Master Thesis

MASTER THESIS
Tragbare Feinstaub Messstation mit Datenbermittlung an eine SQL

Datenbank
Author
Csar Sebastin Silva Proao
University Supervisors
1 st Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gnter Ackermann
2 nd Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Rainer Grigat
External Supervisor
Dr.-Ing. Sven Krause
August 8 th, 2017
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Declaration
I hereby assert in lieu of oath that this master thesis has been compiled by me with only the
help of the auxiliary material listed in the text or in the bibliography.
Hamburg, August 8, 2017
Erklrung
Hiermit erklre ich an Eides statt, dass die vorliegende Masterarbeit von mir selbstndig und
nur unter Verwendung der aufgefhrten Hilfsmittel erstellt wurde.
Hamburg, August 8, 2017
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincerer gratitude to the life and God for having the opportunity
of waking up every day and fight for my dreams. Thanks God for all the received blessings
because without You none of this could be possible. I would like to thank my mom Alba
for working every day for her family, for being my strength in the most difficult moments
of my life and for sending to me all the blessings that I need in order to succeed in life. I
would also like to thank my dad Csar for being the incredible father and the best friend
that one can ask to the life. For being my support in the most difficult moments and for
staying with me always no matter what. Thanks to my brother Santiago for being an
example to follow and an unconditional friend in the hardest moments. Thanks also to the
TUHH, to Lubrisense, and especially to Dr.-Ing. Sven Krause and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gnter
Ackermann for being excellent teachers and remarkable mentors in this project, and for
giving me the opportunity of exploring new environments of the engineering. Thanks to all
the staff of Lubrisense for all the help and support. This project could not have been
accomplished without all of you. Special thanks to my aunts: Elisita, Armidita, Berthita,
Fatimita, Charito, Amparito, Sofa, Elenita, and my uncles Gonzalito, Abraham, Paul,
Eduardo, Vicente, Hugo, Telmo for all the support in all this time that I have been away
from home. Special thanks to my grandpas Manuel and Olga for being an example of life,
and for all the blessings that I receive every day from them. I would like to express my
special thanks to my grandma Olguita who is watching me from the heaven now. Thanks
to my beloved cousins that have stayed with me during all this time. Thanks to my beloved
friends, David Torres, Juan Miguel, Andrs Surez, Andrs Ypez, Daro, Sebastin,
Nestor, Daniel, Lenin, and Diego for sharing with me the most wonderful friendship in
spite of the distance. Thanks Eliana, for all the wonderful moments that you shared with
me when I was away from home and for all the force that you gave me to continue my
studies with all my soul, wherever you are right now, thank you so much. Thanks to all the
people that believed on me, this work is dedicated to all of you with all my love.
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Abstract
The present thesis project applies the knowledge of electronics and computer science to
design and construct a mini metrology station using an Arduino as the main base element.
The Arduino is used therefore, as the base for the calculation and measurement of
temperature, humidity and dust particles in the environment. This project relates to the
process of creating a metrology station that is capable of measuring the mentioned values
and sending them into a MySQL database using the resources available on the Internet. The
success of this project is dependent on the monitoring and control of the desired data. For
this reason, one of the big ambitions of this project is to display the results in a WEB browser,
so that one can be capable of analyzing real data in real time for a certain location. However,
it is also desired to have a backup of these data and in order to do this in a remarkable an
efficient manner the database is connected to a Synology Station, so that a general backup of
the information is obtained. In conclusion, one of the objectives of the present project is
establishing a Metrology Station that can be affordable, economic and that can be used as an
example of replication by mechatronics students that are willing to deepen into the metrology
science. Another desired goal of this present thesis work is to launch this project as a pilot
prototype that can be developed as an idea of investigation and research. Various kinds of
measurements can be performed once the basis and the performance of this system is
established.
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Contents
Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 1
Erklrung........................................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3
Contents ............................................................................................................................ 4
List of Figures.................................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 9
List of Equations ............................................................................................................. 10
List of Attachments ......................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2 Basics ..................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 System hardware .................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 4 System Software ..................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 5 System Case Design ............................................................................... 74
CHAPTER 6 Results and analysis ................................................................................ 78
CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................... 129
References ..................................................................................................................... 131
Attachments................................................................................................................... 137
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Metrology station for agriculture purposes ........................................................ 13

Figure 2. Example of a psychometric chart ...................................................................... 18
Figure 3. NETATMO Metrology Station ......................................................................... 22
Figure 4. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (indoors) ................. 23
Figure 5. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (outdoors) ............... 24
Figure 6. Arduino UNO R3 ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 7. Arduino ATMEGA 2560 .................................................................................. 26
Figure 8. Arduino WiFi shield .......................................................................................... 28
Figure 9. Dust sensor dsm501a ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 10. Relevant dimensions of the dust sensor DSM501a .......................................... 29
Figure 11. Block diagram that explains the performance of the DSM501a ....................... 30
Figure 12. Pin configuration of the DSM501a sensor ....................................................... 31
Figure 13. Low ratio description ...................................................................................... 32
Figure 14. Low ratio vs. concentration of particles [mg/m 3]............................................. 33
Figure 15. Low ratio vs. index of particles [pcs/283ml] .................................................... 35
Figure 16. Low ratio vs. number of particles [pcs] ............................................................ 37
Figure 17. Dynamic light scattering principle.................................................................... 40
Figure 18. Low-cost light scattering PM sensors............................................................... 41
Figure 19. SidePak AM510 ............................................................................................... 42
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of the chamber for particle measurement and particle mass
concentrations measured from the four sides of the chamber .......................................... 43
Figure 21. SainSmart&reg IIC/I2C/TWI serial 2004 20x4 LCD module shield ............... 45
Figure 22. Pin connection of the IIC/I2C/TWI LCD module ......................................... 46
Figure 23. I2C RTC DS1307 AT24C32 Real Time Clock Module .................................... 47
Figure 24. DHT22 Digital Humidity & Temperature Sensor ............................................ 47
Figure 25. Principal dimensions of the DHT22 digital humidity & temperature sensor .... 48
Figure 26. Pin connection of the DHT22 sensor.............................................................. 48
Figure 27. Protoboard that will be used in this project ..................................................... 49
Figure 28. Switch button that we will use in the project.................................................... 49
Figure 29. Power bank for energy supply ......................................................................... 50
Figure 30. Circuit Diagram of the Metrology System........................................................ 51
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Figure 31. Synology DS214 DiskStation that will be used in this project .......................... 53
Figure 32. Final result of the installation of the Synology station ...................................... 54
Figure 33. Arduino IDE Softwares Interface ................................................................... 56
Figure 34. Notepad ++ interface ..................................................................................... 57
Figure 35. Adobe Dreamweaver CC users interface......................................................... 58
Figure 36. Results tab where the php web pages are located ............................................ 59
Figure 37. Work environment of MySQL Workbench ..................................................... 61
Figure 38. Creation of a new user on MySQL Workbench ............................................... 62
Figure 39. Columns of the Table ...................................................................................... 62
Figure 40. Privileges of the User....................................................................................... 63
Figure 41. WampServer Running ..................................................................................... 64
Figure 42. Main Code Flow Chart .................................................................................... 67
Figure 43. Google Charts Application .............................................................................. 69
Figure 44. PHP Code Flow Chart .................................................................................... 70
Figure 45. Exporting the database from the computer ..................................................... 71
Figure 46. Importing the XML file into the Synology station ........................................... 71
Figure 47. Final Systems Flow Chart ............................................................................... 73
Figure 48. Final case for the system.................................................................................. 75
Figure 49. Case 1 st part..................................................................................................... 76
Figure 50. Case 2 nd part .................................................................................................... 77
Figure 51. Experiment performed for the smoke saturation of the device ........................ 79
Figure 52. Experiment in progress. .................................................................................. 79
Figure 53. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity and average particles
index ................................................................................................................................ 80
Figure 54. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity, number of particles,
mass of particles and volume of particles ......................................................................... 81
Figure 55. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hambrug Germany ........................ 84
Figure 56. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany ........................... 85
Figure 57. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hamburg Germany, temperature and
humidity (measured and reference), and particles index.................................................... 86
Figure 58. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany, temperature and
humidity (measured and reference), and particles index.................................................... 87
Figure 59. Dust Value vs. Volume for the cigarette experiment........................................ 90
Figure 60. Activity G, nine candles turned on .................................................................. 92
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Figure 61. Apartment where the measurements were taken .............................................. 92
Figure 62. Dimensions Drawing of the room where the bedrooms indoors measurements
and the outdoors measurements were taken..................................................................... 93
Figure 63. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a bedroom in
Hamburg, Germany ......................................................................................................... 94
Figure 64. List of activities, temperature, humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 10th in a bedroom in Hamburg, Germany... 95
Figure 65. Measured temperature vs. reference temperature ............................................. 97
Figure 66. Measured humidity vs. reference humidity....................................................... 97
Figure 67. The kitchen where the measurements were taken .......................................... 100
Figure 68. Dimensions drawing of the kitchen where the indoors measurements were taken
...................................................................................................................................... 100
Figure 69. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a kitchen in
Hamburg, Germany ....................................................................................................... 101
Figure 70. List of activities, temperature, Humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 12th in a kitchen in Hamburg, Germany ... 102
Figure 71. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in the TUHH
...................................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 72. Location of the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken...................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 73. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 28 th at the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany .............................................................. 105
Figure 74. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 106
Figure 75. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken. ..................................................................................................................... 107
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 07:47 to 07:55................................................... 108
Figure 77. Measured dust vs. reference dust for the 1.0 m particles .............................. 109
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Figure 80. Housing used for the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor for
the outdoors measurements in Hamburg, Germany ....................................................... 115
Figure 81. Operation of the housing for the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 115
Figure 82. Description of the circuit used in the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 83. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
May 11th in Hamburg, Germany ..................................................................................... 117
June 02 nd in Hamburg, Germany .................................................................................... 120
Figure 85. Setup configuration of the device for the outdoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 122
Figure 86. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the outdoors measurements
were taken. ..................................................................................................................... 122
June 28 th in Bendestorf, Germany .................................................................................. 124
Figure 88. Location of the place in Quito, Ecuador where the measurements were taken.
...................................................................................................................................... 126
March 24 th in Quito, Ecuador ........................................................................................ 127
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List of Tables
Table 1. Relative humidity and temperature relationship .................................................. 19

Table 2. Comparison between Arduino UNO and MEGA .............................................. 27
Table 3. Pin description of the DSM501a......................................................................... 30
Table 4. Pin connection of the hardware .......................................................................... 52
Table 5. Elements for the smoke saturation experiment ................................................... 78
Table 6. Average values and standard deviation for the smoke saturation experiment ...... 82
Table 7. Mass table considering a fixed volume of particles for the smoke saturation
experiment ....................................................................................................................... 83
Table 8. Average values and standard deviation of the repeatability experiment performed
in the bedroom ................................................................................................................ 88
in the kitchen ................................................................................................................... 89
Table 10. Dust Values vs. Volume of the room for 1.0 and 2,5 m particles .................... 90
Table 11. Activities carried out in the bedroom during the measurements........................ 91
Table 12. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the bedroom........ 94
Table 13. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference
temperature and humidity values...................................................................................... 98
Table 14. Activities carried out in the kitchen during the measurements........................... 99
Table 15. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the kitchen ........ 101
Table 16. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference particles
index values ................................................................................................................... 109
Table 17. Pollen Calendar for Germany ......................................................................... 113
Table 18. Wind Direction for Hamburg, Germany on May 11 th ..................................... 114
Table 19. Elements of the external housing.................................................................... 115
Table 20. Elements used in the circuit for taking the outdoors measurements................ 116
Table 21. Wind Direction for Hamburg, Germany on June 02 nd..................................... 119
Table 22. Wind Direction for Bendestorf, Germany on June 28 th................................... 123
Table 23. Wind Direction for Quito, Ecuador on March 24 th ......................................... 126
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List of Equations
Eq. 1. Absolute humidity ................................................................................................. 15

Eq. 2. Relative humidity ................................................................................................... 16
Eq. 3. Specific humidity ................................................................................................... 16
Eq. 4. Low ratio [%]......................................................................................................... 32
Eq. 5. Concentration of particles, upper curve, for low ratio <=10 .................................. 33
Eq. 6. Concentration of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >10..................................... 34
Eq. 7. Concentration of particles, average curve, for low ratio < 8 ................................... 34
Eq. 8. Concentration of particles, average curve, for low ratio >=8 ................................. 34
Eq. 9. Concentration of particles, lower curve, for low ratio <=5.6.................................. 34
Eq. 10. Concentration of particles, lower curve, for low ratio >5.6 .................................. 34
Eq. 11. Index of particles, upper curve, for low ratio <=25 ............................................. 35
Eq. 12. Index of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >25 ................................................ 36
Eq. 13. Index of particles, average curve, for low ratio <=20 ........................................... 36
Eq. 14. Index of particles, average curve, for low ratio >20.............................................. 36
Eq. 15. Index of particles, lower curve, for all low ratio values ......................................... 36
Eq. 16. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values ............................ 37
Eq. 17. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values ............................ 37
Eq. 18. Number of particles [pcs], calculated average curve, for all low ratio values ......... 37
Eq. 19. Calculation of the mass of particles ...................................................................... 38
Eq. 20. Calculation of the volume of particles .................................................................. 38
Eq. 21. Relationship between volume of the room and dust particle measurement .......... 89
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List of Attachments
Attachment 1. List of elements required for the main circuit.......................................... 137

Attachment 2. Results of the smoke saturation experiment ............................................ 139
Attachment 3. Reference measurements for the smoke saturation experiment ............... 143
Attachment 4. Reference and Measured values of temperature and humidity. ................ 144
Attachment 5. Repeatability experiment, bedroom, peak points ..................................... 148
Attachment 6. Repeatability experiment, kitchen, peak points ........................................ 149
Attachment 7. 2D and 3D Drawings of the case for the system ..................................... 150
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Motivation
Electronics is a field that nowadays has become inexpensive and simple, being this the biggest
motivation for this thesis project. The Arduino, the dust sensor, and the temperature and
humidity sensor are simple and inexpensive, and the combination of these elements gives as
a result a metrology station that can be used for many purposes. The Internet, which is also
inexpensive and simple to use and is the base for the real-time presentation of the results.
Therefore, it is cheap and simple to obtain a network with hundreds of sensors that can cover
a specific area. The most important aspect is that this idea can be easily replicated for
academic purposes, research, or into a company that is dedicated to this area.
Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that there are harmful substances in the form of dust in
the environment, but the available dust data lacks an appropriate time and spatial resolution.
So far until now, a simple manner to measure the dust concentration has not been
established. In addition, some information about dust concentration of PM 1.0, 2.5 and 10
is available, but not published. In the case of Germany, the limits for fine dust are broken
every year. In particular, Stuttgart failed to accomplish the limited values of dust levels in
March 2017. Consequently, a better control of the dust levels must be developed, and a better
solution than a high-cost optical particle sizer is required. This can be done using a cheap
dust sensor and an Arduino microcontroller available in the market.
Establishing a Metrology Station incorporates many steps, including the implementation of

a sensor, the development of the interface between the sensor and a data base where the
acquired data is saved, and the monitoring of this data. The realization of such a project can
derivate a great quantity of investigation and science that is behind the acquisition of data.
Figure 1 presents an example of a metrology station.
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Figure 1. Metrology station for agriculture purposes
Source: (Watershed Organisation Trust, 2017)
As it can be seen from the Figure 1, the metrology station has as purpose acquiring and
analyzing data and perform some action, in this case the communication of the results and
technical advices to farmers.
The Arduino microcontroller is a system that was developed in 2005 in order to create a
more economical option for accessing to a microcontroller. A wide variety of projects have
been developed with the use of this device, and thanks to its best particularity that it is open
source, many people can access to it, and to the necessary background that one requires in
order to start programming it.
In conclusion, this project launches an idea of a metrology station that remains simple and
cheap and that can be replicated for many purposes with different variety of sensors in
distinct areas and in different countries. The Arduino microcontroller will be used as the base
of this device, combined with all the open source software that is available on the Internet.
This project encourages the realization of similar ideas that can exploit two of the four fields
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of a mechatronics student, the computer science and the electronics. Finally, characteristics
to be hold during the development of this device are simplicity, cost-effectiveness, durability
and replicability.
1.2 Goal of the work

The goal of this thesis project is to design and construct a metrology station for the
measurement of temperature, humidity and dust particles of air, and additionally, for the
transmission of these data into a MySQL database and to a SD card. However, the system
should be inside a case that can be used either in indoors or outdoors measurements.
Once the data are available, they should be presented graphically into a WEB page. Finally,
all the collected data are to be stored in a physical drive like a Synology Server.
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CHAPTER 2
Basics
2.1 Temperature
The temperature is a measurement that establishes how cold or hot is a body. The typical
measurement instrument that is used in order to quantify the temperature is the
thermometer. Different scales and units are used to measure the temperature, and the most
common are: Celsius (which is denoted by C, also called centigrade), Fahrenheit (which is
denoted by F), and for science purposes the most used is Kelvin (which is denoted by K).
Nevertheless, the C will be used in this thesis project as the main unit of temperature.
(Buchdahl, 1966)
2.2 Humidity
Humidity is defined as the quantity of water vapor present in the air. The water vapor, on
the other hand, is the gaseous state of water, which is not visible. The humidity value indicates
the probability of precipitation, fog or dew. There are three important measurements of
humidity: the absolute humidity, the relative humidity and the specific humidity. (Perry &
Green, 2007)
2.2.1 Absolute Humidity

The absolute humidity is defined as the measure of water vapor (which is also called
moisture) that is present in the air. Its measurement unit is defined as grams of wat er vapor
or moisture per cubic meter of air and water vapor mixture (g/m 3). (Perry & Green, 2007)
This relationship is defined in the following Equation 1:

mH 2O
AH
VT
Eq. 1. Absolute humidity
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2.2.2 Relative humidity
The relative humidity of an air-water mixture is the ratio of the partial pressure of water
vapor divided to the equilibrium vapor pressure. The partial pressure, on the other hand, is
defined as the hypothetical pressure of a gas as if it occupies the total volume of the original
mixture of gases at the same temperature. This concept also defines the total pressure of an
ideal gas mixture as the sum of all the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure made by a certain vapor in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its respective condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature. It
can also be defined as the measurement of the evaporation rate of the liquid. Normally, the
relative humidity is expressed as a percentage, the higher this is, it means that the mixture of
air water is more humid. It can also be defined as the ratio of the actual amount of water
vapor present in a volume of air divided to the amount that could be present considering
that the air has been saturated at the same temperature. (Perry & Green, 2007)
Its calculation is expressed in the following Equation 2:
PH 2O
RH
P* H 2 O
Eq. 2. Relative humidity
2.2.3 Specific humidity
Also called moisture content, it is defined as the ratio of water vapor mass mv divided by the
total mass of the air ma . (Weast, Astle, & Beyer, 1989)
The specific humidity can be defined with the following Equation 3:
mv
SH
ma
Eq. 3. Specific humidity
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2.2.4 Wet-bulb temperature
The wet-bulb temperature is defined as the temperature of a mass of air when it is cooled to
saturation, in other words, when it reaches the 100% of relative humidity due to the
evaporation of water into it. This evaporation is the result of the latent heat supply by the
mass of air, so the total enthalpy remains constant. Once the air is cooled to its saturation
point, the condensation takes place, and this condensation occurs in the form of clouds.
Precipitation occurs as well. (University UtahState, 2017)
2.2.5 Dry-bulb temperature
It is defined as the temperature of the air measured with a thermometer isolated from
radiation and moisture. It is the true thermodynamic temperature that shows the quantity of
heat in the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules.
Contrary to the wet-bulb temperature, the dry-bulb temperature does not indicate the
quantity of moisture in the air. (University UtahState, 2017)
2.2.6 Dew point

It is defined as the temperature at which a moist air sample with the same pressure would be
able to reach the water vapor saturation. In this point a further removal of heat would
result in water vapor condensing into liquid water fog. (World Meteorological Organisation,
2008)
2.3 Relationship between temperature and humidity

