13: Filters

Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) 13: Filters
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 1 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz.

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz.

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz. [Wikipedia]

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz. [Wikipedia]

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz. [Wikipedia]

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 Filters

13: Filters
Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Radio/TV: a tuning filter blocks all frequencies
High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Loudspeaker: crossover filters send the right
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Sampling: an anti-aliasing filter eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
Summary

Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz. [Wikipedia]

Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 2 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter -10
Transformations (B)
Summary -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter p
Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and j 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter -10
Transformations (B)
Summary -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter p
Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and j 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) Very low : Capacitor = open circuit -10

Summary -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter p
Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and j 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) Very low : Capacitor = open circuit -10

Summary
Very high : Capacitor short circuit -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter p
Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and j 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) Very low : Capacitor = open circuit -10

Summary
Very high : Capacitor short circuit -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

(makes smaller) high frequencies.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 1st Order Low-Pass Filter

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1 1
Filters
X = R+1/jC = jRC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
Opamp filter Corner frequency: p =  a  = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter p
Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and j 0
Transformations (A)

|Gain| (dB)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) Very low : Capacitor = open circuit -10

Summary
Very high : Capacitor short circuit -20

-30
0.1p p 10p
(rad/s)

A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

(makes smaller) high frequencies.

The order of a filter: highest power of j in the denominator.

Almost always equals the total number of L and/or C .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 3 / 13

 Low-Pass with Gain Floor

13: Filters
Y R+1/jC jRC+1
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter X = 4R+1/jC = j4RC+1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 4 / 13

 Low-Pass with Gain Floor

13: Filters j
Y R+1/jC jRC+1 q +1
Filters
X = 4R+1/jC = j4RC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
1 1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Corner frequencies: p = 4RC , q = RC
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter 0
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
-5
Transformations (B)
Summary
-10

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 4 / 13

 Low-Pass with Gain Floor

13: Filters j
Y R+1/jC jRC+1 q +1
Filters
X = 4R+1/jC = j4RC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
1 1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Corner frequencies: p = 4RC , q = RC
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter Asymptotes: 1 and 14
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter 0
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
-5
Transformations (B)
Summary
-10

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 4 / 13

 Low-Pass with Gain Floor

13: Filters j
Y R+1/jC jRC+1 q +1
Filters
X = 4R+1/jC = j4RC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
1 1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Corner frequencies: p = 4RC , q = RC
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter Asymptotes: 1 and 14
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter Very low : 0
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Capacitor = open circuit
-5
Transformations (B)
Summary
Resistor R unattached. Gain = 1
-10

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 4 / 13

 Low-Pass with Gain Floor

13: Filters j
Y R+1/jC jRC+1 q +1
Filters
X = 4R+1/jC = j4RC+1 = j
1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
1 1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Corner frequencies: p = 4RC , q = RC
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter Asymptotes: 1 and 14
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter Very low : 0
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Capacitor = open circuit
-5
Transformations (B)
Summary
Resistor R unattached. Gain = 1
-10

Very high : 0.1q p q 10q

Capacitor short circuit
Circuit is potential divider with gain 20 log10 14 = 12 dB.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 4 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC )
Y 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except 3 = +9.5 dB.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 10
Transformations (B)
Summary 5

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except 3 = +9.5 dB.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Advantages of op-amp crcuit: 10
Transformations (B)
Summary 5

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except 3 = +9.5 dB.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Advantages of op-amp crcuit: 10
Transformations (B)
Summary
1. Can have gain > 1. 5

0.1q p q 10q

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except 3 = +9.5 dB.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Advantages of op-amp crcuit: 10
Transformations (B)
Summary
1. Can have gain > 1. 5

0
2. Low output impedance - loading
0.1q p q 10q
does not affect filter

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Opamp filter

13: Filters
Filters
Inverting amplifier so
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
= 3R||(R+ /jC ) 3R(R+ /jC )
Y 1 1
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
X R = R(3R+R+1/jC )
Opamp filter
Integrator
R+1/jC jRC+1
High Pass Filter = 3 4R+1/jC = 3 j4RC+1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except 3 = +9.5 dB.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter Advantages of op-amp crcuit: 10
Transformations (B)
Summary
1. Can have gain > 1. 5

0
2. Low output impedance - loading
0.1q p q 10q
does not affect filter

3. Resistive input impedance - does

not vary with frequency

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 5 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y
Filters
X = R
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
20
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
0
Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
20
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
0
Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
20
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
0
Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
20
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
0
Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
0
Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

= 10R||R/jC
Y 1
X

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

= 10R||R/jC = R(10R+
10R /jC
Y 1 1
X 1/jC )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

= 10R||R/jC = R(10R+
10R /jC
Y 1 1
X 1/jC )

10
= j10RC+1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 Integrator

13: Filters 1/jC

Y 1
Filters
X = R = jRC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter

Capacitor: i = C dv
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
C
Opamp filter dt
Integrator
High Pass Filter
i= x
R = C dy
dt
2nd order filter
dy 1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20

Transformations (B)
Rt 0
Summary 1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
RC

RNote: if x(t) = cos t

cos(t)dt = 1 sin(t) gain 1
.

