Industrial Ethernet Handbook PDF

Industrial
Ethernet
... from the Ofce to the Machine
- world wide -
Band I
Ronald Dietrich
Industrial
Ethernet
... from the Ofce to the machine
- world wide -
HARTING
The best connections worldwide because quality
connects.
HARTING was founded in 1945 by the family that still retains sole ownership of
the company. HARTING presently employs more than 2 000 people including
150 highly qualied engineers and over 100 sales engineers who take care of the
daily needs of our customers.
Today, HARTING is the leading manufacturer of connectors with 34 subsidiary
companies in Europe, America and Asia.
As the market leader, HARTING offers the advantage of just in time services. It
is therefore no wonder that the company maintains close business relationships
with all of its important customers active in the world market. HARTING is the
market leader in several of its product sectors.
HARTING can draw on many years of extensive experience gained in achieving
high degrees of protection in industrial environments (IP 65 and higher), all of
which has owed into expanding its product portfolio as well as the development
of its family of devices for industrial communication.
HARTING products are manufactured utilizing cutting edge and efcient
productions methods. CAD systems support research and development as well
as tool making activities. We abide by our philosophy of quality, which states that
only fully automatic manufacturing processes can achieve a zero error rate. In
accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001, the organisation and procedures constituting
our quality assurance measures are documented in a quality assurance manual.
HARTING employs approximately 60 members of staff in quality assurance. The
majority of them are highly qualied engineers and technicians who have gained
their qualications through the German Society for Quality (DGQ) or the Swiss
Association for Quality (SAQ).
Ronald Dietrich
Industrial
Ethernet
... from the Ofce to the Machine
- world wide -
This book was compiled with the technical support of HARTING Electric GmbH &
Co. KG, Dezember 2004.
All rights reserved by HARTING Electric GmbH & Co. KG, D-32339 Espelkamp.
Author: Ronald Dietrich
Design and Layout: Ronald Dietrich
Translation: Scriptor GmbH, Bielefeld
Print and bookbinding: Printshop Meyer, Osnabrck
Pictures: Company photos
All other illustrations: HARTING Electric GmbH & Co. KG
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assumed right to consider names in the sense of legal status for trademarks and
trademark protection as being freely available to the public.
Important note
As a result of research and standardization technical ndings are subject to
continuous change. The author has exercised meticulous care to ensure that the
information and statements in this documentation correspond with the current
state-of-the-art. However, the user is not exempt from the obligation to check
whether the information in this documentation deviates from the information
contained in the original documentation (especially for standards) and to determine
the utilization of this information under own responsibility.
DIN standards and other technical regulations

The DIN standards, VDE regulations and other technical regulations referred
to in this documentation relate to the editions available at the time of copy
deadline. Relevant for the user of a standard, however, is only the latest edition
of the respective standard. DIN standards can be ordered from Beuth-Verlag,
Burggrafenstr. 6, 10787 Berlin.
Printed on bleached cellulose, 100 % free from chlorine and acid.

Preface
Dear Reader, this book is intended to introduce you to the subject of Industrial
Ethernet. At the same time, it seeks to demonstrate the possibilities open to you
to full your requirements for the industrial use of Ethernet by utilizing HARTING
components. Following a short summary on the subject of eldbus technology,
we will describe the particular demands placed on Industrial Ethernet and how
HARTING provides the appropriate solutions.
It is not the intention, nor can this book cover all questions relating to the subjects
eldbus technology and Industrial Ethernet. For more detailed information on
these subjects, please refer to the corresponding recommen-dations contained in
the Further reading list at the end of this book.
The standards and guidelines contained in this book were valid in 2004. Dear
Reader, if by reading this book you should feel encouraged to take a more in-
depth look at the subject of Industrial Ethernet or even put the knowledge
gained into practise, you are duty-bound to ensure that you are aware of the
latest information concerning prevailing law as well as the latest standards and
guidelines. This book is intended to be an introduction to the subject of Industrial
Ethernet. It was not written with the intention of providing a detailed description
of standards and guidelines. Descriptions of individual devices and components
contain no detailed reference to proprietary or patent rights.
Further information about HARTING devices and components described in this
book are contained in the relevant catalogues and technical manuals. The sources
where they can be drawn are contained at the end of this book.
Espelkamp, June, 2005

9
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................7
1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology ..........................13

1.1 Historical background ......................................................................... 13
1.2 The Automation pyramid .................................................................... 17
The eld level ............................................................................... 17
The control or process level ......................................................... 18
The system or cell level ................................................................ 18
The process control and the management levels ........................ 19
1.3 The Layer model ................................................................................. 19
Layer 1: Physical Layer ................................................................ 20
Layer 2: Data Link Layer .............................................................. 20
Layer 3: Network Layer ................................................................ 21
Layer 4: Transport Layer .............................................................. 21
Layer 5: Session Layer................................................................. 21
Layer 6: Presentation Layer ......................................................... 21
Layer 7: Application Layer ............................................................ 21
Using the ISO/OSI Reference Model ........................................... 21
1.4 Classifying the eldbus systems ......................................................... 22
Fieldbus systems with decentralised master transfer................... 23
Fieldbus systems with central master transfer ............................. 24
1.5 Further information ............................................................................. 24
2 Industrial Ethernet............................................................................25
2.1 What is Ethernet? ............................................................................... 25
2.2 Classic Shared Ethernet ................................................................... 26
Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Reference Model ................................ 26
The Ethernet address ................................................................... 28
Standard Ethernet Frame ............................................................. 29
Communication via Shared Ethernet ........................................... 30
Broadcast telegrams .................................................................... 31
Network Access Method CSMA/CD ............................................. 33
Different approaches to improving performance .......................... 35
Fast Ethernet ................................................................................ 35
Gigabit Ethernet ........................................................................... 36
10 Gigabit Ethernet ...................................................................... 38
Ethernet with switching (Switched Ethernet) ................................ 39
2.3 Industrial Ethernet Network ................................................................ 40
Why Ethernet for industry? ........................................................... 40
Fields of applications for Industrial Ethernet ................................ 43
General requirements placed on Industrial Ethernet networks .... 45
User organisations and protocol variants ..................................... 49
10
3 Transmission Technology and Cabling for Industrial Ethernet ...53

3.1 Network topologies ............................................................................. 55
Star ............................................................................................... 55
Tree .............................................................................................. 55
Line............................................................................................... 56
Ring (redundancy) ........................................................................ 56
3.2 Active and passive network components............................................ 57
3.3 Ethernet gateways .............................................................................. 58
3.4 Ethernet router .................................................................................... 59
3.5 Ethernet bridges ................................................................................. 60
3.6 Ethernet switches ............................................................................... 60
Switch the key network component in Switched Ethernet ......... 60
Operating modes .......................................................................... 61
Ethernet switches with IP 20 protection ....................................... 64
Ethernet switches with IP 65 / IP 67 protection for direct
mounting....................................................................................... 65
In-between Ethernet switches for mounting onto external
enclosure panels .......................................................................... 70
3.7 Ethernet hubs ..................................................................................... 74
Hub as an active network component .......................................... 74
Operating modes .......................................................................... 75
Ethernet hubs with IP 20 protection ............................................. 75
Ethernet hubs with IP 65 / IP 67 protection .................................. 76
3.8 Industrial Outlets for Industrial Ethernet ............................................. 81
Industrial Outlet as a passive network component ....................... 81
Industrial Outlets for wall mounting in industrial environments .... 82
3.9 Cabling................................................................................................ 83
Standardisation ............................................................................ 84
Frequently used Ethernet transmission media ............................. 85
Characterising cables and channels ............................................ 86
Specications for transmission cables made of copper for
Industrial Ethernet ........................................................................ 88
Hybrid cable ................................................................................. 90
Special cable for Gigabit Ethernet ................................................ 90
Special cable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet ........................................... 91
Power on Ethernet (PoE) ............................................................. 91
3.10 Connectors ......................................................................................... 93
Connectors for IP 20 .................................................................... 94
Connector for IP 65 / IP 67 ........................................................... 94
Hybrid connectors ........................................................................ 97
Contact assignment...................................................................... 98
Special conditions for Gigabit Ethernet ...................................... 101
4 Future Prospects ............................................................................103

11
5 Overview of Modules and Accessories for Ethernet Components

from HARTING ................................................................................105
5.1 Ethernet devices Overview of types .............................................. 105
Ethernet switches for direct mounting ........................................ 106
In-Between Ethernet switches .................................................. 106
Ethernet hubs ............................................................................. 107
Industrial Outlets ........................................................................ 107
5.2 Mounting options .............................................................................. 108
5.3 Available cable types ........................................................................ 108
5.4 Connectors ....................................................................................... 110
Annex A List of Standards and Guidelines .................................. 113

A-1 Standards and guidelines applicable to Ethernet / bus technology .. 113
EN standards.............................................................................. 113
IEEE standards .......................................................................... 114
IEC standards............................................................................. 115
Guidelines .................................................................................. 115
A-2 Standards and guidelines for devices ............................................... 116
EN standards.............................................................................. 116
IEC standards............................................................................. 117
UL standards .............................................................................. 117
A-3 Standards and guidelines for connectors ......................................... 117
EN Standards ............................................................................. 117
IEC standards............................................................................. 118
A-4 Standards and guidelines, general ................................................... 118
EN standards.............................................................................. 118
IEC standards............................................................................. 118
HD / VDE standards ................................................................... 118
Annex B Bibliography .................................................................... 119

B.1 General information about eldbus technology ................................ 119
B-2 Industrial Ethernet / network technology........................................... 120
Annex C Continuative Links ..........................................................121

C-1 Links for eld bus, general ............................................................... 121
C-2 Links for Industrial Ethernet .............................................................. 121
C-3 Other links......................................................................................... 122
Glossary ..........................................................................................123
Degrees of Protection .........................................................................151
List of gures .......................................................................................155
List of tables ........................................................................................159
Index ..........................................................................................161
12
1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology 13
1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology
1.1 Historical background
In the past, an alternative was sought to purely being able to enter and read data
and signals directly at the machine or system; instead engineers also wanted to
be able to provide data inputs and outputs as well as signal and status indicators
to a remote control room. The rst step in this direction was to connect the control
room with each point at which measurements were taken at the machine.
As the possibilities for displaying and operating grew, so did the demands
and requirements. Simply displaying status information became insufcient; it
should also be possible to perform process control tasks from the control room.
However, control of machines and systems as well as the detection of various
statuses and measurement values requires the transmission of an enormous
amount of data and signals. Each sensor and every measurement point was
still being conventionally wired with various amounts of individual wires to a
switching cabinet or central evaluating unit via marshalling cabinets. That meant
that as well as the huge amount of cables and wires that sometimes needed to
be routed across large distances, high standards were required with regard to the
creation and adherence to wiring plans as well as the installation of the cables
and wires. Nevertheless, the danger of wiring mistakes remained extremely high.
Troubleshooting often proved to be quite difcult, because the errors on the
individual wires could occur anywhere along the fairly long distances between
the point of detection and the central switchgear cabinet. A further big handicap
became apparent when alterations to the wiring were made necessary, for
instance, when functions became superuous or additional signals were required.
Figure 1-1 Cable installation based on conventional wiring

14
Cable installation was simplied with the introduction of the eldbus systems:
eldbus-compatible components were connected to the eldbus directly at the
machine or at the point of measurement. Only the eldbus itself required a
separate cable to the central switchgear cabinet or controller station.
As well as reducing the wiring needed to connect the eld devices to the higher-
level controller and systems, this simplication also led to a considerable
reduction in the susceptibility to faults and associated troubleshooting. Only
a fraction of the work is necessary when a component is no longer required,
needs replacing or when a new component has to be installed: theoretically, as
well as the connection to the existing eldbus structure, an amendment to the
corresponding conguration and parameter software is all that may be necessary.
Figure 1-2 Cable installation based on a eldbus
Together with increasing automation and decentralisation in measurement,

sensor and drive technologies, the need grew to create multi-vendor and open
communication standards that would connect different devices from various
manufactures as well as guarantee cross-system communication. At the same
time, decentralised eld devices, sensors and actuators continue to become
available with improved functionality, so that communication increasingly has to
ow in various directions:
From the PLC (transmitter) to the eld devices, sensors and actuators
(receivers)
From the eld devices, sensors and actuators (transmitters) to the PLC
(receiver)
Between the eld devices, sensors and actuators (alternatively acting as
transmitters and receivers)
Due to stringent quality and safety requirements, importance is increasingly being
placed on the transmission speed of the signals and messages with respect to
maintaining certain requirements; these include, for example, diagnosis and
troubleshooting, safety-relevant transmission of data, and they also include fast
processes such as those necessary in the paper or food industry.
The share of distributed intelligence continues to grow. As a result, automation
tasks are becoming increasingly complex with ever-greater amounts of data to be
transferred; at the same time, the demands for greater reliability of data transfers
continue to grow. Demands on transmission rates have risen in the last few years
due to the categorical explosion in the amount of data being transmitted as well
as the increased complexity of the automation tasks. It is realistic for us to expect
a sharp increase in these demands in the wake of the introduction of eldbus
systems into safety-relevant areas, and the introduction of Industrial Ethernet into
the eld of automation.
This trend will continue for the next few years, and, in the nal analysis, will be
reected in the number of installed eldbus stations, as well as in the share that
eldbus communication will have of automation activities as a whole.
With growing demands for a universal, harmonised data landscape as well as
greater demands for the transfer of increasingly larger amounts of data together
with continuously escalating transmission speeds, the classic eldbus systems
will eventually reach the limits of what they can do. That, however, does not mean
that these eldbus systems will be completely replaced. On the one hand, they
are already in a position to fall back on many installations in industrial appli-
cations around the world. On the other hand, classic eldbus systems are often
already designed for rapid data transmissions. As a rule, they are only based
on the layers 1 and 2, and possibly layer 7 of the OSI Reference Model (please
refer to section 1.3 The Layer Model). Relatively young as far as industrial
applications are concerned, Industrial Ethernet in the main also makes use of
protocols for the higher layers 3 to 7 on top of its pure Ethernet protocols of
the layers 1 and 2, which in turn leads to a reduction of the effective rate of data
transmission. For that reason, a realistic comparison between the classic eld-bus
systems and Industrial Ethernet cannot purely be based on the maximum possible
rate of transmission, but rather has to take into consideration the transmission
rate that can effectively be attained.
As the graphic below demonstrates, most classic eldbus systems achieve
transmission rates ranging between a few Kbit/s through to several Mbit/s.
Industrial Ethernet is already in the starting blocks to achieve even higher rates of
transmission up to as much as several Gbit/s.
16
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Fast Ethernet
PROFIBUS-DP
PROFIBUS-FMS
CAN / CANopen
AS-Interface
INTERBUS
BITBUS SERCOS
HART ARCNET
DIN-Messbus
1 19,2 150 300 500 1 10 100 1 10

kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Gbit/s Gbit/s
9,6 60
kbit/s kbit/s
Figure 1-3 Overview of transmission rates for various classic eldbus systems and
Industrial Ethernet
Further developments are awaited with an air of expectancy, in particular as

far as Industrial Ethernet is concerned. Today already, the rst tentative steps
towards 10 Gigabit Ethernet are showing a great deal of promise. In particular
in conjunction with Industrial Ethernet, the new transmission technologies, for
example, bre-optics or wireless applications, will play an increasingly important
role when decisions for a new eldbus system are being contemplated.
1.2 The Automation pyramid
Based on the amount and number of the required components, the information
to be transmitted within the different levels of a system can be portrayed in the
form of a pyramid:
Management level
Plant or factory Computer;
CAD / CAM Factory bus /
Office Network
Process Master Computer,
Amount of Number of
control PCS
data Components
level
Cell Computer, Process or

System or
PLC, PC Cell bus Network
Cell level
Control or Process level PLC, CNC, NC

Fieldbus
Network
Controllers, Sensors,
Sensor / Actuator level Actuators,
Multiplexer
Figure 1-4 The automation pyramid
Bus systems provide the means for communication both within and between the
different individual levels. That said, the following applies: the higher the level is,
the slower the rate of transmission, but the greater the amount of data that can
be transmitted.
Standard Ethernet is used mainly for communication between the higher levels
(from the management level to the system or cell level).
Bus systems used within and between the sensor/actuator level, the control
level and the system/cell level are the classic eldbus systems (PROFIBUS,
AS-Interface, CAN, DeviceNet ...) and increasingly in the recent past, Industrial
Ethernet.
The eld level
This is the lowest level, where sensors and actuators are used to control production
and manufacturing processes. Process-related data is for example:
Analogue signals:
Liquid level, pressure, temperature, ow rate, rotational speeds,
Digital signals:
End positions, control states,
This data is read-in at the eld level and then processed. In addition to the normal
process data, safety- and quality-relevant data is also read-in, processed and
transmitted. This includes alarm values, run times, analysis values and so forth.
18
Data exchange takes place predominantly between different levels, and only
seldom between the devices within the same level. For example, setpoint values
are transmitted from, and actual measured values are transmitted to a higher-
level controller. However, although this controller can be located in the eld level,
it is generally assigned to the next level higher up the control or process level.
The control or process level
The tasks covered by this level include:

Collecting, conditioning and processing the data received from the assigned
sensors and actuators on the eld level
Administering several control and regulating modules
Carrying out automation and control tasks
Routing selected data to the system level
Visual display of data
...
Typical devices for this level are, for example, programmable logic controllers
(PLC) and regulators or CNC modules.
Data exchange takes place both between and within the levels. For example,
setpoint values can be transmitted from a higher-level controller to the lower-level
sensors and actuators as can evaluation results be transmitted to the system
or cell level. This data can equally be transmitted between the individual PLC
modules within this level.
The system or cell level
This level is responsible for the monitoring, control and regulation of several
processes. The tasks covered by this level include:
Collecting, conditioning and processing the data received from the assigned
controllers and regulators in the control level.
Administering several control and regulating modules
Carrying out higher-level automation and control tasks
Routing certain data to the process control level
Central point for visualisation of selected data.
...
Typical devices for this level are, for example, programmable logic controllers
(PLC) and PCs.
Data exchange takes place both between and within the levels. For example,
setpoint values can be transmitted from a higher-level management system to the
lower-level PLCs and the evaluation results transmitted back to the management
level. This data can equally be transmitted between the individual stations within
this level.
The process control and the management levels
These two levels serve predominantly to control larger systems or factory operating
areas as well as higher-level planning and control of the entire production.
Standard Ethernet is generally the bus system used.
These two levels are of less relevance as far as classic eldbus systems are
concerned. Gateways operating as converters between the classic eldbus
systems and Standard Ethernet are normally utilized to enable communication
between the lower levels and these two higher levels.
When contemplating Industrial Ethernet, these two levels are of interest to the
extent that data exchange can take place through to the eld level using Standard
Ethernet / Industrial Ethernet..
1.3 The Layer model
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (abbrev. OSI Model, also
often referred to as the ISO/OSI Reference Model) came into being in 1983
based on the experienced gained from using and developing Ethernet TCP/IP as
a standard for ofce communication.
This reference model provides an extremely abstract description of the OSI
environment. At least two open systems make up the OSI environment, these
being connected to one another by means of a physical medium for the exchange
of data. Having said that, each of these systems is an autonomous entity that can
independently process and transmit data.
According to OSI specications, data exchange takes place in an open system
in accordance with formal rules of communication, which were developed in
accordance with the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
In order to be able to use the ISO/OSI Reference Model on a system, the system
needs to be divided up into two categories.
For using the ISO/OSI-Reference model on a system this system has to be
splitted into two parts:
In data processing to perform a certain task
and
In the communication system solely responsible for the transfer of data.
The rules applied to the system of communication are called protocols. These
rules require the exchange of data between the individual stations participating
in this communication by means of messages that can be subdivided into four
different types:
Request
Indication
Response
Conrmation
20
The ISO/OSI Reference Model is divided up into 7 layers. Each layer contains
at least one instance specifying particular network functions. This instance can
be compared with an independently functioning software module that carries out
special tasks with the assistance of neighbouring instances.
Application Program
7. Application Layer
6. Presentation Layer
5. Session Layer Higher Protocol
4. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
2. Data Link Layer

Transmission
Protocol
1. Physical Layer
Physical Transmission Medium
application-oriented layers
transport-oriented layers
Figure 1-5 ISO/OSI Reference Model
The tasks and functions are assigned to the individual layers as follows:
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Layer 1 (bit transmission layer) manages the physical medium for transmitting the
individual bits of the telegram messages. This includes dening the transmitting
medium (electrical cable, bre-optics), connector assignment, type of modulation,
transmission rate, and signal level as well as further physical parameters such as
the length of cable and similar.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 2 is responsible for the bus access procedure as well as the fail-safe
transmission of blocks of data from the transmitter to a receiver (unicast) or
several receivers within a group (multicast) or to all receivers (broadcast).
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 3 supports the search and use of suitable transmission routes between the
transmitter and receiver through the network, possibly via a communication PC.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 4 is responsible for the control of and error-free logical delivery of

telegrams.
Layer 5: Session Layer
Layer 5 (communication layer) establishes, manages, synchronises and terminates

communication between the participating stations of a bus communication.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
Layer 6 is responsible for character coding and conversion of data, monitor and
le formats into a suitably readable format for the corresponding computer.
Layer 7: Application Layer
Layer 7 provides interactive services (for example writing and reading) for other
network Stations. In doing so, it provides an interface to the user programmes in
PLC, PC and control systems.
Using the ISO/OSI Reference Model
Layers 1 to 4 are responsible for the transmission of data between the stations
within the network. Layers 5 to 7 coordinate the interaction between the bus
system and the user program of the computer in the respective station.
The structure of the layers applies only to the internal sequence of communication.
It has nothing to do with the control levels of automation engineering.
Generally speaking, only the layers 1, 2 and 7 need be considered for the purpose
of industrial communication by means of eldbus systems. In order to increase
the efciency of the respective protocols and achieve faster transmission speeds,
these layers are reduced even further in some individual eldbus systems (for
example, PROFIBUS-DP or AS-Interface).
The following image depicts a typical route taken by a message from the
transmitter to the receiver utilising a eldbus:
22
Transmitter Receiver
Application Layer Application Layer
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Physikal Transmission Medium
supported layers
non-supported layers
Figure 1-6 Example of message transmission utilising a eldbus in accordance with the
ISO/OSI Reference Model
1.4 Classifying the eldbus systems
Based on Time Division Multiplex technology, classic eldbus systems are

generally serial in nature. That means that the communicating partners must
divide the transmitting time between themselves, because only one station can
occupy the bus for transmission purposes at any given time.
For that reason, only eldbus systems will be considered in the following that
work with time division multiplexing.
Classication of the eldbus systems can be carried out according to various
aspects:
According to access procedures or
According to topology
There are various options available to portray the association between the eldbus
systems and the various aspects. One variation is shown in the graphic below:
Time Division
Decentralised Master Central Master

Transfer Transfer
Deterministic Random Line Topology Ring Topology

Master Transfer Bus Access
Figure 1-7 Classifying the eldbus systems
Fieldbus systems with decentralised master transfer
The master function of a bus system employing a decentralised master transfer

mechanism is distributed between several stations. In this case, a distinction is
drawn between the differing access mechanisms:
Deterministic bus access
Certain stations, known as the masters, are each permitted to transmit (token
holders) for a dened period. Once this dened time has elapsed the token
providing the necessary authority to transmit is passed on to the next master,
which in turn becomes the active master. A logical ring is built up between the
masters so that this process can be applied independently of the network topology.
This process is known as Token Passing.
Typical eldbus systems that function according to this principle include, amongst
others, PROFIBUS and its variants.
Random bus access
Bus access is not granted according to a rigid predened plan. That means that all
stations have the same rights and are always ready to receive messages. Where
necessary, they can begin to transmit messages when the bus is not occupied.
The access procedure used is called CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).
The advantage of this access procedure is the possibility of event-controlled
communication.
Typical eldbus systems that function according to this principle are:
CANopen / DeviceNet (CSMA/CA)
Industrial Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
24
Fieldbus systems with central master transfer
In a bus system operating a centralised master transfer mechanism the master

transfer function is carried out by a station dened as the master terminal. The
master terminal cyclically queries all of the other network stations (slaves).
The slaves are only permitted to transmit information following a request from the
master.
With this form of data transfer, a distinction is drawn between the different
topologies:
Line topology
Several stations are connected to a bus trunk cable by means of a stub line. Tree
topology is an extended form of the line topology. The maximum length of such a
cable is restricted by its electrical characteristics.
AS-interface is one of the typical eldbus systems that make use of a line
topology.
Ring topology
Both ends of the trunk cable forming the bus system are connected to each other.
That is the reason why no line termination is required. The individual stations form
a ring conguration. For data exchange purposes, separate data telegrams from
each station as well as accumulated frame telegrams are used in the transmission
of master information. The accumulated frame telegrams contain data for all of
the stations. Each station receives the data addressed to him, and attaches its
own data to this telegram at a time determined by the master.
INTERBUS is a typical eldbus system that makes use of a ring topology.
1.5 Further information
It has of course not been possible with these descriptions to cover the entire subject
of Fieldbus Technology in great depth. That would go far beyond the scope of
this chapter. After all, numerous books have already been published about the
individual types of eldbus, describing the corresponding basic information and
technical possibilities. Further information is not only available in specialized
literature but also in the appropriate guidelines and standards, which have been
and will be published on this subject, as well as over the Internet. In that respect,
it is particularly worth mentioning the individual user organisations, for example,
PROFIBUS, CAN, DeviceNet, INTERBUS, and IAONA. Some addresses are
listed in the Appendix.
2 Industrial Ethernet 25
2 Industrial Ethernet
2.1 What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a relatively old standard originally developed by Xerox in 1975 for the
serial transmission of data.
Ethernet is based on a concept by Dr Robert Metcalfe dating from 1973 describing
the transfer of data between several networked stations connect by a coaxial
cable.
Figure 2-1 Ethernet The idea
The rst attempts at transferring data between network stations able to act
independently of one another were co-ordinated at an early stage by the IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Ethernet was standardised
in the IEEE 802 in the 1980s, since when it has been extended many times. The
classic Ethernet was specied for a data transmission rate of 10 Mbit/s over
a maximum distance of 2500 m (divided up into 5 segments of 500 m) and a
maximum of 1024 network stations.
Since the 1990s, Ethernet has undergone a series of further developments in the
following areas:
Transmission media
Fibre optics
Wireless technology
Data transmission rates
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s (1995)
Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbit/s (1999)
10 Gigabit Ethernet (at the planning stage)
Network topologies
Switched Ethernet
Industrial Ethernet
Increasingly gaining in importance in the eld of industrial automation, Ethernet
today is the most prevalent base technology used in commercial EDP systems
around the globe. The Ethernet protocol is embedded almost in full onboard
inexpensive controller chips, so, together with wide distribution (or probably
because of it) and the associated availability, Ethernet represents an economic
solution for the construction of network connections.
26
Today, there is hardly an alternative to Ethernet, especially when fast transmissions
of large amounts of data are required.
Utilising Ethernet in both ofce and industrial environments achieves a
homogeneous and standardised infrastructure for communication extending
smoothly from the ofce to the machine.
New milestones in the utilisation of Ethernet are being set with the arrival of
new technologies for Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet as well as the
introduction of bre-optics and wireless technology. It is precisely these new
features that are providing the springboard for the growing use of Ethernet in
industry.
10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 000 Mbit/s
Gigabit Ethernet
1 000 Mbit/s
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
Ethernet
10 Mbit/s
1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004
Idea, First Standard

standardisation applications products
Figure 2-2 Development of Ethernet to date
2.2 Classic Shared Ethernet
Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Reference Model
Specied in the standard IEEE 802.1 to 802.3, Ethernet performs services provided
by layers 1 and 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model. All incoming telegrams are
ltered in layer 2, which basically means only the right telegrams are passed
onto the higher layers.
The transmission protocol is implemented in layer 3. The best-known protocol in
conjunction with Ethernet is the Internet Protocol IP.
The transmission protocols are contained in layer 4. Ethernet is often used in
conjunction with TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).
Higher-level tasks are achieved through various application protocols (FTP
or SNMP) as well as by utilising special purpose protocols (for example, for
automation). However, automation protocols can also be used to either extend
the layers 3 or 4 or both, or even replace them entirely.
6. Presentation Layer Application Protocols
5. Session Layer Higher Protocol
4. Transport Layer TCP / UDP
3. Network Layer IP
2. Data Link Layer CSMA/CD