In this project two interpretations of the relationship between the temperature and the
humidity are presented. The first one deals with the concept of the psychometric chart and
the second is a table that compares the values of relative humidity and temperature.
2.3.1 Psychometric chart
A psychometric chart is a tool that represents the information about the temperature (dry
bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature) and humidity (absolute humidity and relative
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humidity) for a given location. These charts can be used to establish human thermal comfort,
the design strategies for air conditioning, and the energy requirements for those strategies.
The psychometric chart can also be defined as the graphical representation of airs
psychometric processes, which include thermodynamic and physical properties such as the
wet bulb temperature, the dry bulb temperature, humidity, air density and enthalpy.
(Autodesk, 2017)
The next Figure 2 presents an example of a psychometric chart evaluated at the sea level
(barometric pressure of 101.325 kPa). Here the interaction between six variables is seen: Dry
bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, enthalpy at saturation, specific
volume and humidity ratio.
Figure 2. Example of a psychometric chart

Source: (Ogawa, 2009)
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2.3.2 Relative Humidity Table
Empirical correlations between temperature and humidity have been established. Here the
relative humidity table is presented to exemplify this relationship. This is shown in the next
Table 1. To use this table the following four steps must be taken into consideration:
The wet-bulb temperature should be subtracted from the dry-bulb temperature.
The result of this subtraction should be placed in the top of the chart.
The dry-bulb temperature is indicated in the first column.
The value on the table corresponding to the difference between wet- and dry-bulb
temperature indicates the value of the expected relative humidity.
Table 1. Relative humidity and temperature relationship

Source: (EDUPLACE Science, 2017)
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2.3.3 Rule of thumb
A rule of thumb indicates that the relative humidity doubles with a decrease of 11.11C (20
F) or it is reduced to the half with an increase of 11.11C (20 F) in temperature. In simple
words, one can establish a relationship between the temperature and the humidity declaring
that when the temperature increases the relative humidity decreases and vice versa.
(University UtahState, 2017)
2.4 Dust measurement

The main objective of this thesis project is the dust measurement, but first of all it is
important to understand what dust is, the relationship between dust measurement and
temperature, and the relationship between dust measurement and humidity.
2.4.1 Definition of dust
According to the International Standardization Organization (ISO), dust is defined as small

solid particles, conventionally taking into consideration those particles below 75 m of
diameter, which are settled under their own weight, but also can stay suspended for some
time. (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1994)
According to the Glossary of Atmospheric Chemistry Terms (IUPAC), dust is defined as

dry, small, solid particles that are projected into the air by means of natural forces, such as
volcanic eruptions, wind, and mechanical man-made processes such as grinding, crushing,
milling, drilling, shoveling, demolition, screening, conveying, sweeping and bagging. Dust
particles are normally in the size range from about 1 to 100 m in diameter, and they settle
slowly under the influence of gravity. (International Union of Pure and Appied Chemistry,
1990)
According to Parhta das Sharma, dust is defined as any particular matter, or as any airborne
finely divided solid or liquid material with a diameter smaller than 100 micrometers. Air
pollution is the consequence of the presence of a high concentration of dust, contamination
and smokes. Smoke and dust are the two principal components of particulate matter. Car
emissions, dust, pollen, chemical from factories and mold spores can be suspended as
particles. (PARTHA DAS SHARMA, 2017)
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2.4.2 Air pollution and dust prime sources
The principal sources of air pollution and consequently of dust are those processes or
activities that release a great amount of pollutants in the atmosphere, and these pollutants
are mainly: (PARTHA DAS SHARMA, 2017):
Burning of wood, coal in furnaces and incinerators.
Smoke that goes out of many industries like chemical plants, power plants, motor
vehicles and other manufacturing facilities.
Gaseous pollutants from oil refining industries.
The dust generated by cement plants, mining industries, stone crushing industries,
etc.
Toxic and noxious fumes and gasses that are generated by military activities, and
explosives blasting in mines.
The waste deposition for landfills which generate methane.
2.4.3 Types of dust

In the work environment, one can find some examples of types of dust that include
(WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14, 2017):
Mineral dusts: They are those that contain crystalline silica, for example quartz,
cement dusts and coal.
Metallic dusts: Such as cadmium, lead, beryllium dusts and nickel.
Other chemical dusts: pesticides and many bulk chemicals.
Organic and vegetable dusts: wood, flour, tea dusts, cotton and pollens.
Biohazards: Such as spores, moulds and viable particles
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2.5 Relationship between dust, temperature and humidity
In this part, an analysis of the dust measurement compared with the temperature and
humidity measurement is presented. For this purpose, the low ratio of particles in (%) is
compared with the values of temperature and humidity taken on the same date. The low ratio
of particles is obtained using a simple Arduino circuit connected to a dust sensor DSM501a
and for the temperature and humidity values a Netatmo is used, which is a metrology station
installed and operating in the Lubrisense facilities.
The Netatmo is presented in the following Figure 3. It is basically a silver cylinder that
provides the weather results.
Figure 3. NETATMO Metrology Station

Source: (NETATMO, 2017)
The Arduino and the dust sensor are explained extensively in the chapter 3, and they can be
observed in the following figures: Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 9.
Two scenarios are analyzed, the first one is with the measurements performed indoors, for
which the data of noise, pressure and CO2 are registered. The second one is presenting the
measurements performed outdoors, in which the low ratio, temperature and humidity are
registered. It is presented in the next Figure 4 the mentioned measurements performed
indoors.
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Temperature, Humidity & Noise vs. Time (Indoors)
60
55
Temp C, Hum %, Noise dB
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Temp C Hum % Noise dB Time
Pressure & CO2 vs. Time (Indoors)

1100
1000
Pressure mb, CO2 ppm
900
800
700
600
500
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Pressure mb CO2 ppm Time
Low Ratio vs. Time (Indoors)

0.7
0.6
Low Ratio (Outdoors) %
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Time
Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 1.0 Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 2.5
Figure 4. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (indoors)
23
The next Figure 5 presents the measurements performed outdoors, the red lines represent
the analysis points of the following discussion.
Temperature & Humidity vs. Time (Outdoors)

26 100
24 95
90
22
85
Temperature C
Humidity %
20 80
18 75
16 70
65
14
60
12 55
10 50
11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
Time
Temp C Hum %
Low Ratio vs. Time (Outdoors)

6
5
Low Ratio (Outdoors) %
0
11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
Time
Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 1.0 Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 2.5
Figure 5. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (outdoors)
2.5.1 Analysis of the measurements
The following conclusions are derived from the previous graphs:
The concentration of particles in the indoors measurements is influenced by the

content of CO2. This is because a greater content of CO2 means that there are
more people inside the room or there is more activity from people in the room, and
this as a result, generates the presence of more dust particles in the environment.
One can conclude that because there is presence of people in the room, walking
around the floor or doing some activities, particles of dust that come from the floor
or from the clothes are generated. Therefore, a reduction of this increase in the
24
concentration of particles and consequently in the content of CO2 can be done if
a good ventilation is provided.
From the Figure 5 one can observe two important relationships, the relationship
between low ratio of particles vs. temperature and the low ratio of particles vs.
relative humidity. One can see that the temperature is inverse to the low ratio. The
reason why this happens is because a lower temperature means that the air is denser
and the settle of dust particles is greater, this is observed in this graph and this effect
is also discussed experimentally in the paper Effects of air temperature and
humidity on particle deposition (Yunlong, Yongmei, & Fuping, 2011).
The relative humidity is proportional to the concentration of particles, it means that

when the humidity is greater, the concentration is greater and vice versa. This is
obvious because it is well-known that dust mites are nesting species that are more
likely to develop in warm, dark and humid climate. Therefore, when there is
presence of air with low humidity this does not generate so much quantity of dust.
(Colloff, 2009)
Additionally, it is important to indicate that the total water content in the

atmosphere given by the unit kg/m3 is not changing because there is not so much
air coming in and out, this value is usually stable, but on the other hand the relative
humidity changes due to the temperature because if the temperature raises (which
can occur as a result of the heat given by the radiation of the sun) the relative
humidity decreases but the total humidity does not. And if the temperature drops
below one certain level, the relative humidity is 100% and in this moment small
droplets in the form of fog or mist appear in the air. This can be observed on the
Figure 5 in the PM1 curve where there is a maximum dust measurement, but this
is not dust is water. In conclusion, if the relative humidity outside is above one
certain level the particle measurement is not valid anymore.
Two kinds of particles in this experiment are observed the PM2.5 (particles with an
aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 m) and PM1.0 (particles with an aerodynamic
diameter of 1.0 m). The first ones (PM2.5) usually contain earth crusts materials
and fugitive dust from roads and industries while the second ones (PM1.0) contain
the secondarily formed aerosols, combustion particles and recondensed organic
metal vapors. (World Health Organization WHO, 2000)
25
CHAPTER 3
System hardware
3.1 Arduino microcontroller

The basic hardware required for the system is the Arduino Microcontroller. Among the
various quantity of alternatives that one can use, there are two that are the most affordable
in the market, the Arduino UNO R3 and the Arduino ATMEGA 2560. The first one is
introduced in the next Figure 6 and the second one in the next Figure 7
Figure 6. Arduino UNO R3

Source: (Robotech shop, 2017)
Figure 7. Arduino ATMEGA 2560

Source: (Geeetech, 2017)
26
A comparison between the two Arduinos is made in the next Table 2:
Arduino MEGA Arduino UNO

Voltage 5V 5V
Digital I/O 54 14
Analog Inputs 16 6
Speed 16 MHz 16 MHz
PMW 14 6
Flash Memory 256 KB 32 KB
EEPROM (permanent storage) 4 KB 1 KB
SRAM (for working storage) 8 KB 2 KB
Table 2. Comparison between Arduino UNO and MEGA

Source: (ARDUINO starter kits, 2017)
As one can see from the previous table the main difference between the two boards is the
memory of each one. For this project, due to the great number of libraries that will be used
and the various string variables, which occupy a great quantity of memory from the
microcontroller, the Arduino ATMEGA 2560 will be used for the purposes of this thesis. It
is important that for this thesis the original Arduino microcontroller is used, otherwise some
problems will occur.
3.2 Arduino WIFI shield

In order to connect the Arduino to the internet it is necessary to use either a WiFi connection
or an Ethernet connection. It is a requirement of the present thesis project that the final
metrology station operates wirelessly. Therefore, given this condition, the Ethernet shield
for Arduino will not be used, but instead the WiFi shield will be used. The Arduino WiFi
Shield is shown in the next Figure 8. The shield is nothing but a hardware that is plugged
into the Arduino microcontroller and it does not need any cables for its connection. The
advantage of this shield and the reason of its use is also that this has a compartment for the
use of micro SD cards. Finally, this additional feature of the shield will be used for saving
the data into a SD card.
27
Figure 8. Arduino WiFi shield
Source: (Arduino, 2017)
3.3 Dust sensor SAMYOUNG DSM501a

The DSM501a sensor (Figure 9) is a dust particles sensor that is capable of measuring the
low ratio of dust particles, the concentration, the particles index and the number of particles.
It uses the principle of particle counter for measuring the quantitative particle density of dust.
Applying a high sensitivity, fine particles bigger than 1 m can be detected. (DSM501 Dust
Sensor Module, 2017)
Figure 9. Dust sensor dsm501a

Source: (ITEAD itead.cc, 2017)
28
Additionally, in this part a schematic graph with the most important dimensions of the dust
sensor is added. This is established in the next Figure 10.
Figure 10. Relevant dimensions of the dust sensor DSM501a

Source: (SAMYOUNG S & C, 2017)
3.3.1 Block diagram of the sensor

The DSM501a sensor consists on the following parts: (DSM501 Dust Sensor Module, 2017)
A light emitting diode (LED) lamp
Signal amplifier circuit
Detector
Output drive circuit 1
Output drive circuit 2
Heater induced air flow
The interaction of these parts is presented in the following block diagram in the Figure 11.
29
Figure 11. Block diagram that explains the performance of the DSM501a
3.3.2 Pin connection of the sensor

The next Table 3 describes the pin connection of the sensor.
Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Control Vout 1 control
2 Vout 2 Vout 2 output (PWM)
3 VCC Positive power supply
4 Vout 1 Vout 1 output (PWM)
5 GND Ground
Table 3. Pin description of the DSM501a

Source: (DSM501 Dust Sensor Module, 2017)
The pin array of the DSM501a is presented in the following Figure 12, here one can see the
pin distribution that is discussed in the Table 3.
30
Figure 12. Pin configuration of the DSM501a sensor
3.3.3 Circuit Description

In this part, a brief explanation of the pins of the dust sensor is given, basically explaining
the use of each pin.
Pin 1 (Control): The use of this pin is for tuning the sensitivity of the Vout 1,
referred to the pin 4. Adding a resistor in this pin the size of the particles of the pin
4 (Vout 1) can be controlled from 1 m to 2.5 m.
Pin 2 (Vout 2): It is defined as the standard output port. The sensitivity of this pin
is preset at factory. This pin is capable of detecting particles over 1 m.
Pin 3 (VCC): This pin is connected to the positive power supply of 5 DC volts.
Pin 4 (Vout 1): This pin can be adjusted in order to detect the desired size of
particles. The sensitivity of this pin is 2.5 times the sensitivity of the pin 2.
Therefore, the standard minimum size that can be detected when this pin is used is
2.5 m. As it was mentioned before adding a resistor in the pin 1, the control pin,
one is capable of controlling the size of the particles from 1 to 2.5 m.
Pin 5 (Ground): The connection of this pin is to the ground of the system.
31
3.3.4 Information provided by the dust sensor DSM501a
The DSM501a sensor provides four types of information: the low ratio, the concentration
of particles which is measured in [mg/m3], the particles index which is measured in [pcs/283
ml], and the number of particles or pieces [pcs]. In this section, each of these measurements
is analyzed, and the respective formulations used for the programming part are established.
The Chapter 4 describes the programming part.
3.3.4.1 The Low Ratio
The low ratio is defined as the low pulse occupancy during a certain period, but for purposes
of this sensor a measuring time of 30 seconds will be taken into consideration. Generally, the
low pulse width is between 10ms to 90ms. The following illustration presented in the next
Figure 13 details the description of the concept of low ratio.
Figure 13. Low ratio description

The following Equation 4 defines the low ratio:

LowPulseOccupancy LowPulse
Low Ratio 100% 100%
SampleTime SampleTime
Eq. 4. Low ratio [%]
32
3.3.4.2 Low ratio vs. concentration of particles [mg/m3]
Once the low ratio is calculated it is possible to determine the concentration of particles
using the spec sheet of the DSM501a sensor. This graph is shown in the next Figure 14. The
upper curve is the upper limit output characteristics and the lower curve is the lower limit.
Figure 14. Low ratio vs. concentration of particles [mg/m3]

Considering that:
x Concentration mg m3 or g m3
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 5-10 are obtained, analyzing the data from the previous graph:
For the upper curve:
y 10; y 11.25x 1.0; x 0.089 y 0.089 mg / m3 ; x 89 y 89 g / m3

Eq. 5. Concentration of particles, upper curve, for low ratio <=10
33
y 10; y 8.0 x 3.6; x 0.125 y 0.45 mg / m3 ; x 125 y 450 g / m3
Eq. 6. Concentration of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >10
For the average curve:
y 8; y 10 x; x 0.1y mg / m3 ; x 100 y g / m3
Eq. 7. Concentration of particles, average curve, for low ratio < 8
y 8; y 6.67 x 2.67; x 0.149925 y 0.4 mg / m3 ; x 149.925 y 400 g / m3

Eq. 8. Concentration of particles, average curve, for low ratio >=8
For the lower curve:
y 5.6; y 8.0 x 0.8; x 0.125 y 0.1 mg / m3 ; x 125 y 100 g / m3

Eq. 9. Concentration of particles, lower curve, for low ratio <=5.6
y 5.6; y 6.0 x 0.8; x 0.167 y 0.1333 mg / m3 ; x 167 y 133.3 g / m3

Eq. 10. Concentration of particles, lower curve, for low ratio >5.6
34
3.3.4.3 Low ratio vs. index of particles [pcs/283ml]
The third type of information provided by the sensor spec sheet is the graphic of the low
ratio vs. index of particles in [pcs/283ml]. This information is described in the next Figure
15.
Figure 15. Low ratio vs. index of particles [pcs/283ml]

Considering that:
x IndexOfParticles pcs 283ml or pcs l
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 11-15 are obtained, analyzing the data from Figure 15:

y 25; y 0.00193x 0.875; x 518.1347 y 453.3679 pcs 283ml
x 1830.865 y 1602.0067 pcs l
Eq. 11. Index of particles, upper curve, for low ratio <=25
35
y 25; y 0.0004 x 20; x 2500 y 50000 pcs 283ml
x 8833.922 y 176678.445 pcs l
Eq. 12. Index of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >25
For the average curve:
y 20; y 0.0016 x; x 625 y pcs 283ml

x 2208.481y pcs l
Eq. 13. Index of particles, average curve, for low ratio <=20
y 20; y 0.00088x 9.0; x 1136.3636 y 10227.2727 pcs 283ml

x 4015.419 y 36138.773 pcs l
Eq. 14. Index of particles, average curve, for low ratio >20
y; y 0.00128x 0.7; x 781.25 y 546.875 pcs 283ml

x 2760.6 y 1932.42 pcs l
Eq. 15. Index of particles, lower curve, for all low ratio values
3.3.4.4 Low ratio vs. number of particles [pcs]

The fourth type of information that is given by the spec sheet is the low ratio vs. number of
particles [pcs]. This graph is described in the following Figure 16. The upper curve shows
the upper limit output characteristics and the lower curve shows the lower limit.
(SAMYOUNG S&C Co., Ltd., 2017)
36
Figure 16. Low ratio vs. number of particles [pcs]
Source: (SAMYOUNG S&C Co., Ltd., 2017)
Considering that:
x NumberOfParticles or pcs
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 16-18 are obtained, analyzing the data from the previous graph:
y; y 1 500 x; x 500 y pcs
Eq. 16. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values
y; y 1 800 x 5 / 8; x 800 y 500 pcs
Eq. 17. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values
Calculated average curve:
y; UpperCurve LowerCurve / 2
y; x x 500 y 800 y 500 / 2
y; 2 x 1300 y 500 / 2
y; x 650 y 250 pcs
Eq. 18. Number of particles [pcs], calculated average curve, for all low ratio values
37
3.3.4.5 Calculation of Mass of Particles and Volume of Particles
The mass and the volume of particles are determined using the results from the DSM501a
dust sensor. The mass is determined according to the following Equation 19.
Concentration mg / m3 NumberOfParticles pcs

Mass kg
IndexOfParticles pcs / m
3
1000
Eq. 19. Calculation of the mass of particles
For the volume of particles, the following Equation 20 is considered:
NumberOfParticles pcs
Volume m3
IndexOfParticles pcs / m
3
Eq. 20. Calculation of the volume of particles
3.3.5 Calibration of the DSM501a dust particles sensor
The DSM501a Samyoung sensor is used as a portable monitor for measuring particulate
matter mass concentrations. Nevertheless, this system has not been evaluated with a standard
calibration protocol, and the data quality is not documented. There can be the possibi lity of
evaluating this sensor with the calibration methods adapted from the US EPA 2013 Air
Sensor Workshop recommendations using a SidePak as the reference sensor. This has been
done in the paper Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle
Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement from Wang, Li, Jing and other authors. Two
performance aspects can be evaluated in order to establish the calibration of the dust sensor:
Linearity of response and precision of measurement. This chapter also discusses the
calibration options for a low-cost sensor given by the 2013 Air Sensors Workshop. (Wang,
et al., 2015)
38
3.3.5.1 Definitions
The following concepts are defined in order to have a better understanding of the calibration
process of the DSM501a sensor.
Calibration: Is the process of checking and adjusting the measurements of an

instrument to ensure accurate data reporting. The calibration process compares the
response of the instrument with a given and known reference value. The calibration
process is important due to the changes over time of the sensor performance. (EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014)
Particulate matter (PM): Is a parameter used in order to determine air quality, human
health and global climate. The inhalation and deposition properties of particles in the
human respiratory system is related to the size of PM. The PM concentration can be
quantified as PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, according to the mass concentrations of particles
below the aerodynamic sizes of 10 m, 2.5 m and 1 m respectively. (Wang, et al.,
2015)
Particle sensors detection methods: In general, there are so many methods used for
detecting and measuring particle size or size distribution, but the most important are
the following four: Light blocking (obscuration), light scattering, Coulter principle and
direct imaging. (NIOSH, 2017)
Light scattering method: This method is capable of detecting small size particles. The
technique consists on the amount of light that is redirected by a particle passing
through a detection area of the particle counter. The redirection of the light is called
light scattering. A typical application of this method can be found in the monitoring
of ultrapure water in semiconductor fabrication facilities. (Wikipedia, 2017)
Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Also known as Photo Correlation Spectroscopy or

Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering, it is one of the most remarkable and popular light
scattering techniques due to the fact that it allows particle sizing down to 1 nm of
diameter. The basic principle is simple: the sample is illuminated by a laser beam and
the fluctuations of the scattered light are therefore detected at a known scattering angle
by a fast photon detector as it can be appreciated in the following Figure 17. (LS
Instruments, 2017)
39
Figure 17. Dynamic light scattering principle
Source: (LS Instruments, 2017)
Light scattering PM sensors: The light scattering PM sensors are the ones which are
typically composed of an infrared emitting diode (IRED), focusing lenses and a
phototransistor (PT). When the particles pass through the sensor, they scatter light and
this intensity of the light received by the phototransistor is directly correlated with the
concentration of particles. Compared to the sensors that use single particle counting
techniques, light scattering PM sensors measure the optical properties of particles as
an ensemble, and this is the feature that reduces in a great manner the cost and the size
of the sensors, but at the same time, this feature limits their measurement accuracy.
(Wang, et al., 2015)
40
Figure 18. Low-cost light scattering PM sensors
Source: (Wang, et al., 2015)
3.3.5.2 Reference instruments for calibration of the DSM501a

sensor and other low-cost sensors
As reference instruments for the low-cost particles sensor calibration a SidePak Personal
Aerosol Monitor AM510 (TSI Inc.) presented in the Figure 19 can be used. The SidePak is
a rugged, lightweight, belt mounted laser photometer of approximately 16 ounces. It
measures real time concentrations (mg/m3) with a high accuracy. A higher accuracy can be
obtained with the SidePak if a longer sample is analyzed. (Wang, et al., 2015)
41
Figure 19. SidePak AM510
Source: (Pacific Data Systems Pty Ltd, 2012)
3.3.5.3 Chamber for particle measurement

The particle sensors evaluation can be carried out in a custom acrylic glass chamber with
dimensions 58 x 28 x 28 cm. The edges of this chamber must be sealed with rubber strips to
prevent leakage of particles and also to provide a uniform distribution of the particles. This
chamber has ports with a diameter of 5mm that allow the sampling and passing of electrical
leads, and it is important that during the experiments the unused ports are sealed. In the
following Figure 20 it can be appreciated the chamber for the measurements. There are two
ports on each side of the chamber. The upper ports are used for passing electrical leads and
the lower four ports must allow particle sampling including the testing sensor performance,
where two ports are used by the SidePak. The generated particles were introduced in the
center of the chamber with a stainless-steel tube. The DSM501a sensor can be fixed with its
back facing the chamber wall, therefore, a vertical updraft of the particles is generated.
(Wang, et al., 2015)
42
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of the chamber for particle measurement and particle mass
concentrations measured from the four sides of the chamber
Source: (Wang, et al., 2015)
3.3.5.4 Assessment aspects

Six assessment aspects of the sensor performance can be studied in order to have a better
understanding of the characteristics of the sensor: linearity of response, precision of
measurements, limit of detection, dependence on particle composition, dependence on
particle size and RH and temperature influence. Nevertheless, the first two aspects are used
for the calibration of the low-cost sensor. (Wang, et al., 2015)
Linearity of Response: The objective of this experiment is to compare the

measurement results of the DSM501a with the SidePak. Burning incense is selected as
a source of particles. The linearity of response is achieved using the least square
regression and a Reduced Major Axis (RMA) regression after plotting the outputs of
the sensor against the SidePak. The linearity of each curve is analyzed and this indicates
how accurate the measurements of the DSM501a are referred to the SidePak, which is
the reference device. (Wang, et al., 2015)
43
Precision of measurements: The precision of the sensor is represented by its accuracy
and repeatability of its measurement. The accuracy means how close are the measured
results from the real value, while repeatability means the dispersion of the measured
values from a same input value. The curves generated in the linearity of response
calibration experiment are used to evaluate the sensor accuracy. Therefore, the
accuracies of the sensor with less linearity become lower and the accuracy of the
DSM501a sensor becomes dependent on the accuracy of the SidePak. The repeatability
of the sensor is evaluated by the variation of sensor outputs at similar particle
concentrations. (Wang, et al., 2015)
3.3.5.5 Low-cost sensor calibration options

Basically, three calibration options for low-cost sensors are discussed. The first one implies
the use of a wireless calibration technique, the second one talks about the development of a
low-cost sensor calibration kit and the third is about the normalization of the response of a
low-cost sensor taking into consideration a recognized monitor such as the State and Federal
air quality monitoring platform. (Williams, Watkins, & Long, 2017)
Option 1. Use of a signal-based (wireless) calibration technique: In many cases State

and Federal air quality monitoring platforms collect and in some cases, report real-time
gas and particulate matter concentration of air pollutants. If it were possible to have
access to these measurements with wireless based sensors it would be possible as well
to perform a single calibration point of their response. An alternative is to have users
that retrieve data from the most available website and compare this data to the
measurements performed by the low-cost sensor. (Williams, Watkins, & Long, 2017)
Option 2. Development of low-cost (direct) sensor calibration kits for

sale/distribution to sensor developers/users: This option implies the direct calibration
of the sensor via two techniques: the first one is challenging the inlet or contact surface
of the low-cost sensor to a gas of known concentration, and the second one is
activating the circuit with some pre-defined output, like in the case of the sensors that
have some defined response to some defined resistance, conductance or voltage. The
first option uses calibration gas bottles which are relatively inexpensive (high purity gas
in small portable bottles can typically be obtained for 100 dollars. The second option
implies that the output of the sensor can be rescaled to a pre-established value exposing
44
the sensor to a known effect (resistance, conductance, etc.) (Williams, Watkins, &
Long, 2017)
Option 3. Use of collocated data from more recognized monitors to normalize the
response (Federal Reference Monitors/Federal equivalency Monitors or research
grade): A wide variety of pollutant measures are often collected by State and Federal
air quality monitoring platforms. Particulate matter and the criteria gases (CO, NO2,
O3, SO2) are included in this monitoring. If one cannot use any of the two techniques
described before, a third option is converting the raw data (non-calibrated data) into
data of more acceptable quality. Data from State and Federal air quality systems can
be obtained and then used to normalize the output of a lower cost sensor. This
approach allows lower-cost sensor developers to avoid reconfiguration of hardware or
software to accept a direct chemical challenge or circuitry to mimic some pre-set
response criteria. The simplest mathematical model that can be applied in this third
option would be a linear relationship. The resulting equation is the principal mean in
order to establish the degree of agreement between the results of the sensor that will
be calibrated and the Federal Reference Monitors. (Williams, Watkins, & Long, 2017)
3.4 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD module

For this metrology system, it is important that the measurements are shown and controlled
by a supervisor. This control is also important because with it one can assure that the system
is working properly. Therefore, an LCD needs to be implemented. Among all the applicable
options of LCDs that can be used there is one that has a remarkable performance and
easiness of use. This LCD is the SainSmart&reg IIC/I2C/TWI serial 2004 20x4 and it is
presented in the following Figure 21.
Figure 21. SainSmart&reg IIC/I2C/TWI serial 2004 20x4 LCD module shield
Source: (Amazon.de, 2017)
45
One advantage of this type of LCD is that it has four connection pins as shown in the next
Figure 22.
Figure 22. Pin connection of the IIC/I2C/TWI LCD module
These connection pins are: GND, VCC, SDA and SCL, these 2 last ones go connected to
the Arduino SDA and SCL pins respectively.
3.5 I2C RTC DS1307 real time clock module

When the data is transferred to the MySQL database, one can select the option of introducing
an automatic cell where the date is shown. Nevertheless, it is not possible to save the data
into the SD card with the date and time just with the Arduino by itself. Therefore, it is
necessary a real-time clock that provides the date for creating this cell in the data that is
transferred to the SD card, and for this purpose one can use an I2C RTC DS1307 module,
which gives the accurate exact date. In the chapter 4, concerning to the development of the
software, one will see that the capabilities of the RTC module are used to display t he date in
the LCD screen. In the following Figure 23, one can observe the RTC module and its pin
configuration.
46
Figure 23. I2C RTC DS1307 AT24C32 Real Time Clock Module
Basically, there are four pins in this module: SCL, SDA, VCC and GND. The SCL and SDA
pins are connected respectively to the SCL and SDA pins of the Arduino board.
3.6 DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor

The DHT22 is a temperature and humidity sensor that has a great accuracy of measurement.
The accuracy for relative humidity calculation is from 2 to 5%, and the accuracy for
temperature calculation is less than 0.5 Celsius. The sensing element of this device is a
polymer capacitor. It has a power supply of 3.3 6 DC volts. The operating range is from 0
to 100% for the relative humidity and from -40 to 80 Celsius for the temperature. Its sensing
elements are connected with an 8-bit single chip computer. The illustration of this sensor is
presented in the next Figure 24 and the principal dimensions of the sensor are presented in
the next Figure 25. (Aosong Electronics Co.,Ltd, 2017)
Figure 24. DHT22 Digital Humidity & Temperature Sensor

47
Figure 25. Principal dimensions of the DHT22 digital humidity & temperature sensor
Source: (Aosong Electronics Co.,Ltd, 2017)
The DHT22 sensor has four pins. The connection of these pins to the main board is shown
in the next Figure 26. The DATA pin is connected to one of the digital pins of the Arduino.
The third pin does not have a function and will not be used.
Figure 26. Pin connection of the DHT22 sensor

Source: (Electro Schematics, 2017)
3.7 Protoboard
A breadboard of 400 connection points is used. It is the simplest and the smallest available
protoboard that one can get. Another reason for using this protoboard is for matter of space
because the final device that will be designed has a compact style. Its illustration is shown in
the next Figure 27.
48
Figure 27. Protoboard that will be used in this project
3.8 On/Off self-latching press button

A switch button to turn on and off the display will be used in order to minimize the energy
consumption of the battery. Tests indicate that it is not possible to turn off completely the
LCD and then turn it on because the connection is lost and the LCD starts displaying some
strange characters. Nevertheless, what one can do is turning off the backlight of the LCD
and turning it on the moment that one wants to visualize the measurements. Nevertheless,
this can be made in every iteration when the system is taking the measurements. This switch
button is shown in the next Figure 28.
Figure 28. Switch button that we will use in the project

3.9 Battery for energy supply

A battery that supplies the energy for the system will be needed, and for this purpose a power
bank of 10000 mAh is included in the system. In the chapter 7 concerning to the conclusions
and recommendations the power consumption of the system and how many hours is capable
of working will be detailed. The power bank is showed in the next Figure 29.
49
Figure 29. Power bank for energy supply
3.10 Circuit design of the system

Having established all the necessary hardware that is going to be used in this project , it is
moment to present the circuit that will command the system. This circuit integrates all the
mentioned elements and in order to make it work it is necessary to implement the software,
something that will be made in the following chapter. The next Figure 30 shows the circuit
that will be used for the system.
50
Figure 30. Circuit Diagram of the Metrology System
51
It is important to point out that in order to use the switch button a resistance as it is shown
in the previous illustration is used. What is desired to achieve is to send a signal to the digital
pin 8 of the Arduino to give the order to the program to turn off and turn on the backlight.
The 5 volts signal supply given by the same Arduino is used, but it is not recommended to
send this amount of voltage to the digital pins, therefore, it is recommended to use a resistor.
No matter the resistance as long as the voltage is reduced. In the next Table 4 one can see a
brief explanation of the pins of the Arduino mainboard that will be used.
N Arduino + WiFi Shield Sensors and Elements

1 D02 For the DHT22 pin 2
2 D08 For the on/off switch to send the signal to
turn on and off the backlight
3 D06 Pin 4 of DSM501a, Vout 1
4 D05 Pin 2 of DSM501a, Vout 2
5 SDA WiFi Shield SDA LCD
6 SCL WiFi Shield SCL LCD
7 D20 SDA SDA RTC DS1307
8 D21 SCL SCL RTC DS1307
Table 4. Pin connection of the hardware
3.11 Final system

As it will be seen in the chapter 5, concerning to the design of the case the LCD will not be
used for the final project. It can be used instead as a backup part in order to visualize the
measurement information of the system but as one will see in chapter 5, one of the main
requirements of the system is that it must be water resistant and if the LCD is used, this
cannot be accomplished.
52
3.12 Synology station
The Synology station is a hard disk backup that can be configured in order to be accessible
by a great number of users that are connected to the Synology network. It is a centralized
backup that operates with its own operating system that is based on Linux. Many programs
can be installed in this operating system in order to have a better manage of the back up files.
In this section, it is explained how the Synology station should be installed. At the beginning
when one purchases the station one has to assemble the hard drive into the case and
afterwards connect it in to the modem. The Synology DiskStation that will be used is shown
in the next Figure 31.
Figure 31. Synology DS214 DiskStation that will be used in this project
The final result can be observed in the Figure 32 where one can find the Synology station,
the modem and the connecting cables. It is important to mention that the Synology station
is not connected to the computer because the DSL cable connects the Synology to the
modem, and the computer, on the other hand, is connected to the internet provided by the
modem. That is the manner how the connection between the computer and the Synology
station is established.
53
Figure 32. Final result of the installation of the Synology station
The installation of the software, the running up and the execution of the Synology system
will be discussed in the Chapter 4. For now, it was important to establish the installation of
the hardware and the respective connections that should be made.
3.13 Hardware Buyings List

All the elements required for the system are listed with their respective amazon links that
one can use to buy them, and this list is placed in the Attachment 1. As it was mentioned
before one purpose of this project is that it can be easy to replicate, therefore all the necessary
component information is provided.
54
CHAPTER 4
System Software
4.1 Requirements for setting up the software of the system

Before the programming part starts, it is important to establish in first place the basic
requirements that one will need to take into consideration. These requirements are the
programming software for coding the Arduino, the programming software for coding the
PHP web page, the necessary libraries for the Arduino code, and the necessary programs
that should be downloaded.
4.1.1 Arduino IDE 1.8.1

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (Arduino IDE) is a cross-platform
application that is written in Java and originated also from the IDE languages processing and
wiring. This is the interface between the user and the Arduino and here one is allowed to
write the desired programs that will run into the microcontroller. A program that is written
in the Arduino integrated development environment is called sketch and they are saved on
the computer as text files, but with the extension [.ino]. This environment supports languages
C and C++, but using special rules of code structuring. The code in every sketch requires
only two basic functions, the void setup for starting and giving the initial configuration to
the sketch and the void loop, which is a cyclic loop that repeats over and over. The Arduino
IDE allows to use several types of libraries that are very helpful for establishing the
connection with different kinds of hardware. The last version that is available right now is
the 1.8.1. (Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, 2017)1
The next Figure 33 shows the softwares interface of Arduino IDE.
1 The Arduino IDE can be downloaded from https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software
55
Figure 33. Arduino IDE Softwares Interface
Depending on the operating system of the computer one will need to download this program
in the following available versions: for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
4.1.2 Notepad ++, Adobe Dreamweaver CC and web design
In order to develop the code for the PHP web page any of these two programs can be used:
Notepad++ or Adobe Dreamweaver CC. Notepad ++ is a writings interface that is used to
develop programming code. 2
The default notepad that comes for windows can also be used, but the Notepad++ gives
more benefits at the moment of start coding. It specifies the segments of the code and it lay
out each section with different colors making the program more understandable for the user,
options that one does not have with the classical notepad. An example of the interface of
this program is shown in the next Figure 34.
2 Notepad++ can be downloaded from https://notepad-plus-plus.org/download/v7.3.3.html
56
Figure 34. Notepad ++ interface
There is another option that one could take into consideration and it is the use of Adobe
Dreamweaver CC which is a paid platform from Adobe designed specifically to develop web
pages. One can use the trial version of the program which is the one that is provided at the
moment that the program is downloaded and it lasts for one month. For the present thesis,
Notepad++ will be used for developing the PHP web interface and additionally as an extra
work, a complete HTML web page used as an introduction and review of the project will be
designed. This extra part will be elaborated in Adobe Dreamweaver CC. The next Figure 35
shows the users interface of the Adobe Dreamweaver CC and the principal features of the
work environment. One can see in this image a preview of the web page that it is going to
be designed. On the upper part, it is presented the Design View where one can see the result
so far and in the lower part it is the main code that updates every time a change is performed
in the web page. A secondary tab into the same web page called Results will be created as
it can be seen in the Figure 36 where the PHP web pages of the measurements will be placed.
The other tabs just present a general idea of the project and some background information.
57
Figure 35. Adobe Dreamweaver CC users interface
58
Figure 36. Results tab where the php web pages are located
4.1.3 Arduinos required libraries
All the hardware that is going to be implemented use libraries that one can download from
the Internet, and in most of the cases these libraries are contained in the page GifHub. Here
the necessary libraries to run the program and the hardware to which they are attached are
enumerated.
Library <WiFi.h>: This library is used with the Arduino WIFI shield and it allows
the Arduino to connect to the internet, in contrast to the Ethernet shield, in which
the connection is not wirelessly. This library supports WPA2 and WEP Personal
encryption, but not WPA2 Enterprise. (Arduino, 2017)
Library <MySQL_Connection.h>: This is one of the libraries of the MySQL

connector for Arduino and basically its use is to create the connection that will be
59
established between the database and the Arduino giving as input data the server
address (the IPV4 address of the computer), the number of the connection port (in
most of the cases is 3306) and the password of the database (defined by the user).
Library <MySQL_Cursor.h>: The MySQL Cursor is also one of the libraries of the
MySQL Connector to Arduino and its use is for executing the desired query from
the Arduino in order to present some changes in the database.
Library <avr/wdt.h>: This is the WatchDog library of Arduino that comes in the
same IDE and for this case it is used to establish a reset operation in the case the
program suffers from a lockup
Library <DHT.h>: This library is used for the DHT22 temperature and humidity
sensor. Basically, this library reads the digital input of the signal given by the pin
number 2 of the DHT22 and translates this signal into temperature and humidity
measurements, which are the final value that will be sent to the database.
Library <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>: This library is a special one for the use of the
IIC/I2C/TWI LCD screen. It gives the communication to translate a desired
message to the screen, and it is specially created for this kind of LCD.
Library <SD.h>: This library allows to write and read data from the SD cards and
it does not matter the kind of the SD module that is used, having several options,
among them: the SD module that comes in the WiFi and Ethernet shields, the
singular SD card modules for Arduino.
Library <SPI.h>: This library is used most of the time used with the SD.h library.
In order to establish the connection between the Arduino and the SD module the
SPI bus is needed, and this connection takes place in the mentioned digital pins of
the Arduino.
Library RTClib.h: The purpose of this library is to establish the connection

between the Arduino and the RTC DS1307 real time clock. This library allows to
establish the necessary parameters for displaying the accurate date and time at the
moment that it is indicated in the code.
60
4.1.4 Installing MySQL Workbench
MySQL Workbench is the one of the two software that is going to be used for managing the
databases. It is free and the principal reason of its use it is because the MySQL Arduino
connector works with it. Therefore, no data from the sensors will be submitted to the
database if MySQL Workbench is not installed on the PC. 3
The work environment of MySQL Workbench is presented in the Figure 37.
Figure 37. Work environment of MySQL Workbench
For this project, a new user called dsm501a_project will be created with the password
12345. This is done in Server + Users and Privileges, as shown in the Figure 38.
3 MySQL Workbench can be downloaded from https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/workbench/
61
Figure 38. Creation of a new user on MySQL Workbench
A database called dsm501a is now created. Additionally, a table with the name
results1.hamburg.germany.indoors.24.02.to.22.05.17 referring to the dust, temperature
and humidity measurements from Hamburg in Harburg taken indoors is also created. This
table should have the following columns as shown in the Figure 39.
Figure 39. Columns of the Table
62
Now it is time to go again to Users and Privileges and in Schema Privileges the database that
was recently created is selected, and the option all the privileges is added as shown in the
next Figure 40.
Figure 40. Privileges of the User
The database and the user that will be used on the Arduino code have been successfully
created. The second program that will be used for editing and managing databases is
PhpMyAdmin which comes with the WampServer software, but this will be explained in the
following section.
4.1.5 Installing WampServer, Apache and PhpMyAdmin

As it was mentioned before, a second software for managing and editing the databases will
be used. As it will be seen later this program is also used by the Synology station for managing
the databases, and one can do all the things that can be done with the MySQL Workbench,
but the use of this program is reserved for importing and exporting the database into the
Synology station. This program is the PhpMyAdmin and it comes together in one package
when WampServer is installed.
63
WampServer is a Windows web development environment that allows to create web
applications with Apache2, PHP and MySQL databases. It also contains PhpMyAdmin
which allows to manage in an easy form the databases. (WampServer, 2017) 4
Once it is downloaded it should be installed it and the WampServer should be run in the PC.
On the processes tab of the lower side from the desktop one can see the following shown in
the Figure 41.
Figure 41. WampServer Running
The symbol of WampServer can be either green (all processes running) or brown (processes
partially running), these both states are good for the purposes of this thesis.
4.2 Arduinos main code

