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Procedia Engineering 202 (2017) 7687

4th International Colloquium "Transformer Research and Asset Management

Impact of different harmonic loads on distribution transformers

Dejan Pejovskia*, Krste Najdenkoskib, Mihail Digalovskic
a
a
Rade Koncar Service and Repairs of Electrical Products, Bul. 3ta Makedonska brigada no. 52, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
b,c
b,c
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, ul. Rugjer Boshkovikj no. 18, 1000
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

Abstract

The increased usage of electrical load devices causes non-sinusoidal waveforms of currents and voltages in the power system.
These harmonic loads have a significant impact on distribution transformers. The primary effect of harmonic currents are the
additional power losses in transformer components, which result in increase in generated heat, as well as reduction of
transformers life-expectancy. This study examines the effects of different nonlinear loads on dry-type three phase distribution
transformer with rated power of 4.5kVA and rated voltage 440/380V. Measurements are done to several relevant parameters,
such as: current and voltage high order harmonics, active and reactive power, power factor, total harmonic distortion etc. with
sophisticated instruments in laboratory conditions. Using the measurement data, additional power losses are calculated according
to the mathematical model proposed in the IEEE Std. C57.110-1998. This study shows an experimental confirmation of
theoretically expected results.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.
Keywords: Nonlinear loads; Transformer losses; Transformers capability equivalent

1. Introduction

In todays electricity distribution system has been noticed a sudden increase in nonlinear loads, such as:
computers, fluorescent lights, adjustable electromotor drives, power converters etc. These loads draw non-sinusoidal
currents from the utility and cause distortion in the sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, which are known as
harmonics [1]. According to Fourier, distorted waveforms can be represented as an infinite sum of pure sine waves

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +389-75-335-142

E-mail address: pejovski.dejan@gmail.com

1877-7058 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.

1877-7058 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.696
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in which the frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the distorted wave [2]. Since power
system components are designed to operate at rated frequency and conditions, harmonics cause various problems:
additional power losses and overheating in the electrical machines, excessive neutral currents, uncontrolled relay
actions, possible resonance etc. The most common effects of nonlinear loads on distribution transformers are [3,4]:

Saturation of transformers core by changing its operating point towards the knee of the nonlinear B-H curve,
Increase in core (hysteresis and eddy current) power losses,
Increase in fundamental and harmonic copper losses,
Increase in the temperature of windings, cleats, leads, insulation and oil, which can cause overheating,
Bushings, tap changers and cable-end connections will also be exposed to higher stresses, which can result in
transformers failure,
Transformers efficiency reduction and power factor decrease,
Transformers derating,
Reduction of transformers life-expectancy etc.

Transformers are designed to deliver the required power to the load with minimum losses at the fundamental
frequency. These losses are generally classified as no-load loss (excitation loss) and load loss (impedance loss). The
sum of those two components forms transformer total loss [5]:

PTL = PNL + PLL (1)

The no load losses occur due to the voltage excitation of the core and losses due to magnetic hysteresis and eddy
currents. Load loss is subdivided into I2R loss and stray loss. Stray loss is determined by subtracting the I2R loss
(calculated from the measured resistance) from the measured load loss (impedance loss).

Stray loss can be defined as the loss due to stray electromagnetic flux in the windings, core, core clamps,
magnetic shields, enclosure or tank walls etc. Thus, the stray loss is subdivided into winding stray loss (PEC) and
stray loss in components other than windings (POSL). The winding stray loss includes winding conductor strand
eddy-current loss and loss due to circulating currents between strands or parallel winding circuits. All of this loss
may be considered to constitute winding eddy-current loss. The total load loss can be calculated as [5]:

PLL = P + PEC + POSL (2)

Nomenclature

I RMS load current [A]

I1 RMS fundamental load current [A]
Ih RMS current at harmonic h [A]
IR RMS fundamental current under rated frequency and rated load conditions [A]
I1-R High voltage rms fundamental line current under rated frequency and rated load conditions [A]
I2-R Low voltage rms fundamental line current under rated frequency and rated load conditions [A]
PEC Winding eddy-current loss [W]
PEC-R Winding eddy-current loss under rated conditions [W]
P I2R loss portion of the load loss [W]
PLL Load loss [W]
PLL-R Load loss under rated conditions [W]
PNL No load loss [W]
POSL Other stray loss [W]
POSL-R Other stray loss under rated conditions [W]
PTSL-R Total stray loss under rated conditions [W]
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R1 DC resistance measured between two HV terminals []

