The Ethics of Discernment

LONERGAN'S FOUNDATIONS FOR ETHICS

 T h e Ethics o f iscernment
Lontngan 's Foundalions for Ethics

I n The Ethics oj'DiscenrwenI, Patrick H . B y r n e presents an a p p r o a c h to ethics

t h a t btiilds i i p o n t h e c o g n i t i o n a l t h e o r y anci the p h i l o s o p h i c a l Tiotion o l
self-appropriation that Bcrnarci L o n e i g a i i i n i r o c l n c e c l i n Insighl, as w e l l as
u p o n L o n e r g a n ' s l a t e r w i ' i t i n g o n e t h i c s a n c l \'alnes.
Extencling Loneigan's niethod i n t o tlie reahn o f etiiics, Byrne ai-gnes
t h a l w e c a n u s e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o c o m e t o o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n i s o f \'alue.
The Ethics of Discernment is a u i u i r o s p e c t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h a t p r o c e s s , i n w b i c h
sustained ethical incpry a n d a i i e u d v e n e s s t o f e e l i n g s as ' ' i n i e n t i o n s of
v a l u " lead to a r i c h c o n c e p d o n o f t h e g o o d .
W r i t t e n foi" t h o s e f a n n l i a r w i i h L o n e r g a n ' s ideas a n d f o r those w i d i an
irnerest in theories o f ethics b u t o n l v a l i u d i e d k n o w l e d g e o f L.onergan's
w o r k , B)'i"ne"s b o o k is t h e f i r s t d e i a i l e d e x p ( . ) s i i i o n o f a e t h i c a l i . l i e o i y b a s e d
o n Lonergan's philosopiiical luethod.

{ L o n e r g a n Studies)

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t o i ' o f liie Lonergan l u s i i i . u i e ai. B o s t o n College.
PATRICK H. BYRNE

The Ethics o f
Discernment
Lonergan 5 Foundations for Ethics

LNIVI-.KSriY O F 1 O R O N T O PRESS

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I . L o n e r g a n , B e r n a r d |. F. ( B e n i a r d |ose|jl'i l-"rancis), 190419S4 -

CriiJcism a n d i i i L e i ' p r c i a i i o n . 2 . l i i h i c s . 1. T i l l e . I I . T i l l e : Lonergaii's
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C o u n c i l . an airencv o f Lhe G o v e r i i n i e i i L o f O n i a r i o ,

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 Contents

Preface / xv

Introduction / ;^

PART I: PRELIMIiNARlES

1 Discernment and Sclf-Appropriation / 13

I, I Inirodiicuoii / 1 3
1.2 Tlie NoiJori o f DisceniiTieiii. /
1.3 A r i s L o d e o f S u i g i r n / 17
i .\l o I ' T a i ^ u s / 20
1.5 I g n a u u s o f L o \ ' o l a / 23 '
1.6 Bernard Loneigan / 29
1.7 S e l f - A p p r o p r i a d o n as D i s c e r n m e n t 1
1.8 Conclusin / 3 5

2 O b j e c t i v i t y and Factital K n o w i n g : L o n e r g a n ' s

Three Questions 7 3 7
2.1 Inti'oduction / 37
2.2 Lonergan's Three Questions / 3 8
2.3 Inquines, Questions, and VVonder/ 3 8
2.4 C o g n i u o n a l S t i i i c t u r e : V V I i a i A r n I D o i n g VVhen 1 A m
K j i o w i ng? / 41
2./|. 1 T h e P a t t e r n e d S t r e a m o f E x p e r i e n c i n g ,
Remembering, imagining / 42
\'iii ConicriLs Contents ix

j.|.2 Q u e s i i o n s f o r I n i e l l i g e n c e a n d A c i s 4-D Q u e s t i o n s a n d lnsigln.s o f P r a c t i c a l I r T i p o n . / 103

o f U n d e r s L a n d i n g / |6 4.6 Q u e s u o n s f o r E t h i c a l R e l e c t i o n a n d J u d g m e n t / 104.
-4'- Q u e s o n s f o r R e f l e c u o n , | i i d g i n g , a n d 4.6.1 Feelings a n d Ethical Reflection / loS
Rerieci.i\'e L'ndei"s-LaiKing / 4.9 /[.6,2 | n d g n i e r u s o l E t i n c a l V a l u / 1 0 9
2. |./|. [ u d g i n g l h e C o r r e c i n e s s o f h i s i g h i s / 5 2 4-7 Q u e s t i o n s f o r Cln:)osing, D e c i c h n g , A c t i n g / 109
2.4,.5 S u r n i n a r ) ' / 5 5 4.8 Valu K n o w l e d g e a n d B e l i e f / 1 14.
2. r-| O b j e c i i \ ' i i . \ ' : W l i y Is D o i n g T h a i : K n o w i n g ? / ^^^^ 4.9 Sunnriary / 1 1 6
2.5.1 Lonergan's Answei" / 56
2.5.2 C o n t e n d i n g N o u o n s o f O b j e c u v i L v a n d i h e 5 K i n d s of Feelings / 1 18
"Lpisiernological T l i e o r e i n ' ' / 57 .5.1 Introduction / 1 iS
2.3.3 '-^ M i . u n a n Q u e s u o n i n g U n i ' e s i r i c i e d ? / 6 1 5.2 A Basic D i v i s i n o f F e e l i n g s / 1 1 9
-.')-4- O n g o i n g Cricisni / 6 3 5.3 S o m a t i c F e e l i n g s as G r o u n d e d i n N e u i " a l Pr'ocesses / 1 2 1
2.5,5 B i a s e s : M e r e SLd:)jecii\'i.y vs, A u L h e n d c Si.d.iecLi\'i\' / (3| ^.4. S o m a t i c F e e l i n g s as I r n e n i i o n a l / 1 2 3
2.6 R e a l i i y : W h a c D o I K n o w W h e n I D o Thal.? / 6 S 5.5 S o m a t i c Feelings a n d Patieiais o f E x p e r i e n c i n g / 1 2 6
2.6.1 " f be S i m p l e Answer- / 6 8 5.6 Somatic Feelings in Elhical Life / 130
2.6.2 C o n t e n d i n g N o u o n s o f R e a l i i y / 6 8 5.7 A F u r t i i e r Di\'ision o f Feeliiigs: Dcsires/Aversions,
2.6.3 R e a h i y a s I r n e l l i g i b l e / 71 A f f e c t s , a i i d .Vloods / 132
2.7 Conclusin / 72
(i F e e l i n g s as I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s a n d H o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s / 136
3 S e l f - A p p r o p r i a l i o n , P a r l: Self-Affirmadon 6.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n / 13(5
o f C o g n i i i o n a l S t r u c t u r e / 74 6.2 T h e R i c l i F i e l d o f F e e l i n g s as I n i e m . i o n a l R e s p o n s e s / 1 3 6
3.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n / 74 6.3 i n t e r u J o n a l Responses to W l i a t ? / 138
3.2 Seir-Appix.)|3riation a n d S e l f - A f l l i - m a t i o n / 76 6.z|. ' f b e Multi|3le I n i e n i i o n a l i t y o f Insiglits / 1 39
3.3 S e l f - A f P i r m a t i o n as C o n d i t i o n e d / 7 6 6.5 ' F h e M l t i p l e h u . e i i i i o i i a l i i . y o f A f f e c t - F e e l i n g s / iz|.2
3, z|. Self-Alnnation o f t h e K n o w e r a s l-lei"inenei.itical / 78 6.^.] V a h i e : T h e P r o p e r Nmiuic Object of Affeci-Feeling
3 . 4 . i C o n s c i o u s n e s s as E x p e r i e n c e / 7 9 R e s p c m s e s / 14.2
3.4.2 C o g n i d o n a l Sti'ticttn'e A p p l i e d to C o g n i t i o n a l 6.5.2 M o v e r s o f A f e c t i v e R e s p o n s e s / \\.\
Str"L!ctLU"e / S2 6.5.3 Ex]:>ressoiis as " " ' l e r m i n a l O b j e c t s " o f A.l'fecti\'c F e e l i n g
3..[..3 M e d i a i e d G i v e n n e s s / 84, R e s p c m s e s / 14.7
3 . pj. C o r i ^ e c i l y u d e r s i a n d i n g C o u s c i o u s n e s s - a s - E x p e r i e n c e 6.5.4 '1''"=^ V a l e s a n t i i h e Q u a s i - l i i f a l h b i l i t y o f A f f e c i s a n d
as l - i e r n i e n e u t i c a l / SS V a l e s / 14.8
3,5 A Decisive A c t / 9 1 6.6 D e s i r e s , A v e r s i o n s , a n d .Vloods as I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s / 151
6.6.1 D e s i r e s a n d A \ ' e r s i o n s 7 151
PA R T 11: 6 . 6 . 2 . V l o o d s as I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s / 15^1
WHAT ARK WI: D O I N G WHEN WE ARE BEING ETHICAL? 6 . 6 . 3 Q u e s i i o n i n g as I i n e i u . o n a l R e s p o n s e / 1 5 5
6.7 C o n c r e t e l l l u s t r a t i o n s / 156
4 T h e S t r u c t u r e o f E t h i c a l I n t e n t i o n a l i ty: T h r e e M o r e Q u e s t i o n s / 9 5 6.8 F l o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s as I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s / 1 6 0
p 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n / 95 6.() S u m m a r y / 167
[.2 S i r u c t m ^ e Cf E t h i c a l I r n e n i i o n a l i t ) ' : W l i a t A m 1 D c j i n g
W h e n 1 Airi Being Etliical? / 97 7 Feelings and Valu Reflecuon / 169
4.3 Basic E t i u c a l Q u e s t i o n s / 9 8 7.1 lntr()di.icton / 1 6 9
4.4 W h a t Is t b e S i t u a t i o n ? / 9 9 7.2 l l a b i t u a l V a l u i n g a n d Q u e s t i o n s o f Valu / 1 7 0
X ( lllllICIlLs Conieiiis

7-3 V^iilue R e l l e c i i o n a n d d i e I d o r i z o n o l l-'eelings / i 7 5 9.3 S c l i e l e r o n I n i i m a t i o n s o f t h e O b j e c t i v e Scale / 2 5 2

