C s d liu quan h m: mt m hnh vi

cc php ton i s v mt h qun tr

Fuzzy Relational Databases: A Model with
Algebra Operations and A Management System

Abstract: This paper introduces a fuzzy relational m (fuzzy set) c nghin cu v xy dng [1, 3, 7,
database system (FRDB) as a further extension of the 9, 11], nhm m hnh ha cc i tng m thng tin
fuzzy relational data base model proposed by Nguyen v chng m, khng chnh xc khc phc cc hn
Hoa with a full set of basic fuzzy relational algebraic ch ca m hnh CSDL quan h truyn thng. Cc m
operations and a management system that can execute hnh nh vy gi l m hnh c s d liu quan h m
soft queries based on fuzzy set values by the familiar (fuzzy relational data base model).
querying language like SQL. The fuzzy relational C hai cch tip cn chnh biu din d liu m
algebraic operations are defined on the basis of fuzzy trong m hnh CSDL m: (1) biu din gi tr thuc
set operations. The management system is build on the tnh bng cc gi tr tp m trong quan h m [4, 7, 8,
basis of the open source management system SQLite. 9, 12], theo mc thnh vin ( thuc) ca cc
Some properties of the fuzzy relational algebraic b c n trong mc thnh vin ca cc gi tr
operations are also formulated and proven as thuc tnh; (2) biu din gi tr thuc tnh bng cc gi
extensions of the properties of relational algebraic tr n, chnh xc trong quan h m [6, 11], theo ,
operations in the conventional relational data base mc thnh vin ca gi tr thuc tnh c n trong
model. mc thnh vin ca cc b trong cc quan h m.
Keywords: Fuzzy set, fuzzy relation, fuzzy Mc d c nhiu m hnh CSDL quan h m c
relational data base, fuzzy relational algebraic ngh, nhng cha c m hnh no c th biu din
operation, management system. v x l ht mi kha cnh khng r rng v khng
chnh xc v thng tin ca cc i tng trong th gii
I. GII THIU thc. Do , cc m hnh CSDL quan h m vn c
Nh chng ta bit, cc ng dng da trn m tip tc nghin cu v pht trin p ng cc mc
hnh c s d liu (CSDL) quan h truyn thng tiu ng dng khc nhau.
(conventional relational data base) [2], khng biu Gn y, trong [10], chng ti ngh mt m
din v x l c cc i tng m thng tin v hnh CSDL quan h m theo cch tip cn th hai, gi
chng khng chc chn, khng r rng (m). iu l FRDB, biu din v x l thng tin khng chnh
lm hn ch kh nng m hnh ha v gii quyt cc xc bng cc truy vn mm (soft query) da trn l
bi ton p dng trong th gii thc. Chng hn, cc thuyt tp m. Tuy nhin, cc php ton i s quan
ng dng m hnh CSDL truyn thng khng th tr h m nh chiu (projection), tch Descartes v kt
li c truy vn tm tt c bnh nhn tr c tin s (join) cha c nh ngha trn FRDB. Mt h qun
bnh vim thanh qun. Trong tr l mt khi nim tr khi u ca FRDB cng c xy dng nhng ch
khng chnh xc. thc hin c cc truy vn vi php chn. Bi bo
T thp nin 80 th k trc cho n nay, c ny l mt nghin cu tip theo pht trin FRDB
nhiu m hnh CSDL quan h da trn l thuyt tp

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thnh mt h thng bao gm mt m hnh, mt tp cc
php ton i s quan h m c bn v mt h qun tr
CSDL m vi ngn ng truy vn ta SQL thc
hin cc truy vn v tnh ton trn cc quan h m
trong FRDB.
C s ton hc pht trin FRDB c trnh by
trong Phn II, lc v th hin FRDB c gii
thiu trong Phn III. Phn IV trnh by cc php ton
i s trn FRDB, Phn V gii thiu h qun tr ca
FRDB v cui cng Phn VI l mt s kt lun v
hng nghin cu trong tng lai.
II. C S TON HC CA FRDB
Phn ny gii thiu tp m v quan h m [6] nh
l c s ton pht trin FRDB. Tp m c s
dng biu din cc truy vn vi thng tin khng r
rng, quan h m c s dng nh ngha cc
quan h trong FRDB.