R2 DC resistance measured between two LV terminals []
h Harmonic order
hmax Highest significant harmonic number (usually hmax=25)
FHL Harmonic loss factor for winding eddy currents
FHL-OSL Harmonic loss factor for othr stray losses

2. Analysis and modelling

The contribution made by harmonic currents to different loss components in the transformer is described in this
section. Loss components affected by non-sinusoidal currents are: I2R loss, eddy current loss and the stray losses.
Harmonic current effect on I2R loss
The ohmic losses are due to primary and secondary distorted currents flowing through the windings. If the root
mean square value of the load current is increased due to harmonic components, the I2R loss will be increased
accordingly [6].
Harmonic current effect on eddy current loss
Winding eddy current loss (PEC) in the power frequency spectrum tends to be proportional to the square of the
load current and the square of frequency. This characteristic will cause excessive core losses and hence abnormal
temperature rise in transformers supplying non-sinusoidal load currents [5].
Harmonic current effect on other stray loss (POSL)
Other stray loss in the core, clamps, and structural parts will also increase at a rate proportional to the square of
the load current. However, studies by manufacturers and other researches show that eddy current losses in bus bars,
connections and structural parts do not increase by the square of the frequency; they increase by a harmonic
exponent factor of 0.8 [5].
DC component of load current
Harmonic load currents are frequently accompanied by a DC component in the load current. This component will
increase the transformer core loss slightly, and it will increase the magnetizing current and audible sound level more
substantially. Relatively small DC components are expected to have no effect on the transformers load carrying
capability [5].

It is recommended to consider loss density in the windings on a per-unit basis (base current is rated current and
base loss density is the I2R loss density at rated current). Thus Eq. (2) applied to rated load conditions can be
rewritten on a per-unit basis as follows:

PLL R (pu ) = 1 + PEC R (pu ) + POSL R (pu ) (3)

As established in test codes in IEEE Standards, the stray loss component of the load loss is calculated by
subtracting the I2R loss of the transformer from the measured load loss. Therefore,

(
PTSL R = PLL R K I12 R R1 + I 22 R R 2 ) (4)

where K=1 for single phase transformers and K=1.5 for three phase transformers.

Based on the IEEE Standard, for the dry type transformer the eddy current loss can be assumed to be 67% of the
total stray losses:

PEC R = 0,67 PTSL R (5)

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POSL R = PTSL R PEC R (6)

Given the eddy-current loss under rated conditions for transformer windings (PEC-R), the eddy-current loss due to
any defined non-sinusoidal load current can be expressed as:

h =hmax 2
Ih 2
PEC = PEC R
h =1

IR
h

(7)

In the same way the other stray losses can be calculated for any measured non-sinusoidal current:

h = hmax 2
Ih 0,8
POSL = POSL R h =1

IR
h

(8)

In harmonic presence, it is convenient to define a single number which may determine the capabilities of a
transformer in supplying power to the load. Therefore, a proportionality factor (FHL) is applied to the winding eddy
losses, which represents the effective RMS heating as a result of the harmonic load current. Similar factor can be
derived for calculating the increase in the other stray losses due to harmonics (FHL-STR) [5].