We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

= 10R||R/jC = R(10R+
10R /jC
Y 1 1
X 1/jC )

10 0.1


= j10RC+1 c = RC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 6 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R
Filters X = R+1/jC
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jRC and 1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jRC and 1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary 0

-10

-20

-30
0.1p p 10p

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jRC and 1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Very low : C open circuit: gain = 0
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Very high : C short circuit: gain = 1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary 0

-10

-20

-30
0.1p p 10p

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jRC and 1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Very low : C open circuit: gain = 0
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Very high : C short circuit: gain = 1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary We can add an op-amp to give a 0
low-impedance output. -10

-20

-30
0.1p p 10p

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 High Pass Filter

13: Filters
Y R jRC
Filters X = R+1/jC = jRC+1
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
Integrator
High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jRC and 1
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Very low : C open circuit: gain = 0
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Very high : C short circuit: gain = 1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary We can add an op-amp to give a 0
low-impedance output. Or add gain: -10
  -20
Z RB jRC
X = 1+ RA jRC+1 -30
0.1p p 10p

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 7 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary Asymptotes: jR2 C and 1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary Asymptotes: jR2 C and 1

Corner frequencies:
+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s
40 dB/dec
p at c 1
q= a = LC
= 1000 rad/s

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary Asymptotes: jR2 C and 1 0

Corner frequencies: -20

+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c
q= = 1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary Asymptotes: jR2 C and 1 0

Corner frequencies: -20

+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c
q= =1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC
b sgn(a) qb q
Damping factor: = = 2c = 2 (R1 + R2 ) C = 0.6.
4ac
1
Gain error at q is 2 = Q = 0.83 = 1.6 dB (+0.04 dB due to p)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 2nd order filter

13: Filters
Y R2 +jL
Filters X = 1/jC +R1 +R2 +jL
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
LC(j)2 +R2 Cj
Opamp filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
jC(jL+R2 )
2nd order filter = LC(j)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cj+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary Asymptotes: jR2 C and 1 0

Corner frequencies: -20

+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c
q= =1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC
b sgn(a) qb q
Damping factor: = = 2c = 2 (R1 + R2 ) C = 0.6.
4ac
1
Gain error at q is 2 = Q = 0.83 = 1.6 dB (+0.04 dB due to p)

Compare with 1st order:

2nd order filter attenuates more rapidly than a 1st order filter.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 8 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1 1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s, = 2Q = pRC = 1m = 0.6

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters 0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -20
Opamp filter
Integrator -40
High Pass Filter
100 1k 10k
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1 1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s, = 2Q = pRC = 1m = 0.6

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters 0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -20
Opamp filter
Integrator -40
High Pass Filter
100 1k 10k
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter  2
j
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1 1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s, = 2Q = pRC = 1m = 0.6

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters 0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -20
Opamp filter
Integrator -40
High Pass Filter
100 1k 10k
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter  2
j
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1 1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s, = 2Q = pRC = 1m = 0.6
Sallen-Key: 2nd order filter without inductors. Can easily have gain >1.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Sallen-Key Filter

13: Filters
Filters 0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -20
Opamp filter
Integrator -40
High Pass Filter
100 1k 10k
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter  2
j
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y X Y Z
1/jC + 1/jC +
Y Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V = Z ]
Summary
Y (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1ZY
/jC = 0 Z(1 + jmRC) = Y jmRC

(1+jmRC)
Sub Y : Z jmRC (1 + 2jRC) Z (1 + jRC) = XjRC
Z m(jRC)2 (j/p)2
X = m(jRC)2 +2jRC+1 = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
1 1
Corner freq: p = mRC = 996 rad/s, = 2Q = pRC = 1m = 0.6
Sallen-Key: 2nd order filter without inductors. Can easily have gain >1.

Designing: Choose m = 2 ; C any convenient value; R = pC .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 9 / 13

 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit
Summary

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m
Very high : C short circuit

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m
Very high : C short circuit
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m
Very high : C short circuit
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m
 2
j
At = p, p = 1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit m+1 = 5.6dB 2 p
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m 0

-20
Very high : C short circuit
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m -40
200 300 500
(rad/s)
 2
j
At = p, p = 1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit m+1 = 5.6dB 2 p
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m 0

-20
Very high : C short circuit
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m -40
200 300 500
(rad/s)
 2
j
At = p, = 1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.
p
The 3 dB notch width is approximately 2p = 2(1 m)p.