7.3.1 A Q i i e s i . i o n o f V i i a l V a U i e / 176 9,4. L o n e r g a n , Scheler, a n d v o n M i l d e b r a n d Coin|5ared / 2 5 5
7.3.2 QLie.siions o r S o c i a l a n d A r u s L i c Valu / 1 7 8 9.4.1 Scheler's A c c o u n t o f t h e Scale / 255
7.3.3 Feelings a n d [ u d g i n e n L s o f V a l u e / 180 9.zp2 V o n f i i l d e b r a n d ' s Acccjuru. o f t h e Scale / 2 5 7
7.4 R e t l e c i i o n a b o i i i . Q u e s t i o n s o f E i l i i c a l Valu / 182 9.4.-3 S i i n i l a r i t i e s a n d D i f e r e n c e s / 2 5 8
7 . 4 . 1 T h e El.hics o f O r d i n a i - y l . i f e i n Norlliariger Abh/'y / 184, 9.5 E l a b o r a t i o n o f l . . o n e r g a i r s Scale o f Vales / 2 5 9
7.4,.2. E i l i i c a l R e f l e c L i o n n j m - ) ' D e l i b e r a i i o n / 187 9.6 C o n c r e t e I n s t a n c e s i n t h e I.,ighi. o f L c j n e r g a i r s S c a l e / 2 6 9
7 . 4 . 3 S i n n i n a r v / 1 Q2 9.7 Reason a n d t h e l - ' r i o r i t ) ' o f Feelings o f Prefei"ence / 2 7 1
7.5 T b e D o L i b l e Inuniionalii.y o f E i l i i c a l R e f l e c i i o n , j u d g i n e n i , 9.8 Coni|jara(ive Valu j t i d g m e n t s a b o u t Questions
a n d D e c i s i n / 193 t o be P u r s u e d / 2 7 5
7.6 I d a b i i u a l D e c i d i n g a n d A c u n g \\'ii.lnn Mc^rizons o f F e e l i n g s / 1 9 7 9.9 M o r a l Conversin Revisited / 2 7 7
7.7 A n A l i e r n a i e hnerpreLaon / 199 9 . 1 <.) O b j e c t i vi t\ a n d L o n e r g a i V s Forunilation
7.8 Sumniary / 200 o f the Scale / 28ri

P A R T l l l : W H V I S D O I N C T M A T B E I N ' C K T H I C A L ? S e l f - A p p r o p r i a l i o n , P a r t I I : \\y Is Doing

T h a t Being Ethical? / 285
8 Horizons of Feelings, Conversin, and Objecdvity / 207 10.1 Introduction / 285
S. 1 liu.roducLion / 207 10.2 'fhe N o t i o r i o f t h e Filiical / 2S6
8.2 T e n s i o n s i n F e e l i n g I - l o r i z o n s a n d V a l u O b j e c u v i i v / 2 10 10.2.1 . A r i s t o t l e ' s N o t i o n o f t h e E t h i c a l / 2 8 7
8.2.1 " f h e T r a n s c e n d e n i a l N o d o n o f Valu / 2 1 1 10.2.2 E i g l i t C o i n m o n l y Fleld Ideas a b o u t t h e E t h i c a l / 2 8 8
8.2.2 Is i e N o i i o n o f V a l u L J n r e s i r i c i e d ? / 2 10.2.3 S u m m a r y / 2 9 5
8.2.3 LhiresiricLed Being-in-Love / 218 I 0.3 B e i n g E t l i i c a l a n d C l i o o s i n g t l i e Valu o f the C h o o s e r :
8.3 Coin'ersions a n d Morizons o f Feelings / 223 S e l f - A p p r o | : ) r i a t i o n , P a r t 11 / 2 9 7
8.3.1 Intellectual Conversin / 225 10.3.1 E x i s i e n t i a l D i s c o v e r v as B r e a k t l u - o u g l i 1.0
8.3.2 Religious Conversin / 2 2 6 Self-Appro|".>i'iaiioi"i / 2 9 8
8 . 3 . 3 i^'Ic*'*^'' C o n v e r s i n / 2 2 7 1 0 . 3 . 2 Self-A|:i|.')r(.)|.>rauon: F a c t u a l K n o w l e d g e ofthe
8 . 3 . 4 !^''t)ral C o n v e r s i n a n d t h e S c a l e o f V a l e s / 2 3 2 S t r u c t u r e o f Ethical I n t e n t i o n a l i i ) ' / 298
8.3.5 l l l u s t r a t i o n s o f M o r a l C o n v e i ' s i o n / 23^1 i(.).3.3 Sel-A)3|:)ropriation: V a l u i n g , C h o o s i n g , a n d
8.3.6. Psychic Conversin / 237 Enacting Oneself / 300
8.4, Conversin a n d Objecdvity / 238 i o..:| S e l f - A p p r o p r i a i . i ( . ) n a n d D i s c e r n n i e n i / 3i;)3

9 J i i d g i n e n t s o f C o m p a r a t i v e V a l u a n d the S c a l e l ' A R T I V ; W H A T I S B R O U G H T A B O U T B V D O I N C T H A T ?

o f V a l u P r e f e r e n c e / 24 1
9.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n / 24.1 The H u m a n G o o d D e s e r i b e d / 3 0 9
9.2 [ t i c l g m e n t s o f C o m p a r a i i v e V a h i e a n d Scales I I. I Intrcjcluction / 3 0 9
of Preference / 24 2 1 1.2 Parameters o f the Fkmian G o o d / 3 1 2
9.2.1 R e f l e c t i o n s o n Valu C o m p a i a s o n i n G e n e r a l / 243 I 1.3 ' f h e F i t i m a n G o o d as P e r s o n a l : ' I ' h e G o o d o f a n A u t h e i i t i c
9.2.2 S o m e lllustrations o f R e l l e c i i n g a b o u t Valu Flunian Life / 3 1 2
C o m p a i s o u s / 2/(3 I I , I ' f h e Fluiran G o o d as S o c i a l / 3 1 5
9 . 2 . 3 T i m e a n d C o m p a r a t i v e Vales / 24^1 1 1,5 ' f h e F l i u n a n G o o d as l - l i s t o r i c a l : ' F b e C o r p o r a t e G o o d of
9 . 2 . 4 F e l t Scales a n d C o n c r e t e D e l i b e r a t i o n s / 2 4 6 l l n i n a n Flisiory / 3 1 8
9.2.5 E t h i c a l Reflection a n d F e e l i n g Preferences in 1 1.6 Sununary / 32 1
Middleiiiarcli / 2|8 I I ,7 ,'\ l l l n s i r a i i o n : B u i l d i n g a W a t e r W e l l i n .Malaya / 3 2 2
x Contents ConteuLs xiii

12 T h eH u m a n G o o d : Explanatory Foundations / 331 i 3.5 T h e G o o d n e s s o f B e i n g a n d t h e P r o b l e m o f Evil / 3 7 7

12.1 h i t r o d t i c t i o n / 331 13.5.1 T h e L ' t u i u e l l i g i b i l i t y a u d N o n A ' a l u e o f E v i l / 3 7 8
12.2 T l i e S t r u c t t n e o f t i i e H n n i a n C o o d as H e u r i s u c / 3 3 2 13.5.2. ' f h e E t h i c s o f B i ' i n g i n g G c K ) d O u t o f E v i l / 3 8 3
12.3 hivai-ance o f t h e H e n r i s u c S t r u c t t u ' e 1 ',.(") T h e Notion o f t h e Good and Concepuons o f t h e C o o d / 385
ol'Proportionaie Being / 333
12.3,1 T l i e I s o m o r p h i s m b e t w e e n l-kinian C o g n i t i o n and I I E x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a a n d the O b j e c t i v e S c a l e o f Vales:
l-'otency, F o r n i ; a n d A c t / 334. A Pieliniinary G r o u n d i n g /387
I 2.3.2 " f b e h i v a r i a n c e o f t h e S t r t i c t n i ' e o f P o t e n c y , i.p I Introdiiciion / 387
Form, and Act / 337 1 p2 Fliglier Viewpoinis / 389
1 2.3.3 E i n t h e r D i m e n s i o n s o f l h e h i t e g r a l F l e t n i s t i c i.p3 Fligher V i e w p o i n i s , .\aiural Sciences, and
Structure o fProportionate Being / 33S Explanatory Genera / 390
j 2.4 T h e S t r u c t u r e o f t l i e K i m i a n G o o d as I n v a r i a n t / 3 3 9 14.4 A F l i e i a r c h i c a l Scale o f N a t u r a l Vales / 3 9 3
12.4.1 Heuristic Definidon o flhe H u m a n C o o d /340 14.5 H i g h e r E x p l a n a t o r y Genera a n d d i e Objective Scale
1 2.4.2 D e r i v a d o n o f t h e H e u r i s t i c S i r u c t u r e o f Valu P r e f e r e n c e / 3 9 4
o f t h e H u m a n G o o d / 341 14.6 V a k i e P r e f e r e n c e ^^'ithin a G i v e n L e v e l , a n d E x p l a n a t o r y
12.4.3 T e r m i n a l V a k i e , O r i g i n a u n g V a h i e , O r i e n t a u o u , Species / 4 0 0
C o n x ' e r s i o n , L i b e r t y / 341 14.7 A h e r n a i e A p p r o a c h e s / 4{.>3
12.4.4. O p e r a t i o n , S k i l l , D e \ ' e l o p m e n t , Plasdcity,
r'erfeciibility / 345 l*ART V: M E T H O D I N ETHICS
I 2.4.-, O p e r a t i o n , C o o p e r a t i o n , C o o d o f O r d e r , T a s k ,
Role, iiistitutioii. Particular G o o d / 3^17 I r, M e t h o d in Ethics I : Preliniinaries / 4 1 3
12.4..6 P e i ' s o i u i t R e l a i i o n s / 34.9 I 5. i F i h i c a l I n t e n o n a l i t y as . V I e i h o d i c a l / 4 1 3
1 2 . 4 . 7 !^'^t;ds a n d P a i a i c t d a r C . o o d s / 3 5 4 15,2 T h e V I e d i o d o f E t h i c s i n Insight / 4 15
1 2.5 S u m m a r y : T h e Flemistics a n d tiie Invariance 1 5.3 P e i s o n a l D e c i s i o n s as S i t u a t e d a n d . M e i h o d i c a l / 4.22
o f the H u m a n Good / 354 I 5.4 S i t u a t e d i n a C^limate o f C o n f l i c t / 4 2 4
I 5.5 Method aud Conflict / 425
13 T h e N o t i o n a n d t h e O n t o l o g ) ' o f the G o o d / 3 5 S i 5.6 T h eEight F u n c d o n a l Speciahies o f E l h i c a l M e t h o d / 4 2 8
13.j Introckicdon / 35S
13.2 T h eGoodness o fthe N a t u r a l Universe / 359 i(i M e t h o d i n Ethics I I : Diaiectic and F o u n d a t i o n s / 432
13.2.1 T h e G o o d n e s s o f t h e N a t u r a l O r d e r as a W h o l e / 3 5 9 ib. i Introduction / 432
13.2.2 T b e K i n d s o f G o o d n e s s w i t h i n l h e N a t u r a l W h o l e / 3 6 ib.2 Criiically E n g a g i n g O n r fleriiage: Research,
13.3 Furthei" Consideraiions / 364 I m e r p r e i a t i o n , a n d Flisiorv / 4 3 3
13.3.1 Loiiergan's A r g u m e n t A n t l i r o p o m o r p h i c ? / 365 I b.3 D i a l e c d c / 4.35
13.3.2 F e e l i n g - R e s p o n s e t o t l i e U i i i v e r s e o f P r o p o r t i o n a t e 11).4 Responsible I n i t i a t i v e f o r t l i e F t i t t n - e : Polic\',
Being / 365 Planning, and Execiiiion / 442
13-3,3 T h e G o o d n e s s o f P r o p o i ' t i o n a t e B e i n g a n d N a t u r a l 1(1.5 F o u n d a t i o n s / 4,|.3
Law Ethics /36S if).!:') Conclusin

