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Metals have been extracted and used for many thousands of years
1.1 Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history,
including contemporary uses, as uncombined metals or as alloys:
Age Dates Name of Metal Uses of metal Properties of Metal
Copper 5000- Copper Ornaments Easy to work
Age 3000BC Tools Good conductor of
Weapons electricity
Cooking implements Nice and shiny
Electrical Wires Corrosion resistant
Water pipes
Bronze Age 3000- Bronze an Cutting tools Lower melting point yet
1000BC alloy of copper shields & armour harder than Copper
statues quite malleable and ductile
church bells
bearings
Iron Age From Iron Weapons and tools Very malleable and ductile
1000BC Magnetic application reasonably hard
Converted into carbon steels abundant in the crust
(iron-carbon alloys) quite heavy
used in building very magnetic
construction framework
cars
machinery
household appliances
Modern Present o Aluminium - Aluminium: saucepans, drink - Aluminium:
Era day o Titanium cans, cooking foil Low density
o Gold - Titanium: alloys used in high thermal conductivity
spacecrafts and aircrafts very high corrosion
- Gold: jewellery, electrical resistance
connections very malleable and ductile
- Titanium:
Quite strong
Quite malleable/ductile
- Gold:
Very malleable/ductile
Good electrical conductor
Shiny and lustrous
Corrosion resistant
1.2 Describe the use of common alloys including steel, brass and solder
and explain how these relate to their properties:
Alloy Composition Properties Use(s)
Steel 99.8% Fe, 0.2% C Hard but easily worked Nails
Cables & chains
Brass 65% Cu, 35% Zn & small lustrous gold appearance, Plumbing fittings, musical
amounts of other elements eg. hard but easily machined, instruments, decorations.
Pb, Sn & Al polishes well
Solder 33% Sn, 67% Pb Low melting point Joining metals together (plumbing
Adheres firmly to other and electrical)
metals when molten
Stainless 74% Fe, 18% Cr, 8% Ni Resists corrosion Sinks, cutlery
steel
1.3 Explain why energy input is necessary to extract a metal from its
ore:
1.4 Identify why there are more metals available for people to use now
than there were 200 years ago:
Only ten metals were in use before the 19th century because heat
energy alone was not sufficient to decompose their compounds
The invention of electrolysis in the 19th century allowed for metals
such as calcium, potassium and sodium to be discovered
Today metals have become readily available due to ongoing
improvements in mining, smelting techniques and transportation
due to the technological boom
Metals differ in their reactivity with other chemicals and this influences
their uses
2.1 Describe observable changes when metals react with dilute acid,
water and oxygen:
Water: K, Na, Ca react with cold water to form hydroxide ions and
hydrogen gas
Mg reacts with hot water to form hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas
Al, Zn, Fe react with steam at red heat to form oxide ions and
hydrogen gas
Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au No reaction
2.2 Describe and justify the criteria used to place metals into an order of
activity based on their ease of reaction with oxygen, water and dilute
acids:
2.5 Outline the relationship between the relative activities of metals and
their positions on the Periodic Table:
Bohrs model:
The nucleus is the central part of the atom that contains protons and
neutrons
The electrons move through a relatively large space outside the
nucleus in shells
The electrons are kept moving around the nucleus by electrostatic
charges between the positively charged nucleus and negatively
charged electrons
Relationship Trends
Electrical Conductivity - Decreases from left to right
- Increases down a group
Melting and boiling The minimum melting and boiling points are the
points noble gases whereas the maximum points are less
well defined (C is highest melting point; maximum
boiling points occur roughly halfway between
minima)
Combining power - Same down a group
(valency) - Left to right, increase to group 4 then decreases.
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+- 3- 2- 1-
4.1 Define the mole as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
(Avogadros number):
The oxide formed during the reaction between a metal and oxygen
has a mass equal to the sum of the metals mass and oxygens mass
That is the law of conservation of mass
Metal Formula Mass Mass of metal Mass oxygen
of metal (g) oxide (g) used (g)
Mg 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) -> 2MgO (s) 48.62 80.62 32
5.1 Define the terms mineral and ore with reference to economic and
non-economic deposits of natural resources:
The higher the abundance, the lower the commercial price of a metal
and vice versa
The higher the production costs (extraction, processing and
transport, etc), the higher the commercial price of a metal and vice
versa
Ores are non-renewable resources because they were formed when the
Earth was formed through sedimentation processes, volcanic processes
and other processes that take thousands and thousands of years to
replenish (some dont replenish at all)
5.4 Describe the separation processes, chemical reactions and energy
considerations involved in the extraction of copper from one of its
ores:
Many ores that copper is extracted from contain the minerals such as
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
Mined the ore is first mined out of the Earth
Crushed the ore is then crushed into smaller particles in preparation
for froth flotation
Froth flotation - A specific type of oil is added to the ore that causes the
sulphide particles to be not wetted. The ore is then immersed in a
solution where tiny jets blow air through creating bubbles. The air
bubbles then collect the non-wetted particles (sulphides) and pull
them to the surface. The layer of froth containing the copper and
sulphide is now skimmed from the surface.
Roasting - The copper concentrates are heated with sand (SiO2) which
produces two immiscible liquids, one containing copper sulphide and
the other iron silicate (FeSiO3).
Reduction - After separating from the iron silicates the Copper
Sulphide is further heated on its own, but with air being bubbled
through the molten salt. The oxygen reduces the Cu into metal. The
reaction between sulphur and oxygen produces a significant amount of
heat, which keeps the reaction going on its own.
Collection - Aluminium products, such as drink cans and car parts are
collected through local council initiatives, as well as from
organisations, e.g. Planet Ark
Sorting and Separation - Aluminium does not contain magnetic
properties; however steel does, so steel can be removed from the
products using a powerful magnet separation technique. To ensure
that the alloys of aluminium remain the same, aluminium cans are
separated from other aluminium products manually
Preparation - The aluminium products are then compressed to form
bales; separate bales used for cans, and are then transported to plants
for the last part of recycling
Remelting and refining - Baled aluminium is fed separately into a
rotary Furnace, which reaches temperatures of around 780 C, which
melts the aluminium; molten aluminium is then cast into Ingots,
which are then sent to create new drink cans, kitchenware and other
aluminium products
Note Below:
- Redox Reaction: Zinc has been oxidised, Hydrogen Ion has been reduced
- Neutral Species Reaction: Zn(s) + HCl(aq) -> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
- Complete Ionic Reaction: Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)+2Cl-(aq) -> Zn2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq) +H2(g)
- Half Reactions: Zn(s) -> Zn2+(aq)+2e-, 2H+(aq)+2e- -> H2(g)
- Net Ionic Equation: Zn(s)+2H+(aq)->Zn2+(aq)+H2(g)