Chapter 6 Concrete Dam Engineering

University of Sharjah
Dept. of Civil and Env. Engg.
0401544 - HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 6: CONCRETE DAM

ENGINEERING
DR. MOHSIN SIDDIQUE

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
1
LEARNING OUTCOME
After this lecture, students should be able to
(1). Learn about the dam, classification and types and understand the
generalized criteria for dam site & dam type selection
(2). Understand the role of ancillary works in the dam
(3). Identify and estimate the various forces acting on the dam
(4). Perform both static and dynamic analysis as part of design process
Reference: Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri, Hydraulic structures, 4th ed
2
WHAT IS A DAM?
A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold

and control the flow of water for uses such as drinking water
supplies, irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation
etc.
3
WHAT IS A DAM?
http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm12732805/longdesc/fig01ld.htm
4
WHAT IS A DAM?
AERIAL POV Bullards bar reservoir and new bullards bar dam, California
http://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/video/bullards-bar-
reservoir-and-new-bullards-bar-dam-stock-video-
footage/594215033 5
WHAT IS A DAM?
Tygart River Dam

6
BENEFITS OF DAMS
The benefits of dams are usually to the advantage of humans. They
may include:
Irrigation
Hydro-electric production
Flood control
Recreational opportunities
Navigation
Industrial and Domestic water supply
Aeration of water
For animals the benefits may include:

Larger numbers of fish and birds in the reservoir
Greater habitat diversity
7
DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS
Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem of the area
Changes in temperature and flow/sediment transport in the river

downstream from the dam
Loss of flowing water habitat and replacement with standing
water (reservoir) habitat
Interruption of animal movements along the course of the river
Possible alteration of the fish community in the region of the
river
Interruption of genetic exchange among populations inhabiting
the river course
Reduction in the delivery of river nutrients to downstream
section of the river because of entrapment by the reservoir
The loss of the floodplain habitat and connectivity between the
river and bordering habitats upland
8
PURPOSE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS
Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)
http://www.icold-cigb.net
9
PURPOSE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS
Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)
http://www.icold-cigb.net/
10
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS:
Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the important aspects
are as follow:
1) Based on Hydraulic Design:

Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams)
Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams)
2) Based on Structural Design:
Gravity dams
Arch dams
Buttress dams
3) Based on Usage of Dam:
Storage dams
Diversion dams
Detention dams
11
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS:
4) Based on Construction Material:
Concrete / Masonary dams
Earthfill dams
Rockfill dams
Earth and rockfill dams
Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD)
5) Based on Capacity:
Small dams
Medium dams
Large dams
12
TYPES OF STORAGE DAMS
(1). Embankment Dams: Constructed of earth-fill and/or rock-fill.

Upstream and downstream face slopes are similar and of
moderate angle, giving a wide selection and high construction
volume relative to height.
(2). Gravity Dams: Constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are

dissimilar, generally steep downstream and near vertical upstream
and dams have relatively slender profiles depending upon type
Note: Embankment dams are numerically dominant for technical and

economical reasons, and account for over 85-90% of all dams built
13
Embankment Dams Concrete Dams
Earth-fill Dam Gravity Dam

These, also called earthen, These dams resist the horizontal
rolled-earth or simply earth thrust of the water entirely by their
own weight. These are typically
dams, are constructed as a used to block streams through
simple embankment of well narrow gorges.
compacted earth. Buttress Dam
Rock-fill Dam In these dams, the face is held up
These are embankments of by a series of supports. It can
compacted free-draining take many forms -- the face may
be flat or curved.
granular earth with an
impervious zone. The earth Arch Dam
utilized often contains a large It is a curved dam which is
dependent upon arch action for its
percentage of large particles strength. Arch dams are thinner
hence the term rock-fill is and therefore require less
used. material than any other type of
dam.
14
Embankment dam
Gravity dam
Buttress dam Arch dam

15
16
17
TYPES OF DAMS
http://www.icold-cigb.net/
18
SITE SELECTION OF A DAM
Following are the important factors considered for the selection of site
for a dam:
1) Catchment characteristics 10) Compensation cost for
2) Length of dam property and land
3) Height of dam acquisition
4) Foundation conditions 11) Quality of water
5) Availability of suitable Spillway 12) Sediment transport
location 13) Environmental conditions
6) Availability of suitable
construction materials
6) Storage capacity
7) Construction and maintenance
cost
8) Access to the site
9) Options for diversion of river
during construction
19
SELECTION OF DAM TYPE
The choice of dam is decided upon by examining foundation conditions,
load strains, temperature and pressure changes, chemical
characteristics of ground water and possible seismic activity.
The followings important factors are considered for the selection of type
of dams:
1) Topography
2) Geology and nature of foundation
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil
Foundation excavation
3) Hydraulic Gradient
4) Availability of construction materials
5) Economics
20
SELECTION OF DAM TYPE
6) Spillway location
7) Safety considerations
8) Earthquake zones
9) Purpose of dam
10)Aesthetic considerations
11)Life of the Dam
The optimum type of dam for a specific site is determined by