Transmission Protocol
1. Physical Layer Ethernet
OSI Reference model Ethernet layers
Figure 2-3 Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Reference Model
Layer 1
Layer 1 is responsible for unsecured transmissions via the physical medium,

with data being transmitted bit-by-bit. The format of the Ethernet data package
(frame) to be transmitted is dened in the standard IEEE 802.3 (please refer to
the section Standard Ethernet Frame in this chapter).
Originally, the transmission medium used was copper coaxial cable. Today,
copper cables are predominantly in use in the form of twisted pair cables. In the
recent past, the use of bre optic cables or wireless transmissions has grown
increasingly.
Layer 2
As well as allocating access rights to the physical medium, this layer is concerned
with the fail-safe transfer of blocks of data bits between two directly linked network
stations. Access to the physical medium itself is regulated by CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) specications in accordance with
IEEE 802.3; please refer to the section Network Access Method CSMA/CD in
this chapter.
28
Layer 3
Layer 3 implements the protocol responsible for managing the network layer of
the ISO/OSI Reference Models. In the main, this Internet protocol is tasked with
providing solutions for the following:
Regulating problems of routing throughout the network
Generating associated with virtual connections via a physical medium
Introducing measures for network coupling
The Internet Protocol IP is the most widely known protocol throughout the Ethernet
world.
Layer 4
This level controls the error-free ow of data in the correct sequence between the
communicating network stations. Ethernet is often utilized with TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
TCP is a connection-based protocol responsible for the error-free transmission of
data; it is mostly utilized for transferring large amounts of data.
UDP is a connectionless protocol particularly suitable for fast, cyclic data trafc.
Transmissions using UDP protocols are generally faster, however errors are not
xed.
Layers 5 to 7
The higher-level layers 5 to 7 specify the application protocols that allow the data
being transmitted to be interpreted. There is already a wide spectrum of specied
application protocols available for ofce applications (for example, FTP, http and
others).
For industrial communications, there are presently various protocols in use that
are incompatible with one another (please refer to the section The Industrial
Ethernet Network in this chapter).
The Ethernet address
As is the case with all mechanisms for transmissions between stations on a (local)
network, each station on an Ethernet network requires a unique, assignable
address. In the case of Ethernet, this station address is often called the MAC
address (Medium Access Control address). Generally stored in a non-volatile
memory, the MAC address is assigned to the physical network interface of the
station by the manufacturer.
The Ethernet address always comprises six bytes, which are split up into two
groups of three bytes respectively.
The rst group contains the address type (bits D47 and D46) as well as the
vendor ID. The IEEE manages these IDs centrally, to guarantee that each
Ethernet address remains unique all over the world.
The second group contains a sequential serial number for the network
interface.
D47 D46 D45 ... D24 D23 ... D00
Address type Vendor address Serial number
Group 1 Group 2
Figure 2-4 Structure of a MAC address
The signicance of the bits D46 and D47 depends upon the address type
(destination or source address):
Address D47 D46

type Value Meaning Value Meaning
Destination 0 individual address 0 This address is administrated
address globally by IEEE, meaning it is
unique throughout the world.
1 Group address 1 This address is administrated
(for broadcast or locally, meaning it is not co-
multicast telegrams) ordinated through the IEEE.
Source 0 always set to 0 0 This address is administrated
address globally by IEEE, meaning it is
unique throughout the world.
1 1 This address is administrated
locally, meaning it is not co-
ordinated through the IEEE.
Table 2-1 Overview of address types
If the bit D46 is set to 1, private networks without public access can be
implemented using random address assignment. The IEEE does not co-ordinate
the addresses of these networks. That means it is the vendors responsibility to
ensure unambiguous address administration.
Standard Ethernet Frame
The data transmission is realised on Ethernet by means of so-called data packets

(frames). These frames include a header and a check-sum, additional to the real
user data.
Standard Ethernet frames are made up of six blocks:
30
Block Size Meaning

Designation acc. to (bytes)
IEEE 802.3
Preamble 8 bytes Tasked with synchronisation of the receiver as
well as indicate the start of the Ethernet frame.
Destination 6 bytes Address of the receiver
Source 6 bytes Address of the source
Type Field 2 bytes Indicates the type of protocol (for example,
TCP/IP)
Data Field 46 to Data being transferred
1500 bytes
Check 4 bytes CRC value (Cyclical Redundancy Check) to
monitor transmission errors
Table 2-2 Standard Ethernet frame
Preamble Destination Source Type Field Data Field Check
8 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46 - 1500 bytes 4 bytes
Figure 2-5 Standard Ethernet Frame
The preamble block comprises 7 bytes for the actual preamble and 1 byte as
starting frame delimiter. The start byte indicates to the receiver that the actual
information part of the frame is about to begin.
The subsequent bytes contain the destination and source addresses. Additionally,
the destination address is evaluated in the address lter of the Ethernet controller.
Only frames containing the correct destination address are forwarded to the actual
communication software.
Thus, each frame consists of 26 protocol bytes and between 46 and 1500 bytes
of user data. A minimum of 46 bytes of user data achieves a frame length that
can guarantee a faultless resolution of collision conditions. If less than 46 bytes
of user data are available, the Ethernet controller automatically compensates for
missing bytes by adding so-called padding bytes to bring the frame up to this
minimum size.
Whereas the protocol bytes correspond to dened patterns, the user bytes are
not subjected to any restrictions. The only condition user bytes are subjected to is
that they must be complete bytes (multiples of 8 bits).
Communication via Shared Ethernet
Ethernet was planned as a logical bus system: a transmitting network station

is heard by all other stations on the network. With its Ethernet controller, each
Ethernet component lters out the telegrams intended for him. However, only
telegrams with the correct destination address are accepted. It ignores all other
telegrams.
The so-called broadcast or multicast telegrams are the exception.
Ethernet Hub
Transmitting to station C
Receiver Trans- Receiver Trans- Receiver Trans- Receiver Trans-

filter mitter filter mitter filter mitter filter mitter
Station A Station B Station C Station D
Figure 2-6 Path taken by an Ethernet telegram
In gure 2-6, station A transmits a telegram to station C. This telegram is heard

by all stations but only accepted by station C.
The accepted telegrams are subsequently passed onto the higher layers in the
communications software (for example, IP or TCP / UDP).
The receiver checks all telegrams destined for him for errors (check sum, length,
format and so forth). Faulty telegrams are ignored. However, the receiver does
not transmit an acknowledgement of receipt; thus, the transmitter has no way of
knowing if its telegram has reached its destination without any faults.
Broadcast telegrams
Broadcast telegrams are Ethernet telegrams that are received by all stations on
an Ethernet network.
Ethernet stations recognise a broadcast telegram by the fact that all bits of the
destination address are set to 1.
Ethernet Hub
Broadcast telegram

Figure 2-7 Path taken by broadcast telegrams
In gure 2-7, station B transmits a broadcast telegram that is heard and accepted
by all stations.
The so-called jam signal is one example of a broadcast telegram transmitted
by a station when it recognises a collision (please refer to the section Network
Access Method CSMA/CD in this chapter).
32
Multicast telegrams
Multicast telegrams are directed to a group of receivers. A station can belong to

a number of groups.
In the case of multicast, the following types of groups are differentiated:
One-to-many A single transmitter transmits to a number of receivers.
Many-to-many A number of transmitters transmit to a number of receivers.
Many-to-one A number of transmitters transmit to a single receiver.
The transmitter can, but need not, belong to the group or respective receivers.
Ethernet stations recognise a multicast telegram by the fact that bit D47 of the
destination address is set to 1. Bit D31 is subsequently checked. The telegram
is recognised as a broadcast telegram if this bit is also set to 1. The telegram is
recognised as a multicast telegram if the bit D31 is set to 0. In this case, the bits
D30 to D00 determine the group identication.
Multicast telegrams destined for unique group addresses around the world are a
special case. These addresses are identied by bit D46 being set to 0. These
addresses are assigned centrally by the IEEE.
Further information on the subject Addresses is contained in the section below.
Multicast telegram Ethernet Hub

Group 1

Figure 2-8 Path taken by multicast telegrams (group 1)
In gure 2-8, the station B transmits a multicast telegram to all other stations
belonging to group 1. Stations A and D belong to this group.
All other stations ignore this telegram.
Multicast telegram Ethernet Hub

Group 2

Figure 2-9 Path taken by multicast telegrams (group 2)

In gure 2-9, station B transmits a multicast telegram to all stations belonging to
group 2. Stations A, B and C belong to this group. That means station A belongs
to both group 1 and group 2. The transmitting station B belongs to the group of
receivers.
All other stations ignore this telegram.
Network Access Method CSMA/CD
In a classic Ethernet network, often called Shared Ethernet, all stations on the
network share a so-called collision domain. All networked stations have the same
rights. Thus, each station can attempt to transmit data at any time.
The control of Ethernet network access is regulated by the CSMA/CD method
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
Using Carrier Sense logic, network components wishing to transmit data rst
check if the network is free. If it is, transmissions can begin. Collision Detection
checks are made at the same time to ascertain if other components have also
began to transmit. If that is the case, a collision will occur. If a transmitting station
recognises a collision, it curtails transmissions and transmits a so-called jam
signal. Consisting of 4 to 6 bytes with the address FF (all bits belonging to this
signal are set to 1) this signal is transmitted as a broadcast telegram, which
means it will be heard by all other network stations. As a result, all participating
network stations stop transmitting and wait a randomly determined time before
resuming transmissions.
The ow chart below offers a schematic outline of the data transmission
process:
Station
wants to transmit
Listening Waiting in
to the network accordance with
back-off strategy
No
Network
free ?
Yes
Transmit data and

listen to network
Yes Transmit
Collision ? Jam signal
No
Data transmitted
correctly
Figure 2-10 Sequence of a data transmission with CSMA/CD

34
Classic Ethernet (transmission speed 10 Mbit/s) was designed to ensure a
maximum signal propagation time of 25.6 s between the two stations furthest
apart. That means the rst station to transmit can recognise a collision within
max. 51.2 s. This time is also known as the collision window. If no collision is
recognised during this time, in other words, no jam signal was received, then the
transmission has been completed successfully.
Collision
recognised
Network
station n
Network
station 1
t
time in s
0 25,6 s * 51,2 s **

Figure 2-11 Schematic portrayal of the CSMA/CD method
* Maximum signal propagation time between the stations furthest apart

** Collision window
Network station 1 begins to transmit
Network station n (station furthest away) begins to transmit
The telegram from network station 1 reaches network station n (maximum signal
propagation time) which recognises a collision of data; it aborts transmissions and
broadcasts a jam signal.
Network station 1 recognises that the other network station has attempted to transmit
data, meaning, that station 1 also recognises that its transmission has failed, and
attempts to transmit again following a randomly determined amount of time.
Due to these collision characteristics, transmission times for frames depend

largely on the workload of the network, and cannot be determined before hand.
The more collisions occur, the slower the entire network will be. Therefore,
Shared Ethernet is not entirely suitable for industrial automation.
The maximum propagation time for data packets depends on the data transmission
rate being used (for example at 10 Mbit/s: 25.6 s, see above). For its part,
the propagation time determines the maximum possible size of the Ethernet
network:
Type of Transmission rate Collision window Maximum length of

Ethernet transmission path *
Shared Ethernet 10 Mbit/s 51.2 s > 100 m / 500 m **
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s 5.12 s 100 m
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbit/s 0.512 s 25 m
Table 2-3 Inuence of the transmission rate on the collision window and maximum
transmission path
* maximum transmission path for copper cable

** maximum transmission path for coaxial cable
Different approaches to improving performance
Different methods of approach are being followed to improve performances.

Segmentation: Splitting up the collision domains
Higher band widths: Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet
Switching: Switched Ethernet
and combinations of the above.
Ethernet will not just be of interest to, but will become practical for industrial
automation when these budding solutions are put into practise, in particular those
for higher bandwidths and switching. For this reason, only Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet and Switched Ethernet will be described in the following sections.
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet to IEEE 802.3 is not a new standard, but a further development of
the classic Shared Ethernet with the following new features:
Data transmission rate: 100 Mbit/s
Operating mode: Full or Half duplex
Auto-negotiation
Flow Control
Trunking
These features form the basis for industry-standard Ethernet networks.
Compatibility with classic Ethernet is guaranteed by Auto-negotiation as dened
in IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet Fast Ethernet

Standard IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3u
Data transmission rate 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s
Bit slot time 100 ns 10 ns
Collision window 51.2 s 5.12 s
Access method CSMA/CD
Largest data packet 1518 bytes
Smallest data packet 64 bytes
Length of address eld 48 bits
Topology Star, tree, and line topologies
Table 2-4 Comparison between Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
Auto-negotiation
Under the Auto-negotiation protocol, the two respective stations making contact
exchange data packets to check their respective technical characteristics and
determine an optimum operating mode.
36
The parameters include:
Data transmission rate (10 / 100 / 1000 Mbit/s)
Full / Half duplex
Support of ow control
Flow Control
Flow control provides the possibility of slowing down the ow of data by temporarily
stopping it. This option is always required when a station is threatened with
storage overow. The ow control mechanism for 10 / 100 / 1000 Mbit/s is dened
in IEEE 802.3z.
Trunking
Trunking is the use of several parallel, physical transmission channels between

two network stations (for example, between two switches). Trunking aims on the
one hand to increase transmission capacity and on the other to increase fault
tolerance.
Full duplex operation
For the connection, Full duplex (FDX) means the possibility of transmitting and
receiving simultaneously. Both transmission lines are physically and logically
separate from one another. That not only requires special media for transmissions
(for example, a copper wire respectively for each direction), but also suitable
transceivers and software drivers at both ends.
Thus, theoretically, Full duplex operation doubles the bandwidth to 200 Mbit/s.
Full duplex is particularly advantageous when used between switches and stations
or between several switches. Because no collisions can occur, CSMA/CD is not
required.
Gigabit Ethernet
In comparison with Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet provides tenfold exploitation

of the available bandwidth for Ethernet networks. Apart from the higher band-
width, Gigabit Ethernet offers the advantage of compatibility with Ethernet and
Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet is also based on the CSMA/CD method for
data collision recognition. The same network operating systems and respective
application and management software used for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet can be
run without substantial alterations.
Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

Standard IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3u IEEE 802.3z
Data transmission rate 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1000 Mbit/s
Bit slot time 100 ns 10 ns 1 ns
Collision window 51.2 s 5.12 s 0.512 s
Access method CSMA/CD
Largest data packet 1518 bytes
Smallest data packet 64 bytes 512 bytes
(smaller data packets with
Carrier Extension)
Length of address eld 48 bits
Topology Star, tree line topology
Table 2-5 Comparison of Gigabit Ethernet with Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
Operating modes
Gigabit Ethernet can operate in both Half duplex and Full duplex modes. Whereas
Full duplex operation is largely identical with that of Ethernet / Fast Ethernet, Half
duplex operation is problematical:
If the 51.2-s collision window (please refer to section Network Access Method
CSMA/CD) for Ethernet is shorted by a factor of 100 or 5.12 s in the case of
Fast Ethernet is shortened by a factor of 10, then this collision window will amount
to just 0.512 s. As this is double the maximum signal propagation time between
two nodes on the common transmission medium, this collision window would
allow the use of only very short lengths of cables (approx. 10 to 20 m), which
would be completely unacceptable for practical use.
That is why the collision window for Gigabit Ethernet was xed at 4096 bits
(euqivalent to 512 bytes or 4.1 s). A trick was employed to guarantee this x
without making changes to the data frame format: the Carrier Extension.
Carrier Extension
With a minimum of 512 bytes (19 protocol bytes and at least 493 data bytes,
Gigabit Ethernet frames full the 4.1-s time condition for the collision window
stated above; the 7 bytes for the preamble are ignored). Gigabit Ethernet frames
with less than 493 bytes of data (46 to 492) are padded out with a Carrier Extension
(see graphic below). The Ethernet frame itself remains unaltered, so that there is
no difference as far as the communications software is concerned.
38
Figure 2-12 Carrier Extension for a short Gigabit Ethernet frame (data eld < 493 bytes)
Preamble Preamble (without starting frame delimiter)

SFD Starting frame delimiter
DA Destination address
SA Source address
TF Type eld (length)
Data Field Data eld with user data (possibly including up to 46 bytes of supplementary
characters).
FCS Frame check sequence
CE Carrier Extension; between 447 and 1 byte in length
Carrier Extension is implemented by the physical layer (1).
Frame Bursting
If Carrier Extension becomes necessary, the length of the Ethernet protocol

overhead also increases. Gigabit Ethernet utilizes frame bursting, which is
also integrated on the physical layer, to compensate as far as possible for this
increase in length. Several short data blocks are packed into an Ethernet frame
on the physical layer to achieve the required minimum length of 512 bytes without
having to use the Carrier Extension facility.
Topology
The following characteristics are typical to a Gigabit Ethernet topology:

Group formation
Hierarchical structures with switches
Full duplex operation
In contrast to Ethernet and Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet utilizes all 4 pairs of a
twisted pair cable. This allows the data in Full duplex mode to be simultaneously
transmitted and received via 2 pairs respectively, which equates to doubling the
data transmission rates to 2000 Mbit/s.
10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet is presently the fastest variant of Ethernet transmissions

with product specications for the corresponding devices standardised in the
IEEE 802.3ae. As far as industrial communications are concerned, 10 Gigabit
Ethernet is only of note when networking to the higher levels is carried out via
the automation level (plant control or management level) or WAN (Wide Area
Network). In comparison, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is hardly used directly in industrial
environments; this is because segments can be always formed in industrial
facilities with their own collision domains, and lower data transmission rates are
the consequence.
Ethernet with switching (Switched Ethernet)
Denition
Switched Ethernet is a network in which each Ethernet component is assigned

to a port in a switch. That means that only one station is ever connected to each
port. As a result, the system is divested of previous collision domains in individual
point-to-point connections between network components and participating
terminal devices.
Preventing collisions ensures that each point-to-point connection has exclusive
use of the full network bandwidth. That means that Full duplex operation
is possible. The second pair of Ethernet wires required for collision detection
can now be additionally used for transmissions, which leads to a considerable
increase in data throughput. That means that using Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX) it
is possible to transmit 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both directions, which, under
certain circumstances, amounts to doubling the data transmission rate.
Further information on switches is contained in the following chapter in the section
Ethernet Switches.
Advantages
Utilizing Switched Ethernet offers the following advantages:

Guaranteed collision-free networks, because only one component is assigned
to each port
Rapid switching of data packets
Considerable increase in data throughput as a result of Full duplex operation
Deterministic operation is possible due to elimination of collisions.
Network size
In theory, there is no limit to the possible size of a Switched Ethernet network. The
maximum cable length of a point-to-point connection is determined only by the
physical transmission properties, which according to specications is 100 m.
In practice, the actual possible length of the cable is determined by the types of
connectors and lines used.
Response times
Switched Ethernet eliminates all uncertainties with regard to time arising from
the collision resolution algorithm (CSMA/CD) used by Ethernet. Correctly
dimensioned, Switched Ethernet can be operated as a deterministic system,
meaning, its response times can be predicted. In this case, it must be guaranteed
that the switches operate within their deterministic range under all operating
conditions through correct selection of switches and appropriate dimensioning
of the network.
40
2.3 Industrial Ethernet Network
Why Ethernet for industry?
At the present time, three major trends are developing in automation:

Intelligence is increasingly being shifted towards individual eld components,
forming decentralized, distributed structures of automation (distributed intelli-
gence).
The demands from within automation for IT standards are becoming difcult to
overhear.
Vertical communication is becoming increasingly integrated through all levels
of the automation pyramid.
In principal, distributed intelligence can be implemented independent of the
eldbus system being operated. However, with integrated communication in
mind, consideration should be given to combining with future-proof protocols
when planning intelligent eld devices.
Fieldbus technology as it presently stands, makes it difcult to integrate
communication across all levels of the automation pyramid using a bus system.
Gateways are necessary to facilitate communication between the eldbus systems
established in the lower levels (PROFIBUS, AS-Interface, CAN and others) and
the bus systems in the upper levels (mostly Ethernet). As well as leading to a loss
of quality, gateways can primarily be the cause of time delays and as a result
hinder or even prevent integrated fast communication.
As well as the different protocols, which in part are required by or support
other network structures, substantial disadvantages in present-day industrial
communications include a large number of protocols and vender-specic sub-
assemblies with their associated high costs for installation, maintenance, repair
as well as their heterogeneous stock of data in the form of widely differing data
formats.
Figure 2-13 Conventional system extension operating different eldbus systems
Making use of Ethernet, right down to the lower levels of the automation pyramid,
will (to a large extent) sweep away these weaknesses in communication. The aim is
to use just one common bus protocol with uniform data formats. Using components
based on Ethernet reduces the complexity of installation, maintenance and repair
tasks, which in turn lowers the costs for connecting machines and systems to the
eldbus communication. And we should not forget that there is a great deal of
potential for savings to be gained by using proven, standardized components, for
example, RJ45 connectors as well as passive and active devices.
Neither should we forget to mention the fact that in the age of industrial Ethernet
there are also various Ethernet standards and variants of protocols being used for
fast communication on the lower levels that demonstrate little or no compatibility
with one another. That on the one hand can be attributed in part to diverging
demands (required of real-time capability for example) and on the other hand
to the fact that none of these variants has (yet) managed to assert itself as the
standard. The section User Organisations and Protocol Variants contains more
on this subject later in this chapter.
42
Figure 2-14 System extension based on Ethernet / Industrial Ethernet
It goes without saying that the Ethernet only having been used in ofce
environments will initially have to be adapted to suit industrial requirements, which
are imperative for communication purposes in the lower levels. As well as the
restriction or elimination of collision domains, these include real-time capability
and Full duplex operation.
The unbeatable advantage gained from utilizing Industrial Ethernet as an
integrated communication system is to be found in the use of a millionfold tried-
and-trusted uniform protocol in the form of Ethernet with TCP/IP from the
ofce environment through to the machine / sensor. The use of this Ethernet
standard means that today it is already possible to achieve economic applications
for use in industry based on standard solutions. Work continues on unresolved
questions and demands with regard to real-time capability, speed and reliability
(as in freedom from collisions) and other characteristics necessary in industrial
environments. Solutions will be found for these in the near future.
A further big advantage of Industrial Ethernet is its transmission speed: data
transmission rates between 10 and 1000 Mbit/s are available with Industrial
Ethernet compared to just a few Kbit/s through to a maximum of 12 Mbit/s offered
by conventional eldbus systems.
In summary, it can be said that in comparison with conventional eldbus systems
Industrial Ethernet offers the following advantages:
Ethernet is an open standard in use across the globe, which means, simple
interaction between the devices and components from various vendors is
guaranteed.
Ethernet is open and transparent. Different protocols can be utilized simultane-
ously in the same network.
Data transmission rates from 10 Mbit/s through to 1000 Mbit/s are possible.
Conventional eldbus systems have already been in use over a long period of
time. New installations are planned encompassing progressive and universal
methods.
However, despite the euphoria surrounding Industrial Ethernet, it should not be
forgotten that the big conventional eldbus systems (for example, PROFIBUS,
CANopen, INTERBUS, ARCOS) represent more than 80 % of all the presently
installed bus systems. Consequently, Industrial Ethernet will have to demonstrate
over the next few years that it can supplement and replace the conventional
eldbus systems.
Fields of applications for Industrial Ethernet
Today, Industrial Ethernet can be implemented in (nearly) all elds in which

fast cross-level communication between the eld level and the higher levels is
important, and large amounts of data have to be transferred.
The majority of Ethernet components presently in use are represented by ofce
devices adapted to suit industrial purposes. These IP 20 devices are mostly
installed in switchgear cabinets or control rooms. These devices are only of little
or no suitability for use in harsh industrial climates.
However, it is possible to use devices and components sealed to protection
class IP 65 / IP 67 in applications in immediate industrial environments without
additional protective measures. It does not matter if these are in steelworks in
extreme temperatures and dust ridden conditions, in the automotive industry
controlling industrial robots or in wind turbines facing high degrees of mechanical
and EMC stresses today, Industrial Ethernet dominates a large part of industry,
and it continues to advance.
44
Figure 2-15 Harsh industrial conditions operating in a steelworks
Figure 2-16 Fast data transmission to control industrial robots manufacturing

automobiles
Figure 2-17 Wind turbines high demands on EMC and mechanical stability
General requirements placed on Industrial Ethernet networks
International standard ISO/IEC 11 801 and its European equivalent EN 50 173

dene a standard generic communication network for a building complex. Both
standards are basically identical. Both are based on building premises used for
ofce purposes, and both aim to set generic standards. The specic requirements
placed on Ethernet networks in industrial networks such as:
System specic cable routing
Individual degree of networking for each machine / system
Line network topologies
Robust, industry-standard cables and connectors with specic requirements
relating to EMC, temperature, humidity, dust and vibration
are not taken into consideration in either of these standards in line with what we
know today. The conditions for the industrial use of Ethernet are presently being
described in the revision of the EN 50 173 and its new supplements.
46
The essential differences between operating Ethernet in an ofce environment
and in an industrial environment are demonstrated in the overviews below:
Ofce areas Industrial areas

Installation Permanently installed basic Wiring very dependent on system
requirements installation requirements
Cables routed in System specic cable routing
intermediate ooring Connection points rarely altered
Variable workplace device Devices connected on site
connections Individual degrees of networking
Pre-assembled device required for each machine /
connection cables system
Generally standard work- Often linear and (redundant) ring
places (desk with PC ) topologies
Tree network topologies
Transmission Large volume data packets Small data packets (for example,
performance (for example, images) measurement data)
Medium network availability Very high network availability
Transmissions timed in Transmissions timed in micro-
seconds seconds
Predominantly acyclic High proportion of cyclic transfers
transfers Isochronism
No isochronism
Environmental Moderate temperatures Extreme temperatures
requirements Low levels of dust High levels of dust
No moisture Moisture possible
Low levels of vibration Vibrating machines
Low levels of EMC exposure High levels of EMC exposure
Low mechanical hazard Risk of mechanical damage
Low levels of UV radiation UV exposure in open-air
Extremely limited chemical environments
hazard Chemical hazard from oil-lled
and / or aggressive atmospheres
Table 2-6 Different requirements for ofce and industrial environments
Ofce areas Industrial areas