13.3.4 T h e l u a d e q n a c y o f t h e //./'g-/<7 A r g u m e n i / 3 6 S
13.4 The Transcendent Good / 370
N ( l r s / .149
13.4.1 T r a n s c e n d e n t B e i n g as U l t i m a t e C o n d i d o n o f O u r
Valu Choices / 3 7 0 I n d e x / .pSq
13.4.2 T r a n s c e n d e n t B e i n g a s n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d
L o v i n g / 372
 Preface

Tliis book liEis b e e n n i L i n y y e a r s i n t h e n i a k i n g . I t g r e w o t i t o f a difTerent

p i d j e c t b e g u i i i n 200^, i n t e n d e d to b r i n g B e i n a i ' d L o n e i g a n ' s ideas to Ijear
in d i e t l i e n very h o t l y d e b a t e d lopic ofphysician-assisted s u i c i d e , a n d espe-
c i a l l y t h e r o l e p l a y e d by i h e p r i n c i p i e o f a n t o n o n i y i n t h a t c o n tiTiversy. S o m e
p r o p o n e n ts o f jliysiciati-assisied s u i c i d e a r g u e d t l i a t a u t o n o n i y g u a r a n tees
p e r s o n s t h e r i g h t 10 d e t e r m i n e l h e s t o r y o f t h e i r o w n lives a n d t h a t t h e r e is
no greater right i b a n lhe d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f h o w that siory will e n d . Loner-
);an hirnself wrote t h a l b t u n a n choices a n d actions are " t l i e w o r k o f the
11 r e a n d i"esp<.)nsible s u b j e c t p r o d u c i n g l h e f i r s t a n d o n l y e d i i i o u " o f I i i s o r
IMI life.' A n d yei there can be l i i d e d o u b i i h a i L o n e r g a n w o u l d have vigor-
nusly o p p o s e d pliysician-assisied s u i c i d e . So m y o r i g i n a l i n t e n t i o n was to
e x p l o r e h o w t h e p r i n c i p i e o f a n t o n o n i y e v o l v e d f r o i r t LS classic f o r i n u l a d o n
\iv h i u n a n u e l K a n i i n t o ii.s c n r r e n d y a c c e p i e d u s a g e s , a n d t h e n t o s h o w how
Loncrgmi's work could sbed new lighi o n the coiilro\'ersy.
(Iriginally 1 iiuended t o [.)i"eseiu a n a r r a t i v e o f t h e dialectical develop-
iiieui o f the nderstanding o f a u t o n o i n y in the m a i n body o f the book,
assigning the summary of Lonergan's ifpproach lo an a p p e n d i x , ^\'hich
11 M i l d b e r e e r e n c e d b y t l i e r e a d e r as n e e d e d . l - l o w e v e r , t l i e a p p e n d i x grew
U l \v<-ll o v e r 100 p a g e s , s t i l l f a r f r o m c o m p l e t e . It t h e n b e c a m e clear t h a t lhe
. i p p c n d i x w o i d d h a v e l o b e a b o o k i n i i s o w n r i g h i ; t h e boc"k n o w i n y o u r
haiid.s, M o w e v e r , b e f o r e I c o u l d c o m p l e t e t h a l p i q j e c L I a g r e e d t o s e r v e f o r
s e v e n y e a r s as c h a i r m a n o f t l i e P h i l o s o p h y D e p a r t m e r n , at Boston College,
a u d l h e a d m i n i s t r a t i ve r e s p o n s i b i l i d e s o f i h a i r o l e d i d n o t a l l o w m e t h e dme
I u i c d e d to complete this book.
' I ' h e d e l a y has b e e n p r o v i d e n t i a l , i n m y v i e w . I l e a r n e d inany things in
lh<- i n i e r \ ' e n i n g y e a r s t h a t h a v e m a d e t h i s a b e t t e r b o o k t h a n w h a t 1 c o u l d
X\'l l'i'efacc

ha\'e w r i i i e n o v e r a d e c a d e a g o . I n j j a i a i c i i l a r , 1 l e a r n e d a g r e a i . d e a l IVoiri T h e Ethics o D i s c e r n m e n t

o M i e i " L o n e i ~ g a n s c l i o l a r s w h o l i a v e wrii.i.en a b o n i . e i h i c a l l o p i c s d i i r i n g i.hai,
l.onergan's /rnmdalions for Elides
:ierioci, a n d 1 ha\'e i r i e d i,o a c k n o w l e d g e r h e i r c o n i r i l j u i i o n s 1:0 r n v o w n
1,1 l i l i k i I i g i n t h e h o d \ a n d r e f e r e n ees-oT i h i s l i o o k . 1 fear, l i o w e v e i ; , I lia\'e n o i
d o n e j i i s i i c e 10 e v e r v s n c l i c o n i r i b i i i i o n . I a l s o w i s h 1.0 e x p r e s s n i y g r a i i u i d e
io ovev 200 s i i i d e n i s w l i o o v e r i h e p a s i d e c e l e h a v e e n r o l l e d i n i n y classes,
'1'he r o u n d a i i o n s o f E i l i i c s " a n d " K a i i i a n d L o n e r t i a n o n E i . l i i c s , " w l i e r e
i iriecl o u l e a i i i e r v e r s i o n s o f s o m e c h a p i e r s o l iliis look. T l i e i r responses
a n d f e e d b a c k l i e l j ^ e d m e i m d e r s i a n d h o w b e i i e r 10 c o m i n u n i c a i e n i y i d e a s ,
1 a l s o a m g r a i e f u l 1.0 i l i e d o z e n s o f f e l l o w s a n d f a c u l i v wli<:) lia\'e p a r i . i c i p a i . e d
in lhe Lonergan PosL-Docioral Fellowsbip Seiniiiars a i Bosion College
w h e r e I a l s o p r e s e n i e d s o m e d r a f i s o c h a p i e r s . 1 a m e s p e c i a l h ' i n d e b i e d 10
Brian Brainan, Charles f l e n i i i g , Tred Lawrence, ]. M i c h a e l S i . e b b i n s , a n d
Lhe l a i e ] o s e p h F l a n a g a n , S|, \ o L o n l y i h e p a r i i c u l a r s o f u n w o r k 011 i b i s
b o o k b u l n i y a p p r e c i a i i o n o r i h e d e p L i i o l f . o n e r g a n ' s i h o u g l i L is Lhe r e s u h ,
o f o n g o i n g c o n v e r s a L i o n . illiunnaLiig cpiesLons, a n d c r i i i c i s n i s ii a s p i r i L
o f d e e p IViendship l h a i I have s h a r e d w i i h i l i e m over several decades. In
a d d i L i o i i . I a m a l s o traLeful 1.0 f o i i r a n o n v m o u s r e v i e w e r s o Llie e a r l i e r dra'i
o' l l i e w l i o l e i n a i i u s c r i | : ) i . o f i l i i s l ) o o k f o r U n i \ ' e r s i i . y o f T o r o n i . o Press, 1.0
l h e p r e s s ' s l i u n i a n i i i e s e d i i o r R i c l i a r d R a i z l a f f , a n d e s p e c i a l l y 10 M n C h r i s -
l o p l i e r Berger. T h e i r n u m e T ' o u s a n d m e d c u l o n s c o m m e n i s l e d l o a g r e a t
m a n y i i i p r o v e i i i e i i i s i n i l i i s LexL f i i i a l l y , b u L i i i o s i , inporlanLl\'. I w i s l i 1.0
i h a n k m y w i f c , | o a n , b r h e r l o v e , p a L i c n c c . a n d s u p p o n i h r o u g h i h e )'ears
l h a i i l has l a k e n m e l o w r i i e this b o o k .

1
 Introduction

Wlicai Bet'narcl Lonergan's work began i.o b e known in ilie 1960S, 1.

was r e c e i v e d w i i . l i e n i i n i s i a s r n I b r iis e n i p l i a s i s o n b o i l i d i e d y n a n i i s n i of
I n n n a n k n o w i n g a n d ie d y n a i i i i s m o f ie woiMd. h. was s e e n as a f r e s b
alicrnaLive l o iJie d o i n i n a n i e p i s i e i n o l o g i c a l a n d t n e t a p h y s i c a v i e w s i.liai.
i r i g i i e d in secular and Cailiobc c i r c l e s - l o g i c a l [>osii.i\'ism a n d scholasii-
( i s i n , r e s [ 3 e c u v e l v - w l i i c h l'eli. l i i e l e s s a n d s L a i i c . L o n e r g a n becaine besi
known for his i n n o v a i l v e coni.rbui.ons 1.0 t.he t h e o r i e s of human sub-
(( n v i t y a n d h i u n a n k i i o w i n g - c o g n i i i o n a l t h e o r y , as l i e c a l i e d it - that
appeared i n his iiiajor w o r k , Insighl: A Sliidy of Hiiiiuin U-iidersIa'it/l/rig.'
U o i l i i n !ns/g/il 2ind i n b i s w r i t i n g s f r o m t h a t p e r i o d , h e s l i o w e d ilie fruii-
liiluess o f his a|3proacli to all k i n d s o f topics.
Hy c o m p a r i s o n , L o n e r g a n ' s i i i t e r e s t i n e t h i c s s e e m e c l q u i t e m i i i e d . While
he i i i i e i i d e d i n Insighl to d e v e l o p a n etliics t h a t " p r o l o n g s ,.. self-criticism
i n i o an e x p l a n a t i o n ofthe o r i g i n o f a l l e t h i c a l |.iositioiis a n d i n t o a c i ' i t e -
linii for passitig j u d g m e n t o n each of iliem/' tlie book actnally coiitains
Miily o n e c h a p t e r d e v o t e d t o e t l i i c s , w h i c l i was c i r c u i n s c r i b e d b\ t h e larger
p o cci o f Insighl.- Sonie o f his m o s t i i u p o r t a n t ideas o f e d i i c a l impon carne
Ul d u ' w r i i i n g s i h a i f o l l o w e d Insighl as h e w o r k e t i i i i s wa)' l o w a r d s Mcllwd in
riii'olog)'.-^ Yei his later w r i t i n g s i h a i t o i i c h e d o n etliics w e r e iie\er g i v e n an
iiiicgiaied presentaiion c o m p a r a b l e 10 his e a r l i e r t r e a t n i e n t s o f c o g n i t i c m ,
I n n n a i i siibjectiviiy, p h i l o s o p h y ol" science, liisicjry, a n d C o d . M j ' o w n read-
lnj.;s o f I i i s poii-Insighl writings l h a t tonched o n ethics were d e e p h ' i l l u m i -
n a i i n g . b u t t h e y also gave rise t o m a n ) ' d i f l l c u l t cpiestions w h i c h l i e d i d n o t
l i n n s c l l a n s w e r explicitly, o r t h a t be a d d r e s s e d e l l i p t i c a l l y o r in c o n f t r s i i i g
ua\s. 1 g r a d i i a l l ) ' l e a r n e d t h r o u g h my conversations with others that they
.h.n e d m a n y o l ' t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s a u d a l s o i b u n d t h e n i d i f f i c i d t t o a n s w e r .
A Irui-Ofkiciion IiiiriuliKaion 5