II.1. Tp m
Tp m l khi nim m rng ca tp c in v
c nh ngha nh sau.
nh ngha 1. Gi s X l mt tp khc rng, mt nh
x t X n khong ng [0, 1], A: X [0, 1], xc
nh mt tp m (fuzzy set) A trn X. nh x A c
gi l hm thnh vin (membership function) ca tp
m A. Vi mi x X, A(x) l mc thnh vin
(membership degree) ca x i vi A.
Trong ng dng, n gin ta k hiu A(x) thay
cho A(x).
Cc php ton trn cc tp m c nh ngha mt
cch tng qut da trn cc nh x t tp tch
Descartes ca cc khong ng [0,1] n khong ng
[0,1]. Tuy nhin, phn ny ch gii thiu cc php ton
chun (standard operation) trn cc tp m [6] c
ng dng trong FRDB.
nh ngha 2. Gi s A, B l hai tp m trn tp X v
c cc hm thnh vin ln lt l A, B. Php ton
ly phn b ca A, hp, giao v hiu ca A v B c
nh ngha theo hm thnh vin ca chng nh sau.
1. Ac(x) = 1-A(x), x X
2. AB(x) = max( x X
A(x), B(x)),
3. AB(x) = min( A(x), B(x)), x X
4. A-B(x) = min( A(x), 1-B(x)), x X.
II.2. Quan h m
Quan h m c nh ngha bng cch m rng
quan h c in nh sau.
nh ngha 3. Gi s A1, A2,, Ak l cc tp khc
rng, mt quan h m k-ngi R gia k tp A1 , A2,, Ak
l mt tp con m ca tp tch Descartes A1A2
Ak.
Nh vy, mt quan h m k-ngi R c kt hp
vi mt hm thnh vin R: A1A2 Ak [0,1].
III. LC V QUAN H FRDB
Lc v quan h FRDB c m rng t lc
v quan h CSDL truyn thng biu din kh
nng cc b thuc v mt quan h m.
III.1. Lc FRDB
Mt lc FRDB gm mt tp thuc tnh kt hp
vi mt hm thnh vin, lm c s xc nh cc
quan h m, c nh ngha nh sau.
nh ngha 4. Mt lc quan h m (fuzzy
relational schema) l mt b i R = (U, ), trong
1. U = {A1, A2, , Ak} l mt tp cc thuc tnh i
mt khc nhau (biu din thng tin v gi tr cc
i tng trong quan h).
2. l mt nh x t tng ng mi (v1, v2, , vk)
D1D2Dk vi mt s thc thuc [0, 1],
trong Di l min gi tr ca thuc tnh Ai (i = 1,
, k).
Chng ti lu rng, nh trong CSDL quan h
truyn thng, n gin, c th vit R(U, ) thay cho
cch vit R = (U, ). Ngoi ra, mi t = (v1, v2 , , vk)
c gi l mt b trn tp thuc tnh {A1, A2, , Ak}.
V d 1. Mt lc quan h m PATIENT trong
FRDB m t v cc bnh nhn c th nh sau:
PATIENT(P_NAME, AGE, DISEASE, COST, ),
vi l nh x
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: string integer string real [0, 1], trong
string, integer v real l cc min gi tr ca cc
thuc tnh P_NAME, DISEASE, AGE v COST.
Chng ti lu rng, nh trong CSDL truyn
thng, tn lc v tn cc thuc tnh ch l cc k
hiu, trong thc t thng dng tn ngn gn (c th
vit tt, ting Vit hoc ting Anh).
III.2. Quan h FRDB
Quan h m c m rng t quan h truyn thng
[2, 5] vi mc thuc c gn cho mi b nh nh
ngha di y.
nh ngha 5. Gi s U = {A1, A2, , Ak} l mt tp
thuc tnh i mt khc nhau, mt quan h m (fuzzy
relation) r trn lc R(U, ) l mt tp hu hn cc
b {t1 , t2,, tn} trn tp cc thuc tnh {A1, A2, , Ak},
c kt hp tng ng vi cc gi tr (ti ) biu din
mc thuc ca ti trong r. Cc k hiu t.A hoc t[A]
biu th gi tr thuc tnh A ca b t trong r. Mc
thuc ca ti trong r c k hiu l r(ti).
Vi mi tp thuc tnh X {A1, A2, , Ak}, k
hiu t[X] c s dng biu th phn cn li ca t
sau khi loi b cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh khng
thuc X.
