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Santilli
Toughloves Chapter 14
1.) Level curves (contour curves) are the cross sections of the surface z = z(x, y) projected onto
the x-y plane, i.e., z = z(x, y) = constant .
2.) Level surfaces (contour surfaces) are the cross surfaces of the 4-D function, h = h(x, y, z)
projected onto the x-yz space, i.e., h = h(x, y, z) = constant .
3.) A function is continuous at (xo , y o ) if f (xo , yo ) = lim f (x, y) for all paths.
(x,y)(x o,yo )
f f (x, y) z
4.) Definition of Partial Derivatives: fx = fx (x, y) = = = = f1 = D1 f = Dx f
x x x
f (x + x, y) f (x, y) f (x, y + y) f (x, y)
fx (x, y) = lim and fy (x, y) = lim
x0 x y0 y
f (x, y)
5.) is the slope of the tangent line to the surface f (x, y) in the x-direction.
x
f (x, y)
6.) is the slope of the tangent line to the surface f (x, y) in the y-direction.
y
7.) Chain Rule:
s
s x t x t
y x t y x y y
t u t u
s
t
dy dy dx y dy x dy y dx y du y y x y u
= = = + = +
dt dx dt t dx t dt x dt u dt t x t u t
s t
x r t
y u s t
r t
s t
w t
r
dy y x dr y x ds y u dr y u ds y w dr y w ds
= + + + + +
dt x r dt x s dt u r dt u s dt w r dt w s dt
8.) Higher Order Partials:
2 f 2 f (x, y) 2 z
fxx = fxx (x, y) = 2 = = 2 = f11 = D11 f = Dxx f
x x 2 x
f f (x, y) 2 z
2 2
fyy = f yy (x, y) = 2 = = 2 = f22 = D22 f = D22 f
y y 2 y
2 f 2 f (x, y) 2 z
fxy = f xy (x, y) = = = = f12 = D12 f = Dxy f
yx yx yx
9.) If the function has continuous second partials, fxy = f yx
f f
12.) Total Differential: dz = dx + dy
x y
f f
13.) Gradient Vector: f = i+ j = fx , fy in plane
x y
f f j + f k = fx , f y , fz in space
f = i +
x y z
f f
14.) Directional Derivative: Du f = cos + sin = f u which is the slope of the
x y
tangent line to the function in the direction of the unit vector u = cos ,sin .
15.) Du fmax = f is the max value of the directional derivative and it occurs in the direction
of the gradient vector- STEEPEST ASCENT.
16.) Du fmin = f is the min. value of the directional derivative and it occurs in the
opposite direction of the gradient vector- STEEPEST DECENT.
17.) f of a function is always normal to the level curves or level surfaces of the function at
any point on the level curve or level .
18.) Given the function z = f (x, y), then F(x, y, z) = f (x, y) z = 0 is a level surface of
F(x, y, z).
F F F
21.) Normal vector the a surface:n = n x i + ny j + nz k = i+ j+ k where
x y z
F(x, y, z) = f (x, y) z
24.) Absolute extrema in f (x, y) occur at the critical points or at the boundary points of the
domain.
26.) 3 possible types of critical points: Local max, local min, and saddle.
28.) Constrained optimization with Lagrange Multiplier: optimization occurs where the
objective level curves = constraint level curves so A(x, y) = g(x, y), where A(x, y) is the
objective level curve, g(x, y) is the constraint level curve and is the Larange Multiplier.
29.) Constrained optimization with 2 constraints: A(x, y) = g(x, y) + h(x, y), where
A(x, y) is the objective level curve, g(x, y) and h(x, y) is the constraint level curve and
and are the Lagrange Multipliers.