Having discussed all the preliminary information that one should consider in order to start
programming the Arduino: the needed software and the libraries, now it is moment to start
programming. For this, the requisites of the program should be established.
4 WampServer can be downloaded from http://www.wampserver.com/en/
64
4.2.1 Requisites of the program
The requisites that must be fulfilled by the program are:
1. The Arduino must have WIFI connection.
2. The Arduino must have a connection with the MySQL database.
3. The program must read temperature and humidity values.
4. The program must read the dust indexes of the environment: low ratio, concentration
of particles, index of particles and number of particles.
5. The program must restart itself when a lockup occurs.
6. The data must be displayed into a LCD of the type IIC/I2C/TWI.
7. At the same time that the data is transmitted to the MySQL database, the data must
also be saved in a SD card.
8. A minimum possible number of Strings variables must be used for saving space.
9. The program must operate in an Arduino ATMEGA2560 with an incorporated

WIFI shield.
10. Error messages must be displayed in the Serial Monitor and in the LCD when
something wrong occurs.
11. The program must have the information of the respective connections of the
hardware for assembling the system.
12. The data saved on the SD card must also have the date and the time at which they
were obtained.
13. The program must consider the pin connection described in the Figure 30,
concerning to the main circuit of the system.
65
4.2.2 Programs code flow chart
A flow chart of the code is presented representing the vast number of code lines that resulted
from the programming part. It is important to indicate the most important aspects of this
flow chart. One can see this chart in the next Figure 42. At the beginning the necessary
variables for the operation of the code are declared. Afterwards, a welcome message is
printed out on the LCD. If the SD card is available, and if there is connection to the WIFI,
a message is printed. In case the SD card or the WIFI connection are not available this
process repeats constantly until the problem is solved. Afterwards, the beginning of t he loop
is established, the WatchDog timer is enabled in case a lockup occurs, and the sensors are
activated. Then, the low ratio, the concentration, the particles index and the number of
particles are calculated, and once the process of measurement finishes the values are printed
on the LCD and on the serial monitor. Then, the system connects to the MySQL database,
and a query is executed in order to storage the data. Here there is a decision, if there is
connection to the database or not. In case there is a correct connection a message is printed
on the LCD, and in case there is not, a message is printed as well, the data is not saved and
the program continues to the next step that analyze if there has been a lockup or not. In case
there is a lockup the program restarts from the setup, and in case there is not, the loop repeats
again.
66
START
Declare Variables for: Low Ratio, Concentration, Particles Index and Number of Particles
for Vout1 and Vout2, For MySQL database connection, For temperature and humidity
measurement, WIFI connection, WatchDog Timer, Liquid Crystal, SD, For DS1307, For
ON/OFF Buttom
Print Welcome
message on the LCD
NO
Is the SD working fine?
YES
Print on LCD: SD
Initialization successful
NO
Is the WIFI
connected?
YES
Print on LCD: WIFI

Connected
Beginning of the Loop
YES
Enable WatchDog
(WatchDog running!, Resetting!)
Calculation of Low Ratio: 30
Determine the date and
seconds of Low Pulse for PM1
hour with the RTC DS1307 Determine the Temperature and PM2.5
and Humidity
Calculate Low Ratio
Calculate AVG
Concentration
Calculate AVG Particles

Index
Calculate AVG Number of

Particles
Print on LCD Date, Print Date, Temp, NO

Temp, Hum, Low Hum, Low Ratio, (Infinite Loop)
Ratio Conc, Particles
Connect to database
inputQueryTable1
Is there
connection with NO Print Connect Failed!
database?
YES
Print Data Recorded!
Is there a Lock
Up?
Figure 42. Main Code Flow Chart
67
4.3 Design of the PHP web page that displays the results
online
In this part, the setting up of the PHP web page that will display the results of the
measurements online will be described. First of all, the structure of the code is displayed, so
that it will be easier to identify the requirements needed to develop such a code.
4.3.1 Structure of the code

The following list establishes the structure that needs to have the programming code. The
most important functions and the order in which they operate are listed.
1. Part 1: Introduction and requirements of installation (commented part)
2. Part 2: Input data, information access to the database
3. Part 3: Creation of the tables extracting the JSON format of each table
4. Part 4: Creation of the graphs (HTML part)
4.3.2 Establishing the graphs
From the previous point it is not clear how to establish the graphs in the code. The answer
to this problem is given using the tool Google Charts. The first part consists on extracting
the JSON format of the table and once this is obtained, this format can be used inside the
code to generate the graph using the Google Charts function. Google Chart tools are simple
and powerful, and they are free. They have a rich gallery of graph formats and data tools that
can be used. The code is given, one just has to adapt the required necessities in order to
obtain the desired results. In the next Figure 43 one can appreciate a brief look of the google
charts application and the variety of options that there are in order to create and customize
a graph from a table.
68
Figure 43. Google Charts Application
Source: (Google, 2017)
4.3.3 PHP code flow chart

In the same manner how the flow chart of the main code of the Arduino program was
assembled, now it is moment to establish the flow chart of the PHP code.
For this purpose, it is presented in the Figure 44 the flow chart of this code and in this point
brief explanation of how this code works is given. The first step is to establish the variables
that contain the name of the database, the database username and the database password,
this is for accessing to the MySQL database. Second, the code enters into the database and
extract the necessary tables for making the graphs, and at the final the json_encode format
of the final table must be obtained. Third, this process is repeated until all the necessary
tables for constructing the graphs are collected. Fourth, the title of the PHP web page and
all the relevant project information that will appear in the headline of the web site are printed.
Fifth, the coding process of the HTML part begins, and for this purpose the program loads
the desired google chart graph for each table, and finally the properties of each graph like the
title, the curve type, the legend and its location, the text style and the alignment of the h and
v axis are defined. Sixth, the title of each graph is printed. Finally, the program execut es the
google charts and posts them into the PHP web page.
69
START
Declare Variables $dbname (database name), $username

(database username) and $password (database password)
Connect to the database
NO
Extract the necessary tables
Obtain the json_encode format of the table
Are all the necessary tables in

json_encode format?
Print Title and

Project Specification
Start coding the HTML part
Load desired google chart graph
Define the properties of the graphs
Print the Title of

each graph
Execute the graph

from the jsontable
END
Figure 44. PHP Code Flow Chart

70
4.4 Exporting and importing the database into the Synology
station
Once the database is already obtained the final step is the transmission of the database to the
cloud, and for this purpose the user must enter into the phpMyAdmin of the computer and
export the database into a XML format and then he must access to the phpMyAdmin of the
Synology server and import the database. These steps are shown in the following Figure 45
and Figure 46.
Figure 45. Exporting the database from the computer
Figure 46. Importing the XML file into the Synology station
71
4.5 Main systems flow chart
At this point what has been discussed in the points 4.2.2 (concerning to the Arduino main
code flow chart), 4.3.3 (concerning to the PHP code flow chart) and 4.4 (concerning to the
storage in the cloud of the Synology station) are combined in order to design and present a
final flow chart that covers all the systems operation. This diagram is described in the
following Figure 47, and here there is a brief explanation of this final flow chart.
First the program starts invoking the Arduino Main Code in order to extract the data of
temperature, humidity, low ratio, concentration, particle index and number of particles. Once
these data are available and saved in the MySQL database two actions take place. The first
one is the process made by the PHP code in order to generate the desired graphs and the
second one is made by the user in order to export the database from the main computer
using phpMyAdmin as a XML file and then importing it into the Synology station using again
the phpMyAdmin but from the Synology.
Once this is completed if there are more data that entered into the MySQL database the
process repeats again or in case this does not occur the process ends here.
72
START
Main Arduino
Code
Obtain the Temperature, Humidity, Low Ratio, Concentration,

Particles Index and Number of Particles
Data Storage in the

MySQL database
YES
PHP WEB Export the database as XML file

Code
XML file of the

Graphs generated database
and ready for the
presentation
Access to phpMyAdmin of Synology

Station
Import the XML database file
XML file of the

database imported in
Synology Station
Are more data available for

entering in the database?
NO
END
Figure 47. Final Systems Flow Chart
73
CHAPTER 5
System Case Design
5.1 Design specifications

Before starting this chapter, it should be mentioned at this point the specifications required
for the case that will enclose the system. These specifications are the following:
It must have a certain geometry that allows the correct flow of the air inside of it.
It must be water resistant.
It must protect the electronic elements inside against water.
The electronic elements must be easy to install inside of it.
It must not contain the LCD
The geometry must be as simple as possible in order for the case to be printable.
It must remain as a solid surface without any kind of holes avoiding the water to go
in.
It is not necessary to have a USB connection with the Arduino; the power supply
is only given by the battery or power bank that must remain inside of the case.
5.2 Design solution

The solution to the given specifications are given in this point. It is taken into consideration
all the elements cited before and the solution, the final case, has these points to consider:
It must have a T form where the air can go in by one of the T entrances and go out
by the other entrance.
The sensors specially the DSM501a (dust sensor) and the DHT22 (temperature and
humidity sensor) must be installed in the upper position of these T entrances.
The final case must consist on two parts that are assembled into each other, one
part should contain the Arduino, the WIFI shield, the protoboard and the battery,
74
and the other part should contain the dust sensor, the temperature and humidity
sensor and the RTC DS1307 real time clock.
The geometry of the case must accomplish the standard dimensions that are
printable in a normal 3D printer available in the market: 220 x 270 x 175 mm.
5.3 Presentation of the case solution

Taking into consideration all the design specifications and the design solution covered in the
previous points, it is presented in this point the final case for the project. This is indicated in
the following Figure 48.
Figure 48. Final case for the system
As it was mentioned before the final case consists on two assembled elements, the first one
contains the Arduino, the protoboard, the WIFI shield and the power bank. This element is
shown in the following Figure 49.
75
Figure 49. Case 1 st part
The second part as it was already mentioned contains the sensors and the RTC DS1307 real
clock, its geometry has a form of a T and the air can easily flow inside of this passing throw
the sensors and making possible the measurements. This element is shown in the next Figure
50.
76
Figure 50. Case 2 nd part
5.4 Case layout

The construction drawings of this case are also part of this thesis project and they are
presented in the Attachment 7 at the final part of the thesis. All the required information is
provided here in this document in case that one would like to recreate this portable metrology
station.
77
CHAPTER 6
Results and analysis
6.1 Introduction
In this chapter of the thesis the results of the measurements taken with the device are
presented. This section presents the dust and temperature measurements performed in
certain periods of time. The main objective is to discuss the behavior of the data presented
in the graphs. Four types of experiments were carried out: A smoke saturation experiment,
a repeatability experiment, indoors measurements and outdoors measurements. The
saturation experiment consisted on the measuring of the device using candles and a ventilator
inside a closed box, and the repeatability experiment consisted on the use of an electronic
cigarette in certain periods during one hour. In the indoors measurements four experiments
were carried out in Germany. In the outdoors measurements three experiments were carried
out in Hamburg, Germany and one experiment in Quito, Ecuador.
6.2 Smoke saturation experiment

In order to determine the maximum dust measurement values produced by the device a
smoke saturation experiment was conducted. Additionally, some properties can be derived
from this experiment and they are also discussed in this section. The graphical description
of this experiment can be found in the following Figure 51. The table of elements is described
in the following Table 5.
Element Description
1 Netatmo
2 Power bank for Netatmo and ventilator
3 Ventilator
4 USB Cable
5 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
6 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
7 Protoboard
8 I2C RTC DS1307
9 Arduino Mega 2560 + WIFI shield
10 Power bank for Arduino + WIFI shield
11 Candles
12 Dust Sensor DSM501a
Table 5. Elements for the smoke saturation experiment
78
Figure 51. Experiment performed for the smoke saturation of the device
The Netatmo can be used in order to obtain reference measurements of temperature and
humidity, in addition to the ones given by the DHT22 sensor. Three candles and a ventilator
in order to generate a homogeneous mixture of the air and the smoke are used. The box has
the following dimensions: 45 x 55 x 25 cm. The goal of the experiment is collect the dust
measurements of the smoke generated by the candles in a steady state performance. The box
should be closed for the experiment and how it operates it is shown in the next Figure 52.
The results of this experiment can be found in the Attachment 2 and Attachment 3. Here
the graphical results are presented, and this can be seen in the following Figure 53. As it was
discussed in the chapter 2, the number of particles can also be calculated and with this value
the mass and the volume of particles can be obtained, these results are shown in the Figure
54.
Figure 52. Experiment in progress.
79
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
37.0 90.0
36.5 85.0
80.0
36.0
75.0
35.5
70.0
35.0
65.0
34.5
60.0
Temp C
Hum %
34.0 55.0
33.5 50.0
33.0 45.0
40.0
32.5
35.0
32.0
30.0
31.5
25.0
31.0
20.0
30.5 15.0
30.0 10.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) % HUM (REF) %
Average Particles Index 1.0 & 2.5 vs. Date
1.1E+08
1.0E+08
9.0E+07
8.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
7.0E+07
6.0E+07
5.0E+07
4.0E+07
3.0E+07
2.0E+07
1.0E+07
0.0E+00
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
Time
AVG Particles 1.0 AVG Particles 2.5
Figure 53. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity and average particles
index
80
37.0 90.0
36.0 80.0
C
70.0
Hum %
35.0
Temp
60.0
34.0
50.0
33.0
40.0
32.0
30.0
31.0 20.0
30.0 10.0
Number of Particles 1.0 & 2.5 vs. Date

# Particles pcs
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
# Particles 1.0 # Particles 2.5
Mass of Particles 1.0 & 2.5 vs. Date

1.2E-06
Mass kg
1.0E-06
8.0E-07
6.0E-07
4.0E-07
2.0E-07
0.0E+00
MASS Particles 1.0 MASS Particles 2.5
Figure 54. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity, number of particles,
mass of particles and volume of particles
81
6.2.1 Results discussion
As it can be observed in the Figure 53 and Figure 54, it has been established steady state
operating conditions for the experiment. The values do not fluctuate in a great way and they
remain stable. An average low ratio of 30% was obtained for the 1.0 m particles and an
average of 10% was obtained for the 2.5 m particles. The average index of particles for the
whole period was 8.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and 3.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 2.5
m particles. The temperature oscillated from 34 to 36 C for the measured and reference
value. The measured humidity has an average of 30% and the reference humidity an average
of 40%. The number of 1.0 m particles was approximately 20000 and the number of 2.5
m particles was 9000. The average mass of 1.0 m particles was 1.0E-06 kg and for the 2.5
m particles was 4.0E-07 kg. A better calculation of the average values is done in the
following section.
6.2.2 Average values and the standard deviation
The average values and the standard deviation of them have been calculated and they are
exposed in the following Table 6.
Particles 2.5 um Particles 1.0 um

Average Value 11.91 29.22
Low Ratio %
Standard Deviation 1.03 2.13
AVG. Concentration Average Value 1.39 3.98
[mg/m3] Standard Deviation 0.15 0.32
[g/m ]3
AVG Particles x 10E02 Average Value 74.43 229.82
[pcs/283ml] Standard Deviation 6.42 24.22
Average Value 2.63E+07 8.12E+07
AVG Particles [pcs/m3]
Standard Deviation 2.27E+06 8.56E+06
# Particles [pcs]
Average Value 4.21E-07 9.44E-07
Mass of Particles [kg]
Standard Deviation 4.56E-08 4.35E-08
Volume of Particles Average Value 3.04E-04 2.38E-04
[m ]
3
Standard Deviation 8.19E-07 8.84E-06
Table 6. Average values and standard deviation for the smoke saturation experiment
82
Now a standard reference of calibration can be declared using the standard deviation
calculated in this experiment. Therefore, for example, it can be said that the low ratio of the
device of this thesis project has an accuracy of 1.03% for 2.5 m particles and 2.13%
for the 1.0 m particles.
6.2.3 Mass tables of some dust transmitter elements

Considering the average volume calculated in the previous section, and if the density of the
elements that produce dust in the environment is also considered, a mass table can be
obtained. This mass table is presented in the following Table 7.
Density Particles 2.5 m Particles 1.0 m

Material
[kg/m3] [kg] [kg]
Aluminum 2739 0.832 0.652
Asphalt, crushed 721 0.219 0.172
Cast Iron 7208 2.190 1.715
Cast Iron 7208 2.190 1.715
Cement, Portland 1506 0.458 0.358
Concrete Gravel 2400 0.729 0.571
Concrete Limestone,
2370 0.720 0.564
Portland
Earth, loam dry
1440 0.438 0.343
excavated
Gravel with sand 1920 0.583 0.457
Gravel, loose, dry 1520 0.462 0.362
Limestone 2739 0.832 0.652
Sand, dry 1600 0.486 0.381
Steel 7750 2.355 1.844
Water 1000 0.304 0.238
Wool 1310 0.398 0.312
Table 7. Mass table considering a fixed volume of particles for the smoke saturation
experiment
Source (for the densities): (RF Cafe, 2017)
83
6.3 Repeatability Experiment
In this experiment, the main objective is to expose the device to a certain pattern of
measurement that repeats over a random interval of time. These data are registered and a
calculation of the average value and the standard deviation is performed. In this case, the
pattern of repeatability is made exposing the device to the smoke of an electronic cigarette.
The Netatmo is used for reference measurements of temperature and humidity, and this
experiment is also performed in two rooms, in a bedroom and in a kitchen. Finally, a
relationship between the dust measurement and the volume of the room is made. The setup
of the experiment is shown in the Figure 55 and Figure 56. In the Attachment 5 and in the
Attachment 6, one can find the table of the peak repeatability points of this experiment for
the bedroom and for the kitchen.
Figure 55. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hambrug Germany
84
Figure 56. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany
85
24.5 60.0
55.0
50.0
24.0
45.0
40.0
23.5
Temp C
35.0
Hum %
30.0
25.0
23.0
20.0
15.0
22.5
10.0
5.0
22.0 0.0
2.5E+07
2.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
1.5E+07
1.0E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
22:00
23:30
22:30
23:00
0:30
0:00
1:00
Time
Figure 57. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hamburg Germany, temperature and

humidity (measured and reference), and particles index
86
24.5 65.0
60.0
55.0
24.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
23.5
Temp C
Hum %
35.0
30.0
23.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
22.5
10.0
5.0
22.0 0.0
3.0E+07
2.5E+07
2.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
1.5E+07
1.0E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
19:00
19:30
20:00
21:30
22:00
20:30
21:00
Time
Figure 58. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany, temperature and

humidity (measured and reference), and particles index
87
6.3.1 Results discussion
For the measurements in the bedroom and average particles index for the 1.0 m particles is
2.5E+07 pcs/m3, and 1.2E+07 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles. For the kitchen, an average
particles index of 2.7E+07 pcs/m3 is reached for the 1.0 m particles and 1.3E+07 pcs/m3
for the 2.5 m particles. It can be seen as well that the reference and measurement values for
the temperature and humidity have the same tendency, nevertheless, the values are separated.
6.3.2 Average values and the standard deviation
The calculation of the average values and the standard deviation of the results is shown in
the Table 8 for the case of the bedroom, and in the Table 9 for the case of the kitchen.