Nh trong CSDL quan h truyn thng, c th c
nhiu quan h trn cng mt lc , nu ch quan
tm n mt quan h duy nht th c th ng nht k
hiu tn quan h v tn lc ca chng.
V d 2. Mt quan h m trn lc PATIENT
trong V d 2 c th c th hin nh Bng 1. Trong
quan h ny, cc thuc tnh P_NAME, AGE,
DISEASE v COST tng ng m t thng tin v tn,
tui, bnh v chi ph iu tr hng ngy ca mi bnh
nhn (c tnh theo n v 1000 ng VN).
Bng 1. Quan h PATIENT
P_NAME AGE DISEASE COST
L.V. Tam 53 Lung cancer 350
N.T. Trang 29 Bronchitis 70
T. T. Tu 21 Hepatitis 30
Chng ti lu rng, gi tr (t) biu din thuc
ca mi b t trong quan h m (nh ngha 5), khi (t)
= 1.0, b t thc s thuc quan h. Xt v ton hc,
ngha thuc (t) ca t trong quan h m tng t
nh thuc ca mt phn t trong tp m (mt quan
h m cng l mt tp m). Xt v kh nng biu din
trong ng dng, thuc cho bit mc chnh xc
ca thng tin. Chng hn, xt b t1 (b th nht) trong
quan h PATIENT, gi s thng tin v tn bnh nhn
(L.V. Tam) l chnh xc, lc ny thuc (t1) = 0.9
ca t1 biu din mc chnh xc ca tui (53), bnh
c chn on (Lung cancer ung th phi) v chi
ph iu tr (350 nghn ng/ngy) ca bnh nhn.
Chng ti lu thm rng, quan h m y l
n gin, cc gi tr thuc tnh cng nh vic gn
thuc cho cc b ca cc quan h ch c ngha minh
ha cho cc nh ngha 4, 5. Trong cc ng dng thc
t, xc nh thuc ca cc b trong mt quan h m
l mt phn ca qu trnh thit k CSDL v c cc
chuyn gia thit k, chuyn gia lnh vc xc nh da
trn vic nh gi chnh xc ca cc gi tr thuc
tnh ca cc b trong quan h.
Ph thuc hm m (fuzzy function dependence)
trong FRDB c m rng t ph thuc hm trong
CSDL truyn thng [11].
nh ngha 6. Gi s R(U, ) l mt lc quan h
m, r l mt quan h m bt k trn R(U, ), X v Y l
hai tp con cc thuc tnh ca U. Ta ni Y l ph thuc
hm m i vi X trn lc R(U, ) v k hiu X
Y, nu
t1, t2 r, (r (t1) r (t2) (t1[X] = t2[X])) (t1[Y] =
t2[Y]), trong l mt php ton hi logic m c
nh ngha bi a b = min(a, b) (do Zadeh ngh
trong [6]) v suy lun m a b c nh ngha bi
a b = 1 nu a b, v a b = 1 - (a-b) nu ngc
li, vi a, b [0, 1] (do Lukasiewicz ngh trong
[6]). Suy lun m ny l mt m rng trc tip t suy
lun trong logic c in (a b = 1 nu a b v a
0.9
b = 0, nu ngc li, vi a, b {0, 1}).
0.8
1.0 Nh vy, ph thuc hm m l ph thuc theo mc
(gradual), ngha l ph thuc cng ln khi gi tr
ca suy lun m cng ln.
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 Chng ti lu rng, khi gi tr hm r bng 1 vi
mi r trn R(U, ), suy lun m xc nh ph thuc
hm lc ng nht vi suy lun trong logic c in
(do cc mnh tham gia (t1[X] = t2[X]) v (t1[Y] =
t2[Y]) ch c th nhn cc gi tr 0 hoc 1) v ph
thuc hm m trong nh ngha ny s ng nht vi
ph thuc hm trong CSDL truyn thng [5].
By gi CSDL quan h m l m rng ca CSDL
quan h truyn thng v c nh ngha nh sau.
nh ngha 7. Mt c s d liu quan h m (fuzzy
relational database) trn mt tp cc thuc tnh A l
mt tp cc quan h m tng ng vi tp cc lc
quan h m ca chng.
IV. CC PHP TON I S FRDB
Cc php ton i s quan h m l c s truy
vn v thao tc d liu m, khng chnh xc trong
FRDB. Cc php ton i s quan h m c nh
ngha nh l nhng m rng ca cc php ton i s
quan h truyn thng da trn c s ton hc trong
Phn II. Trong phn ny, tp cc php ton trong [10]
c m rng bao gm c cc php ton chiu, tch
Descartes v kt.