2 max I h
h=hmax I 2 h=h 2

FHL = h
h=1 I1
h /


h=1 I1




(9)

2
h=hmax I 0,8 max I h
2 h=h

FHLSTR = h
h=1 I1
h /


h=1 I1




(10)

Considering the additional heating due to the increase in power losses when the transformer operates in nonlinear
conditions, it is recommended to calculate its equivalent capability. In order for the transformer to maintain the same
life-expectancy, the maximum load current can be calculated in per-units of the rated current as follows:

PLL R ( pu)
I max ( pu) = (11)
1 + FHL PEC R ( pu)

Assuming that I2R losses are uniformly distributed within the winding, the maximum eddy current loss density is
assumed to be 400% of the average value. For a distribution transformer with rated current lower than 1000A and
turns ratio of 4:1 or less, the eddy current loss in per unit is [5]:

2,4 PECR
PEC R (max) = (pu) (12)
K I 22R R2

3. Experimental setup

In order to validate the theoretical analysis, several experiments are conducted to a dry-type three phase
distribution transformer in the Laboratory for Electrical Machines, Transformers and Apparatuses (LEMTA). The
characteristics of the equipment used are given as follows:
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Three phase distribution transformer (Fig. 1a). Sn=4.5kVA, U1n=440V, Un2=380V, I1n=5.9A, I2n=6.84A, fn=50Hz,
Dy5, R1=3.83, R2=0.8.
Omni-quant instrument for power quality measurement (Fig. 1b): for measuring parameters relevant to power
quality. The instrument measures phase and line voltages and currents, active, reactive and apparent power, total
voltage and current harmonic distortion, power factor, harmonic spectrum up to 50th harmonic etc. The computer
connection is enabled through RS485 interface and Damon software. Other characteristics are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Omni-quant instrument characteristics [7].

Current measurement Voltage measurement (max 500V ~ phase voltage)

Power ~ 0,2 VA Input impedance 2 /phase
Rated current at /5 (/1 ) 5 A (1 A) Power ~ 0,1 VA
Current limit 6A Phase voltage range 50 500 V ~
Overloading (1) 60 A Line voltage range 90 870 V ~
Rated frequency 15 180 Hz

Transformer load: variable resistors (Rmax=31.4), single phase induction motor (Pn=370W, Un=220V, In=4.4A,
cosn=0.68), compact fluorescent lights (CFL, Pn=5W).

4. Experimental setup

The experiments conducted in this study consist of four steps and two different transformer loads:

No load and short circuit test: in order to evaluate transformer losses under non-linear conditions, the values of
transformer rated losses are required. For this purpose, routine tests are conducted according to the IEC Standards
[8]. The rated losses at no load condition are PNL=120W, and the losses at short circuit are PLL-R=465W;

a) b)

Fig. 1. (a) Transformer tested; (b) Omni-quant instrument for power quality measurements.

Linear active symmetrical load: in each phase of the transformers secondary side a variable resistor is connected
and power quality measurements are done only on the secondary side;
Nonlinear active-inductive asymmetrical load: in each phase a different load is connected, i.e. two CFL in
parallel in phase A, single phase induction motor in phase B, and two variable resistors in series connected in
phase C. Measurements are done on the secondary and on the primary side of the transformer.
The equivalent electrical scheme for load-transformer experiments is shown in Fig. 2a and the experiment setup
is presented in Fig. 2b.
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5. Results analysis

5.1. Case A: Linear load

Each transformer phase is equally loaded with a variable resistor at its maximum resistance Rmax=31.4 (In Fig.
2a switch K2 is closed and K3 opened). Measurements of power quality parameters on the secondary side are shown
in Table 2. The harmonic distribution of phase currents and its waveforms are shown in Fig. 2b. It is notable that:
Uf and If have almost equal values in each phase, meaning that transformer load is symmetrical and balanced,
Total voltage harmonic distortion THD(Uf) 5%, according to IEEE 519-2014 Standard [9],
Total current harmonic distortion THD(If) 3%, according to IEEE standard [9],
Power factor value is slightly smaller than 1, as expected,
The amount of reactive power usage is due to the relatively small inductance in the connections and in the
variable resistors,
Even harmonics in the current spectrum have insignificant magnitudes compared to the odd ones, meaning the
even harmonics can be omitted in calculations,
The most notable are 5th and 7th current harmonics,
The current waveforms have insignificant deviations from ideal sine wave.

a) b)

Fig. 2. (a) Electrical scheme for the experimental setup; (b) Experimental setup in LEMTA

a) b)

Fig. 3. Case A: (a) Harmonic spectrum of secondary phase current; (b) Waveforms of secondary phase current
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Table 2. Measurement results with linear active symmetrical load.