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Twin-T Notch Filter

13: Filters
Filters
After much algebra:
1st Order Low-Pass Filter
Z (1+m)((2jRC)2 +1)
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter X = (2jRC)2 +4(1m)jRC+1
Integrator
High Pass Filter (1+m)((j/p)2 +1)
2nd order filter = (j/p)2 +2(j/p)+1
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter 1
Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, = 1 m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Very low : C open circuit m+1 = 5.6dB 2 p
Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m 0

-20
Very high : C short circuit
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m -40
200 300 500
(rad/s)
 2
j
At = p, = 1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.
p
The 3 dB notch width is approximately 2p = 2(1 m)p.

Used to remove one specific frequency (e.g. mains hum @ 50 Hz)

Do not try to memorize this circuit

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 10 / 13
 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter -20
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) -30
Conformal Filter 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) -30
Conformal Filter 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary

k = 20

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.

k = 20

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

k = 20

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :
R = R, C = kC, L = kL

k=5

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :
R = R, C = kC, L = kL
Z (k1 ) Z()

k=5

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :
R = R, C = kC, L = kL
Z (k1 ) Z()
Graph shifts left by a factor of k .
k=5

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (A)

13: Filters VY
Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jL ZL
Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jRC, ZR = R , ZC = 2 LC .
Opamp filter
Integrator 0
High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
2nd order filter -10
Sallen-Key Filter
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Twin-T Notch Filter
1
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
rad/s
Summary so graph stays the same.
(k is arbitrary)

Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :
R = R, C = kC, L = kL
Z (k1 ) Z()
Graph shifts left by a factor of k .
k=5
Must scale all reactive components in the circuit by the same factor.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 11 / 13
 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
Opamp filter
Integrator -20
High Pass Filter
-30
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M
rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
High Pass Filter
-30
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M
rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

k = 106

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

k = 106

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

k = 106

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
Summary

k = 106

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
Summary

Reflect frequency axis around m : k = 106

Change R = k C , C = 1kR
m m

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
Summary

Reflect frequency axis around m : k = 106

Change R = k C , C = 1kR
 2  m m
ZR m ZC
ZC = ZR ()

k = 0.1, m = 20 k

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
Summary

Reflect frequency axis around m : k = 106

Change R = k C , C = 1kR
 2  m m
ZR m ZC
ZC = ZR ()

k = 0.1, m = 20 k
(a) Magnitude graph flips

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Conformal Filter Transformations (B)

13: Filters
Filters
0
1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10
1
Opamp filter
Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
ZR jL ZL
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
ZC = jR C = R = ZR -30

Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M

Impedance ratios are unchanged rad/s
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A) at all so graph stays the same.
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
Summary

Reflect frequency axis around m : k = 106

Change R = k C , C = 1kR
 2  m m
ZR m ZC
ZC = ZR ()

k = 0.1, m = 20 k
(a) Magnitude graph flips
(b) Phase graph flips and negates since z = z .
(k is arbitrary)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 12 / 13

 Summary

13: Filters
Filters
The order of a filter is the highest power of j in the transfer function
1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
High Pass Filter
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 13 / 13

 Summary

13: Filters
Filters
The order of a filter is the highest power of j in the transfer function
1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Active filters use op-amps and usually avoid the need for inductors.
High Pass Filter Sallen-Key design for high-pass and low-pass.
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Twin-T design for notch filter: gain = 0 at notch.
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 13 / 13

 Summary

13: Filters
Filters
The order of a filter is the highest power of j in the transfer function
1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Active filters use op-amps and usually avoid the need for inductors.
High Pass Filter Sallen-Key design for high-pass and low-pass.
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Twin-T design for notch filter: gain = 0 at notch.
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
For filters using R and C only:
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Scale R and C : Substituting R = kR and C = pC scales
1
Summary frequency by (pk) .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 13 / 13

 Summary

13: Filters
Filters
The order of a filter is the highest power of j in the transfer function
1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Active filters use op-amps and usually avoid the need for inductors.
High Pass Filter Sallen-Key design for high-pass and low-pass.
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Twin-T design for notch filter: gain = 0 at notch.
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
For filters using R and C only:
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Scale R and C : Substituting R = kR and C = pC scales
1
Summary frequency by (pk) .
Interchange R and C : Substituting R = 0kC and C = k10 R
flips the frequency response around 0 (k ).
Changes a low-pass filter to high pass and vice-versa.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 13 / 13

 Summary

13: Filters
Filters
The order of a filter is the highest power of j in the transfer function
1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
Low-Pass with Gain Floor
Opamp filter
Integrator
Active filters use op-amps and usually avoid the need for inductors.
High Pass Filter Sallen-Key design for high-pass and low-pass.
2nd order filter
Sallen-Key Filter Twin-T design for notch filter: gain = 0 at notch.
Twin-T Notch Filter
Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
For filters using R and C only:
Conformal Filter
Transformations (B)
Scale R and C : Substituting R = kR and C = pC scales
1
Summary frequency by (pk) .
Interchange R and C : Substituting R = 0kC and C = k10 R
flips the frequency response around 0 (k ).
Changes a low-pass filter to high pass and vice-versa.

For further details see Hayt Ch 16 or Irwin Ch 12.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 13 / 13