Supply voltage 230 V AC 24 V DC
Mounting Desktop device, cabinet or Top-hat rail, wall mounted
wall mounted
Design size Flat Slim
Operating temperature 0 C to +40 C -40 C to +70 C
0 C to +55 C
Shock - 15 g
Vibration - 2g
Cooling Fan Heat sink
Degree of protection IP 20 / IP 30 IP 20
(with protective housing)
IP 65 / IP 67
Resistance to Dust Dust, oils, solvents, acids,

Tests, safety EN 60 950 EN 60 950
Tests, EMC EN 50 081-1 (residential) EN 50 081-2 (industrial)
EN 50 082-1 (residential) EN 50 082-2 (industrial)
DIN EN 50 155
(railway standard)
Response time > 100 ms < 20 ms
Operational lifetime > 3 years > 6 years
Availability 4 years 10 years
(spare parts)
Table 2-7 Different requirements for network components in ofce and industrial
environments
Further standardisation, such as special requirements for industrial applications

will be specied in EN 50 173 supplements.
Freedom from collisions
The ability to calculate the communications is an essential requirement when

running Industrial Ethernet. As Ethernet as such is not deterministic, and it is
not possible to achieve clearly dened time-scheduled statuses employing the
CSMA/CD method of collision recognition, other solutions will have to be found
for its use in industry.
As well as the use of switches (please refer to the section Ethernet With Switching
in this chapter), various suppliers of industrial components have developed
different concepts for solutions. These include, amongst others:
Cyclic Ethernet operation whilst avoiding standard Ethernet communication
(example: as with PowerLink Protection Mode or EtherCat)
Standard Ethernet with additional real-time mechanisms (example: PROFINET
or EtherNet/IP)
A combination of both concepts (example: PROFINET)
48
Real-time capability
Real-time communication capability is a further fundamental requirement for

Industrial Ethernet networks. Real-time in this sense means the capability of a
network to full the scheduled requirements of an application under all operating
conditions. With regard to transmission speeds, Ethernet as such is superior to
every conventional eldbus system. However, it is exactly the component used to
guarantee compatibility with the ofce environment, the so-called TCP/IP stack,
that is the cause of the biggest delays in the network. For that reason, the simplest
solution would be to circumvent this stack; the result, however, would be the loss
of compatibility to the ofce world.
Various solutions are being put forward to full the demands for real-time
capability:
Using a so-called master clock to synchronise the clocks of the network
stations
In this case, IEEE 1588 is applied. This standard species a protocol for
the precise synchronisation of networked systems (PTP; Precision Time
Protocol), which is particularly suitable for Ethernet TCP/IP (example:
JetSync).
Cyclic communication by circumventing the TCP/IP stack
For real-time communication, the TCP/IP stack is completely circumvented
and replaced by a separate stack for cyclic processes. A time slot is
contained in each cycle in which normal TCP/IP or UDP/IP protocols
can be transmitted as required. Transmission is made by means of
a broadcast telegram so that all stations on the network can hear the
telegrams. Ethernet switches are not allowed for this process, as these
have a fundamentally longer and uctuating transfer time. Instead hubs
are prescribed (example: ETHERNET PowerLink).
Other means of circumventing the TCP/IP stack
Other methods of circumventing the TCP/IP stack address their real-time
extension directly to the MAC level (example: EtherCat) or they circumvent
the TCP/IP stack by using another method (example: PROFINET).
User organisations and protocol variants
IAONA
Nowadays, the question is no longer asked if Ethernet suitable for use in industry.
Owing to the technological advancements in Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet,
in switching and Full duplex transmissions, the classic Ethernet has become
suitable for use in industry and is becoming increasingly interesting for vendors.
It would be more accurate to say that the question about the proper protocol has
become more a question of what you believe.
There are presently many different approaches towards application protocols, all
of which are founded in various basic principles and are not compatible with each
other. In order to at least co-ordinate the activities of these individual companies
and organisations, the umbrella organisation IAONA (Industrial Automation Open
Network Alliance) was founded. In co-operation with the various interested parties,
this umbrella organisation for industrial communication via Ethernet is dedicated
to working towards minimising the differences between the individual approaches
to solutions. The rst result was the publication of a guideline for industrial cabling
of Ethernet: the Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation Guide, which is now
available in its fourth version.
The IANOA works in close co-operation with the following partner organisations:
EPSG (ETHERNET PowerLink Standardization Group) for ETHERNET
PowerLink
ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group) for EtherCAT
IGS (Interest Group Sercos Interface) for Sercos III
Modbus-IDA (Modbus Interface for Distributed Automation) for Modbus/TCP
ODVA (Open DeviceNets Vendor Association) for EtherNet/IP
Different Approaches to Solutions
The user is spoilt for choice when it comes to selecting different protocol variants
for use in industrial applications. As Ethernet has only recently been deployed in
industrial automation, none of these various protocols has been able to become
established as the standard. Which of the protocols the users will put their faith in
will become apparent in the near future.
The following overview does not offer an evaluation and does not purport to be
complete or comprehensive.
50
Ethernet Architecture Hardware Response time *

protocol
EtherNet/IP Open Standard Cycle: 500 s - 10 ms
Jitter: 500 ns
ETHERNET Real-Time subnet Standard Cycle: < 400 s
Powerlink Jitter: < 1 s
PROFINET Real-Time subnet Standard / Cycle: 5 - 20 ms (V2); 1 ms (V3)
dedicated** Jitter: < 1 s with 100
synchronised drive elements
EtherCAT Real-Time subnet Standard Cycle: 100 s with 100
synchronised drive elements
HSE Open Standard No details
JetSync Open Standard Cycle: < 5 ms
Jitter: < 10 s
Modbus-IDA Open Standard Cycle: approx. 5 - 10 ms
safeethernet Open Standard No details
SERCOS-III Open Standard / Cycle: 1 ms; Jitter: < 1 s with 40
dedicated axses
Table 2-8 Overview of the current Ethernet protocols
* All details in accordance with vendor specications

** Standard-ASICS with switch
supported by HARTING
Further details about the individual protocol variants are available from the
corresponding websites. The Appendix contains an overview of the protocol
variants and the corresponding websites.
EtherNet/IP
EtherNet/IP combines and supplements TCP/IP and UDP/IP /IP to allow industrial
applications to communicate; it was presented by the ODVA (Open DeviceNet
Vendor Association) at the end of 2000. The abbreviation IP in EtherNet/IP stands
for Industrial Protocol.
Built on Ethernet TCP (UDP)/IP, EtherNet/IP is essentially a ported version of
CIP (Control and Information Protocol) already in use in both ControlNet and
DeviceNet. Secured data transmission for acyclic messages (programme upload/
programme download, conguration) is implemented via TCP. Time-optimised
transmission of cyclic control data is performed with UDP.
Switches can be used to improve performance.
ETHERNET Powerlink
ETHERNET PowerLink was originally developed by the Austrian company

Bernecker + Rainer (B&R) with approval of the standard published in 2002.
With this protocol, TCP/IP and UDP/IP are extended by the PowerLink protocol
on the layers 3 and 4. With the help of the SCNM method (Slot Communication
Network Management) this PowerLink protocol completely regulates data trafc
on the network to provide real-time capability on Ethernet. Each station on the
network has a timed and strictly limited access, which allows it to broadcast data
to every other station on the network. The possibility of collisions is fully ruled out
as only one station can access the network at a particular time.
In addition to these individual time slots for cyclic data trafc, SCNM offers joint
time slots for the purpose of acyclic data exchange.
Moreover, Ethernet PowerLink version 2 contains additional communications and
device proles that are closely oriented to the corresponding CANopen proles.
Switches can only be deployed in the ETHERNET PowerLink open mode. It is not
possible to use switches when in the protected mode.
PROFINET
First introduced to the market in 2002, PROFINET was developed by the

PROFIBUS User Organisation (PNO) with the support of Siemens. For
the rst time, the current PROFINET versions support two communications
mechanisms. A standard communications channel is available for non-time critical
communication (non real-time) based on TCP/IP. An optimised, software-based
communication channel has been implemented for real-time communication. This
channel circumvents the layers 3 and 4 to shorten the protocol data sizes and
consequently the throughput times of the data packets. In accordance with IEEE
802.1p, PROFINET prioritises the data packets for optimum communication; the
highest priority 7 is awarded for real-time communication. Utilizing special ASICs
in which a hardware solution for the real-time channel is implemented is another
method used to achieve real-time communication.
Switches are only permitted for network structuring purposes. The use of hubs is
not permitted with PROFINET.
52
Further protocol variants
In addition to the named user organisations in which HARTING is a participating

member, other protocol variants and standards also exist (please refer to table
2-8):
EtherCAT
The Ethernet-based automation concept EtherCat (Ethernet for Control
Automation Technology) was developed by a company called Beckhoff. The ETG
(EtherCAT Technology Group) is an alliance of companies whose aim it is to
support and advance this technology.
In conventional Ethernet-based automation concepts, an Ethernet data packet
is received by every I/O module, interpreted and forwarded. Contrast this with
EtherCAT technology where the data for each I/O terminal is removed when the
telegram passes through the corresponding device. Input data is inserted into
the telegram as it runs through the device in the same manner. The delay to the
telegrams during this process can be measured in nanoseconds.
Switches can only be used to a limited degree.
HSE
Supported by the Fieldbus Foundation, HSE (High Speed Ethernet) is mainly
represented on the American market. HSE operates as a backbone and is
connected to an underlying eldbus (for example, H1) by means of gateways.
JetSync
The company Jetter developed its own protocol that can be used for synchronisation
purposes based on Ethernet TCP/IP. In doing so, it uses a process that enables
asynchronous data transfers to be carried out in accordance with IEEE 1588.
Modbus/TCP
Developed by Modicon (Schneider Electric), Modbus/TCP is derivative of the
modbus protocol. The corresponding specication was published in 1999 and
is available free of charge via the internet. The Ethernet-based protocol runs
over layer 4 (TCP or UDP). It is a simply structured, open and widely available
transmission protocol used for connection-based and secured exchange of data
in a master-slave structure.
safeethernet
safeethernet is based on standard Ethernet and as such enables utilisation of all
known IT protocols. The main eld of application for safeethernet is networking
safety-related applications.
SERCOS-III
Sercos interface (Serial Real-Time Communication System) is a digital interface
between the controls and drives in which bre optics is used as the transmission
medium (ring). In the latest version III, the entire Sercos concept has been ported
to Ethernet.
3 Transmission Technology and Cabling for Industrial Ethernet 53
3 Transmission Technology and Cabling for Industrial

Ethernet
The European Standard EN 50 173 species in detail the structured cabling of
Ethernet networks. Although the standard focuses on ofce areas, substantial
features can also be applied to industry.
The following two graphics depict EN 50 173-1-compliant structured cabling in
the ofce area and the corresponding cabling for the industrial area.
Matching components in both areas are depicted in the same colour.
FD FD
TO TO TO TO
FD FD
TO TO TO TO
BD FD BD FD
TO TO
CD
Figure 3-1 Structured cabling in the ofce area in accordance with EN 50 173-1
CD ... Campus Distributor

BD ... Building Distributor
FD ... Floor Distributor
TO ... Telecommunication Outlet
54
ISO / IEC 11 801

Structured network
building area
BD
TO TO TO
Structured network
machine area
MD MD
TE TE
TE TE TE TE
TE TE
Production area
Figure 3-2 PROFINET-compliant structured industrial network in accordance with

EN 50 173-1
BD = Building Distributor
TO = Telecommunication Outlet (coupling IP 20 and IP 65 / IP 67 in the industrial area)
MD = Machine Distributor
TE = Terminal Equipment
In addition, various standards dene cabling and networking of Ethernet stations

in industrial applications. For example, the IAONA guideline Industrial Ethernet
Planning and Installation Guide offers a general overview of cabling and
specications for cables and connectors.
Individual user organisations have published their own such guidelines. For
example, based on fundamental EN 50 173-1 requirements, PROFINET
Installation Guidelines dene industry-standard cabling for Industrial Ethernet.
These PROFINET and other guidelines specify cables and connectors that enable
the user to implement an installation for the corresponding protocol without having
to specically calculate the transmission path.
The guidelines named above set new standards because:
The component manufacturer is provided with unambiguous specications for
interfaces.
The user is provided with simple rules for installation.
As with eldbus, these guidelines enable him to create networks without
additional Ethernet-specic planning.
3.1 Network topologies
Industrial Ethernet network topologies are oriented towards the requirements

of the facilities to be networked. The most frequently used types of topologies
are star, tree, line and ring. In practical applications, systems often consist of a
mixture of these structures, which we will consider individually in the following.
Ethernet hubs, switches, routers or gateways can be utilized as central units
for signal distribution purposes. Individual topologies are demonstrated in the
following examples with Ethernet switches utilized as central units.
Star
Star topologies are characterised by a central signal distributor (for example, a

switch) with individual connections to all terminal equipment on the network.
Star network topologies are suitable for applications with a high density of devices
in a relatively short linear expansion, for example, small manufacturing cells or
individual production machines.
SW
TE TE
TE TE
TE
Figure 3-3 Star topology with an Ethernet switch
SW = Switch
Tree
Tree topologies are created by connecting several star structures to form a

network. Tree topologies are suitable for subdividing and structuring complex
systems.
56
SW
TE TE
SW SW
TE TE
TE
TE TE TE TE
TE TE
Figure 3-4 Tree topology with Ethernet switches
SW = Switch
Line
Line topologies can be implemented with a standalone switch close to the terminal
device to be connected or by a switch integrated in the terminal device itself.
Line topologies are preferred in extensive systems incorporating longer distances,
for example in conveyor systems, and for connecting manufacturing cells.
SW SW
SW SW SW
TE TE TE
TE TE
Figure 3-5 Line topology with Ethernet switches
SW = Switch
Ring (redundancy)
A ring topology is created by connecting both ends of a line topology. This

additional (redundant) line is activated if a failure occurs within a line to prevent
the entire network from failing.
Ring topologies are utilized in facilities with higher requirements with regard to
maximum plant availability in the event of a line breakage or network component
failure.
3.2 Active and passive network components
In order to build a structured Ethernet network, active and passive network com-
ponents are required as well as the classic components (cable and connectors).
In addition to providing the link between various levels within a structure or bet-
ween different degrees of protection (IP 20 IP 67), these components are
responsible for routing and distributing data telegrams.
Often equipped with an intelligent chip, active components include those that can
process, amplify and appropriately relay incoming data telegrams. For example,
gateways, routers, switches and hubs (repeaters) belong to this group. These
active components operate on different layers of the ISO/OSI Reference Model:
Application Layer Gateway Application Layer
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Router Network Layer
Switch /
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Bridge
Hub
Physical Layer Physical Layer
(Repeater )
layers supported by Ethernet

higher layers
Figure 3-6 Ethernet components in the ISO/OSI Reference model
Fullling a variety of tasks, passive components are the bridge between IP 20

to IP 67 environments or serve as panel feed-throughs in switchgear cabinets.
Outlets or panel feed-throughs are typical components of this group.
The following sections contain further information about gateways, repeaters,
switches, bridges, hubs and outlets. In particular, we will concentrate out focus
on switches, hubs and outlets, as these components represent the most frequently
used device types in industrial networks.
58
3.3 Ethernet gateways
Gateways are components used on layer 7 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model to

link networks utilising different protocols. For example, they are used to couple
Ethernet networks with conventional eldbus systems (such as, PROFIBUS).
Due to the fact that these two networks make use of very different protocols, the
data telegrams must be adapted to suit the other respective structure.
Application
protocols *
6. Presentation Layer Application

protocols
5. Session Layer Higher-level protocol

not used by
PROFIBUS
4. Transport Layer TCP / UDP
3. Network Layer IP
2. Data Link Layer CSMA/CD Master - Slave

Transmission protocol
1. Physical Layer Ethernet PROFIBUS
OSI Reference model Ethernet Layers PROFIBUS Layers
Figure 3-7 Comparison of Ethernet and PROFIBUS structures based on the

ISO/OSI Reference Model
* ... not applicable to PROFIBUS-DP
Layer 7 Layer 7
Layer 6 Conversion Layer 6
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4
Layer 3 Layer 3
Layer 2 Layer 2
Layer 1 Layer 1
Gateway
Ethernet PROFIBUS
Telegram Telegram
Figure 3-8 Function principle of a gateway (example: Ethernet and PROFIBUS)
The conversion process typically entails extensive calculations, and as such

places high demands on the devices being utilized.
Belonging to the intelligent group of devices, gateways are mostly equipped with
extensive conguration and diagnostics functions. And because they operate as
a station on Ethernet, each gateway is assigned its own MAC address.
Industrial Ethernet
PLC with Process

gateway function visualisation
Gateway
PROFIBUS PROFIBUS
Remote- Remote-
I/Os I/Os
Operating Monitoring
unit unit
Act. Sensor Sensor Act. Sensor Sensor Act. Act. Sensor
Act. = actuator
Figure 3-9 Gateways as a link between Industrial Ethernet and PROFIBUS (Example)
3.4 Ethernet router
Routers operate only in a network environment in which all stations use the same
network protocol, and determine optimum routes between two stations across
different transmission lines. Should the transmitter and the receiver be in different
networks, the data telegram is initially addressed to a suitable router, which then
determines the optimum path for the data telegram before forwarding it to another
network or different router. In doing so, it makes use of previously determined
tables or to be more exact applies an IP routing algorithm.
From the point of view of reliability and performance, routers are decisive
components; they are frequently used in extensive structures often consisting of
several networks.
Ethernet
Network 3
Router Communikation
between stations
Router in different networks
performed via routers
Station
11
Ethernet
Network 1 Router
Station
12
Ethernet
Network 2 Station
Station 24
Direct communikation 13 Station
between stations 21
in the same network
Station Station
22 23
Figure 3-10 Communication between Ethernet networks with routers

60
3.5 Ethernet bridges
Ensuring communication between networks in accordance with protocols, bridges

operate on layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model. Based on their MAC address,
data packets are transmitted from one sub network to another.
By utilizing bridges, the user is able to extend the limits of his network with regard
to numbers of stations and linear expansion. Sub-dividing networks with the help
of bridges means each sub network can be extended to contain the maximum
number of stations and fully exploit possible linear extension.
Moreover, bridges can be used to provide a simple means of limiting failures.
Faulty data packets from the data link layer are not forwarded. An analysis of
the MAC address ensures that only those data packets are transmitted to the
sub network with the appropriate MAC address. Consequently, this allows bridges
to lter and limit the data trafc to the connected sub networks. This lter function
can make a decisive contribution towards reducing the burden in large Ethernet
networks.
3.6 Ethernet switches
Switches are important components in Ethernet networks. Through the creation

of different topologies (star, ring, tree or line topologies) as well as dividing the
Ethernet networks into individual collision domains, they allow for greater exibility
during installation.
Switch the key network component in Switched Ethernet
Switches are active infrastructure components operating in accordance with

IEEE 801.3 on layer 2 of the ISO/OSI reference model. Some switches extend
their functions to the layers 1 and 3.
Ethernet switches analyse all incoming data packets then forward them to the
specic port where the corresponding component is located. Multicast and
broadcast telegrams are the one exception, these being sent on to all active ports
on the switch.
To support correct routing of telegrams, each switch contains an address/port
assignment table, which stores the destination address assigned to a specic
address on the switch. As a rule, the address/port assignment table is generated
and maintained by the switch in a self-learning process. With the help of this
table, incoming data packets are analysed according to their destination address,
then ltered and relayed to the corresponding port. If no such entry exists in the
table, the incoming data packet is initially sent to all ports. If a target address
responds, it is added to table together with the corresponding port.
Assignment table
Address Port
1234 1
4A7F 3
2267 4
AAB1 2
Switch Matrix
Ethernet Data Ethernet Data
Incomming Ports Ports Outgoing
telegrams telegrams
Switch
Figure 3-11 Function principle of an Ethernet switch
A single switch can learn several thousand addresses. This becomes necessary
when more than one terminal device is connected to one or more ports. This
auto-sensing capability allows several independent subnets to be connected to a
single switch (cascading).
Together with the connected components, each port on a switch forms its own
collision domain. Consequently, it is impossible for collisions to take place with data
transmitted by other stations connected to different ports. Each port in a Switched
Ethernet system is assigned just one component. This rules out collisions from
the outset. Thus, this guaranteed freedom from collisions considerably increases
effective data throughput; it is also an absolute pre-condition for the real-time
capability of Ethernet.
Switch technology makes it is possible to build up Industrial Ethernet networks
that meet the high reliability standards required of industrial area applications,
and be real-time capable.
Operating modes
Auto-crossing
Auto-crossing performs an automatic crossing of the send and receive wires at

twisted-pair interfaces, if required. Thus, the user is able to utilize 1:1 wired cables
and crossover cables on an equal basis.
Auto-negotiation
Ethernet switches support the Auto-negotiation function in the Fast Ethernet

protocol. In this case, the switch agrees a transmission mode for each port to
which one or more Ethernet stations are connected with regard to:
the data transmission rate: 100 Mbit/s or 10 Mbit/s
and
the operating mode: Full or Half duplex
62
Auto-polarity
Auto-polarity describes the automatic correction of wiring errors in twisted-pair

cables that result in a polarity reversal of the data signals.
Blocking
A switch has a certain amount of ports available, which are connected to one
another via the switch matrix. A switch matrix capable of handling all connections
operating at full transmission rates without delay is known as a non-blocking switch.
The switch is said to be blocking, if the number of simultaneous connections
operating at full transmission rates is restricted.
Half duplex mode
Half duplex actually means one direction at a time. Only one transmission
direction is in operation at any one time: either receiving or transmitting.
In order to recognise collisions, the CSMA/CD mechanism must be employed for
Half duplex operations.
Full duplex mode
Ethernet switches support both Half duplex and Full duplex operations.
Full duplex operations under Fast Ethernet (100 Base TX) for example, allow
100 Mbit/s to be transmitted simultaneously in both directions. That is theoretically
an effective doubling of the rate of data transmissions. One line is used to transmit
and the other to receive. As there is no fear of collisions, the regulations regarding
the CSMA/CD access procedure are not required.
Management
A switch without management functions (unmanaged switch) switches the entire

data trafc according to the address/port assignment table. The user does not
have to perform any conguration or parameterisation settings. The switch can
be used as a Plug and Play device. Because it is not addressed as a device, an
unmanaged switch does not need to be assigned a MAC address.
Managed switches control the data trafc according to set parameters. The
switch-management software implemented in the switch (rmware) forms the
basis for this function.
The range of management software functions varies from switch to switch.
Generally, standard functions include diagnostics and parameterisation / congu-
ration options. Additional management functions can be, for example, how it
reacts to communication faults.
Modern switches support SNMP Management (Simple Network Management
Protocol) and web-based management. These offer the user diverse management
options.
Because it is considered to be a station and is addressed via Ethernet, a managed
switch must be assigned a MAC and an IP address.
Store and Forward
In the Store and Forward mode, the switch temporarily stores the complete data
packet, checks it for errors and, if it is error free, forwards it to its destination port
(please refer to the graphic below).
Ethernet Frame
Ethernet- Ethernet- Data FCS

Header
Store
FCS Ethernet- Data Ethernet-

Ethernet- Ethernet- Data FCS Header
Header
Error
Check
Adress Port trash
1234 1
4A7F 3
2267 4
AA81 2
Figure 3-12 Operating mode Store and Forward
Cut Through
In contrast to the operating mode Store and Forward the Cut Through mode of
operation waits only until the Ethernet switch has sufcient bytes to determine
the destination address of the data packet. The data packet is forwarded as
soon as the Ethernet switch is able to recognise the port to which the receiver is
connected.
The operating mode Modied Cut Through is a special variation, which waits
for the arrival of exactly 64 bytes. Otherwise, this procedure corresponds to the
Cut Through operating mode. The purpose of this special form is to recognise
fragments of data packets that can arise, for example, due to collisions.
64
Characteristic Store and Forward Cut Through modied Cut

Through
Input storage for Entire Ethernet packet As many bytes as 64 bytes
switch evaluation (all bytes) necessary for the
switch evaluation
Switch causes Number of bits in Number of bits 512 bits times
minimum delay the Ethernet packet required until data transmission
times lower data evaluation is rate
transmission rate complete times the
(input or output port) data transmission
rate
Jitter in the delay Proportional to the constant constant
length of the Ethernet (64 bytes)
packet
Error recognition The entire Ethernet No error recognition Recognition and
and forwarding of packet is checked. All packets suppression of
faulty data packets The switch recognises (including faulty) packets with less
the same mistake that are forwarded. than 64 bytes (for
the receiver would. example, collision
Faulty packets are not fragments)
forwarded.
Different data Yes Not possible
transmission rates
in input and output
ports
Table 3-1 Comparison between the operating modes Store and Forward and
Cut Through
Ethernet switches with IP 20 protection
Under certain circumstances, Ethernet switches sealed to IP 20 can also apply

in industrial environments. For example, they can be used for structuring networks
in control rooms, for distribution of collision domains in switchgear cabinets or for
connecting machines and systems in terminal boxes. In all cases, it is important
that the switches are not used directly in harsh industrial environments; a separate
solution (for example a panel feed-through or coupling) should be sought for the
transition from IP 20 to IP 65 / IP 67 areas.
There are presently numerous suppliers offering Ethernet switches with protection
class IP 20; the number of available ports varies between 4, 8 and 16. Ethernet
switches for integrating into 19 racks can be equipped with even more ports.
In conclusion, it is possible to say that under certain circumstances Ethernet
switches, sealed to IP 20, can offer a cost-efcient solution for use in industry.
In saying that, a great deal depends on the respective tasks and the ambient
conditions in which the solutions are implemented.
Process Switching cabinet

Contol
level
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling Patch
cable Ethernet
Switch
IP 20
IP 67
Transition
Ethernet cable IP 20 to IP 67
to the individual
terminal devices
Figure 3-13 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet switches sealed to IP 20
Ethernet switches with IP 65 / IP 67 protection for direct mounting
Ethernet switches with metal or plastic housings sealed to IP 65 / IP 67 are suitable

for mounting directly onto the machine or system. They can either be mounted
directly onto the machine using special wall mounts or onto standard mounting
rails in the immediate vicinity of the machine using top-hat adapters.
The connection options for the Ethernet cable can vary between the various RJ45
variants and M12 D-coding circular connectors. In this case, the various Ethernet
user organisations and vendors give priority to different solutions. Please refer to
the section Connectors in this chapter for more detailed information on individual
connector variants.
66

Control
level
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the Ethernet

individual terminal Switch
devices
Figure 3-14 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet switches sealed to IP 65 / IP 67
The table below offers a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of

using Ethernet switches sealed to IP 20 and those sealed to IP 65 / IP 67:
Ethernet switch with Ethernet switch with