estimates of cost and construction programme for all design
solutions which are technically valid.
21
22
23
STAGES FOR DAM SITE APPRAISAL
24
24
ANCILLARY WORKS
25
ANCILLARY WORKS
Ancillary works includes construction of spillways,

stilling basins, culverts or tunnels for outlet works, valve
towers etc. It also include crest details e.g., roadway,
drainage works, wave walls etc.
Dams require certain ancillary structures and facilities to enable

them to discharge their operational function safely and effectively.
In particular, adequate provision must be made for the safe
passage of extreme floods and for controlled draw-off and
discharge of water in fulfillment of the purpose of the reservoir.
Spillways, outlets and ancillary facilities are incorporated as
necessary for the purpose of the dam and appropriate to its type.
26
SPILLWAYS
Spillways: The purpose of spillway is to pass flood water

safely downstream when the reservoir is full.
The Spillways can be

Uncontrolled (Normally)
Controlled
Note: Concrete dams normally incorporate an over-fall or

crest spillway, but embankment dams generally require a
separate side-channel or shaft spillway structure located
adjacent to the dam.
27
SPILLWAYS
Types of Spillways
a. Overflow spillways
b. Chute spillways
c. Side-channel spillways
d. Shaft spillways
e. Siphon spillways
f. Service & Emergency spillways
Acknowledgment: Some text and pictures are taken from the lecture notes of
Clayton J. Clark II (Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, Gainesville,
Florida) http://www.ce.ufl.edu/~clark/
28
OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Section of a dam that allows water to pass over its crest widely
used on gravity, arch, & buttress dam
29
CHUTE SPILLWAYS
formed by spillways that flow over a crest into a steep-sloped open channel
*chute width is often constant: -narrowed for economy
-widened to decrease discharge velocity
Auxiliary Spillway of Tarbela Dam Service Spillway of Tarbela Dam

30
SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAYS
Spillway in which flow, after passing over the crest, is carried away in
a channel running parallel to the crest
* used in narrow canyons in which there is sufficient crest length

for overflow or chute is available
31
SHAFT SPILLWAY
Water drops through a vertical shaft in a the foundation material to
a horizontal conduit that conveys the water past the dam
*often used where there is not room enough for other spillways
*possible clogging with debris a potential problem; screens and trash
racks protect inlet
Shaft spillway at Ladybower Reservoir

32
SIPHON SPILLWAY
Air vent used automatically maintain the water-surface elevation
large capacity not needed, good for limited space
* At low flow: it acts like an overflow spillway

* At high flow: the siphon action removes the water through the
structure until reservoir drops to the elevation at the upper lip of
entrance
Typical Siphon Spillway Siphon Principle

33
SERVICE AND EMERGENCY SPILLWAY
Service and Emergency Spillways
-extra spillways provided on a project in rare case of extreme floods
(emergency)
-used to convey frequently occurring outflow rates (service)
Submerged Orifice type Spillway at Mangla Dam

34
SPILLWAY, OUTLETS AND ANCILLARY WORKS
Outlet Works:
Controlled outlets are required
to permit water to be drawn off
as is operationally necessary.
Provision must be made to

accommodate the required
penstocks and pipe works with
their associated control gates
or valves.
35
SPILLWAYS, OUTLETS AND ANCILLARY WORKS
River Diversion:
Necessary to permit construction to proceed in dry conditions
An outlet tunnel may be adapted to this purpose during construction
and subsequently employed as a discharge facility for the completed
dam.
Alternate of such tunnels can be coffer dams.
Cut-offs:
Used to control seepage around and under the flank of dams.
Embankment cut-offs are generally formed by
Wide trenches backfilled with rolled clay,
Grouting to greater depths
Grout Screen cut-offs in rock foundations
36
Internal Drainage:
Seepage is always present within the body of dam. Seepage flows
and their resultant internal pressures must be directed and
controlled.
In embankment dams, seepage is effected by suitably located
pervious zones leading to horizontal blanket drains or outlets at
base level
In concrete dams vertical drains are formed inside the upstream
face, and seepage is relieved into an internal gallery or outlet drain.
In arch dams, seepage pressure in rock abutments are frequently
drained by purpose built system of drainage ducts
37
Seepage Control in Concrete Dams
The tunnels inside the dam for control of seepage and monitoring structural stability
38
Internal Galleries and Shafts
Galleries and shafts are provided as means of allowing internal
inspection, particularly in concrete dams.
These can be used to accommodate structural monitoring and
surveillance purpose.
Internal gallery at concrete-gravity dam inspected by D'Appolonia. 39

