b. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho tng cp s dng
(a + b - c) + (b + c - a)
(a + b - c)(b + c - a) =b
2
(b + c - a) + (c + a - b)
(b + c - a)(c + a - b) =c
2
(c + a - b) + (a + b - c)
(c + a - b)(a + b - c) =a
2
Cc v ca 3 bt dng thc trn u dng. Nhn 3 bt ng thc ny theo tng v ta c bt
ng thc cn chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :
a + b c = b + c a = c + a b a = b = c (tam gic u).
260. x - y = (x - y) 2 = (x + y)2 - 4xy = 4 + 4 = 2 2 .
261. 2A = (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2.
Ta c : c a = - (a c) = - [(a b) + (b c)] = - ( 2 + 1 + 2 - 1) = - 2 2 .
Do : 2A = ( 2 + 1)2 + ( 2 - 1)2 + (-2 2 )2 = 14. Suy ra A = 7.

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
262. a pt v dng : x - 2 -1 + y-3 -2 + z - 5 - 3 = 0.
263. Nu 1 x 2 th y = 2.
264. t : x - 1 = y 0. M = x - 1 ( )(
x -1 + 2 3 - x -1 . )
265. Gi cc kch thc ca hnh ch nht l x, y. Vi mi x, y ta c : x2 + y2 2xy. Nhng x2
+ y2 = (8 2 )2 = 128, nn xy 64. Do : max xy = 64 x = y = 8.
266. Vi mi a, b ta lun c : a2 + b2 2ab. Nhng a2 + b2 = c2 (nh l Pytago) nn :
a+b
c2 2ab 2c2 a2 +b2 + 2ab 2c2 (a + b)2 c 2 a + b c .
2
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.

( ) +( ) +( )
2 2 2
267. Bin i ta c : a 'b - ab ' a 'c - ac' b 'c - bc' =0
268. 2 x - 1 ; 1 x 2.
---------------Ht---------------

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