IV.1. Php chn
Php chn trn mt quan h FRDB l c s thc
hin cc truy vn tm kim thng tin trong CSDL.
Trc khi nh ngha php chn, chng ti gii thiu
c php v ng ngha ca cc iu kin chn nh di h v t l mt b trong r. Din dch (interpretation)
y.
nh ngha 8. Gi s R l mt lc FRDB, X l
mt tp cc bin b quan h, l mt quan h hai ngi
trong =, , , , , . Cc iu kin chn m (fuzzy
selection condition) c nh ngha mt cch quy
v c mt trong cc dng sau:
1. x.A v, trong x X, A l mt thuc tnh trong
R v v l mt gi tr.
2. x.A v, trong x X, A l mt thuc tnh trong
R, l mt quan h hai ngi m v v l mt gi
tr tp m (fuzzy set value).
3. x.A1 x.A2, trong x X, A1 v A2 l hai thuc
tnh phn bit trong R.
4. E nu E l mt iu kin chn m.
5. E1 E2 nu E1 v E2 l cc iu kin chn m trn
cng mt bin b quan h.
6. E1 E2 nu E1 v E2 l cc iu kin chn m trn
cng mt bin b quan h.
Chng ti lu rng, quan h hai ngi m trong
x.A v vi v l mt tp m biu din truy vn tm
tt c cc b t sao cho t.A l v, quan h hai ngi
=, , , , , trong x.A v v x.A1 x.A2 c
ngha tng t nh trong CSDL truyn thng.
V d 3. Vi lc quan h PATIENT trong V d
2, mt s iu kin chn m c th nh sau (x l bin
b):
1. Tm tt c bnh nhn tr tui (young) v c bnh
vim gan (hepatitis). Yu cu ny c th c
biu din bi iu kin chn x.AGE young
x.DISEASE =hepatitis.
2. Tm tt c bnh nhn cao tui (old) hoc c chi
ph iu tr nhiu hn 70 nghn ng mt ngy.
Yu cu ny c th c biu din bi iu kin
chn x.AGE old x.COST 70.
nh ngha 9. Gi s R(U, ) l mt lc quan h
FRDB, r l mt quan h trn R, x l mt bin b quan
ca cc iu kin chn m theo R, r v t, c biu th
bi intR,r,t, l mt nh x b phn t tp tt c cc iu
kin chn m n khong [0, 1] v c nh ngha
qui nh sau:
1. intR,r,t (x.A v) = r(t) nu t.A v v intR,r,t (x.A v)
= 0 nu ngc li.
2. intR,r,t (x.A v) = min(r(t), (t)), vi = t.A v.
3. intR,r,t (x.A1 x.A2) = r(t) nu t.A1 t.A2 v
intR,r,t (x.A1 x.A2 ) = 0 nu ngc li.
4. intR,r,t (E) = 1 intR,r,t (E)
5. intR,r,t (E1 E2 ) = min(intR,r,t (E1), intR,r,t (E2))
6. intR,r,t (E1 E2 ) = max(intR,r,t(E1), intR,r,t(E2)).
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 Chng ti lu rng, v l mt tp m trong t.A v r = t r | intR,r,t () 0 r(t)=intR,r,t()
nn = t.A v l mt quan h m. V vy cng l Mt cch n gin hn, (r) = {t r | intR,r,t () 0}.
mt tp m. C th l tp m m hm thnh vin V d 5. Xt quan h r = PATIENT trong V d 2,
ca n c i s l cc b t ca r. Vi mi t r, (t) truy vn Tm tt c bnh nhn tr v c bnh vim
= v(t.A). gan c th c thc hin bi php chn r =
V trc gic, intR,r,t(x.A v) v intR,r,t (x.A v) (PATIENT) vi = x.AGE young
tng ng cho bit mc tha mn cc iu kin t.A x.DISEASE = hepatitis. Php chn c thc hin
v v t.A v ( y v l tp m) ca b t trong r cn bng cch kim tra s tha mn ca tt c cc b trong
intR,r,t (x.A1 x.A2) cho bit mc tha mn iu kin PATIENT i vi iu kin chn . T V d 4 ta d
t.A1 t.A2 ca b t trong r. Ngoi ra, do gi tr v v cc dng thy ch c b t3 tha mn vi gi tr hm thnh
gi tr ca cc thuc tnh A, A1 v A2 trong x.A v v vin l 0.93. V vy kt qu php chn l quan h r
x.A1 x.A2 l cc gi tr r, chnh xc (nh ngha 4 v nh trong Bng 2.