T h i s l o k preseni,s l l i e a i i s w e r s l h a i , 1 ha\'e c o m e i,o a l l e r y e a r s o r w r e s i l i n g ( | i i e s t i o n s p e r i a i u i n g t o e t h i c a l k n o w i n g a n d a c i i n g , ciiestoiis a b o i n e t l i i c s

w i i h s i i c h q u e s i i o n s as: W h y d o e s h e c a l i l u n i g e r a ' ' n o n - i n i e n L i o n a r ' feel- r a i s e d n o t o n l y by L o n e r g a n ' s w r i t i n g s , b u l alsci b y t h e w r i i i n g s o f many
i n g , w h e n ii seems perfeci.ly clear dial, ie f e e l i n g o f l i u n g e r d o e s liave an f i i h e r s , as w e l l as q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r s e l o r m e s i r n p h ' i n t r y i i i g l o I h i d iiiy
i n i e i i o n a l i i y ? W l i a i e x a c i l y d i d h e m e a n i n s a v i n g i h a i f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d i.o wa\ t o w a r d s i h i n k i n g a n d a c t i n g e i h i c a l l y . I n o t i i e r w o r d s , 1 e i i d < ' a \ ' ( u i r e d
vales? W l i ) ' d i d h e say i,liai. f e e l i n g s a r e ' i n i e i a n e d i a i e " ' b e u v e e n j u d g n i e n i s l o p a y a i t e n t i o n t o m y e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e v a r i o u s acts o f consciousness
o f fac, a n d udgiiieiu.s o f \'alue? W h y d i d h e say t h a l , e i h i c a l deliberaiion l h a t w e n t i n t o n i y efTorts to i h i n k a n d aci e i l i i c a l l y , lo u n d e r s i a n d ihose
d o e s n o i arri\'e a i a g r a s p o f i h e v i r i u a l l y l i n c o n d i n o n e d ? W h a i i i s i i n c a l i o n s (xperiences, to c r i t i c a l b ' evalate m y u i K l e r s t a n d i n g s , a n d lo c o n s i d c r w h a i
c a n b e p r o v i d e d l o r l i i s p r o n o i n i c e m e n i s o n i h e i n v a r i a n i s i r u c u i r e of die c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n I s h o u l d t a k e i ti l i g l i t o f t h i s s e l f - k n o w l e d g e . All ilie while
human g o o d ? W h a i . s u p p o r i c a n b e offerc=;d f o r liis c l i a r a c i e r i z a i i o n o f a diese efforts were e n r i c l i e d by m y r e a d i n g s o f tlie writings of Lonergan
iranscullLU-al scale o f v a l n e preferences? In o r d e r lo answer ihese a n d m a n y a i K l r n a i i y o t l i e r a i i t l i o r s . I n l u r n , w l i a t 1 g r a d u a l l y l e a r n e d al.)Out m y own
o i e r cpiesiions, 1 founci i i necessary lo go b e y o n d w h a i L o n e r g a n aciiially activities o f t r y i n g to be e t l i i c a l also i . r a n s l b r m e d m y r e a d i n g s a b o u t e t h i c a l
w r o r e , all die w l i i l e e n d e a v o n r i n g l o l a k e s e r i o i i s l ) ' w l i a i l i e d i d say a b o i i i i n a t i e r s as w e l l .
i l i e s e rnai.iers. Por i l i i s r e a s o n 1 liave subiii.lecl iliis took " L o n e r g a n ' s Foun- 'fhe cliapters o f tlhs b o o k c:iiiie oiii. o f this iriteraciirm between self-
d a L i o n s o f L i i c s , " ' f h i s b o o k , i h e r e f o r e , i n i e n d s l o r o i u i d o u l a n ap:)roacli ap|:>ropriaiion a n d r e a d i n g , I liave clioseii to cbaraci.erize ilie approacli
t o e t h i c s o n t l i e f o m i d a t i o n s t h a t I _ . o n e r g a n b e g a n i n his o w n w r i u n g s . l o el.hics t l i a i r e s i i l t e d as " ' t h e e t l i i c s o f d i s c e r i u n e n t . " C l i a [ : ) t e r i explores
I n s e e k i n g a n s w e r s u:> t l i e s e a n d o t h e r c p i e s t i o n s , I h a v e e i i d e a v o i n - e d to lhe n o t i o n o f d i s c e r n m e n l in general, i l siinaies Lonergan's a|:)|)roacli o f
r e m a i i i l'aithtul to liis a|3proacli to p h i l o s o p h y i n g e n e r a l - w h a t lie c a lle d sell-a:)|>ro["jriatioii n r e l a t i o n t o d i s c e r n m e n t as u i i d e r s t o o d b y s o m e o f h i s
"self-ap:)ropriaiion." S e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n c a n he l i k e n e d to i h e conienipo- n i o s i i m [ 3 o r i a n i p r e d e c e s s o r s - p r i n c i p a l l y , A r i s t o i l e , St. P a u l , a n d S l . I g i i a -
rary phiiosopliical m e t l i o d of phenomenology - r e t u r n i n g to l h e tliings l i i i s (.>f f.o\'ola. S e l f - a | j | ) i T j | D r i a i i o n , h o w e v e r , c o u l d o n l y be g i v e n a p r e l i m i -
tliemselves (zu dev Sachen selbsL as E c h n u n d f-fusserl p u l i t ) b y discovering n a r ) ' s k e t c l i i n l i l i s In'st c l i a p i e r . S t i l l , i l i i s [ : ) r e l i n i i n a r y s k e t c h is n e e d e d i n
tbe correlatioiis between t h e objects t h a t appeai" to c o ns c io us ne s s a n d the o r d e r t h a t t h e r e a d e r n i i g h i b e g i n w i t h s o m e 1 1 n d e r s t a i i d i n g o l w l i a t .1 m e a n
diverse adivines o f consciousness d i a t c o n s t i t t i t e t h e s e as c j b j e c t s f o r c o n - w h e n 1 speak o f tlie ''ethics o f d i s c e r n m e n t . " A m o r e c o m p l e t e account of
scic^usness. F o r L o n e r g a n this m e a n t tliac each i^erson w o u l d pay careful s e l l - a p p r o p r i a t i o i i is p r e s e n i e d l a t e r , e s p e c i a l h ' i n clia[:)ters 3 a n d 10, a n d
a i t e n t i o n t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t a c t n a l l y o c c u r w h e n h e o r s h e is endeavonr- will serve to refhie die reader's initial understandings. T h e remainder of
i n g to k n o w a n y t h i n g . In particular, L o n e r g a n h e l d that the roles o f insight l h e b c ) o k is d e v o t e d t o e x | : ) l a i n i i i g i n m i i c h g r e : i t e r c l e i a i l j u s i w l i a i d i s c e r n -
and iiicpnry liad been sbockingiy overlt)oked or misundersiood iliroiigh- i i i e i i i as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n m e a n s w h e n e x t e n d e d i n t o t h e r e a h n of e t h i c a l
o t u . 111 o s t o f W e s t e r n p l i i l o s o p h ) ' , a n d h e set l i i i i i s e l f i h e lask o f r e a c t p i a i n i - i l i ( i i i g l i i a n d a c t i o n , w h a t s o m e o f its c o n s e c p i e r i c e s a r e , a n d h o w t l i i s r e l a t e s
i n g p e o p l e w i i l i i.lie j > r e v a l e n c e o f t h e s e a c t i \ ' i t i e s i n d i e i r o w n p r o c e s s e s o f U) (he i d e a o f a m e i l i o d in etliics.
k n o w i n g . Fie l i k e n e d l i i s r n e t h o d o f self~-a|:)pro[3riation t o a n experinient: P a r t I o f l i l i s b o o k is d e v o t e d t o " P r e l i m i i i a r i e s . " I n a d d i i i o n t o t h e c h a p -
' " f l i e c r u c i a l issue is a n e x p e r i m e n t a l issiie, a n d t h e e x p e r i r n e r u . will be i e r 011 " D i s c e r n m e n l , " c h a p i e r s 2 a n d 3 t r e a t f . o n e r g a n ' s |3liiloso[3liy o f c o g -
p e r t b r m e d n o t p i i b l i c l y b u t pr\'ately, I i w i l l c o n s i s t i n o n e ' s o w n rational n i i i o n . C h a p t e r 2 is i n t e n d e d n i a i n l y l o r t l i o s e w h o a r e n e w t o Lonergan's
self-conscioiisiiess c l e a r l y a n d d i s t i n c t l y t a k i i i g possessioii o f i t s e l f as r a t i o - ap[)roacli l t h e p l i e i i o i i i e n a o f h u m a n k n o w i n g , a l i h o u g l i t h o s e already
n a l self-consciousness.""* T h i s means p a y i n g caref'til a t t e m i o n t o o n e ' s o w n l a m i l i a r n i a \ a l s o l u i d s o m e t l i i n g s w o r t l i w h i l e t h e r e as w e l l . I t o f f e r s a s u m -
e x p e r i e n c e s o f c o i i i i n g to k n o w ( w l i a i L o n e r g a n called tlie "data of con- inai}' o f Lonergan's b e s t k n o w n c(.>iitrbntons t o p h i l o s o p h y . B e c a u s e i t is
sciousness"), e n d e a \ ' o i , u ' i i i g t o u n d e r s i a n d i.bose e x p e r i e n c e s a n d c r i i i c a l l y .1 s u m m a r y o f a m a j o r p h i l o s o p h i c a l a c l i i e v e i i i e n t , t h i s is a d e n s e chapter
s c r t i t i n i z i n g a n d c o r r e c t i n g o n e ' s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f t h o s e e x p e r i e n c e s . As Kcaders new 10 L o n e r g a n ' s tlioiufhi are e n c o u r a i e d to m a k e use o f the
w i t h Husserl and o t h e r plienoinenologists, fxinergan lieid that a person ( \ < f l l r i i r a n d m o r e e x p a n s i v e t r e a t n i e n t s o l m o s t o l t l i e s a m e m a t e r i a l by
g a i n s a b i l i t y t o r e s o l ve a l i o s i o f p h i l o s o p l i i c a l a n d o t h e r c o n u n d r t i m s , o n c e o l h e r scholai-s r e c o m m e n d e d in chapier 3 .
h e o r s h e has t a k e n t b e t i m e f o r t l i i s k i n c l o l s e l l - s c r u t i n y . < l b a | ) i e r 2 i t s e l f is c a s i i n t h e f o r m o f e x t e n d e d answers 10 Lonergan's
Fcdlowing Lonergan's a p j n r o a c h h a s b e e n ver\ b e n e f i c i i l n a i . i p r o p r i a l - i l i i c < ' <|nesiioiis: W h a i a m I doing when I am knowing? (cognitional the-
i n g niy o w n endeavcuirs t o k n o w a n d tC) c r i t i c i z e w l i a t I t l i o u g h t I k n e w . 01 \'); W h y is d o i i i g t h a t k i i o w i i i g ? ( e p i s t e m o l o g y ) ; W h a t d o 1 k n o w w l i e n I
So 1 endeavoured to f o l l o w this a p p r o a c h also i n a n s w e r i n g the fuidier d o ( h a l ? ( m e t a p l i y s i c s o r t l i e o r y o f b e i n g ) . Fie h i m s e l f n e v e r s t a t e d e x p l i i i l y
6 [nirodiicLioii hiiroduction