Phase L1 L2 L3 Unit
Uf 181.67 181.46 181.66 V
If 5.1807 5.2241 5.3226 A
THD Uf 4.7385 4.4721 4.6153 V
THD Uf 2.6083 2.4645 2.5406 %
THD If 0.1332 0.1227 0.1319 A
THD If 2.5707 2.3481 2.4789 %
Pf 939.97 946.76 965.58 W
Qf 47.164 47.736 50.323 VAr
Sf 941.16 947.96 966.89 VA
PFf 0.99874 0.99873 0.99864
PFtotal 0.99871
Ul (L12-L23-L31) 314.06 314.87 314.66 V

5.2. Case B.1 Nonlinear load secondary side measurements

On transformers secondary side nonlinear active-inductive load is connected, consisting of variable resistor, CFL
and inductive motor (In Fig. 2 switch K2 is opened and K3 closed), and measurements are done on the secondary
side. Relevant parameter values are given in Table 3. The current harmonic distribution and its waveforms are
shown in Fig. 4.

Table 3. Measurement results on the secondary and on the primary side with nonlinear active-inductive asymmetrical load

Secondary side measurement data Primary side measurement data

Phase
L1 L2 L3 Unit L1 L2 L3 Unit
Uf 187.24 184.7 167.21 V 215.76 216.79 216.18 V
If 0.009610 2.2846 2.4367 A 1.812 1.8524 1.7982 A
THD Uf 4.7308 4.6881 2.4862 V 5.1213 5.3530 5.2409 V
THD Uf 2.5266 2.5382 1.4869 % 2.3736 2.4692 2.4243 %
THD If 0.0116 0.0488 0.0482 A 0.1258 0.1947 0.1596 A
THD If 120.66 2.1363 1.979 % 6.9445 10.509 8.8758 %
Pf 9.896 46.287 406.78 W 230.22 227.88 216.53 W
Qf 15.029 419.43 23.142 VAr 315.97 330.67 322.86 VAr
Sf 17.994 421.97 407.44 VA 390.94 401.59 388.75 VA
PFf 0.54996 0.10969 0.99839 0.58889 0.56745 0.557
PFtotal 0.54633 0.57111
Ul (L12-L23-L31) 322.26 292.56 317.39 V 374.85 373.6 375.39 V
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Fig. 4. Case B.1 (a) Harmonic spectrum of secondary phase current; (b) Waveforms of secondary phase current.

From Table 3 and Fig. 4 the following conclusions can be made:

Through phase A flows the smallest current: although it has THD IAf >> 3%, in absolute values it is relatively
small (THD(IAf) < 0.02A) and does not necessarily mean threat to the power system. However, this requires
further attention.
Phase voltage harmonic distortions are higher than in case A, yet still remain in the allowable limits,
Induction motor in phase B requires the highest reactive power, due to its magnetic core and principle of
operation. It has the lowest power factor (PFB < 0.11) which leads to significant decrease in the system PF,
Phase C draws the highest active power and the highest current, since variable resistors are connected. This
causes the largest voltage drop.
In phase A the 3rd harmonic amplitude is almost 9 times bigger than the fundamental, and other even harmonics
have a significant influence on RMS values,
In phase B the 5th current harmonic is the most significant, while in phase C it is the 3rd. However, in each phase
harmonics higher than 9th are negligible.
Phase B and C current waveforms are notably close to the pure sine wave, although phase A shows significant
distortion.

5.3. Case B.2 Nonlinear load primary side measurements

Transformer load remains the same as in Case B.1, but measurements of power quality parameters are done on
the primary side. The results are shown in Table 3, while current THD spectrum and waveforms of primary phase
currents are shown in Fig. 5.
The analysis of these measurement data show that:

Total current harmonic distortion in each phase exceeds the limit of 3% according to standards. However, these
distortions are less then 0.2A, meaning the current might not cause problems in the power system, but will
definitely affect the transformer.
Phase voltages are almost equal in each phase, and also the line voltages are equal, which was not the case on the
secondary side.
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Reactive power is notably larger than active power in each phase, which indicates low power factor because of
the large inductance.
System power factor is PF 0.57, due to the load characteristics.
3rd and 5th current harmonics have the greatest impact on the current RMS values, and harmonics higher than the
5th can be neglected again.
Current waveforms are substantially distorted in phase B and C, and closest to pure sine wave in phase A.