Low Ratio %
[mg/m3 ] Standard Deviation 0.04 0.06
[g/m3 ] Standard Deviation 43.50 60.70
AVG Particles [pcs/m3 ]
# Particles [pcs]
in the bedroom
88
Low Ratio %
[mg/m3 ] Standard Deviation 0.04 0.07
[ug/m3 ] Standard Deviation 44.69 70.53
AVG Particles [pcs/m3 ]
# Particles [pcs]
in the kitchen
6.3.3 Relationship between the dust value and the volume of the
room
The relationship between the volume of the room and the dust measurement value is given
by the following Equation 21:
VolroomA DustValueroomA VolroomB DustValueroomB

Eq. 21. Relationship between volume of the room and dust particle measurement
Consequently, for the 1.0 m particles:
Volbedroom DustValuekitchen 2.4

0.889
Volkitchen DustValuebedroom 2.7
And for the 2.5 m particles:
Volbedroom DustValuekitchen 1.04

0.7879
Volkitchen DustValuebedroom 1.32
89
In the following Figure 59, one can see the plots of dust values vs. the volume of the room
for the 1.0 and 2.5 m particles, and the extracted dust values of this graph can be found on
the Table 10.
Dust Values vs. Volume

3.0E+07
2.7E+07
2.5E+07 2.4E+07
y = -366651x + 4E+07
Index of Particles pcs/m3
2.0E+07
1.5E+07
1.32E+07
1.04E+07
1.0E+07
y = -278626x + 2E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
25.00 27.00 29.00 31.00 33.00 35.00 37.00 39.00
Volume m3
Particles 1.0 Particles 2.5
Lineal (Particles 1.0) Lineal (Particles 2.5)
Figure 59. Dust Value vs. Volume for the cigarette experiment
Dust Values
Volume
1.0 2.5
Bedroom 37.52 2.4E+07 1.04E+07
Kitchen 27.65 2.7E+07 1.32E+07
Table 10. Dust Values vs. Volume of the room for 1.0 and 2,5 m particles
90
6.4 Indoors measurements
The indoors measurements were carried out in Hamburg, Germany in four different rooms.
The first two measurements took place on June 10 th and June 12 th, in Hamburg, Germany,
in a bedroom and in a kitchen respectively. The purpose of these measurements is to try all
the capabilities of the metrology station with different activities that are normally done in
these types of rooms. The third type of measurements were performed at the TUHH and
the fourth type of measurements were carried out in Bendestorf, Germany.
6.4.1 Indoors measurements in a bedroom in Harburg, Hamburg,

Germany on June 10th, 2017
There were several activities that were carried out during the measurement process of the
metrology station and these activities are listed in the following Table 11. An illustration of
the activity G is presented in the following Figure 60.
ID From: To: Activity

A 00:00 17:00 People in the room
B 00:00 00:27 Windows opened
C 00:24 00:27 Electronic cigarette
D 00:27 05:01 Window closed, people sleeping
E 05:01 05:07 Electronic cigarette, windows opened
F 05:07 18:08 Windows closed
G 10:53 14:59 9 candles turned on
H 14:58 16:02 9 candles + ventilator
I 16:04 17:00 Only ventilator
J 17:00 18:08 No people in the room
K 18:08 00:00 People in the room + Windows opened
L 18:12 18:17 Electronic cigarette + Ventilator
M 18:30 18:35 Electronic cigarette + Ventilator
N 19:24 19:40 Doing exercise into the room
O 19:59 20:10 Cleaning + making the bed
P 20:36 23:04 2 candles + Ventilator
Q 23:05 23:08 Electronic cigarette
Table 11. Activities carried out in the bedroom during the measurements
91
Figure 60. Activity G, nine candles turned on
An image of the bedroom where the measurements were carried out is shown in the Figure
61. The dimensions drawing of this bedroom with its total area and volume is shown in the
Figure 62.
Figure 61. Apartment where the measurements were taken
92
Figure 62. Dimensions Drawing of the room where the bedrooms indoors measurements
and the outdoors measurements were taken
The circuit that was used for carrying out this experiment is shown in the following Figure
63, here one can appreciate 7 elements that are used for the experiment. These elements are
indicated in the following Table 12.
93
Figure 63. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a bedroom in
Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
1 Netatmo
3 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
4 Energy Supplier Cable
5 Arduino Mega 2560 + WIFI Shield
6 Protoboard
7 I2C RTC DS1307
Table 12. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the bedroom
The results are presented in the following Figure 64, there one can find the list of activities
listed in the Table 11, the temperature and humidity measured with the DHT22 sensor, the
temperature and humidity of reference measured by the Netatmo, the low ratio, the
concentration of particles and the index of particles.
94
Figure 64. List of activities, temperature, humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 10 th in a bedroom in Hamburg, Germany
95
6.4.1.1 Results discussion
Analyzing the previous Figure 64, one can notice that there are five periods in which a
maximum measurement of dust is reached, and these are approximately: At 00:30, at 05:00,
at 11:00, from 15:00 to 16:00, at 18:00, at 18:15, and from 20:30 to 23:00. The first maximum
point reaches an average particles index of 2.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and it is
due to the fact that at 00:24 someone smoked a cigarette. The second maximum reaches in
the same manner a maximum particles index of 2.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and
it is again because at 05:01 there was the smoking cigarette activity. From 11:00 to 13:00 a
maximum range is reached with a peak particles index of 6.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles, and this is due to the fact that nine candles where turned on from 10:53 to 14:54.
From 15:00 to 16:00 an average peak particles index of 1.0E+08 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles is reached, and this is because from 14:58 to 16:02 the nine candles were turned on
with a ventilator that directed the flow of the smoke towards the DSM501a sensor. The peak
points reached at 18:00 and 18:15 have an average particles index of 2.5E+07 pcs/m3 and
are due to activities L and M of smoking an electronic cigarette with a ventilator. From 20:30
to 23:00 a maximum average particles index of 1.0 m particles of 9.0E+07 pc/m3 is reached
and this is due to the activity P of 2 candles with the ventilator. It can be seen that the device
is very sensible to the fire and to the smoke. The measured and reference temperature, and
the humidity nearly match, but from 14:00 to 16:00 one can observe a range of the measured
temperature that exceeds the limits and this is could be because of the heat emitted by the
nine candles turned on that were near from the DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor.
6.4.1.2 Calibration of the temperature and humidity

measurements
Taking into consideration the measured and reference values of temperature and humidity,
it is possible to determine the correlation between these values. Establishing the measured
and reference values for the same period of time as a result one can plot the following Figure
65 and Figure 66. The resulting table with which these graphs were plotted is placed in the
Attachment 4.
96
Temp (Measured) VS. Temp (Reference)
40.0
35.0
Temperature (Measured) C
y = 2.3241x - 31.966
R = 0.7883
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27
Temperature (Reference) C
Figure 65. Measured temperature vs. reference temperature
Humidity (Measured) VS. Humidity (Reference)

60.0
55.0
50.0
Humidity (Measured) %
45.0
40.0
y = 1.7338x - 55.604
R = 0.5742
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
Humidity (Reference) %
Figure 66. Measured humidity vs. reference humidity

97
Assuming that a slope of 45 gives a percentage of certainty of 100% with respect to the
reference data, and a value above or below 45 gives a less certainty, and taking into
consideration the calculated values of the slope, one can obtain the following table:
Reference
Slope % Certainty % Error
Slope
Temperature 45 66.719 67.45 32.55
Humidity 45 60.025 74.97 25.03
Table 13. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference
temperature and humidity values
One can determine from these calculations that the humidity values given by the sensor
DHT22 have a better certainty than the temperature values.
6.4.2 Indoors Measurements in a Kitchen in Harburg, Hamburg,

Germany on June 12th, 2017
The indoors measurements have also been performed in kitchen in Hamburg Germany, and
the results are exposed here in this section. The kitchen where the measurements have been
taken is presented in the following Figure 67 and the CAD drawing with the area and the
volume of the room is presented in the following Figure 68. The circuit description for this
case is presented in the Figure 69 and the elements of this circuit are presented in the Table
15. The results are presented in the Figure 70. The list of activities that took place during
these measurements are listed in the following Table 14.
98
ID From: To: Activity
A 00:00 09:15 Sleeping, windows closed, no people in the room
B 09:15 11:00 Cooking, people in the room
C 10:18 12:51 3 candles
D 11:00 14:58 Windows opened
E 12:51 13:30 Cooking, people in the room
F 14:16 17:07 2 candles + ventilator
G 14:58 00:00 Windows closed
H 16:23 18:35 Heater on
I 17:08 17:12 Cleaning the kitchen, sweeping the floor
J 17:12 18:35 Only the ventilator
K 17:54 17:59 Electronic cigarette
L 18:35 20:31 1 candle
M 20:31 22:04 1 candle + ventilator
N 22:04 00:00 Normal operation, no people in the room
Table 14. Activities carried out in the kitchen during the measurements
99
Figure 67. The kitchen where the measurements were taken
Figure 68. Dimensions drawing of the kitchen where the indoors measurements were taken
100
Figure 69. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a kitchen in
Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
2 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
3 Protoboard
6 I2C RTC DS1307
7 USB power distributor
8 Energy Supplier Cable
9 Netatmo
Table 15. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the kitchen
101
Figure 70. List of activities, temperature, Humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 12 th in a kitchen in Hamburg, Germany
102
Looking back at the Figure 70 it can be seen that there exist two periods in which a peak
range is reached: From 11:00 to 12:30 and from 14:00 to 17:00. The first one is due to the
activity C of three candles turned on and activity E of cooking and people in the room. In
this period can also be seen how the relative humidity increases because of the vapor as a
result of the cooking process. An average particles index of 4.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles is reached. The second peak range is due to the activity F, two candles with the
ventilator which lasts from 14:16 to 17:07. Here a maximum average concentration of
4.5E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles is reached, with a maximum peak point of
approximately 7.5E+07 pcs/m3. With these measurements, one can confirm that in fact the
device detects the smoke of the fire. From 18:30 to 22:00 an average index of particles of
1.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles is reached and this is because in this period the
activities L and M took place which involved one candle turned on. In normal conditions as
for example from 00:00 to 10:00 it can be said that an average index of particles of 0.5E+07
pcs/m3 is reached.
6.4.3 Indoors Measurements in the Technical University of

Hamburg Harburg on June 28th, 2017
Some indoors measurements were also performed in Hamburg, in the Technical University
of Hamburg, Harburg on June 28 th using the device of this thesis project and an optical
particle sizer 3330 from TSI, in order to have some parallel measurements of dust. The setup
configuration of these measurements is shown in the Figure 71. In the Figure 72 the GPS
location of the Technical University of Hamburg Harburg is shown and the results of these
measurements are shown in the Figure 73 and one has to consider that the reference
measurements correspond to the ones taken with the TSI instrument. Additionally, the TSI
particle sizer performs temperature measurements which in this case are displayed as
reference measurements of temperature.
103
Figure 71. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in the TUHH
Figure 72. Location of the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken
104
36.0 44.0
34.0
42.0
32.0
40.0
30.0
Hum %
Temp C
38.0
28.0
36.0
26.0
34.0
24.0
32.0
22.0
20.0 30.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) %
1.00E+07
9.00E+06
8.00E+06
7.00E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
6.00E+06
5.00E+06
4.00E+06
3.00E+06
2.00E+06
1.00E+06
0.00E+00
10:48
10:52
10:56
11:13
11:18
11:00
11:05
11:09
11:22
11:26
Time
AVG Particles 1.0 (M) AVG Particles 2.5 (M)

Particles Index 1.0 (REF) Particles Index 2.5 (REF)
June 28 th at the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany
105
The DSM501a measurements and the TSI measurements have a peak value at 11:05, and the
DSM501a measurements have also a peak value at 11:02. The average particles index of the
1.0 and 2.5 m particles with the DSM501a is approximately 0.5E+06 pcs/m3, and this value
is also shared by the 2.5 m particles in the TSI device. The 1.0 m particles in the TSI have
an average particles index of 1.0E+06 pcs/m3 and the maximum peak value reaches 9.5E+06
pcs/m3. The two peak values of the 1.0 m particles in the DSM501a have an average value
of 3.2E+06 pcs/m3. The measurements of the 2.5 m particles for both devices are similar.
6.4.4 Indoors Measurements in Bendestorf, Germany on June 29th,

2017
The indoors measurements have also been taken in Bendestorf, Germany on June 29 th in
three periods of time from 07:47 to 07:55, from 15:52 to 16:03 and from 17:59 to 18:08. The
setup configuration of the TSI optical particle sizer and the DSM501a is shown in the
following Figure 74. The location of where the measurements were taken is shown in the
Figure 76.
Figure 74. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany
106
Figure 75. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken.
6.4.4.1 From 07:47 to 07:55 (Period A)

The results of these measurements are shown in the following Figure 76, there one can see
the temperature and humidity from the DHT22 sensor and the temperature measurements
of the TSI particle sizer. Additionally, one can find the particles index of the DSM501a and
from the TSI.
107
22.5 68.0
22.0 63.0
21.5
58.0
21.0
53.0
Hum %
Temp C
20.5
48.0
20.0
43.0
19.5
38.0
19.0
18.5 33.0
18.0 28.0
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
7:46
7:47
7:49
7:51
7:53
7:55
7:56
7:48
7:50
7:52
7:54
Time

June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 07:47 to 07:55
108
Taking into consideration these results, one can plot the particles index measured by the
DSM501a vs. the particles index measured with TSI, used as reference. The lineal relationship
of this plot can give a percentage of certainty and a calibration parameter of the DSM501a
values. This plot is shown in the following Figure 77. The calculation of the certainty of the
DSM501a measurements is shown in the Table 13.
Dust (Measured) vs. Dust (Reference)

3.00E+06
2.50E+06
Particles Index (Measured) pcs/m3
y = 3.979x - 2E+06
2.00E+06
R = 0.2709
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
8.00E+05
9.00E+05
1.05E+06
7.00E+05
7.50E+05
8.50E+05
9.50E+05
1.00E+06
1.10E+06
Particles Index (Reference) pcs/m3
Figure 77. Measured dust vs. reference dust for the 1.0 m particles
Reference
Slope % Certainty % Error
Slope
Temperature 45 75.8926 59.29 40.71
Table 16. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference particles
index values
109
6.4.4.2 From 15:52 to 16:03 (Period B)
In this section, the results for the period from 15:52 to 16:03 are displayed. This is done in
the following Figure 78.

28.5 50.2
28.0 50.0
49.8
27.5
49.6
27.0
Hum %
Temp C
49.4
26.5
49.2
26.0
49.0
25.5
48.8
25.0 48.6
24.5 48.4
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
15:51
15:54
15:55
15:58
15:59
16:02
16:03
16:05
15:52
15:53
15:56
15:57
16:00
16:01
16:04
Time

110
6.4.4.3 From 17:59 to 18:08 (Period C)
In this section, the results for the period from 17:59 to 18:08 are displayed in the following
Figure 79. Here one can see the temperature, humidity and particles index values.

28.5 52.0
28.0 51.8
27.5
51.6
27.0
51.4
26.5
Hum %
Temp C
51.2
26.0
51.0
25.5
50.8
25.0
50.6
24.5
24.0 50.4
23.5 50.2

4.50E+06
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
17:58
17:59
18:00
18:01
18:02
18:03
18:04
18:05
18:06
18:07
18:08
Time

111
For the period A, the measurements of the DSM501a have a great matching with the
measurements of the TSI. The average particles index for the 1.0 m particles is 9.0E+05
pcs/m3 and for the 2.5 m particles is 4.0E+05 pcs/m3 for both the DSM501a and the TSI.
Because of this, a correlation plot can be performed between the DSM501a measurements
and the TSI measurements. For the period B, the dust values between the DSM501a and the
TSI have a great separation. The TSI measurements do not register peak values and the
DSM501a register a maximum peak value at 15:59 of 2.5E+06 pcs/m 3 for the 1.0 and 2.5
m particles. For the period C, the DSM501a and the TSI measurements are also greatly
separated, especially in the measurements of the 2.5 m particles. The DSM501a
measurements present several peaks. The average particles index of the DSM501a for the 1.0
m and 2.5 m particles is 2.0E+06 pcs/m3. For the TSI device the average particles index
for the 1.0 m particles is 1.5E+06 pcs/m3 and 5E+05 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles.
6.5 Outdoors Measurements

Four types of outdoors measurements have been carried out: In Hamburg, Germany on May
11 th and on June 02 nd , in Bendestorf, Germany on June 28 th, and in Quito, Ecuador on March
24 th. In order to make a complete analysis of the measurements the wind direction tables for
these four dates are given and additionally the pollen calendar of Germany is also given in
order to analyze the months when the measurements were taken. The pollen calendar is given
in the following Table 17. It can be seen that May is more critical than June and July because
there is more concentration of pollen particles in the environment, and almost all the types
of pollen have presence in this month.
112
Type of Pollen Month of Analysis
German English JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
Erle Alder
Hasel Hazel
Ulme Elm
Weide Pasture
Pappel Poplar
Ahorn Maple
Eibe Yew
Birke Birch
Eiche Oak
Esche Ash Tree
Hainbuche Hornbeam
Raps Rape
Esche Ash Tree
Flieder Lilac
Platane Plane
Rotbuche European beech
Spitzwegerich Plantain
Ampfer Sorrel
Lwenzahn Dandelion
Fichte Spruce
Walnuss Walnut
Hopfen Hop
Akazie Acacia
Rosskastanie Buckeye
Weizen Wheat
Grser Grasses
Kiefer Pine
Holunder Elder
Hafer Oats
Roggen Rye
Tanne Fir
Gerste Barley
Linde Lime
Gnsefuss Goosefoot
Beifuss Mugwort
Goldrute Goldenrod
Brennessel Nettle
Mais Corn
Nessel Nettle
Ambrosia Ambrosia
Pollen Color Scale Legend
Possible occurrence
Before / After Heyday
Main Heyday
Table 17. Pollen Calendar for Germany

Source: (Pollenglug.de, 2017)
113
6.5.1 Outdoors Measurements in Harburg, Hamburg Germany on
May 11th, 2017
First of all, the wind direction table is given for this particular date in Harburg, Hamburg,
Germany. This is given in the following Table 18. In order to achieve the outdoors
measurements, the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor were collocated
into a housing that protects them from water and from the superficial contact with a heated
surface. This housing is indicated in the Figure 80. The manner how this housing was settled
is presented in the Figure 81. The elements of the housing are described in the Table 19. The
circuit diagram used for the outdoors measurements is presented in the Figure 82 and the
list of elements of this circuit is presented in the Table 20. The results are presented in the
Figure 83, there the temperature and humidity values and the particles index are presented.
City Hamburg
Country Germany
Date 11.05.2017
Hour Bearing Speed mph
0:00 E 3.6 - 7.5
1:00 SW -
2:00 SE -
3:00 E -
4:00 E -
5:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
6:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
7:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
8:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 SE 7.6 - 12.2
10:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
11:00 SE 7.6 - 12.2
* VRB: Cannot be determined
Table 18. Wind Direction for Hamburg, Germany on May 11 th

Source: (WeatherOnline, 2017)
114
Figure 80. Housing used for the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor for
the outdoors measurements in Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
Table 19. Elements of the external housing
Figure 81. Operation of the housing for the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany
115
Figure 82. Description of the circuit used in the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany
Element Description
1 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
2 Protoboard
4 I2C RTC DS1307
5 Sensors Housing
Table 20. Elements used in the circuit for taking the outdoors measurements
116
14.0 110.0
13.0
90.0
12.0
11.0 70.0
Temp C
10.0
Hum %
50.0
9.0
8.0 30.0
7.0
10.0
6.0
5.0 -10.0
TEMP C HUM %
1.6E+07
1.4E+07
1.2E+07
1.0E+07
8.0E+06
6.0E+06
4.0E+06
2.0E+06
0.0E+00
10:00
11:00
0:00
2:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
1:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
Time
May 11 th in Hamburg, Germany
117
According to the results at 02:00, 06:30 and 09:15 there are peak points in the dust
measurements. Looking at the Table 18, one can see that at 02:00 there is a change in the
wind direction, from 05:00 to 09:00 the wind direction remains constant, and the velocity as
well, but at 10:00 there is also a change in the wind direction. In the peak point at 09:15 the
humidity drops and the temperature rises. The average particles index in the whole
measurements is approximately 8.0E+06 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles. From 03:00 to
06:00 it is obtained the lowest particles index of the whole measurements, which is
approximately 6.0E+06 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles. One can see on the Table 18 that at
this time there is not a significant change in the wind direction and the velocity of the wind
is the lowest in this period. After the measurements on June 02 nd are analyzed one can draw
conclusions about the pollen and its participation in the measurements.
6.5.2 Outdoors Measurements in Harburg, Hamburg, Germany on

June 02nd, 2017
In this section, the outdoors measurements taken on June 02 nd are analyzed. The setup
configuration of the system was similar to the Figure 80, Figure 81 and Figure 82. The wind
direction table and the speed for each time of analysis is presented in the following Table 21.
The results are presented in the Figure 84, there one can see the index of particles, the
temperature and the humidity. The discussion of the results is presented in the section
6.5.2.1.
118
City Hamburg
Country Germany
Date 02.06.2017
0:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
1:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
2:00 N 0.7 - 3.5
3:00 N 0.7 - 3.5
4:00 W -
5:00 W -
6:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
7:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
8:00 NW 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
10:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
11:00 E 3.6 - 7.5
12:00 S 3.6 - 7.5
13:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
14:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
15:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
16:00 W 3.6 - 7.5
17:00 NW 3.6 - 7.5
18:00 W 7.6 - 12.2
19:00 W 3.6 - 7.5
20:00 S -
21:00 SW -
22:00 NW -
23:00 VRB -
Table 21. Wind Direction for Hamburg, Germany on June 02 nd