FORCES ON DAMS
Primary Loads are identified as universally applicable and of

prime importance to all dams, irrespective of type, e.g. water and
related seepage loads, and self-weight loads.
Secondary loads are generally discretionary and of lesser

magnitude (e.g. sediment load) or, alternatively, are of major
importance only to certain types of dams (e.g. thermal effects
within concrete dams).
Exceptional Load are so designated on the basis of limited

general applicability or having a low probability of occurrence.
(e.g. tectonic effects, or the inertial loads associated with seismic
activity)
40
FORCES ON DAMS
The primary loads and the more important secondary and
exceptional sources of loading are identified schematically on Fig.
a gravity dam section being used for this purpose as a matter of
illustrative convenience.
41
FORCES ON DAMS
Primary Loads:
(a): Water Load: This is a hydrostatic distribution of pressure with
horizontal resultant force P1. (Note that a vertical component of load will
also exist in the case of an upstream face batter, and that equivalent
tailwater loads may operate on the downstream face.)
(b): Self Weight load: This is determined with respect to an
appropriate unit weight for the material. For simple elastic analysis the
resultant, P2, is considered to operate through the centroid of the
section.
(c): Seepage Loads: Equilibrium seepage patterns will develop
within and under a dam, e.g. in pores and discontinuities, with resultant
vertical loads identified as internal and external uplift, P3 and P4,
respectively.
42
FORCES ON DAMS
Secondary Loads:
(a): Sediment load: Accumulated silt etc. generates a horizontal thrust,
considered as an equivalent additional hydrostatic load with horizontal
resultant P5.
(b): Hydrodynamic wave load: This is a transient and random local load,
P6, generated by wave action against the dam (not normally significant).
(c): Ice Load: Ice thrust, P7, from thermal effects and wind drag, may
develop in more extreme climatic conditions (not normally significant).
(d): Thermal Load: (concrete dams), This is an internal load generated by
temperature differentials associated with changes in ambient conditions and
with cement hydration and cooling (not shown).
(e): Interactive effect: Internal, arising from relative stiffness and differential
deformations of dam and attributable to local variations in foundation stiffness
and other factors, e.g. tectonic movement (not shown).
(f): Abutment hydrostatic load: Internal seepage load in abutment rock
mass ( This is of particular concern to arch and cupola dams)
43
FORCES ON DAMS
Exceptional Load:
(a): Seismic Load: Oscillatory horizontal and vertical inertia loads

are generated with respect to the dam and the retained water by
seismic disturbance. For the dam they are shown symbolically to act
through the section centroid. For the water inertia forces the simplified
equivalent static thrust, P8, is shown
(b): Tectonic Loads: Saturation, or disturbance following deep

excavation in rock, may generate loading as a result of slow tectonic
movements.
44
LOAD COMBINATION
A dam is designed for the most adverse combinations of loads as they
have reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.
For construction conditions: Dam is completed, reservoir is empty,
no tail water
i. With earthquake forces
ii. Without earthquake forces
For normal operating conditions; reservoir full, normal tail water
conditions, normal uplifts and silt load
For flood discharge conditions: reservoir at max flood level, all
spillway gates open, tail water at flood levels, normal uplifts and silt
load
45
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
The dam profile must demonstrate an acceptable margin of safety
with regard to
1. Rotation and overturning,
2. Translation and sliding and
3. Overstress and material failure.
Criteria 1 and 2 control overall structural stability. Both must be

satisfied with respect to the profile above all horizontal planes within
the dam and the foundation. The overstress criterion, 3, must be
satisfied for the dam concrete and for the rock foundation.
The sliding stability criterion, 2, is generally the most critical of the

three, notably when applied to the natural rock foundation.
46
SAFETY CRITERIA
1. Safety against Overturning
2. Safety against Sliding
3. Safety against Crushing
4. Safety against Tension

Dams are not designed to take any tension load.
Safety factors must be more than permissible under all load

combinations
47
CONCRETE DAM ENGINEERING
DISCUSSION ON THE
CALCULATION OF FORCES ACTING
ON CONCRETE (GRAVITY) DAM
For further reading:

Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri, Hydraulic structures, 4th ed
48
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
Fig. Gravity dam loading diagram.