Fig. 5. Case B.2 (a) Harmonic spectrum of primary phase current; (b) Waveforms of primary phase current.

According to the mathematical procedure described in IEEE Std. C57.110 and explained in section 2 of this
paper, a detailed analysis of the transformer losses can be done. From the data obtained at no load and short circuit
tests, the rated losses are calculated as follows:

( ) (
PR = I 2 Rrated = K I 12 R R1 + I 22 R R2 = 1.5 5.9 2 3.83 + 6.84 2 0.8 = 256.13 W ) (13)

From Eq. (4) (6) the eddy current and other stray losses are distinguished from the measurement data:

PTSL R = PLL R PR = 465 256.13 = 208.87 W (14)

PEC R = 0.67 PTSL R = 139.95 W (15)

POSL R = PTSL R PEC R = 208.87 139.95 = 68.92 W (16)

In Table 4 are summarized the measurement results of harmonic components of the secondary currents in each
phase, which are essential for calculating the harmonic factors and losses correction. As stated in section 5, the even
harmonic components are much smaller than the odd ones, and therefore can be neglected in the calculation.
Harmonics of number higher than h=9 are negligible as well.

Table 4. Secondary phase current spectrum (case B) and basic data calculation for harmonic factors

Phase A Phase B Phase C

h
Ih/I1 (Ih/I1)
2
(Ih/I1) h
2 2
(Ih/I1) h
2 0.8
Ih/I1 (Ih/I1)
2
(Ih/I1) h
2 2
(Ih/I1) h
2 0.8
Ih/I1 (Ih/I1)
2
(Ih/I1)2h2 (Ih/I1)2h0.8

1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
3 8.594 73.852 664.668 177.852 0.0097 0.0001 0.0008 0.0002 0.0173 0.0003 0.0027 0.0007
5 6.370 40.579 1014.473 147.054 0.0167 0.0003 0.0070 0.0010 0.0051 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001
7 3.902 15.224 745.991 72.213 0.0075 0.0001 0.0027 0.0002 0.0078 0.0002 0.0030 0.0003
9 1.475 2.177 176.314 12.624 0.0014 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 132.83 2602.532 410.751 1.0004 1.0108 1.0015 1.0004 1.0064 1.0011
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The load losses at assumed sinusoidal conditions for transformer load as connected in Case B are calculated
taking into account the average current value from all the phases. Using Eq. (7) and (8) and the basic data from
Table 4 and Table 5, PEC and POSL are calculated. Harmonic factors which are used for correction of the additional
losses at non-sinusoidal conditions are calculated using Eq. (9) and (10) (Table 5). The summarized losses are given
in Table 6 and in Fig. 6. In total, transformer losses are increased for 74.01W, i.e. 46.6% in actual harmonic
conditions compared to the case when sinusoidal conditions are assumed.

Table 5. Harmonic factors at nonlinear load as in Case B.

Phase A Phase B Phase C Average value

(Ih/IR)2h2 0.1127 0.1277 0.0021 0.0808
(Ih/IR) h 2 0.8
0.1117 0.1270 0.0003 0.0797
FHL 19.5924 1.0104 1.0060 7.2029
FHL-STR 3.0922 1.0011 1.0007 1.6980

( ) (
P = I 2 R = K I 12 R1 + I 22 R2 = 1.5 1.82 2 3.83 + 1.58 2 0.8 = 22.04 W ) (17)

h = hmax 2
Ih 2
PEC = PEC R h =1

IR
h = 139.95 0.0808 = 11.312 W

(18)

h = hmax 2
Ih 0.8
POSL = POSL R h =1

IR
h

= 68.93 0.0797 = 5.492 W (19)

Table 6. Transformer losses at rated conditions and nonlinear conditions, with and without taking into account the harmonic factors

Type of losses Rated losses (W) Load losses (W) Harmonic factor Corrected losses (W)
No load 120 120 / 120
IR
2
256.13 22.04 / 22.04
Eddy current losses (PEC) 139.95 11.31 7.2029 81.48
Other stray losses (POSL) 68.93 5.49 1.6980 9.33
Total 585.01 158.84 / 232.85

Fig. 6. Transformer losses at rated and nonlinear conditions.