119
45.0 65.0
60.0
40.0
55.0
35.0 50.0
45.0
30.0
40.0
Temp C
25.0
Hum %
35.0
30.0
20.0
25.0
15.0
20.0
10.0 15.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
TEMP C HUM %

2.6E+07
2.4E+07
2.2E+07
2.0E+07
1.8E+07
1.6E+07
1.4E+07
1.2E+07
1.0E+07
8.0E+06
6.0E+06
4.0E+06
2.0E+06
0.0E+00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
2:00
6:00
8:00
0:00
4:00
Time
June 02 nd in Hamburg, Germany
120
As it can be seen from the results, it exists three periods very well marked in the dust
measurements. From 00:00 to 12:00, from 12:00 to 19:00 and from 19:00 to 23:59. From
00:00 to 12:00 the average concentration of particles for the 1.0 m particles is 5.0E+06
pcs/m3. From 12:00 to 19:00 the average concentration of 1.0 m particles is 2.5E+06
pcs/m3 and from 19:00 to 23:59 the average concentration of 1.0 m particles is 7.0E+06
pcs/m3. The maximum peak point is located at 22:00 with a particles index of 2.5E+06
pcs/m3. It can be seen that the results in this case do not have a clear relationship with the
direction and velocity of the wind. The lowest region of 1.0 m particles belongs to the
period of maximum temperature and minimum humidity. It can also be appreciated that it
did not exist a very good isolation of the temperature and humidity sensor because a
temperature of 40C is reached at 18:00. Comparing the results of June 02 nd and May 11 th it
can be seen that in May a greater dust measurement is obtained. An average particles index
of 8.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached on May 11 th and an average of 5.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached on
June 02 nd , and the reason of this is explained in the Table 17 concerning to the pollen calendar
in Germany. In May it is expected to have more pollen than in June, and this is why the dust
measurements are greater in May.
6.5.3 Outdoors Measurements in Bendestorf, Germany on June 28th,

2017
The outdoors measurements have also been performed in a garden of a house in Bendestorf,
Hamburg, Germany. The setup configuration of the system for these measurements is shown
in the following Figure 85. The location of where the measurements have been taken is
shown in the Figure 86. The wind direction for the period of time in which the measurements
were taken on June 28 th is shown in the following Table 22. The results are presented in the
Figure 87. In these measurements, the TSI optical sizer is once again used.
121
Figure 85. Setup configuration of the device for the outdoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany
Figure 86. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the outdoors measurements
were taken.
122
City Bendestorf
Country Germany
Date 28.06.2017
13:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
13:30 E 12.3 - 17.8
14:00 E 12.3 - 17.8
14:30 E 7.6 - 12.2
15:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
Table 22. Wind Direction for Bendestorf, Germany on June 28 th

123
34.0 46.0
44.0
32.0
42.0
30.0
40.0
Hum %
Temp C
28.0
38.0
36.0
26.0
34.0
24.0
32.0
22.0
30.0
20.0 28.0
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
13:37
13:42
13:46
13:50
13:55
13:59
14:03
14:08
14:12
14:16
14:21
14:25
14:29
14:34
14:38
14:42
Time
-5.00E+05
June 28 th in Bendestorf, Germany
124
First of all, it is important to notice that the temperature and humidity values have a strange
behavior. At 14:08 the temperature decreases from 32C to 21C and the humidity increases
from 24% to 44%. It can be observed as well that approximately in this transition period t he
dust measurements given by the DSM501a are zero and the measurements given by the TSI
decrease at a minimum range. For the TSI, the average particles index for the 1.0 m particles
is 1.0E+06 pcs/m3 and 0.5E+05 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles. For the DSM501a it is
difficult to determine an average value of particles index due to this region where the values
are zero, but a maximum peak value of 3.5E+06 pcs/m 3 is reached for the 1.0 m particles
and a maximum peak value 2.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached for the 2.5 m particles. The wind
direction does not change during this period; therefore, it does not play a role in the
characteristics of these measurements.
6.5.4 Outdoors Measurements in La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador on

March 24th, 2017
Finally, the outdoors measurements made in La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador on March 24 th are
shown in this section. The wind table direction for Quito, Ecuador on this date is presented
in the Table 23. A map location of where the measurements were taken is presented in the
Figure 88. The setup configuration of the system was similar to the Figure 80, Figure 81 and
Figure 82 presented before. The results are presented in the following Figure 89, there the
particles index, the temperature and the humidity are shown. Finally comparing the indoors
and outdoors measurements in Hamburg Germany, it can be appreciated that the indoors
measurements reach greater dust values.
125
City Quito
Country Ecuador
Date 24.03.2017
4:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
5:00 E 0.7 - 3.5
6:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
7:00 NE 0.7 - 3.5
8:00 S 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 S 0.7 - 3.5
10:00 NE 0.7 - 3.5
11:00 SE 0.7 - 3.5
12:00 VRB 0.7 - 3.5
13:00 VRB 0.7 - 3.5
Table 23. Wind Direction for Quito, Ecuador on March 24 th

Figure 88. Location of the place in Quito, Ecuador where the measurements were taken.
126
18.0 88.0
17.5
87.0
17.0
86.0
16.5
16.0 85.0
15.5
Temp C
Hum %
84.0
15.0
83.0
14.5
14.0 82.0
13.5
81.0
13.0
80.0
12.5
12.0 79.0
TEMP C HUM %

8.0E+07
7.0E+07
6.0E+07
5.0E+07
4.0E+07
3.0E+07
2.0E+07
1.0E+07
0.0E+00
10:00
12:00
11:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
Time
March 24 th in Quito, Ecuador
127
Starting from the temperature and humidity values it can be seen that the temperature starts
with a value of 17C and it finished with a value of 14C. The relative humidity on the other
hand oscillates in a range of 80 to 87%. The average particles index for the 1.0 m particles
is approximate 4.0E+07 pcs/m3 with a maximum of 8.0E+07 pcs/m3, and for the 2.5 m,
something never seen before, it reaches an average value of 1.0E+07 pcs/m3. Clearly the
dust measurements are greater than in Hamburg Germany. Therefore, there is more
concentration of dust in the environment in Quito than in Hamburg. From 11:00 to 11:30
the wind direction is in the SE direction with a speed of 0.7 to 3.5. As it can be seen from
Table 23 at 11:00 is the only time when the wind is in the direction SE, and in this direction
the maximum dust measurement is reached. Therefore, in this direction one can use the
maximum capacity of the sensor at that time in Quito Ecuador.
128
CHAPTER 7
Conclusions and Recommendations
7.1 Conclusions
The system has an energy consumption of 384.615 (mAh/h) which means that it
can last 26 hours with an energy power bank of 10.000 mAh.
The implementation of a metrology station using an Arduino does not present high
difficulties, it is not expensive, and it is easy to replicate.
One should be careful in the points where there is a great concentration of particles
because sometimes this means that there is a presence of water in it in the form of
fog or mist. This happens when the temperature drops below one certain point and
the relative humidity is 100%, triggering invalid measurements. Consequently, valid
measurements can be obtained with a relative humidity 95%.
The main part of the system designed in this project is automatic, the transference
of the data from the sensors to the MySQL database and the generation of the
curves do not require the presence of a user. Nevertheless, the transference of the
data to the Synology Server can be done easily by the user
According to the data presented in chapter 6, comparing the outdoors

measurements in Hamburg, Germany and in Quito, Ecuador in Quito there are
more particles of dust measured and one reason could be that in Quito exists more
contamination in the environment than in Hamburg.
Comparing the outdoors measurements and the indoors measurements in

Hamburg, it results that there are more particles of dust in the indoors
measurements this is because of the presence of people in the indoors
measurements which in consequence increases the movement and creation of dust
particles in the environment.
The values of temperature and humidity of reference given by the Netatmo are
stable because this device has a very high mass and does not have the same dynamic
in the measurements like for example the DHT22 sensor.
129
7.2 Recommendations
It is recommendable that mechatronics and other engineering students develop
projects like this one in which they can use affordable elements and free software
for one particular use, like for example in this case the creation of a metrology
station to measure dust, temperature and humidity.
It would be a good idea if it appears a more stable version of the Arduino MySQL
connector library that prevents the system from lockups because it is true that the
program has the Watchdog timer that resets the system when the lockup occurs but
on the other hand this is not an optimal solution because some time in which some
measurements can be taken is lost.
It would be also a good idea if there is a development of an automatic system in

order to transfer the data from the MySQL database of the computer to the
Synology Station because in this case of the present project this operation is done
manually but it would be desirable to have an automatized system that operates by
itself without external help.
It would be interesting if more measurements in different cities and in different

countries are performed in order to visualize the content of dust particles and the
interaction between this measurement and the correspondent temperature and
humidity values.
Depending on the use that one person would like to give to this project it is strongly
recommended that the power bank should be selected carefully, in this case one has
to take in mind that a battery of 10000 mAh lasts 26 hours.
There was another option of creating the graphs for the PHP WEB page that was
not discussed in this project and it is using Highcharts instead of Google charts, it
is recommended that for other project similar to this one this option can be
evaluated and its features can be compared to the graphs created by Google charts.
130
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136
Attachments
Attachment 1. List of elements required for the main circuit
IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B007XRHBKA/r
1 Module
ef=oh_aui_detailpage_o00_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
I2C RTC DS1307 Real

https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00CWX6UXY/
2 Time Clock Module
ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o07_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
https://www.amazon.de/COM-FOUR-AM2302-
DHT22 Temperature
digitaler-Feuchtigkeit-Temperatur-
3 & Humidity Sensor
Sensor/dp/B00W96UFAI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=
1488853376&sr=8-1-spons&keywords=DHT22&psc=1
Protoboard https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00JGFDKBQ/r
4
ef=oh_aui_detailpage_o09_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
On/Off Self Latching

https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00OQ01XR4/re
5 Press Button
f=oh_aui_detailpage_o08_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
https://www.amazon.de/Synology-DS214-Diskstation-
Synology Station Network-
6
Attached/dp/B00FY6DV3S/ref=sr7_1_1?ie=UTF8&qi
d=1489079081&sr=8-1&keywords=ds214
https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00T416MXU/re
7 Battery Supply
f=oh_aui_detailpage_o05_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
http://www.ebay.de/itm/DSM501A-Dust-Sensor-
Allergic-Smoke-Particles-Sensor-Module-for-Arduino-
8 DSM501a dust sensor NEW-
/272762246792?hash=item3f81e59688:g:yKAAAOSwp
HFZaMHF
137
https://www.amazon.de/Arduino-Mega-2560-R3-
Arduino ATMEGA Microcontroller/dp/B0046AMGW0/ref=sr_1_8?s=ce-
9
2560 de&ie=UTF8&qid=1500912313&sr=1-
8&keywords=mega+2560
http://www.ebay.de/itm/1x-Arduino-WiFi-Shield-R3-
mit-HDG204-
10 Arduino WIFI shield
/222591931843?hash=item33d38355c3:g:4mEAAOSwO
NBZAccG
138
Attachment 2. Results of the smoke saturation experiment
Measurements taken with the metrology station