IP 20 protection IP 65 / IP 67 protection
Advantages Competition is vigorous, Direct mounting onto the
ensuring a large selection machine / plant possible
High number of ports per Saves space in switchgear
switch possible cabinet / terminal box
Good mounting options in No additional protective
switchgear cabinet (top-hat measures necessary in harsh
rails) industrial environments
Utilisation of power sources in Robust, vibration and impact
vicinity possible (for example, proof housing often made of
in the switchgear cabinet) metal
Use of standard cables and Support various Ethernet
RJ45 connectors specications through different
Short bridging lengths possible mating faces
between controls and switch Short transmission paths
between switch and terminal
equipment possible
Utilise standard connectors
Direct indication of diagnostic
signals by means of LEDs
possible
Just one long transmission
path between the switch and
PLC
Disadvantages No option for direct mounting Relatively large dimensions
onto the machine / plant and weight
In part, large space require- Maximum number of ports is
ments in the switchgear limited
cabinet Power supply with 24 V DC
In part, long transmission can prove to be difcult
paths between the switch and
terminal equipment outside of
the switchgear cabinet
Additional protective measures
necessary when used outside
of switchgear cabinet (for
example housing)
When mounted in switchgear
cabinet or terminal box, the
housing must be opened for
diagnosis
Table 3-2 Comparison between Ethernet switch sealed to IP 20 and Ethernet switch
sealed to IP 65 / IP 67
68
Technical features
Ethernet switches with IP 65 / IP 67 protection for direct mounting offer the

following distinctive features:
Enable terminal devices to be connected via shielded or unshielded twisted-
pair cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3.
Any network conguration (line, star, tree) is possible with the Ethernet
switch.
Safe and fast installation is guaranteed when pluggable connectors are used
for all connections.
All Ethernet interfaces are protected against overvoltage.
Ethernet switches are generally designed to be non-blocking. That means that
your switch matrix can process all connections between the ports without delay
when operating full data transmission rates.
There are various mounting sets available for direct mounting (wall mounting,
mounting onto top-hat mounting rails).
In accordance with Ethernet specications, the ports are designed for connec-
tors with protection to IP 65 / IP 67.
The address/port assignment table is generated automatically by the Ethernet
switch in a self-learning process and stored in the volatile memory (RAM) of
the Ethernet switch. Voltage resumption initiates an internal reset procedure to
delete the table.
In addition, the use of Ethernet switches offers the following advantages:
Reduced cabling work and costs when constructing industrial networks
Robust metal housings made of die cast metal or plastic materials
EMC, temperature range and mechanical stability full the most stringent
requirements
Compatible with the various Ethernet specications (for example, PROFINET
or ETHERNET/IP)
Example for an IP-65 Ethernet switch for direct mounting
The following graphic depicts a typical construction example of an Ethernet switch

from HARTING:
Protection cover Han 3 A

(for RJ45 only)
Locking lever
(for RJ45 only)

Data ports DP 1...5

(example: RJ45)
ild Device
h
n
sc identication
e
yp label
T
Zinc die-cast
Status indication
Eth
housing
ern
et
ESC Switch
67
Operating voltage Pow
Por
er
Degree of
t1
Por
Por
t2
t3
protection: IP 65
Por
t4
Status indication Por

t5
Power supply
Operating status
Link
Act
feed-in
Data ports 1...5
(example:
Han 4 A)
Connector set for Connector for

data ports power supply
(example: RJ45) (example:
Han 4 A)
Figure 3-15 Construction of the ESC TP05U HARTING RJ Industrial

70
Block diagram
R1 10Base-T
100Base-Tx Assignment
T1 Transceiver table
R2 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T2 Transceiver
R3 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T3 3,5 V DC
Transceiver
R4 10Base-T Auto Negotiation 24 V DC

100Base-Tx
T4 Transceiver
R5 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T5 Transceiver
U1+ U1- U2+ U2-
Figure 3-16 Block diagram of Ethernet switch ESC 67-10 TP05U
In-between Ethernet switches for mounting onto external

enclosure panels
So-called In-between Ethernet switches represent a further Ethernet switch

variant for use in industry. These are Ethernet switches that can be mounted
directly onto the external panel of switchgear cabinets, terminal boxes or other
housings; they serve as a coupling between the IP 20 environment within the
housing on the one hand, and the harsh IP 67 industrial environment on the
other.
These In-between Ethernet switches full several functions at the same time:
Ethernet ports with IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels offer the possibility of struc-
turing the Ethernet network and coupling terminal equipment in external
industrial areas.
At the same time, with ports sealed to IP 20 on the rear side of the Ethernet
switch they offer the possibility of structuring an Ethernet network on the inside
of the housing (switchgear cabinet) as well as coupling terminal equipment in
the IP 20 environment.
Last but not least, they act as panel feed throughs linking the worlds of IP 20
and IP 67.
To full the various Ethernet specications, In-between Ethernet switches are
also available with different connectors.
The following graphic demonstrates uses for In-between Ethernet switches:
Process Switching cabinet IP 20

Control
level
Ethernet
building
cabling Patch
cable
In-between
Ethernet
Switch
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the
individual termination
devices
Figure 3-17 Options for utilising In-between Ethernet switches
Technical features
Essentially, the same characteristics apply for direct mounting as those for
Ethernet switches:
In-between Ethernet switches enable terminal devices to be connected
using shielded or unshielded twisted-pair cables in accordance with
IEEE 802.3.
In-between Ethernet switches support all network topologies (line, star, tree)
in IP 20 as well as IP 65 / IP 67 areas.
Various ports are available to structure networks to IP 65 / IP 67 (outside
switchgear cabinet)
Ethernet stations in IP 20 areas can be connected using standard RJ45
connectors (switchgear cabinet interior).
Pluggable connectors guarantee quick and reliable installation of all connec-
tions.
In-between Ethernet switches are designed to be non-blocking.
72
The address/port assignment table is generated automatically by the Ethernet
switch in a self-learning process and stored in the volatile memory (RAM) of
the Ethernet switch. Voltage resumption initiates an internal reset procedure to
delete the table.
Diagnostic message indication via LEDs on the front plate of the In-between
Ethernet switches possible.
Utilisation of In-between Ethernet switches offers the following additional
advantages:
Reduced cabling work and costs when constructing industrial networks
Suitable as panel feed-through from switchgear cabinets or terminal boxes
Robust housings with higher shock and vibration resistance as well as EMC
compatibility
Compatible with the various Ethernet specications (for example, PROFINET
or ETHERNET/IP)
Mount directly onto exterior panels of switchgear cabinets, terminal boxes
Practical experience shows that network structures often consist of both types
of IP 65 / IP 67 switches: sealed to IP 20, Ethernet stations are connected in
a structured manner to the ports of the In-between Ethernet switches. The
structure is then routed outside of the switchgear cabinets via ports offering
IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels. Additional structures can be created with the help
of Ethernet switches suitable for direct mounting.
Switch cabinet Switch cabinet

Machine module 1 Machine module n
TE
TE TE TE
TE
TE TE TE
TE
...
Figure 3-18 Example of a structure based on In-between Ethernet switch and
Ethernet switch for direct mounting
TE ... Terminal Equipment

Example for an In-between Ethernet switch
The following graphic depicts a typical construction example of an In-between

Ethernet switch from HARTING:
Fixing strap
Status indicators
on the back side:

Device
identication Data ports IP 20 (RJ45)
label
Termination for power
supply
Data ports
IP 67
(example: RJ45)
Figure 3-19 Construction of the ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING RJ Industrial
Block diagram
R1 10Base-T
100Base-Tx Assignment
T1 Transceiver table
R2 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T2 Transceiver
R3 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T3 3,5 V DC
Transceiver
R4 10Base-T Auto Negotiation 24 V DC

100Base-Tx
T4 Transceiver
R5 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T5 Transceiver
U1+ U1- U2+ U2-
Figure 3-20 Block diagram of In-between Ethernet switch ESC 67-30 TP05U
74
3.7 Ethernet hubs
Hub as an active network component
Operating on layer 1 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model, hubs are often referred to
as repeaters. They can also partly extend their function to layer 2.
An Ethernet hub is used to implement cabling in an Ethernet / Fast Ethernet
network between more than two Ethernet stations using shielded (STP) or
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3. Ethernet
hubs operate at speeds of 10 Mbit/s, Fast Ethernet-Hubs at 100 Mbit/s. Hubs
capable of operating at both speeds are known as dual speed hubs. Cabling
implemented with Ethernet hubs is less susceptible to faults and when utilised in
a star arrangement has the advantage that the failure of a network node does not
mean the failure of the entire network.
As well as serving to structure the network, Ethernet hubs also regenerate
incoming signals and perform other tasks.
In contrast to Ethernet switches, which only forward the incoming data packets to
the port to which the station with the corresponding address is connected, hubs
relay all incoming data packets to all ports and their stations.
Contrary to Ethernet switches, Ethernet hubs cannot create their own collision
domains to prevent collisions. Thus, Full duplex operations are not possible.
Ethernet hubs operate only in Half duplex mode.
TE TE
Hub Switch
TE TE TE TE
TE TE
Ethernet hub Ethernet switch

Figure 3-21 Difference between an Ethernet hub and an Ethernet switch
TE = Terminal Equipment (Datenendgert)

Ethernet Data 1 1 Ethernet Data

2 2 Ethernet Data
3 3 Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data 4 4 Ethernet Data
5 5 Ethernet Data
Incomming Ports Ports Outgoing
telegrams telegrams
Hub
Figure 3-22 Function principle of an Ethernet hub
Operating modes
Auto-sensing
Auto-sensing makes it possible for Ethernet hubs to automatically recognise the

data transmission rate (10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s) and to transmit and receive data
at the same rate. If terminal devices operating with different transmission rates
are connected to a hub, the hub will automatically function with the higher trans-
mission rate of 100 Mbit/s. That guarantees that existing Ethernet connections
operating with 100 Mbit/s are not stalled by a factor of 10 should a terminal device
operating with 10 Mbit/s be connected.
In this case, communication with terminal device(s) or equipment operating with
10 Mbit/s is not performed via the Ethernet hub.
These settings also apply when two or more Ethernet hubs are connected in a
network (cascade).
Half duplex mode
Ethernet hubs support Half duplex operations. A single data line is used to transmit
and receive signals. The other data line is used to recognise possible collisions.
Ethernet hubs with IP 20 protection
Under certain circumstances, Ethernet hubs sealed to IP 20 can be also be

used in industrial environments. This allows them to be used to structure net-
works in control rooms as well as in switchgear cabinets and terminal boxes.
In all cases, it is important that the hubs are not used directly in harsh industrial
environments; a separate solution (for example, a panel feed-through or
coupling) should be sought for the transition from IP 20 to IP 65 / IP 67 areas.
There are presently numerous suppliers offering Ethernet hubs with protection
class IP 20, which means that the user is able to acquire the hub that exactly ts
his requirements. The number of available ports varies a great deal; however,
most Ethernet hubs are equipped with 4, 8, 16, 24 or 32 ports. Ethernet hubs for
integrating into 19 racks can be equipped with even more ports.
76
In conclusion, it is possible to say that under certain circumstances Ethernet hubs,
sealed to IP 20, can provide a cost-efcient solution for use in industry. In saying
that, a great deal depends on the respective tasks and the ambient conditions in
which the solutions are implemented.
Control
level
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling Patch
cable Ethernet
Hub
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the
individual terminal Transision
IP 20 and IP 67
Figure 3-23 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet hubs sealed to IP 20
Ethernet hubs with IP 65 / IP 67 protection
Ethernet hubs with IP 65 / IP 67 protection level can, for example, be mounted

directly onto the machine / system. They can either be mounted directly onto
the machine using special wall mounts or onto standard mounting rails in the
immediate vicinity of the machine using special top-hat adapters.
The connection options for the Ethernet cable can vary between the various RJ45
variants and M12 D-coding circular connectors. In this case, the various Ethernet
user organisations and vendors give priority to different solutions. Please refer to
the section Connectors in this chapter for more detailed information on individual
connector variants.
Control
level
PLC
Ethernet
building
level
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the Ethernet

individual terminal Hub
devices
Figure 3-24 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet hubs sealed to IP 65 / IP 67
The table below offers a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of

using Ethernet hubs sealed to IP 20 and those sealed to IP 65 / IP 67:
78
Ethernet hub with Ethernet hub with

IP 20 protection IP 65 / IP 67 protection
Advantages Competition is vigorous, Direct mounting onto the
ensuring a large selection machine / plant possible
High number of ports per hub Saves space in switchgear
possible cabinet / terminal box
Good mounting options in No additional protective
switchgear cabinet (top-hat measures necessary in harsh
rails) industrial environments
Utilisation of power sources in Robust, vibration and impact
vicinity possible (for example, proof housing often made of
in the switchgear cabinet) metal
Use of standard cables and Support various Ethernet
RJ45 connectors specications through different
Short bridging lengths possible mating faces
between controls and hub Short transmission paths
between hub and terminal
equipment possible
Utilise standard connectors
Direct indication of diagnostic
signals by means of LEDs
possible
Just one long transmission
path between the hub and
PLC
Disadvantages No option for direct mounting Relatively large dimensions
onto the machine / plant and weight
In part, large space Maximum number of ports is
requirements in the switchgear limited
cabinet Power supply with 24 V DC
In part, long transmission can prove difcult
paths between the hub and
terminal equipment
Additional protective measures
necessary when used outside
of switchgear cabinet (for
example housing)
When mounted in switchgear
cabinet or terminal box, the
housing must be opened for
diagnosis
Table 3-3 Comparison between Ethernet hub sealed to IP 20 and Ethernet switch
sealed to IP 65 / IP 67
Technical features
Ethernet hubs are distinguished by the following features:

They enable terminal stations to be connected via shielded or unshielded
twisted-pair cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3.
Utilising Ethernet hubs reduces cabling work and costs when creating industrial
networks.
Ethernet hubs support all network congurations.
Pluggable connectors guarantee quick and reliable installation of all
connections.
In accordance with Ethernet specications, the ports are designed for
connectors with protection to IP 65 / IP 67.
In addition, the use of Ethernet hubs offers the following advantages:
Robust housings made from either metal or plastic offering higher shock and
vibration resistance as well as EMC compatibility
Suitable for harsh industrial environments
Compatible with specications of different Ethernet user organisations (for
example, with M12 D-coding in accordance with ETHERNET Powerlink)
Cabling
When cabling, a distinct characteristic of Ethernet hubs must be considered:

Due to the fact that hubs feature an integrated cross-over function, 1:1 Ethernet
cables are normally used between the hub and the connected terminal
equipment.
However, when connecting two Ethernet hubs with one another (cascading), it
must be ensured that the cross-over functions in both Ethernet hubs do not
contrive to mutually neutralise each other. Utilising a cross-over cable, for
example, when connecting the two hubs could bring this about. Various solutions
are possible; one is that the cross-over function can be changed over at the
respective hub port.
For this reason, it is important to observe the operating instructions of the
respective manufacturer when connecting Ethernet hubs with one another.
Example for an Ethernet hub (IP 65 / IP 67)
The following graphic depicts a typical construction example of an Ethernet hub

from HARTING:
80

Data ports DP 1...5 Device
identication
(example:
M12-L D-coding) label
ild
sc
h Zinc die-cast
n
e housing
yp
T Degree of
protection:
Status indication
Eth
ern IP 65
ESC et Hub
67
Operating voltage Pow
Por
er
Por
t1
Power supply
Status indication t2
Por
t3 input
Operating status Por
(example:
t4
Por
Data ports 1...5
t5
Link M12 A-coding)

Act

Connector for
power supply
(example:
Connector for M12-L
Data ports A-coding)
(example:
M12-L D-coding)
Figure 3-25 Construction of EHB 67-10 TP05 M12 D-coding
Block diagram
R1 10Base-T
100Base-Tx 10Base-T
T1 Transceiver Repeater
R2 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Port Switching Logic
T2 Transceiver
100Base-X
R3 10Base-T Repeater
100Base-Tx
T3 3,3 V DC
Transceiver
R4 10Base-T Auto-sensing 24 V DC
100Base-Tx
T4 Transceiver
R5 10Base-T
100Base-Tx
T5 Transceiver
U1+ U1- U2+ U2-
Figure 3-26 Block diagram of Ethernet hub EHB 67-10 TP05

3.8 Industrial Outlets for Industrial Ethernet
Industrial Outlet as a passive network component
Industrial Outlets are passive network components not equipped with intelligence
and lacking their own power supply. In principle, they are the socket outlets
for Industrial Ethernet within the system; they are essentially tasked with
continuing the structured building cabling through to the machine or system
in an industrial environment in accordance with ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 and
EN 50 173:2002. This allows Ethernet cables to be permanently installed in
factory buildings. As pluggable modules / units, the machine and other components
are connected via the Industrial Outlet as required. IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels
are maintained.
If it becomes necessary to separate the machine from the Ethernet network (for
example, for maintenance or replacement purposes), then all that is required
is to simply disconnect the connector from the Industrial Outlet. Extending the
facility is just as easy; simply plug the new component to an existing or additional
Industrial Outlet.
Industrial
Plant
Machine
Network
Figure 3-27 Structured cabling to ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 with Industrial Outlets

82
Essentially, an Industrial Outlet consists of the housing, a PCB with a terminal
strip or other wiring option to wire the Ethernet cable to the IP 65 / IP 67 ports.
Designed with pluggable connections, Industrial Outlets are usually equipped with
two or more ports with high protection levels for routing the Ethernet connection
to the industrial system.
Industrial Outlets for wall mounting in industrial environments
Industrial Outlets are generally mounted directly onto walls, girders, pillars or
similar. As a rule, permanent cabling is implemented using Ethernet cables routed
through cable ducts or via cable bridges to the point of assembly and wired to the
Industrial Outlet. The actual connection to the machine / system is implemented
via a (disconnectable) plug-in connection, which can take the form of either
RJ45 or M12 D-coding variants. Thus, Industrial Outlets can also be deployed in
accordance with the respective Ethernet specication.
Technical features
Industrial Outlets are distinguished by the following characteristics:

Utilising Industrial Outlets allows the structured building cabling to be fed
directly through to the machine in the industrial area in accordance with
ISO/IEC 11 801:2002.
Industrial Outlets enable terminal stations to be connected via shielded or
unshielded twisted-pair cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3.
With pluggable Ethernet ports with IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels they offer the
possibility of structuring the Ethernet network and coupling terminal equipment
in external industrial areas.
Utilising plug-in connectors guarantees that the Ethernet connection is rapidly
and reliably connected to the terminal equipment.
At the same time, for example, by taking advantage of LSA connection tech-
nology Ethernet cables can be connected to a PCB, and as a consequence
offer a rapid, simple and reliable connection between the facility network and
the respective terminal device.
Industrial Outlets are available with different connectors to comply with various
Ethernet specications. Thus, the user can select the requisite Industrial Outlet
for his particular application to full the respective Ethernet specications.
In addition, the use of Industrial Outlets offers the following advantages:
Robust housings made from either metal or plastic for a high degree of shock
and vibration resistance as well as EMC compatibility
Compatibility with the various Ethernet specications (for example, PROFINET
or ETHERNET Powerlink)
The following graphic depicts an Industrial Outlet in typical use in an industrial
application:
Figure 3-28 Industrial Outlet in a production facility at Daimler Chrysler AG, Rastatt
(source: HARTING)
Example for an Industrial Outlet
The following graphic depicts a typical construction example of an Industrial

Outlet from HARTING:
Labelling eld Cable entries
Blanking plugs M20

to block off non-
utilised cable entries
Data ports IP 67
Protection cover
Han 3 A
Figure 3-29 Construction of INO 67 HARTING RJ Industrial
3.9 Cabling
For use in industrial applications, it is necessary for more than the individual
components to be protected. The cables and connectors for Ethernet also have
to resist what can be unfavourable effects of use in direct industrial environments.
These unfavourable effects include:
Acids, alkalines and other aggressive substances in the air and immediate
vicinity.
High humidity
84
Mechanical stresses
Vibration
High temperature uctuations
Electromagnetic disturbance elds
and others
In addition, the ease with which a cable can be integrated into the machine and
system (for example, via cable ducting or trailing cable) and ease of handling play
a large part in the decision for or against a specic cable.
Standardisation
The actual status of standardisation pertaining to Ethernet cabling in industrial

areas is conspicuous by the existence of numerous standards, supplements of
these and various guidelines. For example, the actual requirements for Gigabit
Ethernet, which are specied in IEEE 802.3ab, have been taken on by the
ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 and in the EN 50 173-1:2002.
The various user organisations prefer different product proles for the cabling.
All of these proles will remain valid along side each other so long as there is no
uniform standardisation in this eld. The following table offers an overview of the
product proles issued by IANOA, ODVA and PNO (PROFINET):
Characteristic IAONA ODVA PNO

Wire cross- Fixed cabling: AWG AWG 24 AWG 22
section 22 / AWG 24
Flexible cabling:
AWG 24 / AWG 26
Shielding Yes, obligatory Yes, unshielded Yes, obligatory
permissible
Connector for RJ45 compatible Variant 01 of Variant 04 of
IP 65 / IP 67 M12 D-coding, IEC 61 076-3-106 IEC 61 076-3-106
areas 4-poles M12 D-coding,
4-poles
Optional Via data line: Via hybrid cable and
power supply PoE to IEEE 802.3af IEC 61 076-3-106
(incorporated) variant 05 connector
Table 3-4 Various solutions available for Ethernet cabling
The rst step towards a uniform world-wide valid standard has already been
taken. For example, agreements have been made that highlight the differences
between the cabling in ofce and industrial environments. These include, amongst
others:
Structure
Line and ring structures are widespread in industrial environments, with star
and tree structures more prevalent in ofce environments.
Transmission media in industrial environments are:
Copper cable, Category 5, UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) or STP (Shielded
Twisted Pair)
Fibre optics cable with HCS or POF bres (HCS - Hard Clad Silica;
POF Polymer Optical Fibre)
Structures complying with ISO/IEC 11 801 are being revised:
Campus Backbone and Building Backbone are being retained
The Horizontal Cabling Subsystem will be divided into a Floor Backbone
Subsystem and an Apparatus Cabling Subsystem.
The Consolidation Point will be superseded by an Intermediate/Industrial
Distributor.
User-independent cabling ends at the interface to the application (machine or
plant component)
Environmental conditions
Essentially, two areas will be differentiated in industrial environments:

IP 20 within control rooms, switchgear cabinet and other protected
environments
IP 65 / IP 67 in unprotected external areas
It should be noted that different industrial areas could be subjected to vastly
different environmental conditions:
Industry
Temperature
Aggressive
Radiation
EM elds
Vibration
Moisture
Gases
uids
Oils
Motor vehicle
X - - - X X X -
manufacture
Chemical X X X - X X X X
Electronics X - - - X X - -
Power stations X X X X X X X X
Mechanical
X - - - X X X X
engineering
Steel X X X - X X X X
Table 3-5 Environmental inuences in various elds of industry
Frequently used Ethernet transmission media
Essentially, two transmission media are utilised in Industrial Ethernet:

Twisted-pair: copper cables with 2x 2 or 4x 2 cores, twisted around each
other in a spiral pattern. These cables can be shielded (Shielded Twisted
Pair STP) or unshielded (Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP).
86
Fibre optic cables as multimode or single mode bre; suitable for short- or
long-wave lasers
The answer to the question about the right type of cable often depends on
a number of factors. One important factor is the required transmission length
between two components. Further factors can be found in electromagnetic
interference, mechanical stress, the required category and other conditions.
The variants listed in the table below represent only a small selection of possible
cables:
Standard Transmission medium Distance

10 Mbit/s system
10Base-T [FD] 2 wire pairs, mind. Category 3, UTP / STP > 100 m
10Base-FL [FD] 2x multimode bre-optic cables > 1000 m
depends on type
of bre
100 Mbit/s system (Fast Ethernet)
100Base-TX [FD] 2 wire pairs, Category 5, UTP and STP 100 m
100Base-FX [FD] 2x multimode bre-optic cables depends on type
of bre
1000 Mbit/s system (Gigabit Ethernet)
1000Base-T [FD] 4 wire pairs, Category 6, UTP 100 m
1000Base-SX [FD] 2x multimode or single mode bre-optic 275 m
cables (short-wave laser)
1000Base-LX [FD] 2x multimode bre-optic cables (long- depends on type
wave laser) or of bre
2x single mode bre-optic cables (long-
wave laser)
Table 3-6 Transmission media for Ethernet protocols
[FD] = Full Duplex operation possible

STP = Shielded Twisted Pair
UTP = Unshielded Twisted Pair
Characterising cables and channels
In the main, Ethernet installations are characterised by two parameters: the

category of the cable, and the class of the channel.
Cable is categorised in accordance with its electrical transmission and high-
frequency properties:
Specication Max. frequency Impedance Application

Category 1 not specied 100 Analogue speech transmissions
Category 2 up to 1 MHz 100 IBM cabling, type 3 (language)
Category 3 up to 16 MHz 100 10Base-T; 100Base-T4; ISDN
Category 4 up to 20 MHz 100 16 Mbit Token Ring
Category 5 up to 100 MHz 100 100Base-T
Category 6 up to 250 MHz - 1000Base-T
Category 7 up to 600 MHz - 10Base-T
Table 3-7 Overview of cable category assignment
The channel is the point-to-point part of the transmission process; the electrical
transmission and high-frequency properties are classed follows:
Class A up to 100 KHz

Class B up to 1 MHz
Class C up to 16 MHz
Class D up to 100 MHz
Class E up to 250 MHz
Class F up to 600 MHz
Table 3-8 Overview of cable class assignment for transmission channels
The requirements placed on the transmission channel and therefore on the cable
become increasingly discriminating the higher letter in the alphabet. For example,
if just category 5 cable is used in a system, then its performance must correspond
to channel D. The same applies to category 6 and class E as well as to category
7 and class F.
60 dB
Next
50 dB
40 dB
CAT 7
30 dB
CAT 5
20 dB
10 dB Attenuation
Frequency [MHz]
100 200 600
Figure 3-30 Cable properties in conjunction with the category used
Next = Near end crosstalk

88
Specications for transmission cables made of copper for

Industrial Ethernet
Industry-standard cables can be subjected to extreme mechanical stress.