w h a t h e i ' e g a r d e d as d i e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e q u e s o n s , so t h a t c h a p i e r is o r i g i - It takes several addional chapiers (5 d i r o i i g h y) 1.0 a n a l y z e more fuily

nal at leasi i n n i a k i n g those answers e x p l i c i t . lliose feelings a n d llieir )3roper (and i m p r o p e r ) roles in elhical thougtil
The c e n t r a l t o p i c oC d i e c h a p t e r is h i s a p p r o a c h to t h e p r o b l e m a c o f a n d acon,
ol^Jective k n o w l e d g e , w h i c h a l s o p r d v i d e s t h e b a c k g r o u n d I b r m u c h ofihe S i n c e i t is w i c l e l y n s s i i m e d t l i a t e t h i c s a n d vales a r e m e r e l y m a i i e r s of
r e m a i n d e r o f t h e b o o k i n t w o ways. f i r s t , L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f s t r e s s e d d i a t fac- siib jecve o p i n i n , m u c h o f t h i s b o o k (pars II a n d l l l ) is a n extended
t u a l k n o w l e d g e o f r e a l i t y is i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o a u t h e n u c k n o w l e d g e ofethical a r g u m e n t t h a t vales, a n d e s p e c i a l l y e d i i c a l v a l e s , c a n be k n o w n objec-
vales a n d a c t i o n s , S e c o n d , o b j e c d v i t y a n d n o r m a v i t y i n e d n c s a r e among ii\'ely f h i s a r g u m e n t de|3eiicLs upon LonergaiVs revoluuonary approach
t h e g r e a t e s t c o n t e m p o r a r y c o n c e i - n s , a n d L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o a c l i t o obJecti\'- il) o b j e c t i v i t y i n i e r e a h n o f f a c t u a l k n o w i n g . H e e s c h e w e d t h e i d e a thai
i t y o f t a c t u a l k n o w i n g p r o v i d e s a uique a n d f r u i t f u l r n o d e l t b r a p p r o a c l i i n g faciual o b j e c t i v i t y consists i n a c c n r a i e representation - t l i a t is, m a i c h i n g
t h e p r o b l e m o f o b j e c d v i t y i n eiical k n o w i n g a n d a c t i n g . an i d e a f b r m e d in l l i e m i n d wiiJi h o w t h i n g s a c t n a l l y s i a n d " a l r e a d y out
N o d o u b t m a n y will c o n t e n d Jusuliably t h a t t h e greatest m o r a l problem diere n o w " in t h e e x t e r n a l , real w o r l d . Instead, h e a r g u e d i.hatfactual objec-
is n o t i n k n o w i n g t h e r i g h t t h i n g t o d o , b u t i n a e i i i a l l y d o i n g i i . B u t w e l i v e l i v i t y r e s u l t s f r o m a u t h e n i i c . s u b j e c l i v i t y - d i a t is, f ' a i t h l u l n e s s i n a n s w e r i n g
i n a n a g e w h e r e t h a t d e e p e d i i c a l p r o b l e m is i n a s k e d a n d r a u o n a h z e d by all l h e q u e s t i o n s p o s e d a b o u t w h e i h e r o r n o i t h i n g s r e a l l y a r e so. P a r t III
a s k e p c i s m t h a i d i e r e c a n n o t be a n y o b j e c t i v e k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t is r i g h t , ("Why is D o i n g T h a t B e i n g L i h i c a l ? . " c h a p i e r s 8 - 1 0 ) therefore explains
a n d a h y p e r b o l i c s u s p i c i o n t l i a t e\'ery c l a i m o f o b j e c i . i \ ' i i y i n e t h i c a l m a i t e r s l i o w i h i s n o o n o f o b j e c t i v i i y c a n b e e x p a n d e d 10 i n c o r p r a t e a f a i t h f t i l n e s s
c a n b e n o t h i n g o l i e r t h a n a c l o a k e d e f l b r t t o g a i n o r m a i n l a i n |:>ower. VVhen i n a n s w e r i n g a l l q u e s i i o n s a b o u t v a l u a n d l h e g o o d a n d w h a i o u g h i 10 be
s u c h a t t i t u d e s preval, d o i n g w h a t is r i g h t has h t e c h a n c e o f s u c c e e d i n g . So done. T h e a r g u m e n t fbr the possibiliiy o f objecdvity in ethics builds u p o n
o b j e c t i v i t y i n e t h i c a l m a t t e r s is o f g r e a t i i n p o r t a n c e a t p r e s e n t a n d perhaps lhe p r e v i o n s c h a p i e r s , w h i c h d e t a l l the s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality,
peren nially. hu n o w f b c u s e s i n g r e a t e r d e t a l l o n t h e r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e h o r i z o n o f feel-
C h a p t e r 3 p r e s e n t s t h e n o d o n o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n s o l a r as i t p e r t a i n s inj^s i n r e a c b i n g j i i d g i i i e i u . s ofvalne,
t o f a c t u a l k n o w i n g . T h a t is t o s a y i t p r e s e n t s w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d t h e "self- Because f e e l i n g responses to valu play s u c h a c e n t r a l a n d indispens-
a f f r m a i i o n o f l h e k n o w e r , " a n d also o f f e r s a giiide for readers 10 appro- able r o l e i n k n o w l e d g e o f e t h i c a l \Tiliies, t h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f s i i c l i knowledge
p r i a t e f o r diemselves w h a t they are d o i n g w h e n they are k n o w i n g . Self- dcp<aids u t t e r l y u p o n d i e c h a r a c t e r o f o n r f e e l i n g lives - u p o n t h e s u n c t u r e
appropriaon does n o t conaisi in merely b e l i e v i n g some siatements about ol o n r ' ' h o r i z o n s o f l e e l i n g s . " Vet b o i h c u l t u r a l a n d p e r s o n a l e v e m s inas-
w h a t k n o w i n g is o n t h e a u t h o r i t y o f L o n e r g a n o r t b e w o r d s o f i h i s b o o k o r sively i n n u e n c e h o w o u r f e e l i n g s c o m e t o be s t r i i c t u r e d . n l e s s o u r f e e l i n g
a u y o n e e l s e . |ust as p e r s o n a l , s e l f - r e l l e x i v e knowledge is i n d i s p e n s a b l e to li\'es a r e r e s t r u c t i i r e d so as t o e n q j o w e r auihenc j u d g n i e n i s o f v a l n e , etl-
the n o t i o n o f d i s c e r n m e n t discussed in c h a p t e r 1, t h i s is also t r u e f o r self- al k n o w l e d g e a n d a c t i o n w i l l b e d i s t o n e d a n d l a c k t l i e i r p r o [ 3 e r o b j e c t i v i t y .
a p p r o 3 r i a t i o n o f one's o w n processes o f k n o w i n g . 1 . o n e r g a n u s e d t h e l e n n " c o n v e r s i n " 1.0 d e s i g u a l e t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e s t r u c -
T h e t h r e e i n a i o r s e c t i o n s o f this b o o k (pars l l - I V ) are o r g a n i z e d around i i i i i n g o f o u r f e e l i n g s necessat^y f b r us t o be c a p a b l e o f o b j e c v e j u d g m e n i s
t h r e e q u e s o n s : W h a t a m I d o i n g w h e n 1 a m b e i n g e t h i c a l ? W h y is d o i n g 'll \aliie. T h e rst t w o p a r t s o f t h i s b o o k e x p l a i n w h a t l . , o i i e r g a n m e a n t b y
t h a i b e i n g e l h i c a l ? W h a t is b r o u g h i a b o u t b y d o i n g t h a l ? T h e s e t h r e e q u e s - l i n c e k i n d s o f c o n v e r s i n , a n d w l i ) ' i h e y a r e so e s s e i n : i a l 10 o b j e c t i v e anel
u o n s a r e i n o d e l l e d 011 Lonergan's o w n t h r e e quesons c o n c e r n i n g know- .iitlhenc e t h i c a l k n o w i n g a n d l i v i n g .
i n g , c^bjectivity, a n d r e a l i t y . ( : i i a p i e r 7 arges t h a t e a c h p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n o f feelings d e t e r m i n e s w h a t
T h e o p e n i n g c h a p i e r o f p a r t II ( c h a p t e r 4) f o r m s l h e c o r e o f this b o o k . quesons w i l l be r e g a r d e d as n e e d i n g a n s w e r s i n o r d e r l o s i i b s t a n a i e a
There I o f f e r m y a c c o u n t o f ie e x p a n d e d s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonah |iid);iiicni o f v a l n e . C h a p i e r S arges t h a t two h i n d a m e n i a i leelings - the
i t v t h a t i n c l u d e s b n t g o e s b e y o n d ie s t r u c t u r e o f c o g n i u o n a l i n t e n o n a l i t y csir{-ied n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d tiie experience o f u n resi.i'icted b e i n g - i n -
p r e s e n i e d i n c h a p t e r 2. P e r h a p s m a n y r e a d e r s w i l l b e satisied i a t t h i s b o o k l"o- - are p e r i n a n e n i sources o f lension and self-iranscendence in those
has i - e a c l i e d its g o a l i n c h a p t e r 4.. Ho\v'ever, i t t o o k m e a v e r y l o n g t i m e t o lioii/ons. ' f b e s e two feelings, I p r o p o s e , p r o v i d e s t a n d a r d s f b r asse.ssing a
w o r k o u t , o n i h e o n e h a n d , t b e s t r u c t u r e o f c o n s c i o u s acvies i n v o l v e d in prr.on's own horizons o f feelings t h a t are i n t e r n a l to l h a t h o r i z o n itself
e t h i c a l k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g a n d , o n t h e o t h e r , t h e i r r e l a u o n s h i p s 1.0 what W ' l u i i l h e C O I n p o s i l i o n o l ' i e r e s t o f t h e l e e l i n g s i n a h o r i z o n is i n h a n n o n y
Lonergan called "feelings as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s t o v a l u . " T h e role of u i i h i h o s e i w o f u n d a m e n t a l f e e l i n g s , t h e n t h e f u r i h e r q u e s o n s r e g a r d e d as
such feelings, t h e n , c o u l d o n l y be given a p r e l i n i i n a r y sketch i n c l i a p i e r 4. p i i i i i u - i u , a n d the sulDsequentJudgnients a n d acons that follow f r o m t h a t
H 111111 j( 11irii(in In trductioii 9