AVG AVG #
Low Low AVG AVG AVG Part. 2.5 AVG Part. 1.0 AVG Part. AVG Part. # Part. Mass of Mass of Vol. of Vol. of
Temp Hum Conc. Conc. Part.
Date Ratio Ratio Conc. 2.5 Conc. 1.0 x 10E02 x 10E02 2.5 1.0 1.0 Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0 Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0
C % 2.5 1.0 2.5
2.5 % 1.0 % [mg/m 3] [mg/m 3] [pcs/283ml] [pcs/283ml] [pcs/m 3] [pcs/m 3] [pcs] [kg] [kg] [m 3] [m 3]
[g/m 3] [g/m 3] [pcs]
2017-06-11 18:00:06 35.7 32.9 12.404 24.540 1.460 3.279 1460.0 3279.0 77.526 176.587 2.7394E+07 6.2398E+07 8312.6 16201.0 4.4303E-07 8.5136E-07 3.0344E-04 2.5964E-04
2017-06-11 18:01:08 35.8 32.8 13.636 29.188 1.644 3.976 1644.0 3976.0 85.228 229.413 3.0116E+07 8.1065E+07 9113.4 19222.2 4.9749E-07 9.4280E-07 3.0261E-04 2.3712E-04
2017-06-11 18:02:12 35.9 32.8 12.966 25.165 1.544 3.373 1544.0 3373.0 81.039 183.69 2.8636E+07 6.4908E+07 8677.9 16607.3 4.6790E-07 8.6301E-07 3.0304E-04 2.5586E-04
2017-06-11 18:03:14 35.9 32.7 11.764 30.177 1.364 4.124 1364.0 4124.0 73.522 240.653 2.5980E+07 8.5036E+07 7896.6 19865.1 4.1459E-07 9.6339E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3361E-04
2017-06-11 18:04:21 35.9 32.5 12.352 22.173 1.452 2.924 1452.0 2924.0 77.199 149.692 2.7279E+07 5.2895E+07 8278.8 14662.5 4.4067E-07 8.1053E-07 3.0349E-04 2.7720E-04
2017-06-11 18:05:21 35.9 32.5 13.409 28.264 1.610 3.837 1610.0 3837.0 83.808 218.908 2.9614E+07 7.7353E+07 8965.9 18621.6 4.8744E-07 9.2371E-07 3.0276E-04 2.4074E-04
2017-06-11 18:06:26 36 32.4 10.634 30.403 1.194 4.158 1194.0 4158.0 66.462 243.218 2.3485E+07 8.5943E+07 7162.1 20012.0 3.6413E-07 9.6820E-07 3.0497E-04 2.3285E-04
2017-06-11 18:07:32 36 32.3 13.285 26.445 1.592 3.565 1592.0 3565.0 83.029 198.242 2.9339E+07 7.0050E+07 8885.3 17439.3 4.8214E-07 8.8752E-07 3.0285E-04 2.4895E-04
2017-06-11 18:08:33 36 32.3 12.505 29.574 1.475 4.034 1475.0 4034.0 78.153 233.796 2.7616E+07 8.2613E+07 8378.3 19473.1 4.4749E-07 9.5087E-07 3.0338E-04 2.3571E-04
2017-06-11 18:09:39 36 32.2 11.330 28.172 1.299 3.824 1299.0 3824.0 70.810 217.868 2.5021E+07 7.6985E+07 7614.5 18561.8 3.9531E-07 9.2200E-07 3.0432E-04 2.4111E-04
2017-06-11 18:10:44 36 32.1 13.795 28.850 1.668 3.925 1668.0 3925.0 86.219 225.569 3.0466E+07 7.9706E+07 9216.8 19002.5 5.0461E-07 9.3574E-07 3.0252E-04 2.3841E-04
2017-06-11 18:11:52 36 32 13.084 30.501 1.562 4.173 1562.0 4173.0 81.776 244.326 2.8896E+07 8.6334E+07 8754.6 20075.7 4.7324E-07 9.7036E-07 3.0297E-04 2.3253E-04
2017-06-11 18:12:58 36 31.9 10.897 29.995 1.234 4.097 1234.0 4097.0 68.105 238.577 2.4065E+07 8.4303E+07 7333.1 19746.8 3.7602E-07 9.5966E-07 3.0471E-04 2.3424E-04
2017-06-11 18:16:59 36 32 11.272 30.340 1.290 4.149 1290.0 4149.0 70.449 242.502 2.4894E+07 8.5690E+07 7576.8 19971.0 3.9263E-07 9.6697E-07 3.0437E-04 2.3306E-04
2017-06-11 18:18:06 36.1 31.7 14.208 25.946 1.730 3.490 1730.0 3490.0 88.800 192.566 3.1378E+07 6.8045E+07 9485.2 17114.9 5.2296E-07 8.7782E-07 3.0229E-04 2.5153E-04
2017-06-11 18:19:10 36.1 31.7 10.357 29.957 1.153 4.091 1153.0 4091.0 64.731 238.153 2.2873E+07 8.4153E+07 6982.1 19722.1 3.5195E-07 9.5876E-07 3.0525E-04 2.3436E-04
2017-06-11 18:20:11 35.8 31.1 10.656 32.702 1.198 4.503 1198.0 4503.0 66.601 269.337 2.3534E+07 9.5172E+07 7176.4 21506.3 3.6532E-07 1.0176E-06 3.0494E-04 2.2597E-04
2017-06-11 18:24:10 35.3 31.1 12.573 31.800 1.485 4.368 1485.0 4368.0 78.580 259.087 2.7767E+07 9.1550E+07 8422.5 20920.0 4.5044E-07 9.9813E-07 3.0333E-04 2.2851E-04
2017-06-11 18:25:17 34.7 31.3 10.830 25.509 1.224 3.424 1224.0 3424.0 67.685 187.602 2.3917E+07 6.6290E+07 7289.5 16830.9 3.7306E-07 8.6934E-07 3.0478E-04 2.5390E-04
2017-06-11 18:26:19 34.6 31.5 11.764 30.815 1.364 4.220 1364.0 4220.0 73.523 247.9 2.5980E+07 8.7597E+07 7896.6 20279.8 4.1459E-07 9.7698E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3151E-04
139
2017-06-11 18:27:20 34.5 31.6 9.868 32.320 1.079 4.446 1079.0 4446.0 61.676 265.004 2.1794E+07 9.3641E+07 6664.2 21258.0 3.2994E-07 1.0093E-06 3.0579E-04 2.2702E-04
2017-06-11 18:28:27 34.4 31.7 11.182 30.190 1.277 4.126 1277.0 4126.0 69.889 240.791 2.4696E+07 8.5085E+07 7518.3 19873.5 3.8877E-07 9.6372E-07 3.0444E-04 2.3357E-04
2017-06-11 18:29:32 34.3 31.7 12.496 30.074 1.473 4.109 1473.0 4109.0 78.101 239.475 2.7598E+07 8.4620E+07 8372.4 19798.1 4.4687E-07 9.6136E-07 3.0338E-04 2.3396E-04
2017-06-11 18:30:35 34.3 31.8 10.949 31.195 1.242 4.277 1242.0 4277.0 68.432 252.211 2.4181E+07 8.9120E+07 7366.9 20526.8 3.7838E-07 9.8510E-07 3.0466E-04 2.3033E-04
2017-06-11 18:31:41 34.3 31.9 13.827 29.217 1.673 3.980 1673.0 3980.0 86.417 229.743 3.0536E+07 8.1181E+07 9237.6 19241.1 5.0610E-07 9.4331E-07 3.0251E-04 2.3701E-04
2017-06-11 18:32:49 34.2 31.9 11.363 28.406 1.304 3.859 1304.0 3859.0 71.018 220.525 2.5095E+07 7.7924E+07 7636.0 18713.9 3.9679E-07 9.2676E-07 3.0429E-04 2.4016E-04
2017-06-11 18:36:49 34.2 32 13.099 29.843 1.564 4.074 1564.0 4074.0 81.866 236.85 2.8928E+07 8.3693E+07 8764.4 19648.0 4.7385E-07 9.5643E-07 3.0297E-04 2.3476E-04
2017-06-11 18:37:52 34.1 32.1 11.468 29.823 1.319 4.071 1319.0 4071.0 71.678 236.622 2.5328E+07 8.3612E+07 7704.2 19635.0 4.0121E-07 9.5601E-07 3.0418E-04 2.3483E-04
2017-06-11 18:38:59 34.1 32.2 11.056 28.943 1.258 3.939 1258.0 3939.0 69.101 226.621 2.4417E+07 8.0078E+07 7436.4 19063.0 3.8313E-07 9.3770E-07 3.0455E-04 2.3805E-04
2017-06-11 18:40:04 34.1 32.2 12.800 27.491 1.519 3.722 1519.0 3722.0 80.002 210.12 2.8269E+07 7.4247E+07 8570.0 18119.2 4.6049E-07 9.0831E-07 3.0316E-04 2.4404E-04
2017-06-11 18:41:11 34.1 32.3 12.529 29.321 1.478 3.996 1478.0 3996.0 78.308 230.92 2.7671E+07 8.1597E+07 8393.9 19308.7 4.4835E-07 9.4559E-07 3.0335E-04 2.3663E-04
2017-06-11 18:42:14 34.1 32.2 11.331 27.476 1.299 3.719 1299.0 3719.0 70.817 209.958 2.5024E+07 7.4190E+07 7615.2 18109.4 3.9531E-07 9.0779E-07 3.0432E-04 2.4409E-04
2017-06-11 18:43:18 34.1 32.3 11.762 28.954 1.363 3.941 1363.0 3941.0 73.511 226.755 2.5976E+07 8.0125E+07 7895.3 19070.1 4.1428E-07 9.3797E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3800E-04
2017-06-11 18:44:24 34.1 32.3 12.228 31.114 1.433 4.265 1433.0 4265.0 76.425 251.299 2.7005E+07 8.8798E+07 8198.2 20474.1 4.3503E-07 9.8338E-07 3.0358E-04 2.3057E-04
2017-06-11 18:45:29 34.1 32.3 11.950 29.349 1.392 4.000 1392.0 4000.0 74.685 231.244 2.6390E+07 8.1712E+07 8017.5 19326.9 4.2289E-07 9.4610E-07 3.0380E-04 2.3652E-04
2017-06-11 18:46:36 34.1 32.3 10.466 28.161 1.169 3.822 1169.0 3822.0 65.411 217.739 2.3113E+07 7.6940E+07 7052.9 18554.7 3.5671E-07 9.2171E-07 3.0514E-04 2.4116E-04
2017-06-11 18:47:44 34.1 32.3 12.252 28.086 1.437 3.811 1437.0 3811.0 76.573 216.887 2.7058E+07 7.6639E+07 8213.8 18505.9 4.3623E-07 9.2024E-07 3.0357E-04 2.4147E-04
2017-06-11 18:48:52 34.1 32.3 13.323 26.619 1.597 3.591 1597.0 3591.0 83.269 200.213 2.9424E+07 7.0747E+07 8910.0 17552.4 4.8360E-07 8.9093E-07 3.0282E-04 2.4810E-04
2017-06-11 18:49:55 34.1 32.3 10.845 30.250 1.226 4.135 1226.0 4135.0 67.783 241.48 2.3952E+07 8.5329E+07 7299.3 19912.5 3.7362E-07 9.6495E-07 3.0475E-04 2.3336E-04
2017-06-11 18:50:56 34.1 32.3 11.417 31.105 1.312 4.263 1312.0 4263.0 71.358 251.193 2.5215E+07 8.8761E+07 7671.1 20468.3 3.9915E-07 9.8305E-07 3.0423E-04 2.3060E-04
2017-06-11 18:52:02 34 31.7 10.637 30.149 1.195 4.120 1195.0 4120.0 66.482 240.333 2.3492E+07 8.4923E+07 7164.1 19846.9 3.6443E-07 9.6286E-07 3.0496E-04 2.3370E-04
2017-06-11 18:53:05 33.2 29.9 10.673 32.037 1.200 4.403 1200.0 4403.0 66.709 261.784 2.3572E+07 9.2503E+07 7187.5 21074.1 3.6590E-07 1.0031E-06 3.0491E-04 2.2782E-04
2017-06-11 18:54:09 33.2 33.7 10.951 32.137 1.242 4.418 1242.0 4418.0 68.441 262.917 2.4184E+07 9.2904E+07 7368.2 21139.1 3.7840E-07 1.0053E-06 3.0467E-04 2.2754E-04
2017-06-11 18:58:07 34.4 34.4 11.015 30.313 1.251 4.145 1251.0 4145.0 68.845 242.19 2.4327E+07 8.5580E+07 7409.8 19953.5 3.8104E-07 9.6644E-07 3.0459E-04 2.3316E-04
2017-06-11 18:59:11 35.5 33.4 12.069 31.727 1.409 4.357 1409.0 4357.0 75.431 258.263 2.6654E+07 9.1259E+07 8094.9 20872.6 4.2791E-07 9.9652E-07 3.0370E-04 2.2872E-04
2017-06-11 19:00:14 35.7 33.1 11.216 28.941 1.281 3.939 1281.0 3939.0 70.097 226.607 2.4769E+07 8.0073E+07 7540.4 19061.7 3.8997E-07 9.3769E-07 3.0443E-04 2.3805E-04
2017-06-11 19:01:23 35.9 33 12.562 33.803 1.483 4.668 1483.0 4668.0 78.513 281.848 2.7743E+07 9.9593E+07 8415.3 22222.0 4.4984E-07 1.0416E-06 3.0333E-04 2.2313E-04
140
2017-06-11 19:02:30 36 32.7 11.547 31.599 1.331 4.337 1331.0 4337.0 72.171 256.806 2.5502E+07 9.0744E+07 7755.6 20789.4 4.0478E-07 9.9360E-07 3.0411E-04 2.2910E-04
2017-06-11 19:03:35 36.1 32.7 12.104 31.555 1.415 4.331 1415.0 4331.0 75.647 256.301 2.6730E+07 9.0566E+07 8117.6 20760.8 4.2971E-07 9.9281E-07 3.0368E-04 2.2923E-04
2017-06-11 19:04:38 36.1 32.5 10.790 30.867 1.218 4.228 1218.0 4228.0 67.440 248.483 2.3830E+07 8.7803E+07 7263.5 20313.6 3.7125E-07 9.7816E-07 3.0480E-04 2.3135E-04
2017-06-11 19:05:42 36.2 32.4 13.776 30.294 1.665 4.142 1665.0 4142.0 86.098 241.975 3.0423E+07 8.5504E+07 9204.4 19941.1 5.0374E-07 9.6600E-07 3.0254E-04 2.3322E-04
2017-06-11 19:06:46 36.2 32.4 10.180 30.324 1.126 4.146 1126.0 4146.0 63.624 242.323 2.2482E+07 8.5627E+07 6867.0 19960.6 3.4393E-07 9.6648E-07 3.0544E-04 2.3311E-04
2017-06-11 19:07:55 36.2 32.3 12.660 28.494 1.498 3.872 1498.0 3872.0 79.127 221.528 2.7960E+07 7.8278E+07 8479.0 18771.1 4.5427E-07 9.2850E-07 3.0325E-04 2.3980E-04
2017-06-11 19:08:55 36.3 32.3 11.847 32.007 1.376 4.399 1376.0 4399.0 74.046 261.442 2.6165E+07 9.2382E+07 7950.6 21054.6 4.1812E-07 1.0026E-06 3.0387E-04 2.2791E-04
2017-06-11 19:09:57 36.3 32 11.383 29.528 1.307 4.027 1307.0 4027.0 71.143 233.268 2.5139E+07 8.2427E+07 7649.0 19443.2 3.9768E-07 9.4991E-07 3.0427E-04 2.3588E-04
2017-06-11 19:11:03 36.3 31.9 11.296 32.994 1.294 4.547 1294.0 4547.0 70.600 272.654 2.4947E+07 9.6344E+07 7592.4 21696.1 3.9382E-07 1.0240E-06 3.0434E-04 2.2519E-04
2017-06-11 19:12:06 36.4 31.9 12.183 28.667 1.427 3.898 1427.0 3898.0 76.144 223.49 2.6906E+07 7.8972E+07 8169.0 18883.6 4.3325E-07 9.3208E-07 3.0361E-04 2.3912E-04
2017-06-11 19:13:07 36.3 31.8 12.579 30.701 1.486 4.203 1486.0 4203.0 78.621 246.606 2.7781E+07 8.7140E+07 8426.4 20205.7 4.5072E-07 9.7457E-07 3.0331E-04 2.3188E-04
2017-06-11 19:14:12 36.3 31.8 10.729 30.736 1.209 4.208 1209.0 4208.0 67.059 247.002 2.3696E+07 8.7280E+07 7223.9 20228.4 3.6857E-07 9.7527E-07 3.0486E-04 2.3176E-04
2017-06-11 19:15:20 36.4 31.9 11.692 30.841 1.353 4.224 1353.0 4224.0 73.075 248.19 2.5822E+07 8.7700E+07 7849.8 20296.7 4.1131E-07 9.7758E-07 3.0400E-04 2.3143E-04
2017-06-11 19:16:25 36.3 31.8 11.417 29.439 1.312 4.014 1312.0 4014.0 71.354 232.257 2.5213E+07 8.2070E+07 7671.1 19385.4 3.9917E-07 9.4813E-07 3.0424E-04 2.3621E-04
2017-06-11 19:17:29 36.3 31.8 10.217 30.689 1.132 4.201 1132.0 4201.0 63.858 246.467 2.2565E+07 8.7091E+07 6891.1 20197.9 3.4570E-07 9.7428E-07 3.0539E-04 2.3192E-04
2017-06-11 19:18:38 36.3 31.8 11.779 32.028 1.366 4.402 1366.0 4402.0 73.620 261.679 2.6014E+07 9.2466E+07 7906.4 21068.2 4.1516E-07 1.0030E-06 3.0393E-04 2.2785E-04
2017-06-11 19:22:40 35.8 31.2 12.038 26.669 1.405 3.598 1405.0 3598.0 75.239 200.788 2.6586E+07 7.0950E+07 8074.7 17584.9 4.2672E-07 8.9176E-07 3.0372E-04 2.4785E-04
2017-06-11 19:23:43 35.2 31 9.830 27.940 1.074 3.789 1074.0 3789.0 61.440 215.228 2.1710E+07 7.6052E+07 6639.5 18411.0 3.2845E-07 9.1725E-07 3.0582E-04 2.4208E-04
2017-06-11 19:24:48 35.1 31.4 11.292 31.386 1.293 4.305 1293.0 4305.0 70.575 254.381 2.4938E+07 8.9887E+07 7589.8 20650.9 3.9352E-07 9.8904E-07 3.0434E-04 2.2974E-04
2017-06-11 19:25:52 35 31.5 11.549 30.155 1.332 4.121 1332.0 4121.0 72.183 240.4 2.5506E+07 8.4947E+07 7756.9 19850.8 4.0508E-07 9.6301E-07 3.0411E-04 2.3368E-04
2017-06-11 19:26:57 34.9 31.6 11.090 28.890 1.263 3.931 1263.0 3931.0 69.314 226.02 2.4493E+07 7.9866E+07 7458.5 19028.5 3.8461E-07 9.3658E-07 3.0452E-04 2.3826E-04
2017-06-11 19:27:58 34.8 31.7 11.174 30.515 1.275 4.175 1275.0 4175.0 69.839 244.494 2.4678E+07 8.6394E+07 7513.1 20084.8 3.8817E-07 9.7060E-07 3.0444E-04 2.3248E-04
2017-06-11 19:29:00 34.7 31.8 12.635 26.808 1.494 3.619 1494.0 3619.0 78.966 202.364 2.7903E+07 7.1507E+07 8462.8 17675.2 4.5311E-07 8.9455E-07 3.0329E-04 2.4718E-04
2017-06-11 19:33:02 34.7 32 11.564 29.008 1.334 3.949 1334.0 3949.0 72.276 227.367 2.5539E+07 8.0342E+07 7766.6 19105.2 4.0568E-07 9.3907E-07 3.0410E-04 2.3780E-04
2017-06-11 19:34:03 34.5 32 12.450 27.517 1.467 3.725 1467.0 3725.0 77.814 210.42 2.7496E+07 7.4353E+07 8342.5 18136.1 4.4510E-07 9.0859E-07 3.0341E-04 2.4392E-04
2017-06-11 19:35:06 34.5 32.1 11.773 26.200 1.365 3.528 1365.0 3528.0 73.580 195.455 2.6000E+07 6.9065E+07 7902.5 17280.0 4.1488E-07 8.8270E-07 3.0394E-04 2.5020E-04
2017-06-11 19:36:13 34.4 32.1 13.452 26.949 1.617 3.640 1617.0 3640.0 84.077 203.969 2.9709E+07 7.2074E+07 8993.8 17766.9 4.8951E-07 8.9729E-07 3.0273E-04 2.4651E-04
141
2017-06-11 19:37:18 34.4 32.2 10.640 26.830 1.195 3.622 1195.0 3622.0 66.502 202.612 2.3499E+07 7.1594E+07 7166.0 17689.5 3.6442E-07 8.9492E-07 3.0495E-04 2.4708E-04
2017-06-11 19:38:20 34.3 32.2 11.283 28.492 1.292 3.872 1292.0 3872.0 70.521 221.501 2.4919E+07 7.8269E+07 7584.0 18769.8 3.9321E-07 9.2855E-07 3.0434E-04 2.3981E-04
2017-06-11 19:42:24 34.2 32.3 13.050 27.237 1.556 3.684 1556.0 3684.0 81.560 207.243 2.8820E+07 7.3231E+07 8732.5 17954.1 4.7147E-07 9.0321E-07 3.0300E-04 2.4517E-04
2017-06-11 19:43:26 34.1 32.5 12.210 27.706 1.431 3.754 1431.0 3754.0 76.313 212.572 2.6966E+07 7.5114E+07 8186.5 18258.9 4.3444E-07 9.1253E-07 3.0359E-04 2.4308E-04
2017-06-11 19:44:30 34.1 32.6 11.415 28.311 1.311 3.845 1311.0 3845.0 71.341 219.446 2.5209E+07 7.7543E+07 7669.8 18652.2 3.9887E-07 9.2488E-07 3.0425E-04 2.4054E-04
2017-06-11 19:45:32 34.1 32.7 11.435 28.644 1.314 3.894 1314.0 3894.0 71.467 223.227 2.5253E+07 7.8879E+07 7682.8 18868.6 3.9975E-07 9.3148E-07 3.0423E-04 2.3921E-04
2017-06-11 19:46:35 34 32.7 12.876 27.617 1.530 3.741 1530.0 3741.0 80.472 211.559 2.8435E+07 7.4756E+07 8619.4 18201.1 4.6378E-07 9.1083E-07 3.0312E-04 2.4347E-04
2017-06-11 19:47:37 34 32.7 12.750 29.388 1.512 4.006 1512.0 4006.0 79.691 231.685 2.8159E+07 8.1867E+07 8537.5 19352.2 4.5842E-07 9.4696E-07 3.0319E-04 2.3638E-04
2017-06-11 19:48:40 34 32.8 12.860 30.460 1.528 4.167 1528.0 4167.0 80.377 243.861 2.8402E+07 8.6170E+07 8609.0 20049.0 4.6316E-07 9.6953E-07 3.0311E-04 2.3267E-04
2017-06-11 19:49:43 34 32.9 12.890 25.646 1.533 3.445 1533.0 3445.0 80.562 189.163 2.8467E+07 6.6842E+07 8628.5 16919.9 4.6466E-07 8.7204E-07 3.0310E-04 2.5313E-04
2017-06-11 19:50:50 34 32.9 12.844 24.697 1.526 3.303 1526.0 3303.0 80.276 178.377 2.8366E+07 6.3031E+07 8598.6 16303.1 4.6258E-07 8.5433E-07 3.0313E-04 2.5865E-04
2017-06-11 19:51:54 33.9 33 12.556 29.055 1.482 3.956 1482.0 3956.0 78.475 227.898 2.7730E+07 8.0529E+07 8411.4 19135.8 4.4954E-07 9.4004E-07 3.0334E-04 2.3762E-04
2017-06-11 19:52:55 33.9 33.1 14.194 25.572 1.728 3.434 1728.0 3434.0 88.713 188.322 3.1347E+07 6.6545E+07 9476.1 16871.8 5.2236E-07 8.7066E-07 3.0229E-04 2.5354E-04
2017-06-11 19:54:01 33.9 33.1 11.139 33.451 1.270 4.615 1270.0 4615.0 69.621 277.854 2.4601E+07 9.8182E+07 7490.4 21993.2 3.8668E-07 1.0338E-06 3.0447E-04 2.2400E-04
2017-06-11 19:55:06 33.9 33.2 11.926 29.280 1.388 3.990 1388.0 3990.0 74.535 230.459 2.6337E+07 8.1434E+07 8001.9 19282.0 4.2171E-07 9.4475E-07 3.0382E-04 2.3678E-04
2017-06-11 19:56:14 33.9 33.2 12.974 29.142 1.545 3.969 1545.0 3969.0 81.086 228.891 2.8652E+07 8.0880E+07 8683.1 19192.3 4.6821E-07 9.4182E-07 3.0305E-04 2.3729E-04
2017-06-11 19:57:17 33.9 33.2 11.373 28.088 1.305 3.811 1305.0 3811.0 71.084 216.911 2.5118E+07 7.6647E+07 7642.5 18507.2 3.9706E-07 9.2020E-07 3.0426E-04 2.4146E-04
2017-06-11 19:58:22 33.9 33.3 13.782 27.668 1.666 3.748 1666.0 3748.0 86.136 212.138 3.0437E+07 7.4960E+07 9208.3 18234.2 5.0403E-07 9.1170E-07 3.0254E-04 2.4325E-04
2017-06-11 19:59:25 33.9 33.4 11.251 30.182 1.287 4.125 1287.0 4125.0 70.321 240.71 2.4848E+07 8.5057E+07 7563.2 19868.3 3.9173E-07 9.6356E-07 3.0437E-04 2.3359E-04
142
Attachment 3. Reference measurements for the smoke saturation experiment
Reference Measurements
Timezone: CO2 Pressure
Temp. C Hum. % Noise [db]
Europe/Berlin [ppm] [mb]
18:04:30 35.9 44 4996 65 1013.5
18:09:35 36.2 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:14:39 36.3 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:19:42 36.3 41 4996 65 1013.3
18:24:45 35.7 41 4996 65 1013.2
18:29:49 35.1 42 4996 65 1013.2
18:34:52 34.7 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:39:52 34.5 43 4996 65 1013.2
18:44:56 34.3 44 4996 65 1013.2
18:50:00 34.3 44 4996 66 1013.3
18:55:03 34.1 46 4907 65 1013.3
19:00:07 34.9 46 4996 66 1013.2
19:05:10 35.6 45 4996 66 1013.4
19:10:14 36.1 44 4996 66 1013.5
19:15:18 36.3 43 4996 66 1013.6
19:20:22 36.3 41 4996 66 1013.8
19:25:24 35.8 42 4996 66 1013.9
19:30:27 35.4 42 4996 66 1013.9
19:35:31 35.1 43 4996 66 1013.8
19:40:33 34.7 43 4996 66 1013.8
19:45:37 34.5 44 4996 66 1013.8
19:50:39 34.3 44 4996 66 1013.9
19:55:43 34.2 45 4996 66 1014
143
Attachment 4. Reference and Measured values of temperature and humidity.
Reference Measured 3:02 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.8