5), nn nu quan h khng tha mn trong t.A v v Bng 2. Quan h r= (PATIENT)
t.A1 t.A2 th intR,r,t (x.A v) = 0 v intR,r,t (x.A1 x.A2 ) = P_NAME AGE DISEASE COST
0, ngha l b t tng ng hon ton khng tha mn T. T. Tu 21 Hepatitis 30 0.93
t.A v v t.A1 t.A2. IV.2. Php chiu
Trong CSDL truyn thng v r(t) {0, 1} nn din nh ngha 11. Gi s R = (U, ) l mt lc quan
dch cc iu kin chn i vi mt b t lun ch nhn h m, r l mt quan h m trn R v L = {A1, A2, ,
mt trong hai gi tr l 0 hoc 1 (gi tr ca r(t)). V Ak} l mt tp con ca U. Php chiu (projection) ca
vy, c th coi din dch cc iu kin chn trong r trn L, c k hiu L(r), l mt quan h m r trn
CSDL truyn thng l trng hp ring ca din dch lc R, c xc nh bi:
cc iu kin chn trong FRDB.
1. R = (L, ), trong l nh x t
V d 4. Gi s tp m young biu din tui tr ca D1D2Dk n [0, 1], Di l min gi tr ca
mt bnh nhn vi hm thnh vin c nh ngha thuc tnh Ai (i = 1, , k).
bi
2. r ={t = t[L] | t r v r(t) = maxtr{r(t)| t =
1 , x [0, 20] t[L]}}.

young ( x) (35 x ) / 15, x (20, 35),
V d 6. Php chiu ca quan h PATIENT c cho
0 , x 35
trong Bng 1, V d 2 trn L ={P_NAME, DISEASE}
th din dch ca iu kin chn m E = x.AGE l quan h L(PATIENT) nh trong Bng 3.
young x.DISEASE = hepatitis theo quan h r = Bng 3. Quan h L(PATIENT)
PATIENT v b t3 (b th 3) V d 2 l intR,r,t3(E) = P_NAME DISEASE
min(min(1.0, 0.93), 1.0)) = 0.93. L.V. Tam Lung cancer 0.9
N.T. Trang Bronchitis 0.8
By gi, php chn trong FRDB c m rng t T. T. Tu Hepatitis 1.0
php chn trong CSDL quan h truyn thng nh sau. IV.3. Php tch Descartes
nh ngha 10. Gi s R(U, ) l mt lc quan h nh ngha 12. Gi s U1, U2 l hai tp thuc tnh
m FRDB, r l mt quan h trn R v l mt iu khng giao nhau v r1, r2 l hai quan h m tng ng
kin chn theo bin b x. Php chn trn r theo , trn hai lc R1 = (U1 , 1) v R2 = (U2, 2). Tch
c k hiu (r), l mt quan h m r trn R, bao Descartes ca r1 v r2, c k hiu r1 r2, l mt
quan h m r trn lc R, c xc nh bi:
gm tt c cc b t c nh ngha bi:

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 1. R = (U, ), trong U = U1 U2, l nh x t IV.5. Php hp, giao v tr
D1D2Dk+m n [0, 1], k = U1, m = U2, Di l S dng cc php ton trn cc tp hp m trong
min gi tr ca thuc tnh Ai U1 U2. nh ngha 2, cc php ton hp, giao v tr cc quan
2. r = {t = (v1, v2, , vk, vk+1, vk+2,, vk+m) | t1 = (v1, h m trong FRDB c nh ngha ln lt nh di
v2, , vk), t2 = (vk+1 , vk+2,, vk+m), t1 r1, t2 r2 y.
v r(t) = min(1r1(t1), 2r2 (t2))}. nh ngha 14. Gi s r v s l hai quan h m trn
cng mt lc R(U, ). Php hp (union) ca hai
IV.4. Php kt
quan h r v s, k hiu l r s, l mt quan h m trn
nh ngha 13. Gi s U1, U2 l hai tp thuc tnh sao
R bao gm cc b t c nh ngha bi
cho nu chng c thuc tnh cng tn th cc thuc
tnh phi c cng min gi tr. Gi s r1, r2 l hai r s = {t | rs(t)=max(r(t), s(t))}.