DFL=Design flood level;
NML=Normal maximum level, i.e. maximum retention level of spill weir;
TWL=Tailwater level
49
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
WATER LOAD
The external hydrostatic
pressure, Pw, at depth z1 is
expressed as
where w is the unit weight of

water, 9.81kN/m3
The resultant horizontal force,
Pwh, is determined as A resultant vertical force Pwv must
also be accounted for if the
upstream face has a slope, as with
acting at height z1/3 above the profile above
plane XX.
and acts through the centroid of A1
Similar to u/s, the corresponding resultant forces Pwh and Pwv at d/s operative above
the toe, can also be calculated. 50
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
SELF LOAD
Self-weight of structure is
accounted for in terms of its
resultant, Pm, which is
considered to act through the
centroid of the cross-sectional
area Ap of the dam profile
c is the unit weight of

concrete, assumed as Where crest gates and other ancillary
23.5kN/m3 in the absence of structures or equipment of significant
specific data from laboratory weight are present they must also be
accounted for in determining Pm and
trials or from core samples.
the position of its line of action.
51
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT LOAD: Uplift load, Pu, is represented by the
resultant effective vertical components of interstitial water pressure
uw.
Uplift pressure at u/s=wz1 and uplift pressure at d/s wz2
52
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT
LOAD
If no pressure relief drains are
provided or if they cease to
function owing to leaching and
blockage, then
Where T is base area per unit T

base thickness.
Pu acts through the centroid of
In modern dams internal uplift is
the pressure distribution controlled by the provision of vertical
diagram at distance y1 from relief drains close behind the
the heel, and upstream face. The mean effective
head at the line of drains, zd, can be
expressed as
53
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
SEDIMENT LOAD
The magnitude of sediment
load, Ps, is given by
Where, z3 is sediment depth,

s is the submerged unit
weight of sediment and the Ka
is the active lateral pressure
coefficient and s is the angle
of shearing resistance of the
sediment
Ps is active at z3/3 above
plane XX.
54
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
HYDRODYNAMIC WAVE
LOAD
It is considered only in
exceptional cases. Pwave is
necessary a conservative
estimate of additional
hydrostatic load at the
reservoir surface is provided
by
Hs is the significant wave

height, i.e. the mean height of
the highest third of waves in a
sample, and is reflected at
double amplitude on striking a
vertical face
55
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
ICE LOAD
Ice load can be introduced in
circumstances where ice
sheets form to appreciable
thicknesses and persist for
lengthy periods.
According to USBR, 1976,
acceptable initial provision for
ice load is given below:
Pice=145kN/m2 if ice
thicknesses > 0.6 m
Pice=0 if ice thickness < 0.4m
56
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
THERMAL AND DAMFOUNDATION INTERACTION EFFECTS
Beyond the scope of our course and comprehensively discussed in
USBR (1976).
57
(C) EXCEPTIONAL LOADS
SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD

Concrete dams are quasi-elastic structures and are intended to remain
so at their design level of seismic acceleration. They should also be
designed to withstand an appropriate maximum earthquake, e.g. CME
(controlling maximum earthquake) or SEE (safety evaluation
earthquake) (Charles et al., 1991) without rupture.
Seismic loads can be approximated using the simplistic approach of

pseudostatic or seismic coefficient analysis. Inertia forces are
calculated in terms of the acceleration maxima selected for design and
considered as equivalent to additional static loads. This approach,
sometimes referred to as the equivalent static load method, is
generally conservative.
58
SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD: PSEUDOSTATIC ANALYSIS

INERTIA FORCES: MASS OF DAM
Pseudostatic inertia and hydrodynamic loads are determined from
seismic coefficients h and v as detailed below.
As with self-weight load, Pm, inertia forces are considered to operate

through the centroid of the dam section. The reversible direction of the
forces will be noted; positive is used here to denote inertia forces
operative in an upstream and/or a downward sense
59

HYDRODYNAMIC INERTIA FORCES: WATER REACTION.
An initial estimate of these forces can be obtained using a parabolic
approximation to the theoretical pressure distribution as analyzed in
Westergaard (1933).
Relative to any elevation at depth z1 below the water surface,
hydrodynamic pressure pewh is determined by
In this expression zmax is the maximum depth of water at the section of

dam considered. Ce is a dimensionless pressure factor, and is a
function of z1/zmax and u, the angle of inclination of the upstream face
to the vertical.
The resultant hydrodynamic load is given by:
Check the formula !!
and acts at elevation 0.40z1 above XX.
60