Time Temp Hum Temp Hum 3:07 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.9
C % C %
3:12 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.9
0:04 22.5 59.0 21.6 46.5
3:15 23.8 60.0 23.1 51.1
0:09 22.4 59.0 21.6 46.5
3:20 23.9 60.0 23.0 51.1
0:14 22.4 59.0 21.8 46.4
3:25 23.9 60.0 23.1 51.1
0:19 22.4 59.0 21.8 45.8
3:30 23.9 60.0 23.1 51.3
0:24 22.4 59.0 21.0 45.8
3:35 23.9 60.0 23.1 51.2
0:29 22.4 58.0 20.6 48.6
3:40 23.9 60.0 23.0 51.5
0:34 22.6 59.0 21.7 47.3
3:45 23.9 60.0 23.1 51.6
0:39 22.7 59.0 22.1 46.9
3:50 23.9 61.0 23.1 51.6
0:44 22.9 59.0 22.4 46.6
3:55 23.9 61.0 23.0 51.5
0:49 23.0 58.0 22.5 46.5
4:00 23.9 61.0 23.0 51.5
0:54 23.2 58.0 22.6 46.4
4:05 23.9 61.0 23.1 51.6
0:59 23.2 58.0 22.7 46.5
4:10 23.9 61.0 23.0 51.6
1:01 23.3 58.0 22.7 46.6
4:15 23.9 61.0 23.1 51.7
1:06 23.4 58.0 22.7 46.6
4:20 23.9 61.0 23.0 51.9
1:12 23.4 58.0 22.8 47.1
4:25 23.9 61.0 23.1 52.1
1:17 23.5 58.0 22.8 47.2
4:30 23.9 61.0 23.0 52.2
1:22 23.5 58.0 22.9 47.5
4:35 23.9 61.0 23.1 52.2
1:27 23.6 58.0 22.9 47.7
4:40 23.9 61.0 23.1 52.4
1:32 23.6 58.0 22.9 47.7
4:45 23.9 61.0 23.1 52.6
1:37 23.6 58.0 22.9 47.8
4:50 23.9 62.0 23.2 52.6
1:42 23.6 58.0 22.9 47.9
4:55 23.9 62.0 23.1 52.5
1:47 23.7 58.0 22.9 47.9
5:00 23.9 62.0 23.1 52.4
1:52 23.7 58.0 22.9 48.1
5:06 23.7 58.0 20.4 44.1
1:57 23.7 59.0 22.9 48.1
5:11 23.2 59.0 20.3 51.5
2:02 23.7 59.0 22.9 48.3
5:16 23.1 59.0 21.5 49.7
2:07 23.7 59.0 23.0 48.7
5:21 23.1 59.0 22.3 48.6
2:12 23.7 59.0 22.9 48.9
5:26 23.2 60.0 22.5 48.6
2:17 23.8 59.0 22.9 49.1
5:31 23.3 60.0 22.6 48.7
2:22 23.8 59.0 23.0 49.4
5:36 23.4 60.0 22.7 48.8
2:27 23.8 59.0 23.0 49.7
5:41 23.5 60.0 22.8 49.1
2:32 23.8 59.0 23.0 49.9
5:46 23.5 60.0 22.9 49.5
2:37 23.8 59.0 23.0 49.8
5:51 23.6 60.0 22.9 49.6
2:42 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.2
5:56 23.6 60.0 22.9 49.5
2:47 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.5
6:01 23.7 60.0 23.0 49.7
2:52 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.6
6:06 23.7 60.0 23.0 49.8
2:57 23.8 60.0 23.0 50.5
144
6:11 23.7 60.0 23.0 49.9 9:32 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.2
6:16 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.1 9:37 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.0
6:21 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.2 9:43 24.2 62.0 23.9 51.0
6:26 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.3 9:48 24.1 62.0 23.9 51.0
6:31 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.6 9:53 24.1 61.0 23.8 47.9
6:36 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.6 9:58 23.8 59.0 23.0 45.9
6:41 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.8 10:03 23.6 58.0 23.0 44.8
6:46 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.9 10:04 23.5 59.0 22.7 43.4
6:51 23.9 60.0 23.2 51.2 10:09 23.3 58.0 22.8 44.4
6:56 23.9 60.0 23.2 51.2 10:14 23.2 59.0 22.7 45.1
7:01 23.9 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:19 23.1 59.0 22.6 44.1
7:06 23.9 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:24 23.1 59.0 22.7 44.4
7:11 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.7 10:29 23.0 58.0 22.6 44.1
7:16 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.7 10:34 23.0 59.0 22.7 44.4
7:21 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:39 23.1 58.0 22.9 44.6
7:27 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.5 10:44 23.1 58.0 23.1 44.1
7:32 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.7 10:49 23.3 58.0 23.4 44.2
7:37 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.8 10:50 23.3 58.0 23.5 44.1
7:42 24.1 60.0 23.4 51.7 10:55 23.6 59.0 23.8 44.3
7:47 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.8 11:00 23.8 57.0 24.6 41.6
7:52 24.1 60.0 23.4 51.7 11:05 23.9 57.0 24.7 41.2
7:57 24.1 61.0 23.4 51.8 11:10 24.0 57.0 24.9 41.0
8:02 24.1 61.0 23.4 51.8 11:15 24.2 57.0 25.1 40.8
8:07 24.1 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:20 24.2 57.0 25.3 41.8
8:12 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:25 24.2 57.0 25.4 41.2
8:17 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:30 24.2 57.0 25.7 41.2
8:22 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:35 24.3 57.0 25.8 41.3
8:27 24.2 61.0 23.5 52.0 11:40 24.4 57.0 25.9 40.8
8:32 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:45 24.4 57.0 25.9 40.9
8:37 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:50 24.5 58.0 26.1 41.7
8:42 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:55 24.6 58.0 26.1 41.9
8:47 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 12:00 24.7 58.0 26.2 42.0
8:52 24.2 62.0 23.6 52.0 12:05 24.8 58.0 26.2 42.3
8:57 24.2 62.0 23.7 52.1 12:10 24.9 58.0 26.1 42.6
9:02 24.2 62.0 23.7 52.1 12:15 25.0 58.0 26.1 42.6
9:07 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.7 12:20 25.0 58.0 26.2 42.5
9:12 24.2 62.0 23.7 51.6 12:25 25.1 58.0 26.2 42.7
9:17 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.4 12:30 25.1 58.0 26.2 43.0
9:22 24.2 61.0 23.8 51.2 12:35 25.2 58.0 26.3 42.7
9:27 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.2 12:40 25.2 58.0 26.4 42.9
145
12:45 25.3 58.0 26.4 43.0 16:07 26.2 57.0 27.9 41.6
12:50 25.3 58.0 26.6 42.4 16:12 26.2 57.0 26.8 44.3
12:55 25.4 58.0 26.7 42.3 16:17 26.0 57.0 25.8 43.5
13:00 25.4 58.0 26.6 42.8 16:22 25.9 57.0 25.6 44.7
13:05 25.5 58.0 26.8 42.6 16:27 25.8 56.0 25.6 45.5
13:11 25.6 58.0 27.1 42.0 16:32 25.7 54.0 24.6 40.0
13:16 25.6 58.0 27.2 42.1 16:37 25.5 54.0 24.6 40.4
13:21 25.7 58.0 27.2 42.1 16:42 25.3 53.0 24.5 40.0
13:26 25.7 58.0 27.4 42.1 16:47 25.2 53.0 24.3 38.8
13:31 25.7 58.0 27.3 42.2 16:52 25.1 53.0 24.3 38.5
13:36 25.8 58.0 27.7 42.0 16:57 25.1 53.0 25.2 39.7
13:41 25.9 58.0 27.9 40.8 17:02 25.1 54.0 25.3 40.9
13:46 25.9 58.0 28.2 40.5 17:07 25.3 54.0 25.4 41.1
13:51 26.0 58.0 28.3 40.1 17:12 25.2 54.0 25.3 41.3
13:56 26.1 58.0 28.8 39.6 17:17 25.2 54.0 25.3 41.5
14:01 26.1 58.0 29.8 37.1 17:22 25.1 54.0 25.2 41.4
14:06 26.2 58.0 33.9 31.7 17:27 25.1 55.0 25.2 41.5
14:11 26.3 57.0 35.6 28.9 17:33 25.1 55.0 25.2 41.6
14:16 26.4 57.0 35.3 28.3 17:38 25.1 55.0 25.1 41.6
14:21 26.4 57.0 32.5 31.5 17:43 25.0 55.0 25.2 41.8
14:26 26.6 57.0 32.4 31.4 17:48 25.0 55.0 25.1 41.7
14:31 26.7 57.0 32.5 32.1 17:53 25.0 55.0 25.1 41.8
14:36 26.7 57.0 31.2 33.0 17:58 25.0 55.0 25.0 42.0
14:41 26.8 57.0 29.2 36.6 18:03 24.9 55.0 25.0 42.1
14:46 26.8 57.0 30.4 35.6 18:08 24.9 55.0 25.0 42.0
14:51 26.7 57.0 29.8 36.7 18:13 24.9 54.0 24.7 41.1
14:56 26.7 57.0 29.2 38.0 18:17 24.9 53.0 24.8 40.8
15:01 26.7 57.0 32.5 33.9 18:22 24.8 53.0 24.7 38.5
15:06 26.6 57.0 32.0 33.6 18:27 24.7 53.0 24.7 38.5
15:11 26.6 57.0 32.6 33.3 18:32 24.7 53.0 24.6 39.5
15:16 26.4 53.0 32.7 26.0 18:37 24.7 53.0 25.0 39.9
15:21 26.2 54.0 32.4 28.3 18:42 24.7 53.0 25.0 40.0
15:27 26.2 54.0 31.6 29.3 18:47 24.8 53.0 25.0 39.8
15:32 26.2 54.0 32.0 30.1 18:52 24.8 53.0 24.8 39.6
15:37 26.3 55.0 30.2 33.3 18:57 24.9 53.0 24.7 39.6
15:42 26.3 55.0 29.1 36.6 19:02 24.9 53.0 24.6 40.2
15:47 26.3 56.0 29.0 37.5 19:07 24.9 53.0 24.5 39.7
15:52 26.3 56.0 29.1 38.0 19:12 24.8 53.0 24.4 40.3
15:57 26.3 56.0 29.0 38.5 19:18 24.8 52.0 24.2 38.2
16:02 26.3 56.0 28.3 40.0 19:23 24.7 53.0 24.0 41.6
146
19:28 24.5 55.0 23.5 45.8 21:49 24.3 59.0 25.3 45.1
19:33 24.4 56.0 23.6 47.3 21:54 24.4 59.0 25.2 45.5
19:38 24.4 57.0 23.7 48.9 21:59 24.4 59.0 25.3 45.1
19:43 24.5 58.0 23.8 49.0 22:04 24.4 59.0 25.2 45.3
19:48 24.4 57.0 23.7 47.5 22:09 24.4 59.0 25.1 45.7
19:53 24.2 58.0 23.5 48.0 22:14 24.4 59.0 25.1 43.7
19:58 24.2 58.0 23.6 48.4 22:19 24.3 59.0 24.6 46.3
20:03 24.2 58.0 23.7 49.0 22:24 24.2 59.0 24.5 46.6
20:08 24.0 59.0 23.7 49.2 22:29 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.7
20:13 24.0 59.0 23.7 49.2 22:34 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.8
20:18 23.9 60.0 23.6 50.3 22:39 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.8
20:23 23.8 60.0 23.5 50.0 22:44 24.2 59.0 25.2 44.9
20:28 23.7 60.0 23.5 50.2 22:49 24.2 59.0 24.7 46.3
20:33 23.7 60.0 23.4 49.7 22:54 24.2 59.0 24.6 46.2
20:38 23.7 60.0 23.7 50.5 22:59 24.1 59.0 24.6 46.4
20:43 23.9 60.0 25.2 49.9 23:04 24.2 59.0 24.6 46.2
20:48 24.1 60.0 25.4 46.2 23:09 24.1 59.0 24.2 47.8
20:53 24.2 59.0 25.0 45.4 23:14 23.9 59.0 23.6 49.1
20:58 24.2 59.0 25.0 45.2 23:19 23.7 60.0 23.2 49.5
21:03 24.2 59.0 25.0 43.8 23:25 23.6 60.0 23.1 50.0
21:08 24.2 59.0 25.0 44.5 23:30 23.5 60.0 23.1 50.0
21:14 24.2 58.0 25.1 43.7 23:35 23.4 60.0 23.0 50.4
21:19 24.2 58.0 25.0 44.2 23:40 23.4 61.0 22.9 50.2
21:24 24.3 58.0 25.1 44.1 23:45 23.3 61.0 24.3 46.8
21:29 24.3 58.0 25.3 44.2 23:50 23.3 61.0 22.8 50.7
21:34 24.3 58.0 25.3 44.4 23:55 23.3 61.0 22.9 51.0
21:39 24.3 59.0 25.2 44.8 23:57 23.3 70.0 22.9 51.0
21:44 24.4 59.0 25.2 44.9
147
Concent. Concent. Concent. Concent.
LowRatio LowRatio Part.2.5 Part.1.0 Part.2.5 Part.1.0 #Part.2.5 #Part.1.0
ID DATE TempC Hum % 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
2.5 % 1.0 % pcs/283ml pcs/283ml pcs/m3 pcs/m3 pcs pcs
mg/m3 mg/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3
22 22:13 23.0 39.3 4.13 10.53 0.41 1.18 413.00 1178.71 2581.25 6581.25 9.12E+06 2.33E+07 2934.50 7094.50
74 22:42 23.7 37.6 5.01 11.12 0.50 1.27 501.00 1267.17 3131.25 6950.00 1.11E+07 2.46E+07 3506.50 7478.00
105 22:59 23.8 38.1 4.93 10.54 0.49 1.18 493.00 1180.21 3081.25 6587.50 1.09E+07 2.33E+07 3454.50 7101.00
158 23:28 23.5 39.6 5.23 11.16 0.52 1.27 523.00 1273.16 3268.75 6975.00 1.16E+07 2.46E+07 3649.50 7504.00
148
212 23:58 23.5 39.9 4.28 10.62 0.43 1.19 428.00 1192.20 2675.00 6637.50 9.45E+06 2.35E+07 3032.00 7153.00
227 0:07 23.5 39.7 4.37 11.47 0.44 1.32 437.00 1319.64 2731.25 7168.75 9.65E+06 2.53E+07 3090.50 7705.50
260 0:25 23.1 42.4 5.15 10.68 0.52 1.20 515.00 1201.20 3218.75 6675.00 1.14E+07 2.36E+07 3597.50 7192.00
279 0:38 23.2 43.1 4.63 10.28 0.46 1.14 462.58 1141.03 2891.12 6424.18 1.02E+07 2.27E+07 3256.77 6931.15
299 0:49 22.8 41.7 5.25 11.13 0.52 1.27 524.99 1268.29 3281.20 6954.69 1.16E+07 2.46E+07 3662.45 7482.88
317 0:59 22.8 41.7 4.30 10.32 0.43 1.15 430.00 1147.23 2687.50 6450.00 9.50E+06 2.28E+07 3045.00 6958.00
Attachment 5. Repeatability experiment, bedroom, peak points
Concent. Concent. Concent. Concent.
LowRati LowRatio Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0 Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0 #Part. 2.5 #Part. 1.0
ID DATE TempC Hum % 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
o 2.5 % 1.0 % pcs/283ml pcs/283ml pcs/m3 pcs/m3 pcs pcs
mg/m3 mg/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3
35 19:19 23.4 36.0 6.09 12.68 0.61 1.50 609.00 1501.05 3806.25 7925.00 1.34E+07 2.80E+07 4208.50 8492.00
69 19:38 23.1 35.8 5.93 12.51 0.59 1.48 593.00 1475.56 3706.25 7818.75 1.31E+07 2.76E+07 4104.50 8381.50
107 19:59 22.9 37.6 6.61 13.34 0.66 1.60 661.37 1599.77 4133.56 8336.56 1.46E+07 2.95E+07 4548.91 8920.03
136 20:15 23.2 38.6 5.25 12.69 0.53 1.50 525.00 1502.55 3281.25 7931.25 1.16E+07 2.80E+07 3662.50 8498.50
149
166 20:32 23.0 41.0 5.74 12.30 0.57 1.44 574.00 1444.08 3587.50 7687.50 1.27E+07 2.72E+07 3981.00 8245.00
220 21:04 22.7 42.4 6.05 11.95 0.61 1.39 605.00 1391.60 3781.25 7468.75 1.34E+07 2.64E+07 4182.50 8017.50
260 21:26 23.1 39.9 6.14 12.32 0.61 1.45 614.00 1447.08 3837.50 7700.00 1.36E+07 2.72E+07 4241.00 8258.00
278 21:36 23.3 38.9 5.28 11.91 0.53 1.39 528.00 1385.61 3300.00 7443.75 1.17E+07 2.63E+07 3682.00 7991.50
295 21:46 23.3 39.7 6.17 12.74 0.62 1.51 617.00 1510.04 3856.25 7962.50 1.36E+07 2.81E+07 4260.50 8531.00
Attachment 6. Repeatability experiment, kitchen, peak points
314 21:56 23.2 39.0 6.46 11.79 0.65 1.37 646.42 1368.19 4040.13 7371.14 1.43E+07 2.60E+07 4451.74 7915.98
Attachment 7. 2D and 3D Drawings of the case for the system
The following document contains 3 CAD drawings:
Drawing 001: Total Assembly
Drawing 002: Case Part A
Drawing 003: Case Part B
150
235,18
177,95
70,00
209,70
118,81
M4,00 x 4
159,95
235,18
File Name Material Thermal Treatment Weight

CAD Drawings.idw PLA N/A N/A
Size A4 Sheet Scale
Drawn C sar Sebasti n Silva P. 1 1:3

Check Dr.- Ing. Sven Krause Thesis Topic
Date, Place 08.08.2017 / Hamburg, Germany Portable Fine Dust Measurement Station with
Data Transmission to a SQL Database
3D CASE DESIGN
Total Assembly
Drawing Number
001
142,45 A ( 1:2 )
B-B ( 1 : 4 ) 89,45
R5,00 11,06
R6,99
111,95
R5,00
R5,00
17,88 45,17 R6,99 72,02
83,95 5,00
14,72 R5,00 139,95
5,00 83,95 72,02
95,00 5,00
15,00 A
R5,00 R5,00
R5,00
10,00
7,00 15,00 5,00 4,00 x 4
R6,99
39,53 25,00
127,95 25,00 10,00
B R5,00
129,95
10,00 45,88 10,00

45,17 R5,00
79,35
13,97
112,95
75,00 45,00
204,70 7,00
30,00
5,00
39,53 64,53 39,53 10,00
5,00
7,00 127,95 15,00 112,45 15,00 127,95

149,95
B 7,00
4,00
55,94
38,00
7,68 55,00
17,00
27,92 149,95
R5,00
55,86
89,63 88,36
3,18 X 6 10,00
37,56
12,68 2,92
13,43
60,94

Size A4 Sheet Scale

3D CASE DESIGN
Case Part A
Drawing Number
002
235,18
142,45
C-C ( 1 : 3 )
5,00
5,00
112,45
70,00
159,95 149,95 139,95
4,00 x 4
5,00
159,95
5,00
114,59 27,01
66,07 66,07
C
63,88
70,00
C
30,41
121,24
108,81
15,00
152,45 139,95
5,00
5,00 5,00
114,59 159,95
159,95
60,30 60,30
Size A4 Sheet Scale

3D CASE DESIGN
Case Part B
Drawing Number
003

Master Thesis - César Sebastián Silva Proaño

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Master Thesis - César Sebastián Silva Proaño

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Tragbare Feinstaub Messstation mit Datenbermittlung an eine SQL

August 8 th, 2017

Hamburg, August 8, 2017

Csar Sebastin Silva Proao

Hamburg, August 8, 2017

Csar Sebastin Silva Proao

Csar Sebastin Silva Proao

Figure 1. Metrology station for agriculture purposes ........................................................ 13

Table 1. Relative humidity and temperature relationship .................................................. 19

Eq. 1. Absolute humidity ................................................................................................. 15

Attachment 1. List of elements required for the main circuit.......................................... 137

Establishing a Metrology Station incorporates many steps, including the implementation of

1.2 Goal of the work

2.2.1 Absolute Humidity

This relationship is defined in the following Equation 1:

Its calculation is expressed in the following Equation 2:

2.2.3 Specific humidity

total mass of the air ma . (Weast, Astle, & Beyer, 1989)

The specific humidity can be defined with the following Equation 3:

2.2.5 Dry-bulb temperature

2.2.6 Dew point

2.3 Relationship between temperature and humidity

2.3.1 Psychometric chart

Figure 2. Example of a psychometric chart

The wet-bulb temperature should be subtracted from the dry-bulb temperature.

The dry-bulb temperature is indicated in the first column.

Table 1. Relative humidity and temperature relationship

2.4 Dust measurement

2.4.1 Definition of dust

According to the International Standardization Organization (ISO), dust is defined as small

According to the Glossary of Atmospheric Chemistry Terms (IUPAC), dust is defined as

Burning of wood, coal in furnaces and incinerators.

Gaseous pollutants from oil refining industries.

The waste deposition for landfills which generate methane.

2.4.3 Types of dust

Metallic dusts: Such as cadmium, lead, beryllium dusts and nickel.

Other chemical dusts: pesticides and many bulk chemicals.

Biohazards: Such as spores, moulds and viable particles

Figure 3. NETATMO Metrology Station

Pressure & CO2 vs. Time (Indoors)

Low Ratio vs. Time (Indoors)

Figure 4. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (indoors)

Temperature & Humidity vs. Time (Outdoors)

Low Ratio vs. Time (Outdoors)

Figure 5. Concentration of particles vs. Temperature and Humidity (outdoors)

2.5.1 Analysis of the measurements

The following conclusions are derived from the previous graphs:

The concentration of particles in the indoors measurements is influenced by the

The relative humidity is proportional to the concentration of particles, it means that

Additionally, it is important to indicate that the total water content in the

3.1 Arduino microcontroller

Figure 6. Arduino UNO R3

Figure 7. Arduino ATMEGA 2560

Arduino MEGA Arduino UNO

Table 2. Comparison between Arduino UNO and MEGA

3.2 Arduino WIFI shield

3.3 Dust sensor SAMYOUNG DSM501a

Figure 9. Dust sensor dsm501a

Figure 10. Relevant dimensions of the dust sensor DSM501a

3.3.1 Block diagram of the sensor

A light emitting diode (LED) lamp

Signal amplifier circuit

Output drive circuit 1