Accordingly, the cables require a special construction, which in turn affects the
transmission properties. Therefore, when using special cables, it may only be
possible under certain circumstances to implement short transmission lengths.
One important question when choosing the right cable concerns the type of
installation: will the cable be installed permanently and stationary in cable ducting
or similar? Or does it need to be drag-chain suitable? Depending on the location,
the cable and its construction must full various requirements.
The possible cable types for Industrial Ethernet are contained in the relevant
IEEE 802 standards. For example, both copper or bre optic cables can be utilised
in Fast Ethernet.
Figure 3-31 Twisted-pair cable with two cable pairs (example: for permanent installation)
The following general conditions apply for standard copper cables:

Signals are transmitted via symmetric copper cables (twisted-pairs) in
accordance with 100Base-TX at a transmission rate of 100 Mbit/s (Fast
Ethernet).
The transmission medium consists of either 2- or 4-pair sets of twisted and
shielded copper cables (twisted-pair or star-quad) with a characteristic
impedance of 100 Ohm.
Only shielded cables and connection elements are permitted.
Individual components must full Category 5 requirements in accordance with
EN 50 173-1: 2003.
The entire transmission path must full Class D requirements in accordance
with EN 50 173-1.
Non-permanent connections are created using RJ45 and M12 plug-in connec-
tion systems.
Device connections to IP 67 are designed as female connectors.
Connecting cables (device connections, patch cables) are tted at both ends
with male connectors.
All devices are connected via an active network component.
In order to guarantee the easiest possible installation, the transmission cables
are equipped with the same connectors at both ends (patch cable). The maximum
transmission length is 100 m.
max. 100 m
Figure 3-32 Maximum transmission length of Ethernet cables
Using the specied cables in conjunction with the specied connectors results in
a maximum cabling length of 100 m for up to 6 mated connector pairs.
Cabling examples Number of Maximum

connectors cabling length
2 100 m
2 100 m
2 100 m
4 100 m
4 100 m
6 100 m
6 100 m
Table 3-9 Maximum cabling lengths for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet according to
PROFINET specications
TE = Terminal Equipment Inside Connector Coupling

PMD = PROFINET environment
Machine Distributor
90
When calculating the maximum transmission length, it is not of any signicance
if the cable is only to be used inside a switchgear cabinet or outdoors, or as a
connection between two switchgear cabinets.
For calculation purposes, the combination of male and female connectors is
considered a pair; in this case, it does not matter if the pair is used purely for
coupling purposes or if one component (connector or socket) is integrated in a
device.
Each additional mated connector pair reduces the length of the transmission
path. A separate calculation must be made when utilising more than 6 pairs.
This calculation is described in the standard IEC 11 801, which also contains
further information including additional verication of the transmission path, for
example.
Hybrid cable
Hybrid cables (data line and power supply combined in one cable) are used where
decentralised eld devices are connected with both data and power supply via a
combined connector. As well as 4 copper wires for the power supply, this cable
consists of 2 or 4 sets of shielded data lines for communi-cation.
Figure 3-33 Hybrid cable with 2 sets of shielded data lines and 4 copper wires for the
power supply
Special cable for Gigabit Ethernet
In comparison with Ethernet / Fast Ethernet, the most important difference when
using Gigabit Ethernet is to be found in the adaptation of the components physically
involved with transmissions, or, in other words, the cables and connectors.
Although these components have to be designed for a higher band-width, they
are downward compatible for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet. For this reason, cables
suitable for the higher performance of Gigabit Ethernet are often laid in new
installations.
Cable for Gigabit Ethernet must full Category 6 / Class E requirements in
accordance with the cabling standard ISO/IEC 11 801:2002.
Fibre optics
Single-mode or multimode bre optics are utilised in the Gigabit Ethernet variants
1000Base-SX and 1000Base-LX. Longer transmission paths can be achieved
with single-mode bre optics than with the equivalent multimode bre optics. As a
rule, dispersion is less with single-mode bre optics.
Type Frequency Cable type Diameter of Transmission length

bre (maximum)
1000Base-SX 850 nm Multimode 50 m 550 m
62.5 m 275 m
1000Base-LX 1330 nm Multimode 50 m 550 m
62.5 m 500 m
Single mode 9 m 3000 m
Table 3-10 Special bre-optic cables for Gigabit Ethernet
Copper cable
The copper cables used for Gigabit Ethernet are generally individually shielded
twisted-pairs with a stranded core diameter of AWG 22 to AWG 26.
Pair-wise stranding with additional individual shielding is designed to guarantee
an improved and cleaner differential signal transmission in comparison with
normal twisted-pair cables without individual shielding. In addition, this enables
common mode interferences to be eliminated.
The twisted-pair cables to be utilised can be differentiated as follows:
Twisted-pair cable Individually Overall shield

shielded
Shielded, Foiled / Unshielded Twisted Pair SF/UTP Yes No
Shielded / Pair Foiled Twisted Pair S/FTP Yes Yes
Table 3-11 Twisted-pair cables for Gigabit Ethernet
Special cable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Presently, only single-mode or multimode bre optics are utilised in 10 Gigabit

Ethernet.
Type Frequency Cable type Transmission length

(maximum)
10GBase-LX4 1300 nm Multimode 300 m
10GBase-SR/SW 850 nm Multimode 66 m
10GBase-LR/LW 1310 nm Single mode 10 km
10GBase-ER/EW 1550 nm Single mode 40 km
Table 3-12 Overview of bre-optic cable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Power on Ethernet (PoE)
The latest developments in the cabling eld have the aim of guaranteeing
the power supply to the connected device via the Ethernet cable. In contrast
to hybrid cables, which feed the power via a separate wire, PoE (Power
on Ethernet) utilises the standard Ethernet cable. The supply of energy via
the standard Ethernet cable is dened in the supplement IEEE 802.3af.
92
This also includes a denition of an optional data-free supply of power, which
allows power to be drawn from the data cabling system. In this case, the energy is
routed via the RJ45 interface to the corresponding terminal device together with
10Base-T, 100Base-TX or 1000Base-T.
PoE itself is divided into 5 performance classes:
Class Use Classication Max. Max. power drawn

current power supply
0 Default 0 - 15 mA 15.4 W 0.44 - 12.95 W
1 Optional 8 - 13 mA 4.0 W 0.44 - 3.84 W
2 Optional 16 - 21 mA 7.0 W 3.84 - 6.49 W
3 Optional 25 - 31 mA 15.4 W 6.49 - 12.95 W
4 Optional 35 - 45 mA 15.4 W reserved
Table 3-13 Power on Ethernet (PoE) performance classes
The power supply is fed via an active source to a passive IEEE 802.3af-compliant
terminal device.
The IEEE 802.3af denes 3 operating modes for the power supply via different
wire pairs:
Endpoint PSE, operating mode A
Endpoint PSE, operating mode B
Midspan PSE, operating mode B
Operating mode A
In operating mode A, the power is fed via the pairs 1/2 and 3/6 using the Phantom
Feed method. Thus, with Ethernet and Fast Ethernet the pairs 4/5 and 7/8 remain
free.
This operating mode is particularly suitable for Gigabit Ethernet, because all
4 pairs are required for the transfer of data.
Operating mode B
In this operating mode, the power is fed separately from the data via the pairs 4/5
and 7/8; the data is fed via the pairs 1/2 and 3/6. Because no pairs remain free,
this operating mode is not suitable for Gigabit Ethernet.
The difference between Endpoint PSE, operating mode B and Midspan PSE,
operating mode B is a question of the voltage source. Whereas the switch or
another Ethernet component is the source of power for the Endpoint PSE,
operating mode B, an external device supplies the power for Midspan PSE,
operating mode B.
For all operating modes, standardised terminal devices must be equipped with a
passive, resistive circuit. This circuit serves various purposes:
The active source identies the passive terminal device
The operating mode is recognised
The necessary performance class is recognised.
A PoE solution will only supply power, if a corresponding terminal device is
recognised. That avoids damage should a non-standard terminal device be
connected.
At present, there are few elds of applications for this technique. However,
developments in this eld will result in an increased use of this technique in
industry. For example, conceivable applications include control of sensors,
monitoring of processes or systems by means of cameras or handling of alarms.
3.10 Connectors
Straightforward on-site handling of the termination technology is a major criterion

for use in industry. Moreover, it is not just the cable that determines the quality
and reliability of data transfers. Connectors and other non-permanent connections
also play a major role regarding the susceptibility of networks to faults.
RJ45 and M12 connectors in protection classes IP 20 and IP 65 / IP 67 are
available for use in industry and Industrial Ethernet. In particular, RJ45 connectors
with different mating faces as specied in the IEC 61 076-3-106 enjoy widespread
use.
These connectors are easy to assemble on site using standard tools.
Figure 3-34 Possible connectors for Industrial Ethernet from HARTING

94
We should also mention the Industrial Twisted Pair D-SUB connectors to
DIN 41 652, available in 9- or 15-pole versions. Connected with the twisted-pair
cables by means of screw connections, these connectors are mostly available
with metal housings. However, as they generally only play a minor role we will not
be taking a detailed look at them within the framework of this book.
Connectors for IP 20
When housed in switchgear cabinets, connectors are used that are fully compat-
ible with connectors used in ofce communications. Theoretically, it would be
possible to use normal ofce cables with RJ45 connectors.
However, greater demands are generally placed on IP 20 connectors used in
industrial applications. For example, the PROFINET guidelines dene also the
requirements for connections utilising RJ45 connectors as protection class
IP 20.
Figure 3-35 Connectors for Industrial Ethernet in IP 20
As an example, the following image demonstrates the use of connectors with

protection level IP 20 in a switchgear cabinet.
Figure 3-36 HARTING RJ Industrial connectors to IP 20 in use at the Stadler Rail

Group, Switzerland (source: HARTING)
Connector for IP 65 / IP 67
In particular, special account must be taken of the industrial demands placed on

connectors destined for use outside of the switchgear cabinet. Connector types
RJ45 sealed to IP 65 or IP 67 are used in such applications. Special designs can
provide protection levels to IP 68.
The M12 circular connector is a further variant. Utilised are the shielded, 4-pole
variants with D-coding as included in IEC standards by the DKE for Industrial
Ethernet (DKE = German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information
Technologies).
A third variant is the use of special connectors for bre-optic cables. In accord-
ance with PROFINET Installation Guidelines, for example, the ISO/IEC11801-
compliant connection of bre-optics with an Ethernet component is preferably
performed using a special connector system as specied in the IEC 60 874-14.
However, utilisation of bre-optics is not widespread under Industrial Ethernet
so that in the following descriptions a more detailed look will be taken at the
conventional connectors RJ45 and M12 with D-coding.
The following provides an overview of the individual connectors with their different
types of connections, in which standards they are specied and which user
organisations support these types of connectors.
Connectors Specied in Supported by

Type Method User organisation
RJ45 Bayonet coupling IEC 61 076-3-106 IAONA

variant 1 ODVA
Snap-in connection IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 2
Screw terminal IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 3
Push Pull connection IEC 61 076-3-106 PNO
variant 4
Connection with IEC 61 076-3-106 PNO
locking clamp variant 5
Push Pull connection IEC 61 076-3-106 IAONA
variant 6 IDA
INTERBUS
Connection with IEC 61 076-3-106 PNO
locking clamp variant 7
variant 8
variant 9
Pulse Lock connection IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 10
M12 Screw terminal IEC 61 076-2-101 IAONA
D-coding ODVA
PNO
Fibre-optics Connection with PNO
locking clamp
Fibre-optic connection IEC 60 874-14 PNO
Table 3-14 Different connectors for Industrial Ethernet in IP 65 / IP 67
96
HARTING has the appropriate connector for all supported Ethernet specications
in its range of supply.
Connector type Ethernet HARTING connector

specication * Identication Drawing
RJ45 EtherNet/IP RJ Industrial
PROFINET IP 67 Data 3A
RJ Industrial
IP 67 Push Pull
RJ Industrial
IP 67 Hybrid
RJ45 Han-Max
M12 D-coding EtherNet/IP M12-L

ETHERNET Powerlink D-coding
PROFINET
Table 3-15 HARTING connectors
* ... Specications supported by HARTING
The following image demonstrates a typical example of IP 65 / IP 67 connectors

used with robots:
Figure 3-37 HARTING RJ Industrial IP 67 Data 3A connectors in use on robots

(source: HARTING)
Which variant in the nal analysis will come out on top, RJ45 or M12 connectors,
is now more than ever a question of faith. Some experts are of the opinion that
the M12 connector will run up against the buffers when 8-wire based Gigabit
Ethernet is introduced, because, according to the norm, M12 D-coding is based
on a 4-wire cable. On the other hand, other experts point to the fact that the
connection technique utilising M12 is already established across the globe in
the eld of sensors/actuators, and will for that reason come out on top. And yet
others are of the opinion that as it all depends on the respective application, that
neither of the two variants will be able to gain the upper hand in the near future:
M12 will be relied upon when the focus is placed on connecting sensors and
actuators, whereas RJ45 connectors will be preferred for vertical communication
applications with an eye to the connection with building networks.
When the dust settles, the same will happen as with the introduction of the classic
eldbus system: the user will decide for himself which variant he prefers.
Hybrid connectors
The hybrid connector (data line and power supply combined in one cable) is used
where decentralised eld devices are connected with both data and power supply
via a combined connector. A fully shock-hazard protected connector enables the
use of identical connectors at both ends of the cable; the necessity for a male
female conguration eliminated by the integrated protection against accidental
touch. The connector in question is the RJ45 to IP 67 for connecting 2- or 4-pair
sets of shielded data communication lines for communication, and 4 copper wires
for the power supply.
98
Figure 3-38 Hybrid connector
Contact assignment
Contact assignment for RJ45 and M12 connectors are determined in accordance
with the corresponding standards:
RJ45: IEEE 802.3
M12 D-coding: IEC 61 076-2-101
In accordance with the cabling standard (ISO/IEC 11 801:2002), the connectors
should be wired to Category 5 compliant, shielded twisted-pair cables with 2x2 or
4x2 cable pairs.
When assembling Ethernet cables, two variants are possible for contact
assignments:
1:1 cable
With this cable, the contacts are wired 1:1. That means, for example, that the
contact for TD+ on the one connector is connected with the same contact TD+ on
the other connector. The contact assignment for such a cable is as follows:
Contact connector 1 Contact connector 2

TD + TD +
TD - TD -
RD + RD +
RD - RD -
Table 3-16 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable
Figure 3-39 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable (example: RJ45, 2-pair)
Cross-over cable
With this cable, the contacts for transmitting and receiving are wired crossed
over. That means, for example, that the contact for TD+ on the one connector is
connected with the contact RD+ on the other connector. The contact assignment
for such a cable is as follows:
Contact connector 1 Contact connector 2

TD + RD +
TD - RD -
RD + TD +
RD - TD -
Table 3-17 Contact assignment for cross-over cable
Figure 3-40 Contact assignment for cross-over cable (example: RJ45, 2-pair)
Contact assignment for RJ45, 2-pair
The connectors RJ45 should be wired to twisted-pair cables with 2x2 cable
pairs.
Signal Function Wire colour Wire colour RJ45

(EIA/TIA 568-B) (PROFINET) Contact number
TD+ Transmission Data + White-Orange Yellow 1
TD- Transmission Data - Orange Orange 2
RD+ Receiver Data + White-Green White 3
RD- Receiver Data - Green Blue 6
Table 3-18 Contact assignment for RJ45, 2-pair (colour code)
Contact assignment, circular connector M12 D-coding
Twisted-pair cables with 2x 2 cores only are used to wire M12 D-coding circular
connectors, as these are tted with 4 pins as standard.
Figure 3-41 Contact assignment for circular connector M12 D-coding (female / male)
100
Signal Function HARAX Wire colour Wire colour

Contact number (EIA/TIA 568-B) (PROFINET)
TD + Transmission Data + 1 White-Orange Yellow
TD - Transmission Data - 3 Orange Orange
RD + Receiver Data + 2 White-Green White
RD - Receiver Data - 4 Green Blue
Table 3-19 Contact assignment, circular connector M12 D-coding (colour code)
Contact assignment for RJ45, 4-pair
When wiring 8-wire twisted-pair cables to RJ45 connectors, all 8 wires are
wired. However, with Ethernet and Fast Ethernet, only the pairs 2 and 3 have
the corresponding functions. The other two pairs (1 and 4) are not recognised or
processed by the connected Ethernet device.
Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4
Pair 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 3-42 Contact assignment (pairs) RJ45, 4-pair
Contact assignment
Pair RJ45 Signal Function

Contact number
1 4 Not assigned
5 Not assigned
2 1 TD + Transmission Data +
2 TD - Transmission Data -
3 3 RD + Receiver Data +
6 RD - Receiver Data -
4 7 Not assigned
8 Not assigned
Table 3-20 Contact assignment, wire pairs RJ45 connector
Signal Function Wire colour according to RJ45

EIA/TIA 568-A EIA/TIA 568-B Contact number
TD + Transmission Data + White-Green White-Orange 1

TD - Transmission Data - Green Orange 2
RD + Receiver Data + White-Orange White-Green 3
Not assigned Blue Blue 4
Not assigned White-Blue White-Blue 5
RD - Receiver Data - Orange Green 6
Not assigned White-Brown White-Brown 7
Not assigned Brown Brown 8
Table 3-21 Contact assignment RJ45 according to EIA/TIA 568 (colour code)
Special conditions for Gigabit Ethernet
In comparison with Ethernet / Fast Ethernet, the principle difference when using
Gigabit Ethernet is to be found in the adaptation of the components physically
involved with transmissions, or in other words the cable and connectors. Although
these components have to be designed for a higher bandwidth, they are downward
compatible for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet. For this reason, cables suitable for the
higher performance of Gigabit Ethernet are mostly laid in new installations.
In the case of copper cables, 4-pair cables only are utilised, because Gigabit
Ethernet requires all 8 wires.
Preferably, twisted-pair cables with 4x2 cable pairs should be used.
Pair 3 Pair 2 Pair 4
Pair 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 3-43 Contact assignment (pairs) RJ45, 4-pair for Gigabit Ethernet
102
Contact assignment
Pair Ethernet / Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

RJ45 Signal Function RJ45 Signal Function
Pin Pin
1 4 RD Not assigned 4 BI_DC+ Receive Data
5 TD Not assigned 5 BI_DC- Transmission Data
2 1 TD Transmission Data + 3 BI_DA+ Transmission Data
2 RD Transmission Data - 6 BI_DA- Receive Data
3 3 TD Receiver Data + 1 BI_DB+ Transmission Data
6 RD Receiver Data - 2 BI_DB- Receive Data
4 7 TD Not assigned 7 BI_DD+ Transmission Data
8 RD Not assigned 8 BI_DD- Receive Data
Table 3-22 Contact assignment for wire pairs, RJ45 connector for Ethernet /
Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Figure 3-44 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable and Gigabit Ethernet
Figure 3-45 Contact assignment for cross-over cable and Gigabit Ethernet
4 Future Prospects 103
4 Future Prospects
Even as we speak today, Ethernet has already become established in industry.
Collision domains are divided up through the utilisation of switches. The special
case Switched Ethernet fully excludes collisions.
The use of devices and connectors with IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels makes
it possible to operate Ethernet in tough industrial conditions, right down to
the machine, sensor or actuator. Here the proper cable has a role to play. For
longer distances, bre-optic cables or even wireless connections are available.
Wireless LAN can also be utilised should connections with mobile devices be
necessary.
Intelligent terminal devices create increasingly complex data packets that
conventional eldbus systems are only able to transmit very slowly. In the future,
only Ethernet will be able to guarantee fast and super fast transfers of data.
The continued developments in the hardware sector will also result in falling
prices in the manufacture of Ethernet components. The more widespread the
use of Ethernet becomes in industry, the more affordable switches, hubs and
connectors will be. Observed for years in the ofce world, this trend can also be
perceived in industry.
When all is said and done, there can now be no stopping the triumphant progress
of Ethernet in industry, side-by-side with the ofce world. In saying that, it is not
a case of driving out the established eldbus systems overnight. These bus
systems will also retain their right to exist in certain elds. The future world of
automation will see Ethernet responsible for the bulk of communication between
the individual levels of the automation pyramid (please refer to chapter 1). At the
eld level in particular, conventional eldbus systems will undoubtedly continue
to exist in future.
104
5 Overview of Modules and Accessories for Ethernet Components from HARTING 105
5 Overview of Modules and Accessories for Ethernet

Components from HARTING
5.1 Ethernet devices Overview of types
HARTING has a variety of Ethernet components in its programme. The user can
select between the following products to full application requirements.
Type Connection
options
Management functions
Auto-negotiation
Auto-crossing
RJ45 to IP 65 / IP 67
Auto-sensing
Auto-polarity
Half duplex
Full duplex
M12 D-coding
RJ45 to IP 20
ESC 67-10 TP05U HARTING no - - X -
RJ Industrial IP 67 Data 3A
ESC 67-10 TP05U no - - - X
M12 D-coding
ESC 67-10 TP05U Push Pull no - - X -
ESC 67-10 TP05U no - - X -

Han-Max
ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING no - X X -
ESC 67-30 TP05U no - X - X
M12 D-coding
EHB 67-10 TP05 - - - - - - X -
EHB 67-10 TP05 - - - - - - - X
M12 D-coding
HARTING RJ Industrial - - - - - - - - X -
Metal Outlet
INO M12 D-coding - - - - - - - - - X
HARTING RJ Industrial - - - - - - - - X -
Outlet Push Pull
Table 5-1 Overview of types of components for Industrial Ethernet from HARTING
106
Ethernet switches for direct mounting
Type In accordance with

Ethernet specication
ESC 67-10 TP05U HARTING PROFINET
ESC 67-10 TP05U PROFINET

M12 D-coding ETHERNET/IP

Push Pull
ESC 67-10 TP05U ETHERNET/IP

Han-Max
Table 5-2 Overview of types of Ethernet switches for direct mounting
In-Between Ethernet switches

ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING PROFINET

M12 D-coding ETHERNET/IP
Table 5-3 Overview of types of Ethernet switches for mounting on to exterior cabinet
panels from HARTING
Ethernet hubs

EHB 67-10 TP05
EHB 67-10 TP05 ETHERNET/IP

M12 D-coding
Table 5-4 Overview of types of Ethernet hubs to IP 67 from HARTING
Industrial Outlets
Type Housing In accordance with

material Ethernet specication
HARTING RJ Industrial Metal PROFINET
Metal Outlet
INO 67 M12 D-coding Metal PROFINET

ETHERNET/IP
HARTING RJ Industrial Plastic PROFINET

Outlet Push Pull
Table 5-5 Overview of types of Industrial Outlets from HARTING

108
5.2 Mounting options
Type
Direct mounting
Direct mounting
Wall mounting -
Wall mounting -
Mounting onto
mounting rail
onto housing
onto panel or
vertical
top-hat
grider
panel
at
ESC 67-10 TP05U HARTING Yes Yes Yes - -
ESC 67-10 TP05U M12 D-coding Yes Yes Yes - -
ESC 67-10 TP05U Push Pull Yes Yes Yes - -
ESC 67-10 TP05U Han-Max Yes Yes Yes - -
ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING - - - Yes Yes
ESC 67-30 TP05U M12 D-coding - - - Yes Yes
EHB 67-10 TP05 HARTING Yes Yes Yes - -
EHB 67-10 TP05 M12 D-coding Yes Yes Yes - -
HARTING RJ Industrial Metal Outlet - - - Yes Yes
INO M12 D-coding - - - Yes Yes
HARTING RJ Industrial Outlet Push Pull - - - Yes Yes
Table 5-6 Mounting options
5.3 Available cable types
Device type Cable type

STP* UTP** Cat*** Cross-section
ESC 67-10 TP05U HARTING Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
ESC 67-10 TP05U Yes Yes 5 AWG 26 / AWG 22
M12 D-coding
ESC 67-10 TP05U Push Pull Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
ESC 67-10 TP05U Han-Max Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
ESC 67-30 TP05U Yes Yes 5 AWG 26 / AWG 22
M12 D-coding
Table 5-7 Cable types for Ethernet switches
* ... Shielded Twisted Pair

** ... Unshielded Twisted Pair
*** ... Category
Device type Cable type

STP* UTP** Cat*** Cross-section
EHB 67-10 TP05 HARTING Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
EHB 67-10 TP05 M12 D-coding Yes Yes 5 AWG 26 / AWG 22
HARTING RJ Industrial Metal Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
Outlet
INO M12 D-coding Yes Yes 5 AWG 26 / AWG 22
HARTING RJ Industrial Outlet Yes Yes 5 AWG 24 / AWG 22
Push Pull
Table 5-8 Cable types for Ethernet hubs and outlets
* ... Shielded Twisted Pair

** ... Unshielded Twisted Pair
*** ... Category
Cable type Cat** Remarks

Industrial Ethernet Shielded Twisted Pair 5 PROFINET type A for
standard cable; 2x2 AWG 22/1 * permanent installation
For example, for Ethernet
switches and outlets with
HARTING RJ Industrial
Industrial Ethernet Shielded Twisted Pair 5 PROFINET type B for
standard cable; 2x2 AWG 22/7 * exible installation
For example, for Ethernet
switches and outlets with
HARTING RJ Industrial
Industrial Ethernet Shielded Twisted Pair 5 PROFINET type C for drag
standard cable; 2x2 AWG 22/7 * chains
Industrial Ethernet Leitung, two wires twisted to 5 For exible installation
a pair; 4-pairs, symmetrically stranded with foil
screen; 4x2 AWG 26/7 *
Gigabit Ethernet cable, two wires twisted to 6 For exible installation
a pair, and shielded, 4-pairs, symmetrically
stranded with screening braid; 4x2 AWG 26/7 *
Table 5-9 Examples of cable types
* ... Can be supplied by HARTING

** ... Category
Further cable types with a variety of cross-sections can be utilised when they
comply with Ethernet specications.
110
5.4 Connectors
Type
data connector
M12 D-coding
IP 67 Data 3A
HARTING RJ
HARTING RJ
RJ45 - IP 20
Industrial
Industrial
Han Max
Push Pull
ESC 67-10 TP05U HARTING - Yes - - -
ESC 67-10 TP05U - - - - Yes
M12 D-coding
ESC 67-10 TP05U Push Pull - - Yes - -
ESC 67-10 TP05U - - - Yes -
Han-Max
ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING Yes Yes - - -
ESC 67-30 TP05U Yes - - - Yes
M12 D-coding
EHB 67-10 TP05 HARTING - Yes - - -
EHB 67-10 TP05 - - - - Yes
M12 D-coding
HARTING RJ Industrial - Yes - - -
Metal Outlet
INO M12 D-coding - - - - Yes
HARTING RJ Industrial - - Yes - -
Outlet Push Pull
Table 5-10 Connector variants
111
Annex
112
List of Standards and Guidelines 113
Annex A List of Standards and Guidelines

This chapter contains a list of the essential standards and guidelines considered
in this manual. No claim is made is made that this list is exhaustive or up-to-
date.
The standards and guidelines quoted in this manual are up-to-date at the time of
going to press (2005).
Should individual standards in the meantime be withdrawn, up-dated or rewritten,
it is the sole responsibility of the user to keep his knowledge as up-to-date as
necessary. In particular, IEEE standards are subject to constant revision.
A-1 Standards and guidelines applicable to Ethernet /

bus technology
EN standards
EN 50 173-1 Generic cabling systems (international: ISO/IEC 11 801)

