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Electrical Engineering
FM MODULATOR
OBJECTIVES
To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index.
To determine the bandwidth for various values of amplitude and frequency of
modulating signal.
THEORY
Frequency modulation (FM) is a process in which the carrier frequency is varied by the
amplitude of the modulating signal (i.e. information signal). The FM signal can be expressed
by the following equation.
t
FM t A cos c t k f m d (6.1)
where m(t) is the modulating signal, c is the carrier frequency and kf is the constant of
frequency modulation. The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal can be obtained by
taking the derivative of the angle of cosine function in Eq. (6.1). Therefore,
d
t
i t
c t k f m d c k f mt (6.2)
dt
Hence, the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is changing in proportional with the
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modulating signal m(t), kf being the proportionality constant.
When the modulating signal is a pure sinusoid (tone) with a peak value of Am and
frequency m , i.e.,
(6.3)
k f Am
FM t A cos c t sin m t (6.4)
m
i t c k f Am cos mt (6.5)
k f Am (6.6)
k f Am
(6.7)
m m
The relation between the constant of frequency modulation kf and the deviation ratio is
found to be
m
kf (6.8)
Am
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Figure 6.1 The frequency spectrum of an FM waveform as a function of the modulation
index.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RECORDS
2. Without giving modulating signal observe the carrier signal at PIN NO.2. Measure the
amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal and record the values in Table 6.1.
3. Apply the sinusoidal modulating signal of frequency 4 KHz and amplitude 3 Vp-p from
function generator Channel 1 (CH1) at pin no.7 and to Channel 2 (CH2) of the
oscilloscope.
4. Connect the OUTPUT PIN NO.2 to Channel 1 (CH1) of the oscilloscope. Change the
oscilloscope Time/Div to10 s and measure the minimum frequency fmin and maximum
frequency deviation f. Evaluate the modulating index using f/fm where f = |fc - fmin|.
Record the resulting OUTPUT waveform and modulation index in Table 6.1.
5. Calculate the bandwidth BW = 2(+1)fm = 2(f+fm). Record the values in Table 6.1.
6. Change the MODULATING SIGNAL amplitude to 3.5 Vp-p and repeat steps 4 and 5.
7. Change the MODULATING SIGNAL amplitude to 4 Vp-p and repeat steps 4 and 5.
8. While keeping the amplitude of the MODULATING SIGNAL at 3 Vp-p change its
frequency to 2 KHz, 3 KHz and 4 KHz and record the resulting OUTPUT waveforms,
modulation indices and bandwidth in Table 6.2, respectively.
Table 6.1
Modulating
Signal Modulation Index
Output Waveform
Amplitude and Bandwidth
(Am)
CH1: 1V ,CH2:1V, TD: 10 s
3Vp-p
BW=
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CH1: 1V ,CH2:1V, TD: 10 s
3.5Vp-p
BW=
4Vp-p
BW=
Table 6.2
( Ac .....V pp , Am 3V p p , f c .....kHz. )
Modulating
Signal Modulation index
Output Waveform
frequency and Bandwidth
(fm)
CH1: 1V ,CH2:1V, TD: 30 s
2 kHz
BW=
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CH1: 1V ,CH2:1V, TD: 20 s
3 kHz
BW=
4 kHz
BW=
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2. Explain what happen to modulation index and bandwidth if we change the
Frequency of the Modulating signal?
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3. Explain what you analyzed from Table 6.1 and Table 6.2?
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