Indicative values of Ce are given in Table.
As an initial coarse approximation, hydrodynamic load Pewh is

sometimes equated to a 50% increase in the inertia load, Pemh.
61
Zanger Formula

The resultant vertical hydrodynamic load, Pewv, effective above an
upstream face batter or flare may be accounted for by application of
the appropriate seismic coefficient to vertical water load, Pwv. It is
considered to act through the centroid of area A1 thus:
Uplift load is normally assumed to be unaltered by seismic shock in

view of the latters transient and oscillatory nature.
63
LOAD COMBINATIONS
A dam is designed for the most adverse combinations of loads as they
have reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.
For construction conditions: Dam is completed, reservoir is empty,
no tail water
For normal operating conditions: reservoir full, normal tail water
conditions, normal uplifts and silt load
For flood discharge conditions: reservoir at max flood level, all
spillway gates open, tail water at flood levels, normal uplifts and silt
load
64
LOAD COMBINATIONS
The nominated load

combinations as defined in
the table are not universally
applicable. An obligation
remains with the designer to
exercise discretion in defining
load
combinations which properly
reflect the circumstances of
the dam under
consideration, e.g.
anticipated flood
characteristics, temperature
regimes,
operating rules, etc.
65
with regard to
Criteria 1 and 2 control overall structural stability. Both must be

satisfied with respect to the profile above all horizontal planes within
the dam and the foundation. The overstress criterion, 3, must be
satisfied for the dam concrete and for the rock foundation.
The sliding stability criterion, 2, is generally the most critical of the

three, notably when applied to the natural rock foundation.
66
Stabilizing Moment These moments are calculated

FOS =
Overturning Moment at toe of the dam
67
2. Translation and sliding
Slide safety is conventionally expressed in terms of a factor of
safety, FOS, or stability factor against sliding, FS, estimated using
one or other of three definitions:
i. Sliding factor, FSS;
ii. Shear friction factor, FSF;
iii. Limit equilibrium factor, FLE.
The resistance to sliding or shearing, which can be mobilized across
a plane, is expressed through the twin parameters C and tan.
Cohesion, C, represents the unit shearing strength of concrete or
rock under conditions of zero normal stress. The coefficient tan
represents frictional resistance to shearing, where is the angle of
shearing resistance or of sliding friction,
68
69
70
2. translation and sliding
71
CRITERIA AND
PRINCIPLES
For plane surface
For inclined surface at a

small angle ,
Applied to well-constructed mass concrete, FSS on a horizontal plane

should not be permitted to exceed 0.75 for the specified normal load
combination. FSS may be permitted to rise to 0.9 under the extreme
load combination.
72
ii. Shear Friction Factor, FSF:
It is defined as the ratio of the
total resistance to shear and
sliding which can be mobilized
on a plane to the total
horizontal load.
For inclined plane
Ah is the thickness, T,
for a two-dimensional
For horizontal plane section).i,e.,
Ah=T
73
ii. Shear Friction Factor,
In some circumstances it may
be appropriate to include
downstream passive wedge
resistance, Pp, as a further
component of the total
resistance to sliding which can
be mobilized.
WW is the weight of the passive wedge

74
ii. Shear Friction Factor,
75
iii. Limit Equilibrium Factor, FLE: It is the ratio of shear strength to
mean applied shear stress across a plane:
Note that for the case of a horizontal sliding plane (=0), equation
simplifies to the expression given for FSF, i.e. FLE=FSF(=0).
Recommended FLE=2.0 in normal operation, i.e. with static load

maxima applied, and FLE=1.3 under transient load conditions
embracing seismic activity.
76
It must be stressed that values for FSS, FSF and FLE cannot be directly
correlated.
The stability factor and sliding criteria most appropriate to a specific

dam are determined by the designers understanding of the
conditions
77
The primary stresses determined in a comprehensive analysis by

the gravity method are as follows:
1. vertical normal stresses, z, on horizontal planes;
2. horizontal and vertical shear stresses, zy and yz;
3. horizontal normal stress, y, on vertical planes;
4. major and minor principal stresses, 1 and 3 (direction and
magnitude).
78
79
(a) Vertical normal stresses
where e is the eccentricity of the

resultant load, R, which must
intersect the plane downstream
of its centroid for the reservoir
full condition.
80
(b) Horizontal shear stresses
If the angles between the face slopes and
the vertical are respectively u upstream
and d downstream, and if an external
hydrostatic pressure, pw, is assumed to
operate at the upstream face, then
81
(c) Horizontal normal stresses
82
(d) Principal stresses
The boundary values for 1 and 3 are
then determined as follows
83
84
SAFETY CRITERIA: SUMMARY
Stabilizing Moment
Safety against Overturning: FOS =
Overturning Moment
Safety against Sliding:
Safety against Crushing:
Safety against Tension:

Dams are not designed to take any tension load.
85
PROBLEM:
A concrete gravity dam has the following dimensions:
Max water level = 305 m
Bed level of river = 225 m
Crest level = 309 m
D/S face slope starts at 300 m
D/S Slope= 2:3
C/L of drainage galleries at 8m d/s of u/s face
Uplift pressures:
at Heal = 100 %
at Toe = 0%
at drainage gallery = 50 %
86
PROBLEM:
Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
No tail water
Foundation condition: inferior condition with limestone
Consider self weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure
Check the stability of dam for

87
SOLUTION
Wc
309 m
W.L 305 m
300 m
2
3
8m
B.L. 225 m
88
Determine width of crest, Wc=?
12m
309 m
W.L 305 m
Wc = Height of Dam 300 m
84m
Wc = 309 225 = 84
80m 2
3
= 9.16 12m 8m 75m
B.L. 225 m
toe
heal
89
WATER LOAD
12m
309 m
pw = w h = 1(80) = 80ton / m 2
Pwh = wh 2 / 2 W.L 305 m
300 m
1 2 84m
= 1 (305 225) 80m
2 2
3
Pwh 8m 75m
= 3200 tons
B.L. 225 m
Acting at h/3 i.e., 26.67m from BL
1/3*80=26.67m
in horizontal direction
toe
where 12m 50m
3 3 heal 56m
w = 1000kg / m = 1 mton / m
33.33m
Since there is no tail water

therefore Pwh=0
90
SELF LOAD 12m
Divide the dam into regular 309 m

shaped segments and
calculate total load and point W.L 305 m
of application 300 m
84m
80m 2
3
W 1 = 12 84 2400 / 1000 8m 75m
= 2419.2 tons W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
Acting 56m from toe

1 toe
W 2 = 75 50 2400 / 1000 12m 50m
2 heal 56m
= 4500 tons
33.33m
Acting 33.33m from toe
Pm = W 1 + W 2 = 2419.2 + 4500 = 6919.2tons

91
SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT LOAD
The uplift pressure without drainage 12m

galleries is represented by dash line. 309 m
However, the drainage galleries
control the pressure distribution and W.L 305 m
in present problem, the uplift 300 m
pressure at drainage gallery is given 84m
as 50% of total uplift pressure h=80m 2
3
The uplift pressure at the heal is Pwh 8m 75m
taken equal to heal of water. i.e., wh W1
B.L. 225 m W2
wx80.
While at the drainage gallery it is
50% of wx80. i.e., wx40 1/3*80=26.67m
And at the toe it becomes zero as heal toe
12m 50m
there is no tail water.
where
100%=wh 50%=0.5wh
h=80m With drainage
galleries
w=1000kg/m3=1mton/m3 92
Without drainage galleries
12m
SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT LOAD
309 m
U 1 = 0.5 w h 8
W.L 305 m
= 0.5 1 80 8 = 320 ton 300 m
Acting 58m from toe 84m
80m 2
U 2 = 0.5(0.5 w h ) 8 3
75m
Pwh 8m
= 0.5(0.5 1 80 ) 8 = 160 ton W1
B.L. 225 m W2
Acting 59.33m from toe
1/3*80=26.67m
U 3 = 0.5(0.5 w h ) (50 + 4 )
heal toe
12m 50m
= 0.5(0.5 1 80) 54 = 1080 ton
Acting 36m from toe U1 U3
100%=wh 58 m
Net uplift forces 50%=0.5wh
U2 36 m
Pu = U 1 + U 2 + U 3
= 320 + 160 + 1080 = 1560 ton 59.33 m
93
SECONDARY LOADS
Sediment load-nil
Hydrodynamic load-nil
Ice load-nil
Thermal loads-nil
EXCEPTIONAL LOAD
Seismic load-nil
94
with regard to

ii. Shear friction factor, FSF;
iii. Limit equilibrium factor, FLE.
95
12m
1. Stability against Rotation and Overturning
309 m
Stabilizing moment W.L 305 m