h(ii/,<iii, will be objecve i i i ie u n c j i i a l i n e c l sense. Mowever, when iere (loiiieinporary p h i l o s o p h i c a l scliools o f ethics teiiel t o d i v i d e i n i o those
ar<; n i i r e s o l v e d l e n s i o n s i n i e f e e l i n g h o r i z o n a r i s i n g f r o r n ( l i e n n i - e s i r a c i e d based u p o n d e o n t o l o g i c a l ncions o f r i g l i t a c t i o n a n d p r o [ j e r |)rocedures
n o o n o f v a l n e a n d i i i i r e s i . r i c i e d b e i n g - i n d o v e , i.hen j u d g m e n i s o f v a h i e a n d '>\e o n e h a n d ( a n d t h e i r " t b i n " t l i e o r i e s o f t h e g o o d ) , a n d i h o s e based
s i i b s e q u e n i . a c h o n s w i l l b e o b j e c t i v e o n l y i^elarive l o t l i a t l i o r i z o n , T h e t e n - upDH o n a m o r e r o b u s t ( o r " t h i c k " ) t h e o r \ o f t l i e g o o d o ' valu o n i l i e 01 l i e r
sions t l i a t arise in each personas h o r i z o n o f feelings b o i n ie u n r e s t i a c r e d h a i n l . F o r t h e e t l i i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n t , t h i s is a n u n n e c e s s a r y d i c h o t o m y T h e
n o t i o n o f \ ' a l t i e , t i n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , a n d t h e noianave scale ofvalne ' a i i i c t n r e o f e t h i c a l acti\'ities ( t h e m o s t b a s i c , p e r l i a p s " t h i n " e t l i i c a l p r o c e -
motvate t r a n s l b i i n a t i o n s (conver-sions) o f h o r i z o n s o f feelings that will d u r e s ) i m p l i e s a s u r p r i s i i i g l y r i c h a c c o u n i o f i h e g o o d , i n c l u d i n g t h e di\'er-
r^esolve t l i e s e t e n s i o n s , T h e t r a n s f b r i n e d l i o i ' i z o i i s o f f e e l i n g s thit t b e t e n - ai\ o" n a t u r a l g o o d s , t l i e g o o d n e s s o f t l i e n a t u r a l u n i \ ' e r s e as a w h o l e , t b e
sions o r i e r i t towai'ds a r e boizons o n t o f w h i c l i o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n t s ofvalne a i i K i n r e o f '"tlie h i n n a r i g o o d , " Lonergan's a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m of
ancl e l h i c a l a c t i o n s c o m e forth. e\t. a n d t b e r e l a o n o f a l l i e s e t h i n g s t o t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d n e s s , F o r this
T h e c o n i p o s i t i o n o f everv' h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s w i l l c o n t a i n s o m e scale o f leason, I V is n u i c l i i n o r e c e c l u n c a l t l i a n t h e r e s t o f t h e b o o k . I t w o r k s
v a h i e p r e f e r e n c e s , a t l e a s t i i T i [ 3 l i c i i l y I r e f e r t o t h i s deJaclos<z2\\e as a p e r s o n ' s 1)111 l l l c a r e f u l d e t a l l j u s t l i o w t l i e s t r u c t u r e o f e t l i i c a l I n t e n t i o n a l i t y e n t a i i s a
e x i s t e n t i a l scale o f v a l n e [>relerences. C h a p i e r 9 offers l l l u s t r a t i o n s o f l i o w i n d a i n e n t a h [:)i-e-clioice c o m n i i t m e n t 10 a s t r u c t u r e o f i h e g o o d a n d a s c a l e
we m a k e comparative iidgmeiws o f v a l n e , i n o r d e r t o b r i n g t o l i g h t i.liese e x i s - n i vales t h a t is n o t l i m i t e d t o m e r e snljectlve p r e f e r e n c e , o r even to tlie
t e n t i a l scales o f v a l n e . T h e c h a p t e r arges f u r t h e r t l i a t , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e .pecicities o f p a r c u l a r c u l i i i r e s o r e p o c h s ,
e x i s i e i u J a l s c a l e , t h e r e is a l s o a n o r m a t i v e , i n v a r i a n t , i r a n s c u l t u r a l s c a l e o f l'liese a c c o u n i s o f t l i e g o o d a n d o" e t h i c a l k n o w i n g a n d a c t i n g p r o v i d e
v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s . " I ' l i i s i i o i a i i a t i v e scale a l s o m a k e s its p r e s e n c e feh wiiliin ,1 liasis f o r e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e v e r y d i f T i c i i l t e t i u c a l d i s p u t e s o f o u r m e .
a p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n cjf f e e l i n g s , even liough a per\soii's i n d i v i d u a l , e x i s i e n t i a l l'aii V (chap(.ers 15 a n d 1 6 ) t h e r e f o r e , e x p l a i n s h o w L o n e r g a n ' s idea o f
scale iriay deviaie frorn i t i n s i g n i c a n t ways. T h e r e w i l l also b e tensions l l i e " e i g h i f i i n c o n a l si^eciales'' c a n b e u s e d t o m a k e u n t i s u a l b u t n i i i c l i -
in l l i e liorazon o f feelings t h a t b e t r a } ' t h i s d e v i a t i o n . T l i e s e (.eiisioiis t e s t i f y n r e d e d c o n t r i f n i t i o n s t o t h o s e d i s p u l e s , I a r g e t h a t t h i s is a m e t l i o d ( h a t
to t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a s c a l e o f n o r m a v e v a l u ] 3 r e f e r e n c e that can provide mief^rates t l i e s e n i i i c i i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s a n d m e e t s tlie challenge Lonergan
g r o t n i d s f o r objective j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valtie. ,ei l o r h i m s e l f i n Insight b u t iie\'er l \ i l l y n i e t : a m e t h o d i n e t h i c s i l i a t w o u l d
I t is o n e t h i n g 10 a r g e t h a t a n o r m a t i \ ' e h i e r a r c h i c a l s c a l e o f vales hi' ( ( i m p a r a b l e to his w o r k o n m e t h o d i n iiieiaphysics a n d i l i e o l o g y 'fhose
r e v e i s i t s e l f i n h u m a n t l i i n k i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n c l a c t i n g , e v e n w h e n i t is b e i n g h i i a l c h a p i e r s d o n o t , h o w e v e r , a c t i i a l l ) ' a p p l y i.lie r n e t b o t l t o s u c h dis|"jui.es,
v i o l a t e d . I t is a n o t h e r ( h i n g a l i o g e i h e r t o f o r m l a t e a c c u r a i e l y t h e l i i e r a r - bul r a i l i e r o f f e r l o o l s t h a t c a n he u s e d f r u i t h i l l y b y i l i o s e e n g a g i n g i n s u c h
c h i c a l o r g a i i i z a t i o n o f hat scale. liecause l . o n e r g a n r e l i e d o n t l i e w o r k s o f I 01111 ( i v e r s i e s .
M a x S c l i e l e r a n d D i e t r i c h v o n f l i l d e b r a n d f o r b i s idea o f a scale o f valu I ' h r o n g l i o u t lilis b o o k I ha\ proxled c o n c r e i e illiistraii(.ms o f i i n f a i n i l -
preference, t l i e i i ' d i f f e r i n g a c c o u n t s o f tlie e l e m e n t s i n i h e scale a r e c o m - lai a n d l e c h n i c a l i d e a s e i t l i e r f r o m l i t e r a i i i r e , w o r l d e \ ' e n i s , o r f r o m i i i y o w i i
parec, V e t t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e a c c u r a c ) ' o f L o n e r ' g a n ' s o w n a c c o u n t is p o s t - ( \ p e i i e i i c e s . M t i c l i o f i l i e l e n g t l i o f t h i s b o o k is c i n e t o t h o s e i l l u s t r a i i o n s , as
p o n e d tiritil chapter 14 because i t presiipposes i h e discussion o f L o n e r g a n ' s w e l l as l o t b e e l T o r i t o b r i n g a l l o f L o n e r g a n ' s i d e a s t o u c l n n g 011 e d i i c a l c o n -
account o f t h e good. ( e l ns m o a c o h e r e n i w l i o l e . 1 h o p e t h a t t l i e c l a r i t y g a i i i e d h - o m t h e s e i l l i i s -
T l i i s b o o k reaclies a c e r t a i n c l i m a x i n c h a p t e r lo, "Self-Appropriation, u . i l i o n s will m o r e t h a n compnsate ilie reader's jatience with ilie l e n g t l i .
P a r t I I : W h y Is D o i n g T h a t B e i n g E t h i c a l ? " " f h i s c h a p t e r ' e x p l o r e s i n d e t a l l
t h e f u 11er n i e a n i n g o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n . . V I u c h o f w h a t is p r o m i s e c l i n c l i a p -
ter I is f u l l l e d a i i h a t p o i n t . A.li t l i a t c o m e s a f t e r w a r x l s - e s p e c i a l l y r'egai'd-
ing Lonergan's theory o f the good and a model for rnethod i n ethics -
d e p e n d s u p o n w h a t is g a t b e r e d t o g e t h e r i n c h a p i e r 10.
S i n c e t h e o b j e c t i \ ' e o" t h i s b o o k is t o p i x ) v i d e a i i i n t e g r a t e d v i e w o f L o n e r -
g a n ' s d i s p a r a t e i d e a s a b o u t e t h i c s , t h e t o p i c s i n p a r t I V ( ' A Y h a t Is B r x m g l i i
About b\ D o i n g " f l i a t ? , " cha3ters ii-iz).) are e x p l o r a t i o n s o f liis ideas
a b o u t t h e g o o d . It s h o w s t h e i i n p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e e x p a n d e d a c c o u n t o f e t h i -
cal iriteiitiouality a n d ol^jectivity for a c o m p r e h e n s i v e theory o f the good.
PART ONE