Part 1: General requirements and ofce areas
EN 50 173-2 Generic cabling systems Part 2: Industrial area
EN 50 173-3 Generic cabling systems Part 3: Residential area
EN 50 174-1 Cabling installation Part 1: Specication and quality
assurance
EN 50 174-2 Cabling installation Part 2: Installation planning and
practices inside buildings
EN 50 174-3 Cabling installation Part 3: Installation planning and
practices between buildings
EN 60 950 Information technology equipment - Safety
EN 61 131-2 Programmable controllers Part 2: Equipment requirements
and tests
114
IEEE standards
IEEE 802 Local and metropolitan area networks: Overview and

architecture
IEEE 802.1p QoS in Bridges (Multiple Queues)
IEEE 802.2 Local and metropolitan area networks; Specic requirements-
Part 2: Logical Link Control
Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
(CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specications
IEEE 802.3a 10Base-2 Transmission medium (RG58, BNC)
IEEE 802.3b 10Broad36 Transmission medium (CATV)
IEEE 802.3c 10 Mbit/s Repeater for 10Base-2 and 10Base-5
IEEE 802.3d Fibre Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL)
IEEE 802.3e 10Base-5: Star topology with Twisted-pair (replaced by
10Base-T)
IEEE 802.3h Layer Management
IEEE 802.3i 10Base-10 (UTP /5 mit 10 Mbit/s)
IEEE 802.3j 10Base-F Fiber-Link (10Base-FL, 10Base-FB, 10Base-FP)
IEEE 802.3k Repeater Management
IEEE 802.3l PICS for 10Base-T Transceivers
IEEE 802.3m Supplement #2 of the standard (sections 1, 7, 8, 9, 10)
IEEE 802.3n Supplement #3 of the standard (sections 4, 6, 7, 8, 10)
IEEE 802.3p 10 Mbit/s MAU Management
IEEE 802.3q Guidelines for the Development of Managed Objects (GDMO)
IEEE 802.3r PICS for 10Base-5
IEEE 802.3s Supplement #4 of the standard (sections 7, 8)
IEEE 802.3t 120 cable to 10Base-T
IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet standards 100BaseTX (2 pairs Cat 5),
100BaseT4 (4 pairs Cat 3), 100BaseFX
IEEE 802.3v Shielded 150 cable to 10Base-T (STP)
IEEE 802.3w MAC supplements
IEEE 802.3x Full Duplex (10 / 100 / 1 000 Mbit/s and Auto-negotiation)
IEEE 802.3y 100Base-T (UTP, Category 3 / 4 / 5)
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-T / SX / LX / CX)
IEEE 802.3aa 100Base-T supplements (Maintenance)
IEEE 802.3ab 100Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet via UTP; 4 cable pairs)
IEEE 802.3ac Frame format for VLANs (comparision to IEEE 802.1q
Tagging)
IEEE 802.3ad Trunking
IEEE 802.3ae Parameters, Physical Layer and Management Parameters for
10 Gbit/s Operation
IEEE 802.3af Powered on Ethernet
IEEE 802.3ak Physical Layer and Management Parameters for 10 Gbit/s

Operation, Type 10GBASE-CX4
Part 5: Token Ring Access Method and Physical Layer
Specication
IEEE 802.8 Local and Metropolitan Area Network; Specic requirements-
Part 8: Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group
IEEE 802.11 Local and Metropolitan Area Network; Specic requirements-
Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specications
IEEE 1 588 Precision clock synchronization protocol for networked
measurement and control systems
The respective latest list of IEEE standards is available at:

http://standards.ieee.org
IEC standards
ISO/IEC 11 801 Information technology Cabling systems for customer

premises (see also EN 50 173)
Guidelines
Guideline IAONA Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation Guide

Release 4.0
Guideline Installation guideline PROFINET 2.251
116
A-2 Standards and guidelines for devices
EN standards
EN 50 022 Mounting rail. Top-hat mounting rails 35 mm wide for snap-on

tting of devices
EN 50 155 Railway applications - Electronic equipment used on rolling
stock
EN 50 081-1 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Generic Emissions;
Part 1: Residential, Commercial, and Light Industrial
Environments
EN 50 082-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Generic Emissions;
Part 2: Heavy Industrial Environments
EN 50 310 Application of equipotential bonding and earthing in buildings
with information technology equipment
EN 55 011 Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of
measurement
EN 55 022 Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
EN 55 024 Information technology equipment - Immunity characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement
EN 60 068-1 Environmental testing Part 1: General and guidance
EN 60 068-2-6 Environmental testing Part 2: Tests - Test Fc: Vibration
(sinusoidal)
EN 60 068-2-27 Environmental testing Part 2: Tests - Test Ea and guidance:
Shock
EN 60 793-2 Optical bres Part 2: Product specications - General
EN 60 794-2 Optical bre cables Part 2: Indoor cables - Sectional
specication
EN 60 794-3 Optical bre cables Part 3: Sectional specication - Outdoor
cables
EN 60 874-1 Connectors for optical bres and cables Part 1: Generic
specication
EN 61 010-1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use Part 1: General
requirements
EN 61 373 Rolling stock equipment - Shock and vibration tests
Shock and vibration tests
EN 187 000 Generic Specication: Optical bre cables
EN 188 000 Generic Specication: Optical bres
EN 188 100 Sectional specication - Single-mode (SM) optical bres
EN 188 201 Family specication: Ala graded index multimode optical
bres
EN 188 202 Family specication: AIb graded index multimode optical
bres
IEC standards
IEC 61 000-4-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-2: Testing and

measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity
test
IEC 61 000-4-3 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-3: Testing
and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency,
electromagnetic eld immunity test
measurement techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst
immunity test
IEC 61 000-4-5 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-5: Testing and
measurement techniques - Surge immunity test
IEC 61 000-4-6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-6: Testing
and measurement techniques - Immunity to conducted
disturbances, induced by radio-frequency elds
measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic eld
immunity test
UL standards
UL 508 Industrial Control Equipment Standard for Safety

UL 1604 Industrial Control Equipment for use in hazardous locations
UL 60 950 Safety of information technology equipment
A-3 Standards and guidelines for connectors
EN Standards
EN 60 352-2 Solderless connections Part 2: Solderless crimped

connections
EN 60 352-3 Solderless connections Part 3: Solderless accessible
insulation displacement connections
EN 60 352-4 Solderless connections Part 4: Solderless non-accessible
insulation displacement connections
EN 60 512 Connectors for electronic equipment
EN 60 603-7 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed
boards - Part 7: Detail specication for connectors, 8-way,
including xed and free connectors with common mating
features, with assessed quality
EN 61 076-2-101 Connectors for electronic equipment - Part 2-101: Circular
connectors - Detail specication for circular connectors M8
with screw- or snap-locking, M12 with screw-locking for low
voltage applications
EN 61 984 Connectors Safety requirements and tests
118
IEC standards
IEC 60 512 Connectors for electronic equipment Part 2: Tests and

measurements
IEC 61 076-3-106 Connectors for electronic equipment Part 3-106:
Rectangular connectors: Protective housings for use with
8-way shielded and unshielded connectors for frequencies up
to 600 MHz for industrial environments
A-4 Standards and guidelines, general
EN standards
EN 50 110-1 / -2 Operation of electrical installations

EN 60 204-1 Safety of machinery Electrical equipment of machines
Part 1: General requirements
VDE 0100/100 Erection of low-voltage installations
EN 60 529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
EN 60 715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Standardized mounting on rails for mechanical support of
electrical devices in switchgear and controlgear installations
EN 60 950 Safety of information technology equipment
IEC standards
IEC 60 364 Electrical installations of buildings

IEC 60 364-1 Electrical installations of buildings Part 1: Fundamental
principles, assessment of general characteristics, denitions
IEC 60 364-4-41 Electrical installations of buildings Part 4-41: Protection for
safety - Protection against electric shock
IEC 60 364-4-44 Electrical installations of buildings Part 4-44: Protection
for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and
electromagnetic disturbances
IEC 60 364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings Part 5-52: Selection
and erection of electrical equipment - Cabling and wiring
installations
HD / VDE standards
HD 384.4.41 S2 Erection of power installations with nominal voltages up to

(VDE 0100 Teil 410) 1000 V - Part 4: Protection for safety; Chapter 41: Protection
against electric shock
VDE 805 Information technology equipment - Routine electrical safety
testing in production
HD 384 (VDE 0100) Erection of power installations
Annex B Bibliography 119
Annex B Bibliography
No claim is made that the following list is complete or exhaustive. Many of
the following specialist books and documents contain further sources and
bibliographies.
For more detailed information about the individual bus systems, please refer
to the corresponding websites. The respective addresses are contained in the
following chapter.
B.1 General information about eldbus technology

[FB 1] W. Kriesel, O. Madelung: AS-Interface, das Aktuator-Sensor-
Interface fr die Automation; Carl Hanser Verlag, Mnchen, Wien,
1999
[FB 2] R. Becker : AS-Interface Die Lsung in der Automation; AS-
International Association, Schweinfurt, 2002
[FB 3] G. Schnell: Bussysteme in der Automatisierungstechnik; Fried.
Vieweg & Sohn Verlag GmbH, Braunschweig, 2000
[FB 4] W. Kriesel, T. Heimbold, D. Telschow: Bustechnologien fr die
Automation; Hthig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1998
[FB 5] K. Etschberger: CAN Controller Area Network; Carl Hanser Verlag,
Mnchen, Wien, 2000
[FB 6] W. Lawrenz: CAN Grundlagen und Praxis; Hthig-Verlag,
Heidelberg, 2000
[FB 7] H. Zeltwanger: CANopen; VDE Verlag, Berlin, 2001
[FB 8] J. Pimentel: Communication Networks for Manufacturing; PTR
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, USA, 1990
[FB 9] B. Reienweber: Feldbussysteme; Mnchen, Wien, 1998
[FB 10] W. Bong: Feldbussysteme; Expert-Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim,
1992
[FB 11] R. Busse: Feldbussysteme im Vergleich; Paum Verlag, Mnchen,
1996
[FB 12] B. Scherff, E. Haese, H. Wenzek: Feldbussysteme in der Praxis;
Berlin, Heidelberg, 1999
[FB 13] Phoenix Contact: Grundkurs Sensor/Aktor-Feldbustechnik; Vogel
Verlag und Druck, Wrzburg, 1997
[FB 14] W. Jansen, W. Blome: INTERBUS: Das offene und durchgngige
Kommunikationssystem; Landsberg/Lech, 1998
[FB 15] M. Popp: PROFIBUS-DP /DPV1; Hthig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000
[FB 16] D. Reinert, M. Schfer: Sichere Bussysteme fr die Automation;
Hthig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2001
120
B-2 Industrial Ethernet / network technology

[IE 1] M. Popp, K. Weber: The Rapid Way to PROFINET; PNO,
Karlsruhe, 2004
[IE 2] M. Hein: Ethernet Standards, Protokolle, Komponenten;
Thomson Publishing Company, Bonn, 1995
[IE 3] HARTING manual Ethernet Switch ESC 67-10 TP05U; Espelkamp
2004
[IE 4] F. Furrer: Ethernet TCP/IP fr die Industrieautomation; Hthig
Verlag, Heidelberg, 1998
[IE 5] H. Johnson: Fast Ethernet Dawn of a new Network; Prentice-
Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, N.J., USA, 1996
[IE 6] R. Seifert: Gigabit-Ethernet; Addison Wesley Longman, Reading
USA, 1998
[IE 7] Hirschmann manual Grundlagen Industrial Ethernet und TCP/IP;
version 1.0; Neckartenzlingen 2001
[IE 8] HARTING Catalog Han-InduNet - Gerte und Komponenten fr
die Automatisierung; Espelkamp 2004
[IE 9] IAONA manual Industrial Ethernet; Magdeburg, 2004
[IE 10] IAONA Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation Guide,
Release 4.0; 2004
[IE 11] Hirschmann Pocket Guide Industrial Ethernet; Ausgabe 1; 2003
[IE 12] Praxis Proline: Industrial Ethernet; Vogel Verlag 2003
[IE 13] Praxis Proline: Industrial Ethernet; Vogel Verlag 2004
[IE 14] P. Marshall: Industrial Ethernet A Pocket Guide; ISA
(Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society), USA, 2002
[IE 15] Frank J. Furrer: Industrieautomation mit Ethernet-TCP/IP und
Web-Technologie; Hthig, 3. Auage 2003
[IE 16] LANline spezial issue IV / 2003; AWi Verlag, 2003
[IE 17] LANline spezial issue IV / 2004; AWi Verlag, 2004
[IE 18] P. Schnabel: Netzwerktechnik-Fibel; Ludwigsburg, 2004
[IE 19] PROFINET Installation guideline 2.251; 1998
[IE 20] PROFINET Technologie und Anwendung; PNO, Karlsruhe, 2002
[IE 21] R. Breyer, S. Riley: Switched and Fast Ethernet; MacMillan
Computer Publishing, Emeryville, USA, 1996
[IE 22] J. Marti, J. Leben: TCP/IP Networking Architecture,
Administration and Programming; PTR Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, USA, 1994
[IE 23] M. Santifaller: TCP/IP und ONC/NFS in Theorie und Praxis;
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company GmbH, Bonn, 1993
[IE 24] HARTING tecNews issue 11; 2003
[IE 25] HARTING tecNews issue 12; 2004
Annex C Continuative Links 121
Annex C Continuative Links

No claim is made that the following list is complete or exhaustive. For more
detailed information about the individual bus systems, please use search engines
or read corresponding technical literature (see also Annex B).
C-1 Links for eld bus, general
ArcNet www.arcnet.de
AS Interface www.as-interface.net
Bitbus www.bitbus.org
CAN www.can-cia.de
CANopen www.canopen.de
ControlNet www.controlnet.org
DeviceNet www.odva.org
DIN Messbus www.measurement-bus.de
EIB www.eiba.com
Foundation Fieldbus www.eldbus.org
INTERBUS www.interbusclub.com
LON www.lonmark.org
ODVA www.odva.org
OPC Foundation www.opcfoundation.org
PROFIBUS www.probus.com
C-2 Links for Industrial Ethernet
EtherCAT www.ethercat.org
Ethernet/IP www.odva.org
ETHERNET Powerlink ww.ethernet-powerlink.com
Fieldbus.pub Ltd. (The Industrial Ethernet Book) http://ethernet.industrial-
networking.com
Gigabit-Ethernet Alliance www.gigabit-ethernet.org
HSE www.eldbus.org
IAONA www.iaona.org
Industrial Ethernet Association www.industrialethernet.com
JetSync www.jetter.de
LON www.lonmark.org
Modbus-IDA Group www.modbus-ida.org
ODVA www.odva.org
PROFINET www.probus.com
SERCOS-III www.sercos.de
safeethernet www.hima.de
Virtual Private Networking Technologies www.vpn.com
122
C-3 Other links
Deutsches Institut fr Normung www.din.de

EIA www.eia.or
Fieldbus.pub Ltd. (The Industrial Ethernet Book) http://ethernet.industrial-
networking.com
HARTING Electric GmbH & Co. KG www.HARTING.com
IEEE www.ieee.org
IEEE list of actual standards http://standards.ieee.org
ISO Standards www.iso.ch
Request for Comments www.ietf.org
Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbauer www.vdma.de
Virtual Private Networking Technologies www.vpn.com
Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und www.zvei.de
Elektronikindustrie e.V.
Glossary 123
Glossary
1:1 cable Twisted-pair cable by which the cable ends are wired
1:1. That means that each pin on the one end of the cable
is connected to the same pin on the other end of the cable
(example: TD+ TD+)
10Base-2 Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 10 Mbit/s
using thin coaxial cables (Thin Wire, Cheapernet). The
maximum length of the segments is 185 m.
10Base-5 Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 10 Mbit/s
using coaxial cables (Thick Wire, Yellow Cable). The
maximum length of the segments is 500 m.
10Base-FL Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 10 Mbit/s
using bre-optic cables. Each connection is created
using two bres. One bre is used for transmitting, the
other for receiving.
10Base-T Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 10 Mbit/s
using twisted-pair cables (categories 3, 4 or 5). Each
connection is created with two wire pairs. One wire pair is
used for transmitting, the other pair for receiving.
100Base-FX Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 100 Mbit/s
using bre-optic cables. Each connection is created
using two bres. One bre is used for transmitting, the
other for receiving.
100Base-TX Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 100 Mbit/s
using twisted-pair cables (Category 5). Each
connection is created with two wire pairs. One wire pair is
used for transmitting, the other pair for receiving.
1000Base-LX Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 1 000 Mbit/s
using bre-optic cables operating at a wavelength of
1 300 nm. Each connection is created using two bres.
One bre is used for transmitting, the other for receiving.
1000Base-SX Ethernet standard for transmitting data at 1 000 Mbit/s
using bre-optic cables operating at a wavelength of
850 nm. Each connection is created using two bres. One
bre is used for transmitting, the other for receiving.
Address Resolution Please refer to ARP
Protocol
Address/port assignment Table containing the assignment of destination addres-
table ses to the respective ports on a switch. This table is
created and maintained automatically by the switch.
Aging Process used to update data, in particular those of the
address/port assignment tables. In this process, an
address is marked as old once a certain amount of
time has elapsed and is then deleted if it is again not
recognised at any port during the next cycle.
American Wire Gauge Please refer to AWG
Approved use Applicable conditions that fall within the specications for
that type of construction or rated values, environmental
conditions and characteristics determined by the
manufacturer.
124
ARP Address Resolution Protocol

A protocol that ascertains a MAC address through the
IP address assigned to the station. In this case, each
device administers its own ARP table.If the station MAC
address to which it is intended to send a telegram is not
contained in the ARP table, the device transmits an ARP
request in the form of a broadcast telegram. The station
whose IP address is contained in this ARP request
transmits an ARP reply together with its MAC address.
The station that initiated the ARP request adds the MAC
address to its ARP table, and is then subsequently able to
transmit the telegram..
AUI Attachment Unit Interface
Term for an Ethernet interface with a 15-pole D-Sub
connector
Auto-crossing Enables automatic crossing at the twisted-pair inter-
faces of the wires used for transmitting and receiving. This
allows the user to utilise 1:1 wired cables and cross-
over cables on an equal basis.
Auto-negotiation Recognises the transmission parameters of the connected
device such as speed, duplex mode and ow control
at the port, and automatically sets the corresponding
optimum values.
Auto-polarity Function utilised by components in accordance with
10BASE-TX or 100BASE-TX to automatically correct
wiring mistakes in twisted-pair cables that result in
polarity reversal of the data signals (RD+ and RD-).
Auto-sensing Enables a device, (for example, a hub) to detect the
maximum possible transmission rate of a connected
station (10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s), and then to transmit and
receive at this rate.
In the case of hubs, all ports operate at the lowest
transmission rate detected.
AWG American Wire Gauge
The AWG gure describes a cable based on its wire
diameter and permissible attenuation. Depending on the
cable structure, AWG sizes correspond to metric values
as follows:
AWG 22: 0.33 to 0.38 mm wire cross-section
Backbone Term for the highest-level network of an hierarchically
structured installation (for example, in building networks)
Backpressure Function using a jam signal to simulate a collision in
Half duplex mode of operation
Bandwidth Please refer to transmission rate
Bandwidth-length product A characteristic unit of measurement used with bre-
optic cables that describes the factor for determining the
maximum distance that can be covered when utilising
multi-mode bres.
Glossary 125
Bayonet Fibre Optic Please refer to BFOC

Connector
Bayonet Neill Concelmann Please refer to BNC
BFOC Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector
Widely used connector for bre optic cables with bay-
onet lock; also known as ST connector. BFOCs are the
only connectors standardise for 10 Mbit/s Ethernet.
Blocking Please refer to switch, blocking
BNC Bayonet Neill Concelmann
Widely used connector for coaxial cables and devices
under 10Base-2
BootP Bootstrap Protocol
A protocol that supplies a station connected to an
Ethernet network with a permanent IP address based
on its MAC address.
Bootstrap Protocol Please refer to BootP
Bridge Component used in Ethernet networks operating on
layer 2 of the OSI Reference Model to connect two
sub-networks of the same kind. Based on their MAC
address, data packets are transmitted from one sub
network to another.
Broadcast Term for transmitting a (unreceipted) message to a group
of unspecied recipients.
Broadcast telegram Data packets addressed to all network nodes. Hubs and
switches are transparent for broadcast telegrams.
Burst Brief increase of network load due to ood of data or gush
of signals
Bus Common transmission line connecting all components.
Topologies usually have two ends, ring topology being the
exception. Communication is based on a protocol.
Bus system A bus system formed by all components being physically
connected via a bus.
Cable Together with the sheath, one or more insulated
conductors. These conductors can belong to the
same type and to the same category as well share a
joint shielding.
Carrier Sense Multiple Please refer to CSMA/CD
Access with Collision
Detection
Category Cable is categorised according to its electrical
transmission and high-frequency characteristics.
CENELEC Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation
responsible for harmonisation of electrotechnical
standards within the European Union.
Cheapernet Please refer to 10Base-2
Class Classication of point-to-point transmission channels
according to their transmission and high-frequency
characteristics.
126
Coding pin Ensures the correct alignment of the both mating

connectors
Collision Occurs when several stations attempt to transmit simul-
taneously over the network.
This is detected by the CSMA/CD mechanism.
Collision domain The CSMA/CD access procedure restricts data packet
transmission time between two components. Depending
on the transmission rate, this results in a spatially
restricted network: the collision domain. The maximum
extension of a collision domain is 4250 m at 10 Mbit/s
(Ethernet) and 412 m at 100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet).
Full duplex mode connections allow extensions exceed-
ing these limits, because no collisions can occur. The
use of switches is a pre-condition.
Connection Mirroring This function makes it possible for a copy of data trans-
mission between two ports of a switch to be made
available to other ports, for example, for analysis
purposes.
Connector Component part enabling the electrical connection of
the electric cable; designed to create a disconnectable
electrical connection with a suitable mating connector.
A connector consists of a housing, contact inserts and
contact elements
Contact insert Insert for accommodating and positioning of contact
elements in the connector.
Conductor Arrangement of wires, insulation and accessories to
conduct electrical energy from one point of a network to
another.
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
Term for algorithm used to detect and correct errors in bit-
oriented protocols. The unit used for error recognition and
correction is called the Haming Distance.
Cross-over cable Twisted-pair cable whose ends are wired crossed-
over. In other words, the pins for transmissions (TD+)
on the one end of a cable are connected to the pins for
receiving (RD-) of the respective wire pair on the other
end of the cable (example: TD+ (1) RD+ (1))
CSA Canadian Standards Association
Canadian institute for quality assurance of technical
products
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
Network access method by which the component checks
if the network is free for transmissions (Carrier Sense).
Simultaneous Collision Detection checks are made at the
beginning of transmissions to ascertain if another node
has also began to transmit. If this is the case, a collision
occurs. As a result, all participating network components
stop transmitting, and wait a randomly determined period
of time before resuming transmissions.
Glossary 127
Cut-Through Switch operating mode for forwarding telegrams as

soon as the destination address is recognised. The
lower latency time in comparison with the Store and
Forward mode is the major advantage of this mode; the
disadvantage is that faulty telegrams are also forwarded.
Speed synchronisation between the individual segments
is not possible with this operating mode.
Cyclic Redundancy Check Please refer to CRC
DA Destination Address
Destination addressing the Ethernet telegram
Data Terminal Equipment Please refer to DTE
DCP Discovery and Conguration Protocol
Protocol for reading of the name, the IP address and
other parameters of a network station. Individual stations
can be found out in the netwok via an Identify service.
Delay Delay, caused by the running time of transmission or by
internal time delays of a network component
Destination address Device MAC address in an Ethernet telegram that is
clearly assigned to a port of a switch in the
address/port assignment table.
Deterministic system A system by which the timing process can be planned and
therefore predicted.
DHCP Dynamic Host Conguration Protocol
Protocol for allocating temporary IP addresses taken
from an agreed range.
The protocol automates and centralises the IP settings
of individual devices on the network. Network devices in a
network intended for integration in a network or Internet by
means of the Internet protocol (TCP/IP) require various
basic settings, without which communication would not
be possible. This process can be carried out via a DHCP
server without user assistance, because the DHCP server
is acquainted with the settings and can pass these on
to the device. Without a DHCP server, the user has to
carry out the settings manually, and re-enter these each
time the network is changed. This process is performed
automatically each time when a DHCP server is utilised.
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
German Institute for Standardization
Dispersion Differences in propagation times with bre-optic cables
that can lead to degradation of the pulses of light fed into
the bre-optic cable.
DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik
Informationstechnik
German Commission for Electrical, Electronic and
Information Technologies (of DIN and VDE).
DNS Domain Name System
Name of a system that maps host names, addresses
in plain text and IP addresses to one another. DNS
servers or les designated as hosts can serve as the
source of data for implementation purposes.
128
Domain Name System Please refer to DNS

DSC Duplex Straight Connector
Connector variant widely used for bre-optic cables.
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
Term used for terminal equipment in an Ethernet
network.
Duplex Straight Connector Please refer to DSC
Dynamic Host Please refer to DHCP
Conguration Protocol
Earth Conductive mass of earth whose electrical potential is,
in accordance with the relevant agreements, zero at all
points.
EHB 67-10 TP05 Type designation for an Ethernet hub from HARTING
EHB Ethernet hub
67 IP 67
10 Housing design
TP Twisted-pair
05 5 ports
EIA Electronic Industries Association
American electronic industries alliance whose standards
are entitled RS (Related EIA Standard) for example,
RS 232, RS 485.
Electromagnetic Please refer to EMC
compatibility
Electrostatic Discharge Please refer to ESD
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
Refers to the capability of a piece of electrical equip-
ment in a given (electromagnetic) environment to function
awlessly without it having a negative inuence on its
surroundings.
EN European Norm
Please refer to CENELEC
Equipment, electrical All components used for creating, converting, transmitting,
distributing and use of electrical energy.
ESC 67-10 TP05U Type designation for an Ethernet switch from
HARTING
ESC Ethernet switch
67 IP 67
10 Housing design
TP Twisted-pair
05 ports
U unmanaged
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
Electrostatic discharges that can lead to short and
irregular disturbances in electronic devices or to the
destruction to electronic components.
Glossary 129
Ethernet Network transmission system developed and standardised

by DED Intel and Xerox; characterised by the following
components:
Baseband technology
CSMA/CD access method
Variable packet lengths between 64 and 1518 bytes
Transmission rates from 10 Mbit/s
Logical bus topology
Coaxial cable
The subsequent standard, IEEE 802.3, ensured integra-
tion in the ISO/OSI Reference Model and extended
the physical layer and transmission media by the use of
repeaters and implemented applications operating via
bre-optic cables, broadband and twisted-pair cables.
In addition, protocols from layers 3 and 4 are often called
upon.
Today, Ethernet is often used as a generic term, without
differentiating between the various transmission rates
of 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet), 1000 Mbit/s
(Gigabit-Ethernet).
Ethernet packet Term for an Ethernet data packet comprising:
Preamble (8 bytes)
Destination address(6 bytes)
Source Address (6 bytes)
Length/Type (2 bytes)
Data eld (64 to 1518 bytes)
Check (4 bytes)
EtherType Identication of an Ethernet frames by a number
of 16 bits assigned by the IEEE. For example, IP
uses EtherType 0x0800, PROFINET 0x8892 (both
itemisations are hexadecimal)
Fast Ethernet Fast data network specied in 1995 in the IEEE 802.3.
Important parameters: transmission rate 100 Mbit/s;
variable packet lengths: 64 to 1522 byte (with optional
4-byte tag eld).
FCS Frame Check Sequence
An array of bits required for data security purposes in bit-
oriented protocols. The device transmitting the telegram
calculates a checksum in accordance with an established
algorithm; the checksum is then added to the end of the
telegram (check eld). The recipient of the data telegram
also creates a checksum from the data received using the
same algorithm. The telegram was transmitted without
any errors if both checksums match.
FCX Please refer to Full duplex mode
FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interface
A standard for data networks covering layers 1 and 2 of
the ISO/OSI Reference Model. FDDI was originally
based on a double-ring technology specifying bre-optic
cables as transmission medium.
Female connector Contact element by which the inside surface is designed
to make suitable contact with a male pin.
130
Female insert Insulated housing used for accommodating and

positioning of (contact) female insert in the connector.
Fibre optics Please refer to bre-optics cable
Fibre-optics cable In contrast to electrical transmission technology that, for
example, uses twisted-pair cables for data transmis-
sions, optical transmission technology utilises glass or
plastic as the transmission medium. Fibre-optic cables are
available in multi-mode and single-mode (mono-mode)
bre versions.
Filters Switches lter the data trafc based on the source and
destination address contained in a data packet.
A switch will only relay an incoming data packet to the
port to which the terminal device with the corresponding
destination address is connected.
Firmware Software code containing all device functions. This code is
stored on a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory),
and remain stored after the device is turned off. It is
possible for the user to up-date the rmware when a new
software version becomes available (rmware upgrade).
Flow Control This function discards data packets or signals connected
stations informing them to stop transmitting if a port
becomes overloaded. In Half duplex mode, this signal is
generated by simulating a collision, and in Full duplex
mode by transmitting a special pause signal.
Frame Data packet containing the header, data and checksum;
in the case of Ethernet, a frame consists of between 64
and 1518 bytes (1522 with VLAN tag).
Frame Check Sequence Please refer to FCS
FTP File Transfer Protocol
A protocol on layer 5 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model,
used for transporting les.
Full Duplex Please refer to Full duplex mode
Full duplex mode A switch simultaneously transmits to and receives
signals from the same ?port.
GARP Generic Attribute Registration Protocol
Family of protocols for exchanging parameters between
switches on layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
Presently available are the protocols GMRP and
GVRP.
Gateway A device operating above layer 2 of the ISO/OSI
Reference Model converting and translating the protocols
of the various networks.
Gigabit Ethernet Term for a very fast data network that has been
standardised in the IEEE 802.3 since 1999. It is based
on a transmission rate of 1000 Mbit/s with a variable
packet length of 64 to 1518 bytes.
Glossary 131
GMRP GARP Multicast Registration Protocol