FOS =
Overturning moment 300 m
84m
Taking moment at toe of dam 80m 2
3
Pwh 8m 75m
W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
1/3*80=26.67m
W 1 56 + W 2 33.33 heal toe
FOS = 12m 50m
U 1 59.33 + U 2 59.33 + U 3 36 + Pwh 26.67
FOS = 1.87 > 1.5 U1 U3
58 m
It ranges from 1.5~2.5
U2 36 m
59.33 m
96
12m
2. Stability against sliding of dam
309 m
W.L 305 m
300 m
FSS =
H 84m
V 80m 2
3
Pwh 8m 75m
FOS = 3200 / 5359.2
FOS = 0.59 W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
1/3*80=26.67m
It should not be permitted to
heal toe
exceed 0.75 for normal load 12m 50m
combinations
U1 U3
58 m
U2 36 m
59.33 m
97
12m
309 m
ii. Shear Friction Factor, FSF:
W.L 305 m
Foundation condition: Inferior 300 m
condition with limestone 84m
tan=0.7 and c=0.3MN/m2 80m 2
(see slide 69) 3
Pwh 8m 75m
S cAh + V tan
FSF = = W1
H H B.L. 225 m W2
Ah=T=B=62m 1/3*80=26.67m
(0.3 1000 / 9.81)62 + 0.8 5359.2 heal toe
FSF = 12m 50m
3200
FSF = 1.76 U1 U3
58 m
It ranges from 1.0 (extreme) ~ 3.0 (normal)
U2 36 m
59.33 m
98
iii. Limit Equilibrium Factor, FLE:
For plane surface
FLE=FSF
FLE = 1.76 > 1
FLE=1.3 (seismic) ~ 2.0 (normal)
99
The primary stresses determined in a comprehensive analysis by

the gravity method are as follows:
a) vertical normal stresses, z, on horizontal planes;
b) horizontal and vertical shear stresses, zy and yz;
c) horizontal normal stress, y, on vertical planes;
d) major and minor principal stresses, 1 and 3 (direction and
magnitude).
10
0
Eccentricity and position of resultant 12m
309 m
B
e = x , where, x =
M
2 V W.L 305 m
300 m
B is the based width of dam=62m 84m
V = Total vertical forces 80m 2

3
75m
Pwh 8m
= W 1 + W 2-U
W1 W2
= 4500-2419.2-1560 B.L. 225 m
= 5359.2 ton
1/3*80=26.67m
M = Total moment at toe heal toe
12m 50m
= W 1 56 + W 2 33.33
-U 1 58 U 2 59.33 U 3 36 100%=wh U1 U3
58 m
P 26.67
50%=0.5wh
= 133183.4 ton m
position of resultant U2 36 m
133183.4 59.33 m
x= = 24.85m
5359.2
101
Eccentricity and position of resultant 12m
309 m
B
e = x , where, x =
M
2 V W.L 305 m
300 m
133183.4 84m
x= = 24.85m
5359.2 80m 2
3
B 62 Pwh 8m 75m
e= x = 24.85
2 2
W1 W2
= 6.15m e < B/6 B.L. 225 m
B B
6 6 1/3*80=26.67m
e heal toe
12m 50m
B B B
= 10.33m
3 3 3 100%=wh U1 U3
58 m
If e > B / 6 tension will develop !
50%=0.5wh
Dam is unsafe again tension.
Size of dam can be increased U2 36 m
to enhance stability
59.33 m
Note: The resultant must pass through the middle third
102
(a). Vertical normal stresses
Normal shear stress at toe
zd = Pmax =
V 6e
1 +
B B
5359.2 6 * 6.15
= 1 +
62 62
= 137.89ton / m 2
Normal shear stress at heal
zu = Pmin = V 1 6e
B B
5359.2 6 * 6.15
= 1
62 62
= 34.99ton / m 2
Allowable stress=25 kg/cm2
=250 ton/m2
Therefore, dam is safe against tension and compression
103
(b). Horizontal shear stresses
Shear stress at upstream (heal)
u = ( pw zu ) tan u
= ( pw zu ) tan 0 = 0
Shear stress at downstream (toe)
d = ( zd ) tan d
= (137.89 )( 2 / 3) = 91.93ton / m 2
104
(c). Horizontal normal stresses
Shear stress at
upstream face (heal)
yu = pw + ( zu pw ) tan 2 u
= 80 + ( zu pw ) tan 2 0
= 80ton / m 2
Shear stress at
downstream face (toe)
yd = ( zd ) tan 2 d
= (137.89 ) ( 2 / 3) 2
= 61.28ton / m 2
105
(d). Principal stresses
For upstream face (heal)
1u = zu (1 + tan 2 u ) pw tan 2 u
1u = 34.99(1 + tan 2 0) pw tan 2 0
= 34.99ton / m 2
3u = p w
3u = 80ton / m 2
For downstream face (toe)