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The maximum low voltage winding eddy current loss density can be calculated according to Eq. (12) as follows:

2.4 PEC R 2.4 139.95

PEC R (max) = = = 5.982 pu (20)
K I 22 R R2 1.5 6.84 2 0.8

The maximum per-unit local loss density under rated conditions, PLL-R (pu) is then 6.983 pu. Therefore, the
maximum permissible non-sinusoidal load current with the measured harmonic spectrum, from Eq. (11) is:

6.982
I max = = 0.398 pu (21)
1 + 7.203 5.982

Transformers equivalent capability in continuous harmonic conditions is Imax=0.46.84=2.736A.

When a transformer is subjected to a load current having significant harmonic content, the extra eddy-current loss
in winding conductors will increase the hot-spot temperature above the normal operating value at sinusoidal
conditions. In the end conductors, especially of the inner winding, the highest radial electromagnetic flux density
passes through the conductor, causing eddy-current loss proportional to the square of the electromagnetic field
strength (i.e. the load current that produces the field) and to the square of the frequency [5].

In order to reduce harmonics influence on transformers already in operation, the simplest, however not the
cheapest solution, is to install filters on the secondary side of the transformer. It is recommended to use active filters
which inject equal and opposite harmonics into the power system to cancel those generated by other equipment [10].
However, the problem is that current harmonic spectrum and amplitude generally do not remain constant due to the
load changes. Therefore, it is also possible to electrically isolate the linear loads from the nonlinear ones by using an
additional distribution transformer called separately derived system. If it is not possible to replace the existing
transformer with a unit specially designed to withstand harmonic currents, the recommended practice is to reduce
transformer capacity by derating, i.e. calculating the permissible continuous loading at non-sinusoidal conditions as
it was shown in this paper.

6. Conclusion

This study confirmed the theoretical assumptions about harmonic impact on distribution transformers and
provides a better understanding of the problem. Two different types of load were analyzed: linear active and
nonlinear active-inductive load. In the first case, no particular problems with power quality were noticed. The
second case showed harmonic presence in transformer secondary currents, which was also reflected on the primary
side. Current harmonic distortion caused additional power losses in the transformer, which were calculated
according to the IEEE Std. 57.110-1998. For the transformer tested with a typical load, the losses increased by
74.01W. If this transformer operates continuously with the harmonic spectrum analyzed, its maximum load allowed
is 2.74A in order for its life-expectancy to remain unchanged.

References

[1] O.C Ozerdem, A. Al-Barrawi, S. Biricik, Measurement and comparison analysis of harmonic losses in three phase transformers, International
Journal on Technical and Physical Problem in Engineering, Vol.5 Issue 14, March 2013, pp. 114-118.
[2] R.C. Dugan, M.F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, H.W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, third ed., McGraw Hill, 2012.
[3] M.A.S. Masoum, E.F. Fuchs, Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines, Elsevier Academic Press, California, 2008.
[4] N.R. Jayasinghe, J.R Lucas, K.B.I.M. Perera, Power System Harmonic Effect on Distribution Transformers and New Design Considerations
for K Factor Trnasformers, IEEE Sri Lanka Annual Sessions, September 2013.
[5] Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability
When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents, USA, 30 March 1999.
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[6] D.M. Said, K.M. Nor, Effects of Harmonics on Distribution Transformers, 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 14-17.12.2008.
[7] Omni-quant users manual, downloaded from http://www.haag-messgeraete.de/cms/front_content.php?idcat=98 [16.09.2016].
[8] IEC 60076-1:2011 Power Transformers Part 1: General, 20.04.2011.
[9] IEEE Recommended practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems 519-2014, IEEE Power and Engineering
Society, August 2014.
[10] M.N. Rao, M. Mandal, Distribution Transformer Impact of Harmonics, Estimation of Losses and Life Expectancy & Mitigation of Ill
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