IEEE 802.1p compliant protocol allowing dynamic
signing-on and off of stations belonging to multicast
groups. switches supporting GMRP forward the
multicast telegrams only to those ports to which
stations belonging to the corresponding multicast group
are connected.
Ground An electrically conductive part, which is conductively
connected to the earth mass via the earthing system.
GVRP GARP VLAN Registration Protocol
Switches are able to utilise this protocol to exchange
information with VLANS. If a VLAN is set up on a
switch, then this information is transmitted by the
switch to all other switches on the network. As a
result, other switches can, for example, declare the
port, at which the information was received, a station of
this VLAN.
Half duplex Please refer to Half duplex mode
Half duplex mode The switch can only receive or transmit at any given
time. collision recognition is active in half duplex mode.
HARTING RJ Industrial HARTING connector for twisted-pair cables with RJ45
RJ45 IP 67 Data 3A connection technology (4- or 8-wire) sealed to degree of
protection IP67 in a standard housing of the type
Han 3 A.
HCS Hard Clad Silica
Fibre-optic cables with an optical core made of quartz
glass and optical cladding made of a special, patented
sheath of plastic.(Registered trademark of Spectran
Corporation)
HDX Please refer to Half duplex mode
Header Part of an Ethernet packet heading the actual data eld
containing addresses, packet number, type and other
information.
HIPER Ring Name of a redundancy procedure based on the concept
of a ring-type network structure. Components supporting
HIPER RING networks are connected to each other within
such a ring via their ring ports. A redundancy manager
controls the ring and prevents telegrams ying around.
Hops Term for the maximum number of routers that a data
packet is allowed to pass through on its way through the
network. The number of hops within a connection is not an
indication of the quality of that connection. For example,
a connection with 8 hops can be faster than one with 5 or
6 hops.
HSRP Hot Standby Routing Protocol
Protocol for controlling redundant routers
132
Hub Component on level 1 of ISO/OSI Reference Model

that regenerates the amplitude and shape of the incoming
signal before forwarding it to all ports. Some hubs (for
example, from HARTING) generate a jam signal when
they detect a collision. Thus, these hubs can also be
assigned to layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
Hybrid cable Cable containing data lines and 2 to 4 wires to supply
power to decentralised eld devices.
Hybrid connector Connector that can be terminated to a hybrid cable
(data line and power supply in a single connector).
IAONA Industrial Automation Open Networking Alliance
An alliance of leading manufacturers and users of
automation systems wishing to establish Ethernet as
the standard application in all industrial environments
on an international basis as well as striving to achieve
uniform, interface-free communication across all company
levels of plant, process and building automation.
For more information, visit www.iaona-eu.com
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
Protocol that reports failures and errors during the
transmission of IP packets (for example, through the
Ping command).
ID Identier
IDC connection Solder-free connection created by pressing the individual
wires into precisely dened slits in the terminal; the blade-
like slit sides displace the insulation from the wire as well
as deforming it at the same time to create the connection.
IDC connection Insulation Displacement Connection
technology Please refer to IDC connection
Identify Identication service of DCP. For example, a station
with a particular name can be invited to answer.
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
An international standardisation committee
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Standardisation committee for LANs providing the most
important standards 802.3 for Ethernet and 802.1 for
switches.
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
Group responsible for technical matters concerning the
Internet.
IFG Inter Frame Gap
Unit of measure for the minimum distance between two
data packets.
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
Name of the layer-3 protocol that informs routers
immediately adjacent to stations and routers of their
afliation to multi-cast groups.
Glossary 133
IGMP Snooping Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping

A function with which switches examine IGMP packets
and assign device membership of a multi-cast group
to the respective port. This allows multi-casts to be
specically communicated to segments in which members
of a group are located.
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol
Classication of routing protocols used for exchanging
information between routers within an autonomous
network. Protocols utilised include IGRP, RIP und OSPF.
Impedance Input resistance of an innitely long wire or of a closed
wire with the characteristic resistance.
Industrial Ethernet Term used for Ethernet in automation engineering. Due
to the industrial environments, the network components
have to full higher demands in respect of increased
temperature ranges and increased demands for
availability and network safety.
Insert Part of a connector, mostly identical with the contact
insert
Instructed person A person instructed by a skilled person (electrician) to a
(to DIN EN 50 110-1) sufcient degree, who is then able to avoid danger arising
from electricity. (IEV 826-09-02, modied)
Insulation stripping length Length of insulation to be stripped from the cable or
individual wires.
Insulation voltage Also known as rated insulation voltage: refers to the
insulation within an electrical circuit, between electrical
circuits as well as between active components
and conductive parts. This is the voltage to which
dielectric tests and creepage distances refer. Under no
circumstances is it permitted for the operating voltage to
be greater than the insulation voltage. It must be assumed
for devices without a declared insulation voltage that the
highest operating voltage is the insulation voltage.
Inter Frame Gap Please refer to IFG
Interference, capacitive A capacitive (electrical) coupling occurring between two
wires carrying differing potentials. For example, signal
cables routed in parallel or static discharges are typical
sources of interference.
Interference, inductive An inductive (magnetic) interference occurring between
two live, current carrying wires. The magnetic effect
resulting from the currents induces an interference
voltage. For example, motors, parallel routed network
cables and HF signal cables are typical sources of
interference.
IP International Protection
Protection class for devices and equipment according to
EN 60 529 and IEC 60 529.
134
IP Internet Protocol
Transmission protocol on layers 3 and 2 of the ISO/OSI
Reference Model. The following versions are presently
valid:
IPv4: Version 4 4 address bytes
IPv6: Version 6 6 address bytes
IP address Logical address allocated by the network operator
to a station on layer 3 of the ISO/OSI Reference
Model. Under IPv4 (4 bytes) the address is written
in decimal notation separated by a full stop (example:
198.178.002.001). This labels the addresses for the
network (network ID) and the address area of the terminal
device (host ID). Because IP addresses must be
unique, public network addresses are administered by
a central organisation. Local (private) IP addresses
are issued by the administrator of the respective local
network.
Caution! Do not confuse with the MAC address!
IP address, dynamic Contrary to a static IP address, the dynamic IP
address is temporarily assigned through the DHCP
protocol.
IP address, static In contrast to a dynamic IP address, this is a
permanently set IP address.
IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4
IPv4 has an address volume of 4 bytes.
Please refer to IP
IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6
IPv6 has an address volume of 6 bytes. In addition, it
differs as far as the structure of the header is concerned
and how it categorises networks in address types instead
of classes.
Please refer to IP
ISO International Standardization Organization
World-wide standardisation committee
ISO/OSI Reference Model Model for describing communication within a network.
The functionality is specied in 7 levels. The lower
(physical level) provides the interface to the physical
transmission medium.
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
Standardisation committee for telecommunications
Jabber Relates to abnormal Ethernet frame transmissions. The
data packets triggering the situation are generally too long
(more than 1518 bytes). A malfunctioning Ethernet card
also be the cause of the problem. Jabber can lead to loss
of data for all network users.
Jam signal Short code sequence that a network node transmits in
a CSMA/CD network when a collision is detected and
the data transmission has been discontinued. This signal
informs the other network nodes about the collision,
so that they desist from attempting transmissions.
Glossary 135
Jitter Term for the uctuation in the timing of the signal edge
LAN Local Area Network
Local network, for example, Ethernet
Last Signicant Bit Please refer to LSB
Latency Term used for the time difference between receiving and
forwarding of data. Latency is generally measured as the
time between receiving the last bit and transmission of the
rst bit.
Link aggregation Term used for a function that combines up to 4 ports
operating the same transmission rate to a virtual port.
Thus, redundancy is created should a connection fail.
This function is also known as trunking.
Link Logical connection between a single or several user(s)
using network services.
Local Area Network Please refer to LAN
LSA+ Ltfrei Schraubfrei Abisolierfrei
Universal usuable termination technology of wires by a
special IDC connection
LSB Last Signicant Bit
Least signicant bit within a sequence of bits on
Ethernet
M12 D-Coding Circular connector from HARTING for twisted-pair cable
with IDC technology.
MAC Media Access Control
Term for a sub-layer of layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Refer-
ence Model. This sub-layer polices access to the shared
transmission medium. To do so, it can utilise processes by
which either several stations with equal rights compete for
access (for example, CSMA/CD) or in which no collisions
occur at all, for example, token ring.
MAC address Media Access Control-Address
Unalterable, world-wide unique hardware address
allocated by the manufacturers of devices operating on an
Ethernet network; assigned to a port of a switch in
the address/port assignment table as the destination
address.
MAC Media Access Parts of a network protocol that manage access to the
Control transmission medium; this eases data exchange between
network nodes.
Male Contact element by which the outside surface is designed
to make suitable contact with a female connector.
Male insert Insert used for accommodating and positioning of
(contact) male inserts in the connector.
Managed Please refer to switch, managed
Mass All interconnected inactive components that do not take
on a dangerous touch potential in the case of a fault.
136
MDI port Medium Dependent Interface-Port

In accordance with IEEE standards, MDI is the term
used for the twisted-pair interface of a device to
10BASE-T (or 100BASE-TX).
By utilising this RJ45-port, It is possible for the
hub to be connected to a networking unit (for example,
switch) using 1:1 cable.
MDI-X Port Term for the MDI interface that crosses incoming and
outgoing signals.By utilising a corresponding RJ45-
port, it is possible for the switch to be connected to
any unit with a standard interface using 1:1 cable (for
example, a server or a router).
Mean Time Between Please refer to MTBF
Failure
Media Access Control Please refer to MAC
Media converter A device operating on layer 1 of the ISO/OSI Reference
Model that converts signals between different media, for
example, optical to electrical.
MII Media Independent Interface
Term for an interface complying with the ISO/OSI Refer-
ence Model operating between the physical layer (1) and
the data link layer (2) and supports 100BASE-TX,
100BASE-T4, 100BASE-FX and 10BASE-T.
Mono-mode bre Please refer to single-mode bre bre-optic cable
Most Signicant Bit Please refer to MSB
MSB Most Signicant Bit
Most signicant bit within a sequence of bits on
Ethernet
MTBF Mean Time Between Failure
Considered probability denoting expected time between
failures.
Multicast ltering Term for process that enables a switch to selectively
forward multicast telegrams. Otherwise, multicasts are
forwarded to all ports on a switch.
Multicast telegram Data packet addressed to all devices of a group. This
offers the possibility of addressing a given group via just
one address.
Glossary 137
Multi-mode bres Fibre-optics distinguished by core diameters of a similar

size. The typical core diameter of step-index bres made
of glass is 100 m, 200 m for PCS/HCS bres and
980 m with POF bres. On the other hand, gradient
index bres typically have a core diameter of 50 and
62.5 m. Due to the relatively large core diameter, the
light disperses in multi-mode bres along different paths
(several modes). The distance to be bridged along a multi-
mode bre depends on several factors: the rated data of
the bres, the link budget as well as the attenuation resul-
ting from connectors, splices and other components.
Signal bandwidths:
Ethernet = 10 MHz,
Fast Ethernet = 125 MHz and
Gigabit Ethernet = 1.25 GHz
Network management Administration, conguration and monitoring of network
components. The management agent in the component to
be managed communicates with the management station
(PC) by means of the SNMP management protocol.
Network management Station on which the SNMP management software is
station operated. The network management station is utilised by
the network administrator to monitor the network.
Network mask The network mask marks all of the bits contained in an IP
address identifying the network and sub-networks. Binary
code:
IP address 10010101.11011010.00010011.01011010
Network mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Sub-network 10010101.11011010.00010011.00000000
Decimal code:
IP address 149.218.19.90
Network mask 255.255.255.0
Sub-network 149.218.19.0
Available address range:
Station addresses 149.218.19.1 to 149.218.19.254
Broadcast address 149.218.19.255
Please refer to IP address
Network nodes Term for network elements such as hubs, switches
and routers through which various data transmission
paths converge.
Network segmentation Network segmentation restricts collision domains
enabling improved performances in Ethernet networks.
Network segmentation can, for example, be achieved by
utilising switches.
Please refer to segmentation
NEXT Near End Cross Talk
A form of feed-over, in which the signals from components
at the same end of a twisted-pair cable superimpose on
one another.
Non-blocking Please refer to switch, non-blocking
Octet Term of IEC 61 158. An octet includes exactly 8 bits.
138
OSI Open System Interconnect

International programme for standardisation founded by
ISO and ITU-T to create standards for data networks
that guarantee compatibility of devices from different
manufacturers.
Please refer to ISO/OSI Reference Model
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
Name of a routing protocol. OSPF uses the information
supplied by routers concerning the topology of the
network to determine the shortest path between the
routers. A pre-condition for this function is that each
router creates a routing table in which the actual
topology of the network is stored. The routing tables are
constantly updated by the routers immediately informing
adjoining routers of changes to the topology. The
advantage offered by OSPF in comparison with RIP is
in the speed and improved network load distribution.
OUI Original Unique Identier
Term for the most signicant 3 bytes of the MAC
address.
Patch cable Term for cable with a maximum length of max. 5 m used
for connecting Ethernet components within a room (19
rack, switchgear cabinet). Patch cables are mostly used in
conjunction with patch elds.
PCF Term for a bre-optic cable whose optical core is made
of quartz glass and whose optical sheath is made of a
layer of polymer.
PDU Protocol Data Unit
Term for a data packet compiled on a layer of the ISO/
OSI Reference Model that is passed to the layer below
through a service access point (SAP).
Personnel, qualied According to EN 50 110-1, skilled personnel (electrician)
and persons properly instructed by an electrician count
as qualied personnel.
Ping Packet Internet Groper
A program that tests the connection between two IP
addresses. This determines if a station on a given network
is active, and how good the connection to it is.
Plastic Optical Fibre Please refer to POF
PoE Power of Ethernet
Technology dened in IEEE 802.3af for carrying the
voltage supply via Ethernet cabling.
Depending on the operating mode, power is supplied
either via the free wire-pair of an Ethernet cable or via
the wire-pair used for data transmissions.
POF Plastic Optical Fiber
Term for a bre-optic cable whose optical core is
made of quartz glass and whose optical sheath is made
of synthetic material. POF bres typically have a core
diameter of 0.98 mm.
Port Ethernet connection of a switch to which one or
several devices can be connected.
Glossary 139
Port Mirroring Function for copying of incoming and outgoing data at a

port of a switch to a different port, where it can be
analysed using a network analysing device.
Port security Function that protects against unauthorised access to the
network. Switches supporting this function provide the
option of determining for each port from and to which
terminal device data can be received and forwarded. The
check is made based on the MAC addresses of the
connected devices. If a device is connected to a port
where the MAC address is not registered, the port
can be shut down automatically.
Port trunking Please refer to link aggregation
Potential equalization Electrical connection that achieves the same or approxi-
mately the same electrical potential for components of
equipment and separate conductive components.
pps Packets per Second
Unit of measurement used for switching speeds.
Prioritising Prioritised data transmissions of Ethernet packets are
switched as a matter of priority in accordance with dened
criteria. Such Ethernet packets are labelled via the
tag eld on layer 2 and in the TOS eld in layer 3 of
the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
PROFINET A network concept dening communication from the eld
to the process control level that includes PROFIBUS and
Ethernet as well as a model for plant-wide engineering.
For more information, log onto: www.probus.com.
Protective earth (PE) Cable required for several protective measures against
dangerous shock currents in order to create an electrical
connection to one of the following components:
Framework of electrical equipment
Separate conductive components
Main earthing terminal / earth
Earthed point of power source or articial neutral point
Protocol Data Unit Please refer to PDU
PTP Precision Time Protocol
Protocol according to IEEE 1588 for description of a
method to exactly time synchronisation
PTP Master Station acting as timer in a network segment
PTP-Slave Station in a network segment, which is synchronised by a
PTP-Master synchronisiert wird.
QoS Quality of Service
Term for a range of factors that inuence the quality of
a network. These factors include, for example, network
down times, delay times, stability of connections and
many more. Denitions of QoS vary widely.
Quad Cable Star quad
A cable type, whose both wire pairs are twisted
together. This results in a hihger electromagnetic
compatibility.
Quality of Service Please refer to QoS
140
Railway standard Standard specically concerned with operating conditions

(DIN EN 50 155) of electronics equipment on rolling stock
RAM Random Access Memory
Term for a volatile memory
Random Access Memory Please refer to RAM
Rapid Spanning Tree Please refer to RSTP
Protocol
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
A protocol that supplies the assigned static IP address
to a MAC address
Real-time From the point of view of a system, this means that delay
times in communication have no negative effects or
disrupting inuences on a process.
Real-time Protocol Please refer to RTP
Redundancy Availability of equipment not required for basic functions.
Should a piece of equipment fail, the additional
(redundant) equipment can perform its function.
Redundancy manager Term for HIPER ring network components responsible
for monitoring the ring and for activating redundant
connections when an interruption in the ring architecture
occurs. The redundancy manager shuts down this
connection once the cause of the interruption has been
rectied. Hence, although the ring is physically intact, it is
interrupted from a communication point of view.
Reference potential Potential from which the voltage of the electrical circuits
are observed and / or measured.
Remote Network Please refer to RMON
Monitoring
Request for Comments Please refer to RFC xxx
Resource Reservation Please refer to RSVP
Setup Protocol
Return loss Describes the reduction of amplitude of the signal during
transmission in a cable. With increasing frequency and /
or cable length, the attenuation increases, which means
the level of the signal deteriorates.
Reverse Address Please refer to RARP
Resolution Protocol
RFC xxx Request for Comments
Request for CommentsAn abbreviation prominent in
Internet circles. It is very closely associated with the
publication of Internet standards. RFCs are numbered in
the sequence they are adopted
RIP Routing Information Protocol
A protocol for cyclic exchange of routing tables per
broadcast between routers within autonomous
networks. RIP is one of the oldest, simplest and most
widespread routing protocols there is. The more complex
OSPF is considered its successor.
Glossary 141
Ripple, permissible Corresponds to the ratio between the peak-to-peak

amplitude values of the AC component and the upper limit
of the signal value.
RJ45 Denotes the usual connection technique with twisted-
pair cables in ofce environments.
Often known as a western connector.
RMON Remote Network Monitoring
A network management protocol. RMON denes nine
classes of collectable data on the lower layers of the
ISO/OSI Reference Model. Data is then subsequently
transmitted, for example, via the Simple Network Mana-
gement Protocol (SNMP) to a network management
station.
RMON 2 Remote Network Monitoring 2
A network management protocol. RMON 2 is an
extension of RMON extending into the higher levels of
the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
Router A device operating on layer 3 of the ISO/OSI Reference
Model connecting different network segments with one
another or separating them for purposes of network
security or to limit broadcasts in sub-networks. A router
only transfers data packets to other segments sent to its
own MAC address. Subsequently, the router forwards
the data packets based on routing tables. That means
that transmitting stations must know that the intended
recipient is not in the same network. The transmitting
station extracts this information from the IP address of
the recipient. Routing tables are either pre-dened or are
learnt by the router by means or routing protocols.
Routing A function on layers 3 and 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference
Model. A distinction is drawn between dynamic an
static routing. Dynamic routing provides optimum
support for the transmission of data, whereas static
routing supports the transmission of data, speech and
video on an equal basis.
Routing, dynamic Utilising dynamic routing, routers calculate the control
and parameters for choosing the path through the
network. This information is stored in routing tables and
exchanged between the routers via routing protocols.
Through this process, the optimum path is automatically
adapted to suit the current topology and network load.
Each telegram is routed individually. Thus, telegrams can
be received by the recipient in a different order to which
the transmitting station sends them.
142
Routing, static With static routing, the paths used for transmitting data
between the transmitting and receiving stations are set,
and a certain bandwidth reserved for each connection.
Thus, data packets transferred between two terminal
devices always take the same route. That means there is
no possibility of automatically reacting to changes in the
topology or connection overloads. With this process,
the routers need not support any routing protocols,
because all changes to the network structure have to be
entered manually in the routers.
Routing Information Please refer to RIP
Protocol
Routing protocol Term for protocols utilised by routers for dynamic
routing in order to exchange information with one another
via connected networks. This information is stored in
routing tables in the routers.
RS 232 C Recommended Standard 232 C
A widely used serial interface for transferring data with
speeds of up to 20 Kbit/s over distances up to 15 m. This
interface was standardised by the EIA as Standard No.
232 in Version C in 1969. Often also known as RS 232.
RS 422 Recommended Standard 422
A serial interface for transmitting data in Full duplex mode.
This serial interface was standardised in the 70s by the
EIA as Standard No. 422.
RS 485 Recommended Standard 485
A serial interface for transmitting data that allows a bus
structure with several stations. This serial interface was
standardised in the 70s by the EIA as Standard No.
485.
RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
This protocol prevent that data packets circle between
switches for an endless time.
RSTP is dened in IEEE 802.1 D (issue 2004).
Please refer also to Spanning-Tree
RTP Realtime Protocol
A protocol that supports real-time applications. It supports
transmission of additional information such as the type
of user data transmitted or the time the user data was
created.
Rx Abbreviation for receiver. Designation for the connection
on a port at which data is received.
SA Source Address
Source address within an Ethernet packet
Safety extra-low voltage Abbreviation: SELV
Low voltage ranging up to 42 V DC. Devices specied
as SELV system, are protected against direct or indirect
touch; thus ensuring that no dangerous currents ow
through the body even when simultaneous contact is
made with both poles.
Glossary 143
SAP Service Access Point

Term for the interface between two layers of the ISO/
OSI Reference Model through which a higher layer can
utilise the services of the layer below.
SC Straight Connector
A widely known connector for bre-optic cables.
Please refer to DSC
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
A European standard dening several standards covering
transmission speeds and forms or transmissions for
optical bres (bre-optic cables).
Segmentation Segmentation restricts collision domains enabling
improved performances in Ethernet networks.
Segmentation can, for example, be achieved by utilising
switches.
Please refer to network segmentation
SELV Safety Extra Low Voltage
Please refer to safety extra-low voltage
Service Access Point Please refer to SAP
SFD Start Frame Delimiter
Part of an Ethernet packet.
Shared network Term used for an Ethernet network in which all stations
share the available bandwidth. Device access to the trans-
mission medium in these networks is regulated by the
CSMA/CD mechanism
Shielded Twisted Pair Symmetrical Category 5, twisted-pair cable consisting
of pairs of twisted and shielded wires with an overall
shielding either made of aluminium foil or copper braiding
to reduce interference from noise or radiation. Impedance
is 100 .
Signal propagation time The time required for a data packet to transmit through a
network.
Single-mode bre A single-mode bre is a bre optic cable distinguished
by an extremely low core diameter (max. 10 m). Because
of this, the light can only disperse above the cutoff wave-
length along one path one mode. The distance to be
bridged along a single-mode bre depends on several
factors: the rated data of the bres, the link budget as well
as the attenuation through connectors, splices and other
components.Signal bandwidths:
Ethernet = 10 MHz,
Fast Ethernet = 125 MHz
Gigabit Ethernet = 1.25 GHz
Skilled person (electrician) A specialist, who with suitable training, knowledge and
(to DIN EN 50 110-1) experience can recognise and avoid danger resulting from
working with electricity (IEV 826-09-01, modied)
144
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

IETF standardised protocol for network management
of communication between switches and the manage-
ment station.
Please refer also to RFC 1157 / RFC 1156 and in the
web: www.ietf.org
Source Address Please refer to SA
Spanning tree Term used for a protocol used in Ethernet networks to
determine the path. It is specied as the standard
IEEE 802.1 D.
In this process, the entire network is considered to be a
tree in which the terminal devices are represented by the
leaves and the switches by the branches or the roots.
By disconnecting individual connections or ports, the
spanning tree algorithm prevents data packets from ying
around within a LAN containing several possible paths.
In addition, it determines the optimum path when several
alternatives are available. Should a path become disabled
due to interference or interruption, the spanning tree
protocol searches for an alternative path. Reconguration
of this type of network can take between 30 to 90
seconds.
S/STP Screened Shielded Twisted Pair
The individual twisted wire pairs of a twisted-pair
cable are wrapped with a foil shield in this type of cable
construction. Both individual shielded wire pairs are
enclosed in a common copper braid.
ST A widely used connector with bayonet lock for bre-
optic cables. Also known as a BFOC connector. The
only standardised connector for Ethernet (10 Mbit/s)
(ST is a registered trademark of AT&T).
Star coupler Please refer to hub
Start Frame Delimiter Please refer to SFD
Store and Forward Operating mode in which the switch temporarily stores
the respective data packet, checks it for errors and, if it is
error free, forwards it to its destination port.
STP Please refer to Shielded Twisted Pair
Straight Connector Please refer to SC
Structured cabling Application-independent cabling of buildings for technical
information purposes in accordance with EN 50173
Generic cabling systems. This standard divides locations
in:
Primary areas (connecting buildings at a location)
Secondary areas (connecting different oors of a
building)
Tertiary areas (technical connections for terminal
equipment).
For these areas, the EN 50173 standard contains
recommendations for suitable cabling systems that are
both exible and generic as well as being equipped to full
future communication requirements.
Glossary 145
Subnet mask Network mask