with no tail water (pw=0)
( )
1d = zd 1 + tan 2 d pw ' tan 2 d
(
1d = 137.89 1 + (2 / 3) 2 )
= 199.16ton / m 2
3d = p w '
3d = 0
106
PROBLEM:
A concrete gravity dam has the following dimensions:
Max water level = 305 m
Bed level of river = 225 m
Crest level = 309 m
U/S slope starts at 305 m
U/S slope = (H:V)= 0.5:1
D/S face slope starts at 300 m
D/S Slope= (H:V)= 2:3
C/L of drainage galleries at 8m d/s of u/s face
Uplift pressures:
at Heal = 100 %
at Toe = 0%
at drainage gallery = 50 %
107
PROBLEM 2:
Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
No tail water
Consider self weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure
Check the stability of dam for

108
PROBLEM 2:
Wc
309 m
W.L 305 m
300 m
0.5
2
1
3
8m
B.L. 225 m
109
PROBLEM 3
Figure (on next slide) shows a section of a gravity dam built of
concrete, examine the static and dynamic stability of this section at the
base for the following cases
1. Reservoir is full and no seismic force is acting
2. Reservoir is full and seismic forces are acting
The earthquake forces may be taken as equivalent to 0.1g for
horizontal and 0.05g for vertical forces. The uplift may be taken as
equal to the hydrodynamic pressure at either end and is considered to
act over 60% of the area of the section at base.
A tail water of 6m is assumed to be present when the reservoir is full
and there is no tail water when the reservoir is empty.
Also calculate the various kinds of forces at the heal and toe of the
dam.
Assume the unit weight of concrete=24kN/m3 and unit weight of
water=10kN/m3
PROBLEM 3
Date of submission: Nov 30, 2016

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Chapter 6 Concrete Dam Engineering

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University of Sharjah

Dept. of Civil and Env. Engg.

0401544 - HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 6: CONCRETE DAM

DR. MOHSIN SIDDIQUE

A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold

Tygart River Dam

For animals the benefits may include:

Changes in temperature and flow/sediment transport in the river

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

1) Based on Hydraulic Design:

(1). Embankment Dams: Constructed of earth-fill and/or rock-fill.

(2). Gravity Dams: Constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are

Note: Embankment dams are numerically dominant for technical and

Embankment Dams Concrete Dams

Earth-fill Dam Gravity Dam

Buttress dam Arch dam

The optimum type of dam for a specific site is determined by

Ancillary works includes construction of spillways,

Dams require certain ancillary structures and facilities to enable

 Spillways: The purpose of spillway is to pass flood water

 The Spillways can be

 Note: Concrete dams normally incorporate an over-fall or

f. Service & Emergency spillways

Auxiliary Spillway of Tarbela Dam Service Spillway of Tarbela Dam

* used in narrow canyons in which there is sufficient crest length

Shaft spillway at Ladybower Reservoir

* At low flow: it acts like an overflow spillway

Typical Siphon Spillway Siphon Principle

Submerged Orifice type Spillway at Mangla Dam

 Provision must be made to

Internal gallery at concrete-gravity dam inspected by D'Appolonia. 39

Primary Loads are identified as universally applicable and of

Secondary loads are generally discretionary and of lesser

Exceptional Load are so designated on the basis of limited

(a): Seismic Load: Oscillatory horizontal and vertical inertia loads

(b): Tectonic Loads: Saturation, or disturbance following deep

Criteria 1 and 2 control overall structural stability. Both must be

The sliding stability criterion, 2, is generally the most critical of the

1. Safety against Overturning

2. Safety against Sliding

3. Safety against Crushing

4. Safety against Tension

Safety factors must be more than permissible under all load

For further reading:

Fig. Gravity dam loading diagram.

where w is the unit weight of

c is the unit weight of

Where T is base area per unit T

Where, z3 is sediment depth,

Hs is the significant wave

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD

Seismic loads can be approximated using the simplistic approach of

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD: PSEUDOSTATIC ANALYSIS

As with self-weight load, Pm, inertia forces are considered to operate

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD: PSEUDOSTATIC ANALYSIS

In this expression zmax is the maximum depth of water at the section of

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD: PSEUDOSTATIC ANALYSIS

As an initial coarse approximation, hydrodynamic load Pewh is

SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC LOAD: PSEUDOSTATIC ANALYSIS

Uplift load is normally assumed to be unaltered by seismic shock in

The nominated load

Criteria 1 and 2 control overall structural stability. Both must be

Spillways: The purpose of spillway is to pass flood water

The Spillways can be

Note: Concrete dams normally incorporate an over-fall or

Provision must be made to