quan h m tng ng trn hai lc R1 = (U1, 1) nh ngha 15. Gi s r v s l hai quan h m trn
v R2 = (U2, 2) v {Ak, , Al }= U1U2. Php kt (t
nhin) ca r1 v r2, c k hiu r1r2, l mt quan h cng mt lc R(U, ). Php giao (intersection)
m r trn lc R, c xc nh bi: ca hai quan h r v s, k hiu l r s, l mt quan h
1. R = (U, ), trong U = U1 U2, l nh x t m trn R bao gm cc b t c nh ngha bi
D1D2Dn n [0, 1], n = U, Di l min gi r s = {t | rs(t) = min(r(t), s(t))}.
tr ca thuc tnh Ai U1 U2. nh ngha 16. Gi s r v s l hai quan h m trn
2. r = {t = (v1, , vj, vk, , vl, vm, , vn) | t1 = (v1, cng mt lc R(U, ). Php tr (difference) ca
, vj, vk, , vl ), t2 = (vk, , vl, vm, , vn), t1 r1, quan h r cho s, k hiu l r s, l mt quan h m
t2 r2 sao cho vk = t1[Ak] = t2[Ak], , vl = t1 [Al] = trn R bao gm cc b t c nh ngha bi
t2[Al] v r(t) = min(1r1(t1 ), 2r2(t2))}. rs = {t | rs(t) = min(r (t), 1-s(t))}.
V d 7. Gi s U1 = {P_ID, DISEASE}, U1 = IV.6. Tnh cht ca cc php ton i s
{P_NAME, DISEASE} l hai tp thuc tnh v
Nh thy cc phn trn, m hnh FRDB l
PATIENT1, PATIENT2 tng ng l hai quan h m
c m rng t m hnh CSDL quan h truyn thng
trn hai lc R1 = (U1, 1) v R2 = (U2, 2) nh
c v biu din d liu v cc php ton i s quan
trong Bng 4 v 5. Khi kt qu php kt t nhin l
h. H qu logic l cc tnh cht ca cc php ton i
quan h PATIENT trn lc R = (U1 U2 , ) c s trong FRDB cng c m rng t cc tnh cht
tnh nh Bng 6. ca cc php ton i s quan h truyn thng.
Bng 4. Quan h PATIENT1 Sau y l cc nh l v cc tnh cht ca cc php
P_ID DISEASE 1
PT005 Bronchitis 0.8
ton i s trn FRDB c chng ti m rng t cc
PT006 Gall-stone 1.0 tnh cht ca cc php ton i s quan h truyn
thng.
Bng 5. Quan h PATIENT2
nh l 1. Gi s r l mt quan h m trn lc R
P_NAME DISEASE 2
L. V. Lan Bronchitis 0.9 trong FRDB. Gi 1 v 2 l hai iu kin chn. Khi
N.T.Thu Gall-stone 1.0

Bng 6. Quan h PATIENT=PATIENT1 PATIENT2 1(2(r)) = 2(1 (r)) = 12(r) (1)

P_ID P_NAME DISEASE Vi gi thit trong 12(r) cc iu kin chn 1 v
PT005 L. V. Lan Bronchitis 0.8
PT006 N.T.Thu Gall-stone 1.0 2 l c cng mt bin b.
Chng minh t s = 2(r), ta c

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1(2 (r)) =ts intR,s,t(1)0 (nh ngha 10)
=tr intR,r,t (2)0 intR,s,t (1 )0}
=tr intR,r,t (2)0 intR,r,t (1 )0) (do sr)
=trmin(intR,r,t (2), intR,r,t (1))0)
(nh ngha 9)
=trintR,r,t (21 )> 0) = 12(r).