The network mask marks all of the bits contained in an
IP address that identify the network and sub-networks. It
is a method for dividing several IP networks into a string
of subgroups or sub-networks. The network mask is a bit
pattern that must t the IP addresses in the network.
The standard subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. In this case,
254 different IP addresses, from x.x.x.1 to x.x.x.254, can
occur in a sub-network.
Please refer to IP address
Switch A device operating on layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference
Model. In contrast to hubs, switches analyse the
incoming data packets and forward these only to the
port to which the recipient is registered. Excluded from
these targeted switching operations are multicasts
and broadcasts, which are transmitted to all ports.
Data packets can be transmitted to several ports
simultaneously and in Full duplex mode. In doing
so, switches are able to optimise the available LAN
bandwidth. In the mean time, there are so-called layer-3
and layer-4 switches that also have some of the functions
of these layers implemented in them.
Switch, blocking Switch that can process only a limited number of
connections simultaneously when operating full data
transmission rates.
Switch, managed Switch with management functions; controls data trafc
in accordance with parameters / rules
Switch, non-blocking Switch that can process all connections without delay
when operating full data transmission rates
Switch, unmanaged Switch without management functions; switches the
entire data trafc based on the address/port assignment
table
Switch matrix Matrix covering all connections between all ports of a
switch.
Switched network Term for a switch-based Ethernet network
Synchronous Digital Please refer to SDH
Hierarchy
Tag Optional eld in the Ethernet frame that contains
information relating to priority of the user data and
membership of a VLAN; inserted after the source data.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol on layer 4 of the
ISO/OSI Reference Model. Mostly utilized for
transferring large amounts of data, this protocol is
responsible for error-free transmission of data.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TCP/IP is the standard Internet protocol that is not only
composed of TCP and IP, but contains a range of
protocols.
Terminating resistor A resistor used for line termination of triaxial cables used
for Industrial Ethernet.
146
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol

An ISO/OSI Reference Model layer-5 protocol that uses
UDP for fast and uncomplicated transmissions of les.
TFTP is a considerably leaner and less complex than
FTP.
Thick Wire Please refer to 10Base-5
Thin Wire Please refer to 10Base-2
Time To Live Please refer to TTL
Topology Layout structure of a network
TOS Type Of Service
A eld in the Internet protocol that oversees prioritising of
data.
TP Please refer to twisted-pair
Transceiver General term for a component used for transmitting and
receiving.
Term for media converters within the Rail family of
products.
Components that convert data signals from an AUI
interface to another medium.
There are two plug-on transceivers for bre-optic
cables, twisted-pair and coaxial cables. The latter are
supplied with power from the connected terminal device
via the 15-pole AUI interface.
Transmission Control Pleaser refer to TCP
Protocol
Transmission Control Pleaser refer to TCP/IP
Protocol / Internet Protocol
Transmission path Complete transmission path connecting two user-specic
facilities with each other. Device connection cables are a
part of the transmission path.
Transmission rate The speed of data transmission also known as bandwidth;
with Ethernet, the following transmission rates are
possible:
10 Mbit/s (Ethernet)
100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet)
1000 Mbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet)
10 000 Mbit/s (10 Gigabit-Ethernet)
Transport Control Protocol Pleaser refer to TCP
Trap Term for the message concerning spontaneous events,
such as error messages to a network management
station.
Triaxial cable 10Base-5 compliant data cable that, with a solid
aluminium shield and outer sheath, has been adapted for
use in industry.
Trivial File Transfer Please refer to TFTP
Protocol
Trunking Please refer to link aggregation
Glossary 147
TTL Time To Live

A eld in the header of the Internet protocol detailing for
how long the packet is valid.
Tunnelling Term used for packaging of data in the data packet of a
different protocol operating on the same layer of the
ISO/OSI Reference Model. Encapsulation is another
name give to this process.
Twisted-pair Denotes point-to-point connection method using a data
cable with twisted-pair cables (shielded or unshielded)
in an Ethernet network. The opposing effects of EMC
interferences in the individual wire loops of the twisted-
pair cables cancel each other out.
Tx Abbreviation for transmitter.
Term for the connection on a port from which the data is
transmitted.
Type Of Service Please refer to TOS
UDP User Datagramm Protocol
Operating on layer 4 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model,
UDP is a connectionless protocol that is particularly
suitable for fast cyclic data trafc. Transmissions using
UDP protocols are generally faster than with TCP,
however errors are not xed.
UL Underwriters Laboratories
American institute for quality assurance of technical
products.
Unicast Term for transmitting a message to a specied recipient.
Unmanaged Please refer to switch, unmanaged
Unshielded Twisted-pair Symmetrical twisted-pair cable with unshielded wires
twisted in pairs without overall shielding
UTP Please refer to Unshielded Twisted Pair
VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und
Informationstechnik
German Association for Electrical, Electronic and
Information Technologies
Virtual Redundant Router Pleaser refer to VRRP
Protocol
VLAN Virtual LAN
A switch-based virtual LAN tasked with restricting
broadcasts to the network areas in which the broad-
cast is of use. Also used to separate networks for security
purposes.
VRRP Virtual Redundant Router Protocol
A protocol for controlling redundant routers.
WAN Wide Area Network
Term used for private or public networks that often
connect several LANs with each other.
Weighted Fair Queuing Please refer to WFQ
148
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

A coding mechanism based on a key length of 40/64 bits
and 104/128 bits.
WEP is dened in IEEE 802.11.
WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing
A procedure according to which the queues in a
switch are processed, if the data is prioritised. Due to
the bandwidths assigned to the queues, this procedure
guarantees that all queues are processed.
Wide Area Network Please refer to WAN
Wire Speed Term used for forwarding data packets at the speed
allowed by the physical properties of the wire.
Wired Equivalent Privacy Please refer to WEP
Wireless LAN Pleaser refer to WLAN
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
A group of stations connected to one another without
wires (wireless LAN).
Xmodem Protocol for transmitting data between stations. The data
is divided up into 128-byte blocks.
Errors in the data are corrected.
Yellow Cable Please refer to 10Base-5
Zero potential The zero potential is the sum of all connected, inactive
components of equipment that, even in the event of a
fault, cannot take on a dangerous shock hazard voltage.
Glossary 149
150
Degrees of Protection 151
Degrees of Protection
HARTING can draw on many years of extensive experience gained in achieving
high degrees of protection in industrial environments (IP 65 and greater); all of
which has owed into the development of its family of devices.
These devices achieve their degree of protection as a result of the corresponding
housings and covers or by the interlocking of their connections. Depending on
the degree of protection, the devices are protected from external mechanical
inuences (impacts, foreign objects, dust, and accidental touch contact) as well
as against ingress of moisture (water, cleaning agents, oils and other uids).
The degree of protection provided by a device is dened in the standards
EN 60 529 and IEC 60 529, which also contain a classication of the different
degrees of protection.
In accordance with the above-mentioned standards, the degrees of protection are
indicated as follows:
Code letters First Index Figure Second Index Figure

(International Protection) (Protection against (Protection against water)
solid foreign objects)
IP 6 5
The following pages contain an overview of the individual codes and their
meaning.
152
Index Scope of protection against solid foreign objects and mechanical

gure contacts
0 No protection No protection against
accidental contact
No protection against solid
foreign objects
1 Protection against Protection against contact with

large foreign any large area by hand
objects Protection against large solid
foreign objects with
> 50 mm
2 Protection against Protection against contact with
medium sized the ngers
foreign objects Protection against solid foreign
onjects with
> 12 mm
First Index Figure
3 Protection against Protection against tools, wires

small solid foreign or similar objects with > 2,5
objects mm
Protection against small solid
foreign objects with
> 2,5 mm
4 Protection against as 3 however > 1 mm
grain-shaped
foreign objects
5 Protection against Full protection against contact

injurious deposits Protection against interior
of dust injurious dust deposits
6 Protection against Total protection against contact

ingress of dusts Protection against penetration
of dust
Degrees of Protection 153
Index Scope of protection against water and other uids

gure
0 No protection No protection against water
against water
1 Drip-proof (vertical) Protection against vertical water
drips
2 Drip-proof (angular) Protection against water drips (up

to a 15 angle)
3 Spray-proof Protection against diagonal water

drips (up to 60 angle)
Second Index Figure
4 Splash-proof Protection against splashed water

from all directions
5 Hose-proof Protection against water (out of a

nozzle) from all directions
6 Protection against Protection against temporary

ooding ooding
7 Protection against Protection against temporary

immersion immersion
8 Water-tight Protection against water pressure

154
List of gures 155
List of gures
Figure 1-1 Cable installation based on conventional wiring .........13

Figure 1-2 Cable installation based on a eldbus ........................14
Figure 1-3 Overview of transmission rates for various classic
eldbus systems and Industrial Ethernet ....................16
Figure 1-4 The automation pyramid .............................................17
Figure 1-5 ISO/OSI Reference Model ..........................................20
Figure 1-6 Example of message transmission utilising a eldbus
in accordance with the ISO/OSI Reference Model .....22
Figure 1-7 Classifying the eldbus systems .................................23
Figure 2-1 Ethernet The idea ....................................................25
Figure 2-2 Development of Ethernet to date ................................26
Figure 2-3 Ethernet and the ISO/OSI Reference Model...............27
Figure 2-4 Structure of a MAC address........................................29
Figure 2-5 Standard Ethernet Frame ...........................................30
Figure 2-6 Path taken by an Ethernet telegram ...........................31
Figure 2-7 Path taken by broadcast telegrams ............................31
Figure 2-8 Path taken by multicast telegrams (group 1) ..............32
Figure 2-9 Path taken by multicast telegrams (group 2) ..............32
Figure 2-10 Sequence of a data transmission with CSMA/CD.......33
Figure 2-11 Schematic portrayal of the CSMA/CD method............34
Figure 2-12 Carrier Extension for a short Gigabit Ethernet frame
(data eld < 493 bytes) ...............................................38
Figure 2-13 Conventional system extension operating different
eldbus systems .........................................................41
Figure 2-14 System extension based on Ethernet / Industrial
Ethernet ......................................................................42
Figure 2-15 Harsh industrial conditions operating in a steelworks
....................................................................................44
Figure 2-16 Fast data transmission to control industrial robots
manufacturing automobiles .........................................44
Figure 2-17 Wind turbines high demands on EMC and
mechanical stability .....................................................45
156
Figure 3-1 Structured cabling in the ofce area in accordance

with EN 50 173-1 ........................................................53
Figure 3-2 PROFINET-compliant structured industrial network
in accordance with EN 50 173-1 .................................54
Figure 3-3 Star topology with an Ethernet switch .........................55
Figure 3-4 Tree topology with Ethernet switches .........................56
Figure 3-5 Line topology with Ethernet switches ..........................56
Figure 3-6 Ethernet components in the ISO/OSI Reference
model ..........................................................................57
Figure 3-7 Comparison of Ethernet and PROFIBUS structures
based on theISO/OSI Reference Model .....................58
Figure 3-8 Function principle of a gateway (example: Ethernet
and PROFIBUS) .........................................................58
Figure 3-9 Gateways as a link between Industrial Ethernet and
PROFIBUS (Example) ................................................59
Figure 3-10 Communication between Ethernet networks with
routers .........................................................................59
Figure 3-11 Function principle of an Ethernet switch .....................61
Figure 3-12 Operating mode Store and Forward ..........................63
Figure 3-13 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet switches sealed to
IP 20............................................................................65
Figure 3-14 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet switches sealed to
IP 65 / IP 67 ................................................................66
Figure 3-15 Construction of the ESC TP05U HARTING
RJ Industrial .............................................................69
Figure 3-16 Block diagram of Ethernet switch ESC 67-10 TP05U
....................................................................................70
Figure 3-17 Options for utilising In-between Ethernet switches ....71
Figure 3-18 Example of a structure based on In-between
Ethernet switch and Ethernet switch for direct
mounting .....................................................................72
Figure 3-19 Construction of the ESC 67-30 TP05U HARTING
RJ Industrial .............................................................73
Figure 3-20 Block diagram of In-between Ethernet switch
ESC 67-30 TP05U ......................................................73
Figure 3-21 Difference between an Ethernet hub and an Ethernet
switch ..........................................................................74
Figure 3-22 Function principle of an Ethernet hub .........................75
List of gures 157
Figure 3-23 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet hubs sealed to IP 20

....................................................................................76
Figure 3-24 Industrial utilisation of Ethernet hubs sealed to
IP 65 / IP 67 ................................................................77
Figure 3-25 Construction of EHB 67-10 TP05 M12 D-coding ........80
Figure 3-26 Block diagram of Ethernet hub EHB 67-10 TP05 .......80
Figure 3-27 Structured cabling to ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 with
Industrial Outlets .........................................................81
Figure 3-28 Industrial Outlet in a production facility at
Daimler Chrysler AG, Rastatt (source: HARTING) .....83
Figure 3-29 Construction of INO 67 HARTING RJ Industrial .......83
Figure 3-30 Cable properties in conjunction with the category used
...................................................................................87
Figure 3-31 Twisted-pair cable with two cable pairs (example:
for permanent installation) ..........................................88
Figure 3-32 Maximum transmission length of Ethernet cables ......89
Figure 3-33 Hybrid cable with 2 sets of shielded data lines and
4 copper wires for the power supply ...........................90
Figure 3-34 Possible connectors for Industrial Ethernet from
HARTING ....................................................................93
Figure 3-35 Connectors for Industrial Ethernet in IP 20 ................94
Figure 3-36 HARTING RJ Industrial connectors to IP 20 in use
at the Stadler Rail Group, Switzerland
(source: HARTING).....................................................94
Figure 3-37 HARTING RJ Industrial IP 67 Data 3A connectors
in use on robots (source: HARTING) ..........................97
Figure 3-38 Hybrid connector .........................................................98
Figure 3-39 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable (example: RJ45,
2-pair)..........................................................................98
Figure 3-40 Contact assignment for cross-over cable (example:
RJ45, 2-pair) ...............................................................99
Figure 3-41 Contact assignment for circular connector
M12 D-coding (female / male).....................................99
Figure 3-42 Contact assignment (pairs) RJ45, 4-pair ..................100
Figure 3-43 Contact assignment (pairs) RJ45, 4-pair for Gigabit
Ethernet ....................................................................101
158
Figure 3-44 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable and Gigabit Ethernet
..................................................................................102
Figure 3-45 Contact assignment for cross-over cable and Gigabit
Ethernet ....................................................................102
List of tables 159
List of tables
Table 2-1 Overview of address types..........................................29

Table 2-2 Standard Ethernet frame.............................................30
Table 2-3 Inuence of the transmission rate on the collision
window and maximum transmission path ...................34
Table 2-4 Comparison between Ethernet and Fast Ethernet ......35
Table 2-5 Comparison of Gigabit Ethernet with Ethernet and
Fast Ethernet ..............................................................37
Table 2-6 Different requirements for ofce and industrial
environments ..............................................................46
Table 2-7 Different requirements for network components in
ofce and industrial environments ..............................47
Table 2-8 Overview of the current Ethernet protocols.................50
Table 3-1 Comparison between the operating modes Store
and Forward and Cut Through..................................64
Table 3-2 Comparison between Ethernet switch sealed to
IP 20 and Ethernet switch sealed to IP 65 / IP 67 .......67
Table 3-3 Comparison between Ethernet hub sealed to IP 20
and Ethernet switch sealed to IP 65 / IP 67 ................78
Table 3-4 Various solutions available for Ethernet cabling .........84
Table 3-5 Environmental inuences in various elds of industry
....................................................................................85
Table 3-6 Transmission media for Ethernet protocols ................86
Table 3-7 Overview of cable category assignment .....................87
Table 3-8 Overview of cable class assignment for transmission
channels......................................................................87
Table 3-9 Maximum cabling lengths for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet
according to PROFINET specications.......................89
Table 3-10 Special bre-optic cables for Gigabit Ethernet ............91
Table 3-11 Twisted-pair cables for Gigabit Ethernet .....................91
Table 3-12 Overview of bre-optic cable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
....................................................................................91
Table 3-13 Power on Ethernet (PoE) performance classes ..........92
Table 3-14 Different connectors for Industrial Ethernet in IP 65 /
IP 67............................................................................95
Table 3-15 HARTING connectors .................................................96
160
Table 3-16 Contact assignment for 1:1 cable ...............................98

Table 3-17 Contact assignment for cross-over cable....................99
Table 3-18 Contact assignment for RJ45, 2-pair (colour code) ....99
Table 3-19 Contact assignment, circular connector
M12 D-coding (colour code)......................................100
Table 3-20 Contact assignment, wire pairs RJ45 connector.......100
Table 3-21 Contact assignment RJ45 according to EIA/TIA 568
(colour code) .............................................................101
Table 3-22 Contact assignment for wire pairs, RJ45 connector
for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet.....102
Table 5-1 Overview of types of components for Industrial
Ethernet from HARTING ..........................................105
Table 5-2 Overview of types of Ethernet switches for direct
mounting ...................................................................106
Table 5-3 Overview of types of Ethernet switches for mounting
on to exterior cabinet panels from HARTING ...........106
Table 5-4 Overview of types of Ethernet hubs to IP 67 from
HARTING ..................................................................107
Table 5-5 Overview of types of Industrial Outlets from
HARTING ..................................................................107
Table 5-6 Mounting options.......................................................108
Table 5-7 Cable types for Ethernet switches ............................108
Table 5-8 Cable types for Ethernet hubs and outlets ................109
Table 5-9 Examples of cable types ...........................................109
Table 5-10 Connector variants .................................................... 110
Index 161
Index
0 ... 9
1000Base-LX ................................................................................................. 86
1000Base-SX ................................................................................................ 86
1000Base-T ................................................................................................... 86
100Base-FX .................................................................................................. 86
100Base-TX .................................................................................................. 86
10Base-FL ..................................................................................................... 86
10Base-T ....................................................................................................... 86
10 Gigabit Ethernet ....................................................................................... 38
cable ....................................................................................................... 91
A
accumulated frame telegram ......................................................................... 24
address/port assignment table ...................................................................... 60
address types ................................................................................................ 29
application layer ............................................................................................ 21
Auto-crossing ................................................................................................ 61
Auto-negotiation ...................................................................................... 35, 61
Auto-polarity .................................................................................................. 62
Auto-sensing ................................................................................................. 75
automation pyramid ....................................................................................... 17
availability ...................................................................................................... 47
B
bit transmission layer ..................................................................................... 20
block diagram
Ethernet hub ........................................................................................... 80
Ethernet switch ....................................................................................... 70
In-between Ethernet switch ..................................................................... 73
bridge ............................................................................................................ 60
broadcast ................................................................................................. 20, 31
bus access, deterministic .............................................................................. 23
bus access, random ...................................................................................... 23
C
cable, category .............................................................................................. 87
cable, class .................................................................................................... 87
cable, hybrid .................................................................................................. 90
cable, properties ............................................................................................ 87
cable, twisted-pair ......................................................................................... 88
cabling, structured ................................................................................... 53, 81
162
carrier extension ............................................................................................ 37
Carrier Sense ................................................................................................ 33
Carrier Sense Multiple Access ...................................................................... 23
category ......................................................................................................... 86
cell level ......................................................................................................... 18
CIP................................................................................................................. 50
class .............................................................................................................. 87
collision .......................................................................................................... 33
collision, freedom from ............................................................................ 47, 61
Collision Detection ......................................................................................... 33
collision domain ....................................................................................... 33, 61
collision window ............................................................................................. 34
colour code .................................................................................... 99, 100, 101
communication layer ..................................................................................... 21
conditions, environmental .............................................................................. 85
connector ....................................................................................................... 93
IP 20 ........................................................................................................ 94
IP 65 / IP 67 ............................................................................................ 94
overview in IP 65 / IP 67 ......................................................................... 95
connector, hybrid ........................................................................................... 97
contact assignment ....................................................................................... 98
1:1 cable ................................................................................................. 98
cross-over cable ...................................................................................... 98
Gigabit Ethernet .................................................................................... 101
M12 D-coding .......................................................................................... 99
RJ45, 2-pair ............................................................................................ 99
RJ45, 4-pair .......................................................................................... 100
Control and Information Protocol ................................................................... 50
control level ................................................................................................... 18
copper cable .................................................................................................. 88
cross-over function ........................................................................................ 79
CSMA ............................................................................................................ 23
CSMA/CD ................................................................................................ 27, 33
Cut Through................................................................................................... 63
D
data link layer ................................................................................................ 20
data port ............................................................................................ 69, 73, 80
destination address ....................................................................................... 30
dual speed hub .............................................................................................. 74
E
Endpoint PSE, operating mode B .................................................................. 92
EtherCat ........................................................................................................ 52
Index 163
Ethernet, address .......................................................................................... 28
Ethernet, classic ...................................................................................... 25, 26
Ethernet, development .................................................................................. 26
Ethernet, frame .............................................................................................. 30
Ethernet, protocol variants ............................................................................ 50
EtherNet/IP .................................................................................................... 50
Ethernet cabling
solutions .................................................................................................. 84
standardisation ........................................................................................ 84
ETHERNET PowerLink ................................................................................. 51
F
Fast Ethernet ................................................................................................. 35
FDX ............................................................................................................... 36
eldbus systems, classication ..................................................................... 22
eld level ....................................................................................................... 17
ow control .................................................................................................... 36
frame bursting ............................................................................................... 38
Full duplex ............................................................................................... 36, 62
G
gateway ......................................................................................................... 58
Gigabit Ethernet ...................................................................................... 36, 90
copper cables .......................................................................................... 91
bre optics ............................................................................................... 90
H
Half duplex .................................................................................................... 62
HSE ............................................................................................................... 52
hub ................................................................................................................ 74
hub, function principle ................................................................................... 75
hybrid cable ................................................................................................... 90
I
IAONA ........................................................................................................... 49
IEEE .............................................................................................................. 25
impedance ..................................................................................................... 88
In-between Ethernet switch ........................................................................... 70
Industrial Outlet ............................................................................................. 81
instance ......................................................................................................... 20
ISO/OSI Reference Model ................................................................. 19, 21, 26
164
J
jam signal ................................................................................................ 31, 33
JetSync .......................................................................................................... 52
K
L
layer model .................................................................................................... 19
lifetime, operational ....................................................................................... 47
locking lever .................................................................................................. 69
M
MAC address ................................................................................................. 28
management function .................................................................................... 62
management level ......................................................................................... 19
master............................................................................................................ 23
mating face .................................................................................................... 93
Medium Access Control ................................................................................. 28
Midspan PSE, operating mode B .................................................................. 92
Modbus/TCP.................................................................................................. 52
Modied Cut Through .................................................................................... 63
multicast .................................................................................................. 20, 32
N
network, structured ........................................................................................ 54
network component, active ............................................................................ 57
network component, passive ......................................................................... 57
network layer ................................................................................................. 21
network topology ........................................................................................... 55
O
operating mode
Cut Through ............................................................................................ 63
Modied Cut Through.............................................................................. 63
Store and Forward .................................................................................. 63
OSI Model ..................................................................................................... 19
P
patch cable .................................................................................................... 88
physical layer ................................................................................................. 20
PoE ................................................................................................................ 91
Index 165
Power on Ethernet ......................................................................................... 91
Endpoint PSE, operating mode B ........................................................... 92
Midspan PSE, operating mode B ............................................................ 92
operating mode A .................................................................................... 92
operating mode B .................................................................................... 92
performance classes ............................................................................... 92
preamble ....................................................................................................... 30
presentation layer .......................................................................................... 21
process control level ...................................................................................... 19
process level ................................................................................................. 18
PROFINET .................................................................................................... 51
protection cover ............................................................................................. 69
protocol .......................................................................................................... 19
Q
R
real-time................................................................................................... 48, 61
real-time communication capability ............................................................... 48
repeater ......................................................................................................... 74
requirements, environmental ......................................................................... 46
requirements, general ................................................................................... 45
requirements, installation .............................................................................. 46
response time ................................................................................................ 47
router ............................................................................................................. 59
S
safeethernet .................................................................................................. 52
SERCOS-III ................................................................................................... 52
session layer ................................................................................................. 21
signal propagation time, maximum ................................................................ 34
slave .............................................................................................................. 24
SNMP Management ...................................................................................... 62
standards ..................................................................................................... 113
starting frame delimiter .................................................................................. 30
status indication ................................................................................. 69, 73, 80
Store and Forward ......................................................................................... 63
switch............................................................................................................. 60
switch, blocking ............................................................................................. 62
switch, function principle ............................................................................... 61
switch, managed ........................................................................................... 62
switch, non-blocking ...................................................................................... 62
switch, unmanaged ....................................................................................... 62
166
Switched Ethernet ................................................................................... 39, 61
switch matrix .................................................................................................. 62
system, deterministic ..................................................................................... 39
system extension, based on Ethernet ........................................................... 42
system extension, conventional .................................................................... 41
system level ................................................................................................... 18
T
TCP ............................................................................................................... 28
telegram
broadcast .......................................................................................... 20, 31
multicast ............................................................................................ 20, 32
unicast ..................................................................................................... 20
tests, EMC ..................................................................................................... 47
tests, safety ................................................................................................... 47
Time Division Multiplex .................................................................................. 22
token .............................................................................................................. 23
Token Passing ............................................................................................... 23
topology
line .......................................................................................................... 56
ring .......................................................................................................... 56
star .......................................................................................................... 55
tree .......................................................................................................... 55
Transmission Control Protocol ...................................................................... 28
transmission length, max. .............................................................................. 89
transmission media ....................................................................................... 86
1000Base-LX .......................................................................................... 86
1000Base-SX .......................................................................................... 86
1000Base-T............................................................................................. 86
100Base-FX ............................................................................................ 86
100Base-TX ............................................................................................ 86
10Base-FL............................................................................................... 86
10Base-T................................................................................................. 86
transmission performance ............................................................................. 46
transport layer ............................................................................................... 21
trunking .......................................................................................................... 36
U
UDP ............................................................................................................... 28
unicast ........................................................................................................... 20
user data ....................................................................................................... 30
User Datagram Protocol ................................................................................ 28
Index 167
V
W
X
Y
Z
168

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DIN standards and other technical regulations

Printed on bleached cellulose, 100 % free from chlorine and acid.

Espelkamp, June, 2005

1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology ..........................13

3 Transmission Technology and Cabling for Industrial Ethernet ...53

4 Future Prospects ............................................................................103

5 Overview of Modules and Accessories for Ethernet Components

Annex A List of Standards and Guidelines .................................. 113

Annex B Bibliography .................................................................... 119

Annex C Continuative Links ..........................................................121

Degrees of Protection .........................................................................151

List of gures .......................................................................................155

List of tables ........................................................................................159

1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology

1.1 Historical background

Figure 1-1 Cable installation based on conventional wiring

Figure 1-2 Cable installation based on a eldbus

Together with increasing automation and decentralisation in measurement,

1 19,2 150 300 500 1 10 100 1 10

Further developments are awaited with an air of expectancy, in particular as

1.2 The Automation pyramid

Cell Computer, Process or

Control or Process level PLC, CNC, NC

Figure 1-4 The automation pyramid

The eld level

The control or process level

The tasks covered by this level include:

The system or cell level

The process control and the management levels

1.3 The Layer model

5. Session Layer Higher Protocol

2. Data Link Layer

Physical Transmission Medium

Figure 1-5 ISO/OSI Reference Model

Layer 1: Physical Layer

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Layer 4 is responsible for the control of and error-free logical delivery of

Layer 5: Session Layer

Layer 5 (communication layer) establishes, manages, synchronises and terminates

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Layer 7: Application Layer

Using the ISO/OSI Reference Model

Application Layer Application Layer

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Physikal Transmission Medium

1.4 Classifying the eldbus systems

Based on Time Division Multiplex technology, classic eldbus systems are

Decentralised Master Central Master

Deterministic Random Line Topology Ring Topology

Figure 1-7 Classifying the eldbus systems

Fieldbus systems with decentralised master transfer

The master function of a bus system employing a decentralised master transfer

Deterministic bus access

Random bus access

Fieldbus systems with central master transfer