P r e l i m i n a r i e s
 1 Discernment a n d
Self-Appropriation

// n only through [our movenunil towarils rognitiouul /nid nior/il. si',lf-tr/nis/jniil/mce

lhfil wej can hope to discern the ambitialeuce al work in otJan's and th/< iiieasure in
which they resolved their probleut^s. Only through such discernment can wej hope ta
appreciate all thai has been intelligeut, true, and good in the pasl even n the Uves
aud the Ihought of opponents. Only through such discernment can [we} com lo
arknowledge all that was misinformed, niisunderstood, mistaken, eil even in those
ii'ith whom [we are} alli/'d. b'iirlher, houj/nier, Ihis action is recipro/xil. fust as it is
i'nr\ self-trans/'en/lein'e thal enables one lo hnow olhers accurately an/l lo judge
Iheni piirly, so iiiv/os/dy il is Ihrough knowledge aiu /ipj)r/',rialion of olhers lhai we
I ame lo (now on.rse.v/s and lo fill oul and r/fine our /ip(irehensi/)n of v/dti/'s.
- l i e i i i a r d L o n e r g a n , A'tefhotl in 'l'he.ology

I, I Introdiicton

lilis h o o k was w r i t r e n oiii o f l h e c o n v i c i i o n i h a i d i s c e r n m e n t is ofrtMida-

ipicnial i m p o r t a n c e to ethical i l i i n k i n g a n d living, a n d thai the work o f Ber-

n a i d L o n e r g a n , SJ, casis c o n s i d e r a b l e l i g h t u p o n i h a i i m p o r t a n c e . A c c o r d -
inglv. i h i s c h a p t e r encleavoin"s lo provide a context fbr ihinking o f what
1 M u c i g a n c a l l e d " s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n " as a f o r m o f d i s c e r n m e n l . I l b e g i n s
( M i l i r e l l e c i i o n s o n uses o f l h e w o r d " d i s c e r n m e n r ' in ordinary Eiigiish
u'-af;c. l i d i e n e x p l o r e s w r i t i n g s o f A r i s i o t l e o f S i a g i r a , P a u l o f T a r s u s , a n d
l^piaiius o f L o y o l a , i n p a r t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l i m p o n a n c e , anci i n
p a n b e c a u s e s c h o l a r s h a v e u s e d " d i s c e r n m e n t ' " t o transate t l i e i r i d e a s o r i g i -
iialh' expressed i n G r e e k , L a d n , B a s q u e , o r S p a n i s h . I g n a t i u s is a n a i t n ' a l
I Kiire. becanse L o n e r g a n encountered his ideas about discernmein in
l u ' . i r a i n i n g a s a ) e s u i i . I g n a t i u s , i n t u r n , was p r o f o t m d l y i n f h i e n c e d b)'Sl.
14 l'ari, I : Pi"eliniin-,ire.s Discernment and Self-Appropriaiicin 15

P a u l . A l i . h o L i g l i .lici'e s u o d i r e c i l i n e o f d e s c e F r o m Ai*sioile i h r o u g h l h e d e p t h , a n d t h e a c c u r a c y o f t l i i s s e n s e o f w o r t h { a n d a l l t h a t t h i s pi^esup-

P a u l a n d I g n a i i u s t o l_.onei"gan, A r i s t o t l e ' s a c m o b s e r v a i i o n s aboutdiscern- p(is<'s) t h a t d i s c e r n i n g p e r s o n s b r i n g t o t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s o f a t t e n d i n g . P e o p l e o f
m e n i c a s i m u c h l i g h t u p o n t l i e i d e a s o f a l l i h r e e , a n d re\'eal t h e general- d i s c e r n i n g a t t e n t i o n a r e s i m p l y b e t i e r a t t h e i r ty3e o f a t t e n d i n g . D i s c e r n i n g
i/,ed i n i p o i ' i a n c e o l ' d i s c e r n m e n t o t r i s i d e o f a n e x f j l i c i d y C l u a s d a n religious auf ai t i o n d o e s i l i e w o r k o f a t t e n d i n g b e i t e r l i e c a u s e o f t l i i s i ' e f i n e d sense o f
fr-ame\vork. A l t l i o u g l i a m o r e c l e t a i l e c l e x p o s i t i o n o f w l i a t L o n e r g a n meant \\\v.\\s w o r i . l i a t i e n d i n g t o , a n d t l i e s k i l l o f a t t e n d i n g t o i t .

by s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d i i s r e l e v a n c e t o t l n n k i n g a n d a c t i n g e t h i c a l t y w i l l I )iscernmeii t also i m p l i e s a k i n d of double-imentionality - attentiveness

b e t a k e n i.ip i n se\'ei*al o f t l i e s u c c e e d i n g c h a p t e r s , t l i e c o n c l u d i n g sections |i > i h c m a t t e r a t h a n d . b n t a l s o a l t e n u x e n e s s t o o n e ' s o w n wa\ o ' b e i n s a i i e n -

ofdiis chapter begin thai exploiation. u \ c , ( ) i i l y b ) ' sel"-conscousi\ a n d d e l i b e r a t e l y dra\\'ing u p o t i o n e ' s rebnecl

M e n e e , tliis c h a p t e i " does n o t airn l o p r o v e t l i e dii^ect inluences o f A r i s t o - use o f w o r t h a n d e n g a g i n g i n t b e skill\ exti^a e f f o r i c a n c l i s c e r m n e n t C)f
ile OI-St. Paid o n L o n e r g a n ' s n o t i o n o f self-a|:))ropriaiion. R a t h e r , t h e i [ U . e n t M i h i l e d i f e r e n c e s he accoinplislied.
is t o e x p l o r e h o w d i e i r ways o f t l i i n k i n g a b o u l d i s c e r r n i i e r n i l l u m i n a t e w l i a i I ) i s c e n i m e n i , t h e r e f o r e , is nc m e r e m a t t e r o f j u s i s e e i n g o r h e a r i n g w h a t
Lonergan c a l l e d s e l f - a p p r o | : ) r i a n c j n . O n t l i e o t h e r h a n d , I g n a t i u s d i d lia\'e i', un t l i e r e t o b e s e e n o r h e a r d . D i s c e r n i n e r n . p r e s u p p o s e s a development
a d i r e c t i n l u e n c e o n L o n e i ' g a n , a n d a later s e c t i o n o f tliis c l i a p i e i " endea\'- III even a traiisbianatioii o f t l i e pei'son e n g a g e d i n d i s c e r n m e n t . Practices
ours to show how t h a t i i d l n e i i c e m i g h t h a v e i n l l u e n c e d his a p p r o a c l i io lll d i s c e r n m e n t are d e s i g n e d to b r i n g al^oiit this s o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t and
self-approj3riation. 11.insl'oianation. ' f b e more tliis d e \ ' e l o p m e n t advances, the m o r e discern-
I I I ) ; l h e p e r s c u i b e c o m e s . V V l i a t d e v e l o p s is d i s c e r n m e n t o f s u b t l e i i e s , a n d
1.2 T h e iVoon o f Discernment i m h ' hy b e i n g m a d e s n b t l e c a n o n e d i s c e r n s t i b t l e t i e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , o n h ' b y
b r i n g de\'eto|:)ed i n t o a d i s c e r n i n g p e r s o n c a n o n e i r u l y d i s c e r n subtleties
D i s c e i a i m e n t involves g o i n g be\'ond o i ' d i n a r y percepti\'eness. Discerruiient I \ a l u e .
m e a n s k e e n p e r c e p t i o n o r j u c l g m e n i a n d deri\'es \To\n the Latiii discemere- VVIK:II sporis c o m m e n t a t o r s annotmce, ' ' T h a t was a s p l i t - l n i g e r e d fist-
t o s e p a i ' a t e . D i s c e r n m e n t i s t h e ji'ocess o f i d e n i i l y i n g s o n i e t h i n g o f v a l n e by I M I I , " o r " ' f h a l w a s a d o u b l e S a l c l i o w , " t h e y d o so o n t h e basis o f t h e i r a b i l i -
se p a r a ti n g i t f r o r n o d i e r | : ) l i e n o n i e n a t h a t o b s c u r e i t a n d c o m p e l e \vith i t f o r iirs lo notice sulitle b n t s i g n i n c a n t dlfferences iliai most o f ns w i l l have
O L U " a t t e n t i o n . D i s c e i n m e n i is r e c p i i r e d i n o r d e r t o m a k e o u l a f i g u r e o n t h e niissed. W h e n c r i t i c s r e n i a r k o n a c r e a t i \ ' e anel i n n o v a t i v e m u s i c a l perlor-
l i o r i z o n a t t w t l i g l i t ; o" t o r e c o g n i z e a n e x c e p t i o n a l j e w e l o r p a i n d n g a n i i d s t u i . u i c e , s o i i i e t l i i n g i r i t l i e m has p e r m i t t e d a d i T e r e n c e o f w o r t i i t o stanel o u i
a c o l l e c i i o n o f s i m i l a i " i t e m s o f lesser w o r t h ; o r to n o t i c e a s n b t l e anxiety in i h e i r a t i e i i t i o i i , b n t n o l in o u r s . O f c o u r s e , i n r e s p o n s e to any such c o m -
n n d e r h ' i n g sonieoiie's self-assuied conversaiion. Discernment implies that m r i i i , s o m e p e o p l e c a n a n d d o say, " I d i d n ' i . h e a i " o r see a n y t h i n g s p e c i a l .
s o m e aoia: o f e x t r a e f f o r i a n d e x p e i - t i s e is n e e d e d t o g e i t h i n g s r i g h t . a r e iist m a k i i i g t h a l u p . " S o m e m a y e v e n h o l d i b i s a t t i t t i d e o b s t i n a t e l y
D i s c e r n m e n t is t l i e i ' e b r e a r e l u i e d f o r m o f a l t e n t i o n . VVe s3eak, foi~ e x a m - l l l a l l s i m a t i o n s . B n t m o s t o f us, s o o n e r o r l a i e r , a c k n o w l e d g e tliat some
ple, o f a d i s c e r n i n g listenei" a n d a d i s c e r n i n g buyer. ' f l i i s l a n g n a g e dentibes p e u p l e ' s d i s c e r n m e n t i n s o m e rea is m o r e r e b n e d t h a n o i u " o w n . ' f h e s e a r e
p e o p l e w l i o ai-e b e i t e r t h a n a v e r a g e a t l i s i e n i n g a n d b u y i n g . " f h e y a r e not l i i M a n c e s w h e r e w e l e c o g i h z e s o m e o n e as m o r e d i s c e r n i n g i n l i s t e n i n g l o
n i e r e h ' jassive rece|:)tacles b r s o u n d s o r a d v e i t i s e m e n t s . "fhey are people < oii\ersaiioiis or ninsicat p e r f o r m a n c e s o r in identiying e c o n o m i c 0|5[Jor-
who b r i n g s o m e t h i n g extra lo t h e i r lisceiiiiig o r b u y i n g . T h a t something n i n i u r s , baseball pilches, o r e x c e l l e n c e in c o n i p e t i t i v e ice skating. Recog-
e x t r a e n a l ^ l e s i l i e n i U ) sil t l i r o u g h a c l u t t e i ' o f s i i m u l i a n d l o p i c k o t u . s o t m d s m / m g d i s c e i ' m n e n t in o t h e r s can s o m e t l r n e s be the b e g i n n i n g o f t r a n s f o i -
o f s i u r i i f i c a n c e f i ' o i n b a c k t r o n n d n o i s e . o i ' t o l o c a r e i t e m s o f \'aliie w i t h i n a m.ilioiis in US, towards s o m e i l i i n g o f v a l n e prevlousi;' beyond our horizon.
n i a r k e t p l a c e o f lesser o f f e r i n g s a n d l i o l l o w promises, .Sinneiimes we acknowletlge someone's expertise at.ei~ l i a v ' i n g learned
VVe a l l b r i n g s o m e s o n o f i n t e r e s t o r c o n c e r n t o o u r l i s t e n i n g o i " p u r c l i a s - liuin ihem how l o n o t i c e these differences ofvalne f o r ourselves. Some-
i n S - as w e l l as t o o n r v i s u a l a n d o t h e r s e n s a l i o n s . " F h e r e is n o s u c h t l i i n g as u m e s we a c k n o w l e d g e expertise i n d i s c e r m n e n i because we r e c o g n i z e per-
c o m p l e t e l y passive e x p e r i e n c i n g ; a l l a t t e n t i o n is s u a i c t t i r e d b y p r i o r i i u . e r e s i s sonal (|iiali(ies cjf t h e e x p e n that convince us s l i e o r h e m u s t t r u h ' possess
or conceiais, Btu: the s o m e t h i n g extra that d i s c e r n i n g lisieiiers a n d btiyers dii'- esperiise. Soiiietimes we acknowledge expen discernment because
b r i n g is t h e i r s e n s e o f w o r d i - w l i a t is w o r t h l i s t e r n n g t o o r w h a t is w o r t h i h i i d p a r i i e s "n l h e k n o w " a c c e p i . l i l i s p e r s o n as a n e x p e n . Flow a n d why
b u y i n g - a l o n g w i t h t h e i r s k i l l i n d e t e c t i n g t h a t w o r t h , VVIiaiseparat.es disceiai- \\v le ogn/,(.: o t h e r s as e s p e c i a l l y d i s c e r n i n g a r e c p i e s t i o n s t h a t we a r e not
i n g a t t e i n , i o n f r o m o r d i n a r y a i t e n d o n is t l i e s o p h i s t i c a t i o n , t h e i-efmement, la p o s i i i o n l o p r o b ftu'thei" at this p o i n t . F o r t h e p r e s e n t , 1 m e r e l y wish to
16 Pan I : Preliminaries Discernmenl and Scff-Appropriaiion 17