T h thc 1(2(r)) = 1 2(r) c chng
minh. H thc 2(1(r)) = 21 (r) c chng minh
tng t. V 1 2 2 1 (php hi trn tp cc
iu kin chn m cng nh trn mnh c tnh giao
hon), nn 1 2(r) = 21(r). T suy ra h thc
1 (2(r)) = 2(1(r)) v do 1(2 (r)) =
2 (1(r)) = 12(r).
nh l 2. Gi s r l mt quan h m trn lc R
trong FRDB, A v B l hai tp con cc thuc tnh ca
R v A B. Khi
A(B(r)) = A(r)
Chng minh V A B, nn AB = A. T nh ngha
11, chng ta d dng thy A(B(r)) v A(r) l hai
quan h trn cng cng mt lc vi tp thuc tnh
AB = A. R rng nu t A(B(r)) th t A(r) v
ngc li. Mt khc, theo nh ngha 11, d thy php
tnh gi tr ln nht (max) hai v ca (2) cng c
thc hin trn tp gi tr thuc ca cc b ca r. T
ta c A(B(r)) = AB(r) = A(r). H thc (2)
c chng minh.
nh l 3. Gi s R1, R2 v R3 l cc lc trong
PRDB sao cho nu chng c thuc tnh cng tn th
cc thuc tnh phi c cng min gi tr, r1, r2 v r3
l cc quan h m tng ng trn R1, R2 v R3. Khi
r1 r2 = r2 r1
(r1 r2 ) r3 = r1 (r2 r3 )
Chng minh T nh ngha 13, d thy rng cc quan
h r1 r2 v r2 r1 c cng lc . Mi b trong r1
r2 cng l mt b trong r2 r1 v ngc li. Mt
khc, php ly gi tr nh nht ca thuc ca hai b
t1 v t2 tng ng trong r1 v r2 l giao hon. T
suy ra php kt ca cc b c tnh giao hon. V vy,
suy ra h thc r1 r2 = r2 r1. Tnh giao hon ca
php kt c chng minh.
T nh ngha 13, chng ta suy ra (r1 r2) r3 v
r1 (r2 r3) l hai quan h trn cng mt lc .
Mi b thuc v (r1 r2) r3 th cng thuc v r1
(r2 r3) v ngc li. Gi s A l mt thuc tnh
chung trong cc tp thuc tnh U1 , U2 v U3 ca R1, R2
v R3, do php ly gi tr nh nht v php hp nht
gi tr thuc tnh (kt t nhin), c tnh kt hp nn
php kt (t nhin) cc b c tnh kt hp. T cc lp
lun trn, suy ra tnh kt hp ca php kt t nhin cc
quan h FRDB. V vy, h thc (r1 r2) r3 = r1 (r2
r3) c chng minh.
Bi v php ly tch Descartes l trng hp ring
ca php kt t nhin nn mt h qu trc tip ca
nh l 3 c pht biu nh sau.
H qu 1. Gi s R1, R2 v R3 l cc lc trong
trong PRDB sao cho tp cc thuc tnh ca chng i
mt khng giao nhau, r1, r2 v r3 l cc quan h m
(2) tng ng trn R1, R2 v R3. Khi
r1 r2 = r2 r1 (5)
(r1 r2 ) r3 = r1 (r2 r3) (6)
nh l 4. Nu r1, r2 v r3 l cc quan h m trn cng
mt lc R th
r1 r2 = r2 r1 (7)
(r1 r2) r3 = r1 (r2 r3) (8)
r1 r2 = r2 r1 (9)
(r1 r2) r3 = r1 (r2 r3) (10)
Chng minh Do cc php ton giao v hp cc tp
hp, php ly min v max c tnh giao hon v kt hp
nn t cc nh ngha 14 v 15 ta suy cc h thc (7),
(8), (9) v (10).
(3) V. H QUN TR FRDB
(4) Da trn m hnh c ngh v tp cc php ton
i s quan h m c nh ngha, s dng h qun
tr CSDL m ngun m SQLite [13] chng ti xy
dng mt h qun tr cho FRDB, c gi l FRDBS
(Fuzzy Relational Database System). FRDBS cho
php thc hin cc thao tc cp nht d liu, truy vn
thng thng v truy vn mm vi ngn ng ta SQL.
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V.1. Kin trc ca PRDBS
Kin trc ca FRDBS gm ba tng nh Hnh 1.
Hnh 1. Kin trc ca FRDBS
Tng giao din (GUI Layer): Cung cp mt giao
din ha cho ngi dng, cho php ngi s dng
to ra tp cc lc cng vi cc thuc tnh tng
ng, t cc lc cho php to ra cc quan h v
thc hin cc truy vn trn cc quan h FRDB.
Tng x l (Business Layer): gm hai khi chnh,
mt khi chu trch nhim v vic m t, biu din v
lu tr d liu ca m hnh FRDB, v mt khi chu
trch nhim thc hin php truy vn. C th, khi th
nht s ng vai tr to ra cu trc d liu ca lc
, ca quan h, ca cc kiu gi tr thuc tnh. Khi
th hai s ng vai tr nh mt trnh bin dch, thc
hin bin dch v thc thi cu truy vn, cng nh thc
hin cc php din dch iu kin chn m phc v
cho vic truy vn.
Tng d liu (Data Access Layer): l tng giao tip
vi SQLite, cung cp cc chc nng truy xut, cp
nht d liu c s thng tr c lu trn SQLite.
V.2. Truy vn v tnh ton trong PRDBS
C php truy vn chn trong FRDBS l tng t c
php truy vn chn trong cc h qun tr CSDL quan
h truyn thng v c dng:
select [list of attributes <A1, A2,.., Ak>]
from <relation1> [, <relation2>, , <relationm>]
where [fuzzy selection condition <F>]
Trong , <relation1> [,<relation2>, , <relationm>]
l mt danh sch cc quan h m, <F> l mt iu
kin chn m vi ngha c din dch nh nh
ngha 9 trong Phn IV.1. Lu rng c php truy vn
chn ch yu cu quan h relation1 phi lun lun xut
hin trong danh sch <relation1> [,<relation2 >, ,
<relationm>], cc quan h relation2, , relationm
khng nht thit phi xut hin trong truy vn chn
ny. Nu danh sch <relation1 > [,<relation2>, ,
<relationm>] c t nht hai quan h, truy vn s kt hp
cc quan h ny thnh mt quan h duy nht bng
php tch Descartes hoc php kt trc khi tnh ton
vi iu kin chn m. Kt qu truy vn l mt quan
h m gm cc thuc tnh trong {A1 , A2 ,.., Ak}. Vi c
php ny, c th biu din truy vn mm tm tt c
bnh nhn rt tr, trng lng khong 25 kg v c tin
s bnh vim gan trong FRDBS bi
select Patient_Name, Age, Weight, Medical_History
from rPatient
where Agevery_young and Weightabout_25 and
Medical_History=Hepatitis
H thng FRDBS thc thi truy vn v tr v kt qu
nh trong Hnh 2.
Chng ti lu rng, quan h m trn truy vn
thc thi l rPatient. y l mt tp cc b cng vi
mc thnh vin ca chng c to ra t lc
PATIENT. Php ton logic and trong truy vn l
hin thc ca php ton logic trong FRDB (Phn
IV.1). Cc tp m very_young v about_25
c ngi dng nh ngha, lu tr trong mt th
vin v c FRDBS qun l.
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 Hnh 2. Mt truy vn mm trong FRDBS
Php hp, giao v tr ca hai quan h trn cng mt trn hai quan h rPatient1 v rPatient2 tm cc
tp thuc tnh {A1, A2,.., Ak} trong FRDBS c tnh bnh nhn cao tui (old) trong rPatient1 ng thi
ton da trn php chn v c dng: cng l bnh nhn c trng lng ln (heavy) trong
select [list of attributes <A1, A2,.., Ak>] rPatient2 nh l giao (intersect) ca tp cc bnh
from <relation1> [, <relation11>, , <relation1m>] nhn cao tui trong rPatient1 v tp cc bnh nhn c
where [fuzzy selection condition<F1>] trng lng ln trong rPatient2. FRDBS thc thi truy
<Set operation> vn v tr v kt qu nh trong Hnh 3.
select [list of attributes <A1, A2,.., Ak>]
from <relation2> [, <relation21>, , <relation2n>]
where [fuzzy selection condition<F2>]
Trong , Set operation l mt trong cc php ton
hp (union), giao (intersection) hoc tr (difference).
Cc php chn vi cc iu kin chn <F1> v <F2>
xc nh (tnh ton) hai quan h trn cng mt tp
thuc tnh {A1 , A2,.., Ak} thc hin php ton Set
operation. Lu rng, nh trong cc h qun tr
CSDL truyn thng, cc iu kin chn <F1> hoc
<F2> c th rng, khi t kha where khng xut
hin trong cc php chn tng ng. Vi c ny,
chng ta c th thc hin truy vn
select Patient_Name, Age, Weight from rPatient1
where Ageold
intersect
select Patient_Name, Age, Weight from rPatient2
where Weightheavy
Hnh 3. Php giao ca hai quan h trong FRDBS

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