draw aaenLion lo die leaders' o w n m e m o r i e s o f siicli instances, i n o r d e r to Given lhat there are many c o i d l i c d u g opinions a b o n i eihics, following
initiate deeper reflection on die p l i e n o m e n o n of discernment. lhe appi-oach o f f e r e d by ibis b o o k c o m e s w i t h risk. ' f h e r e can be no a r g u -
To snnimarize, Uien, discernment is a r e f m e d brtn of attentiveness n u a i t in advance t h a t can prove to l h e reader t h a i i t is w o r i h t h e r i s k to
gnided by e x c e p t i o n a l knowledge ofvalne a n d by k n o w l e d g e , even trans- lake seriously ihis n o t i o n o f t h e e t h i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n l . T h e r e can be no
f o r m a o n , o f o n e s e l f as a d i s c e r n e r . demonstrauon in advance that following ihe approach o f this b o o k will
1 have c h o s e n die liile for ibis book, The Eihics ojDiscermnenL in order lead to a u t h e n i i c eihics. T h i s b o o k is o f f e r e d in hope - a hope dial lhe
LO u n d e r s c o r e the soinediing extra t h a i is i n v o l v e d in autheniic ethical l e a d e r will try this a p p r o a c h a n d will ind t h a t i i offers successful gnidance
knowing, choosing, and living. This somedng extra means l h a i lhe eih- ii> i h i n k i n g a n d l i v i n g e i h i c a l l y , i n c l u d i n g h o w t o f l n d o n e ' s w a y a m o n g the
ics o f d i s c e i a i m e n i a l s o i n v o l v e s c k ^ u b l e - i n t e n t i o n a l i i y - more specifically, m a n y c o i n p e u n g volees a b o u t w h a t i l m e a n s to live e d i i c a l l y . L i s t e n i n g a n d

a w a r e n e s s o f t h e valu a b o u l w h i c h ^ve d e l i b r a t e , a c c o m p a n i e d by a k i n d r c s | . H ) n d i n g t o w h a i o t h e t - s say a n d d o i n m a t t e r s o f e t h i c s is i t s e l f i n e v i t a b l y

o f i - e t l e c t i v e a t t e n t i o n t o t h a t s o n i e t l i i n g e x t r a a b o i u . otu-selves as w e delib- part ofediical living. f .istening a n d r e s p o n d i n g w e l l lo i h o s e volees r e q u i r e s

rate. T h i s m e a n s d i s c o v e i i u g how we are a h e a d y c o n s c i o u s l y intending discernment.

maiier-s o f e l h i c a l valu, a n d u s i n g t h o s e very s a m e p o w e r s o f intending 1 have f o u n d t h a t t h e w o r k o f B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n offers especially valu-

i n o r d e r t o d i s c r i m n a t e a m o n g o i n - v a r i o u s ways o f i n t e n d i n g . T h e eihics able resources for this k i n d o f e x p l o r a d o n . Becanse L o n e r g a n ' s ireatment
o f d i s c e r n m e n l , t h e n , is a b o u L l e a r n i n g l o p a y a i t e n d o n l o d i a t s o m e d i i u g n i " s e l f - a p p t x ) p r i a d o n " (as h e c a l l e d i t ) p i o v i d e s s u c h a w e a l t h o f d e t a l l a u d
e x t r a - w h a t is d e e p e s i a u d lest ^ v i l h i l l ns - a n d a b o u t l e a r n i n g \o a c i e v e r snbileiy, itis especially e n l i g h t e n i n g for die e x p l o r a d o n o f lhe d o u b l e - i n i e n -
m o r e c o n s s t e n i l y i n l l d e l i t y w i t h w l i a t is d e e p e s i a n d best. l i n i i a l i i y t h a i is c e n i r a l i n e l h i c a l d i s c e r i n i i e n i . '
I n t h i s s e n s e , t h e e t h i c s o f d i s c e r u i n e n t is e q u i v a l e n t to d i e common
a d a g e , 'T.eL y o t n - c o n s c i e n c e b e y o i n - g u i d e . " A J i h o u g h i h e c o m m o n adage I .;i Arisiotle o f Stagira
may be m o i e f a m i l i a r , l u i d e r s i a n d i n g i t p r o p e r l y is n o easy n i a i i e r Know-
i n g w h a i i t m e a n s t o let y o u r c o n s c i e n c e be y o u r g u i d e is n o s i m p l e r a Xiisiode drew a i t e n d o n lo the i m p o r t a n c e o f d i s c e r n m e n t in the context
l a s k , c e r t a i n l y , i b a n i m d e r s t a n d i n g w h a t is m e a n t b y d i e e d i c s o f d i s c e r n - o l his discussions o f d i a i e c t i c , e s p e c i a l l y i n h i s Top\cs, Sophiscdl Hejvlaliom
ment. Knowing wliat "conscience" really means {mcl d o e s n o t m e a n ) s (/h'Sophiscis Elenchis), a n d Vietoric I n those works, Ai'istotle carefnlly delin-
excepuoually diTicult, W e can easily be d e c e i v e d , a n d deceive our-selves, eaird the n o t i o n o f dialecdc in general, as w e l l as its s u b i l e v a r i e l i e s and
a b o u l w h a t o u r c o n s c i e n c e is " l e l l i n g " us. A n d e v e n w h e n w e a r e c l e a r a b o i u i i l a i e d d i s c i p l i n e s . D i a i e c t i c , as h e u n d e r s i o o d i t , o r i g i n a i e d w i t h S c r a t e s
l h e p r o m p n g s o f c o n s c i e n c e , f o l l o w i n g i h o s e p r o m p i i n g s is s e l d o m easy. . m d was l a k e n u p , d e e p e n e d , a u d g i v e n a d r a m a i i c p o r t r a y a l b y P i a l o ii b i s
Menee ihe nieanings o f lhe c o m m o n a d a g e , as w e l l as l h a i o f ' e d i l e s o f d i s - di.ilogues. Arisiotle laier m o d i f i e d a n d presenied dialecdc in an exposiiory
cernment," stand in need of considerable explicadon. h M lll.
S u c h e x p l i c a d o n is t h e o b j e c i i v e o f t h i s b o o k . T h e e x p l i c a d o n o f i h e e t h - B i ' l o r e t h e r i s e o f m o d e r n e m p i r i c a l s c i e n c e , d i e p r e - e n i i n e n t m e t h o d n
ics o f d i s c e r n m e n t is i n t e n d e d u l e a d y o u , d i e r-eadei", l o a r e b n e d nder- p l i i l o s o f i l i y a n d t h e o l o g } ' was d i a i e c t i c . D i a l e c d c b e g i n s , n o i w i t h e m p i r i c a l
s t a n d i n g o f the geiurine ineanng o f conscience. 'fliis b o o k will propose d a l a as d o l h e m o d e r n s c i e n c e s , b u t w i t h t h e o p i n i o n s (endoxa) ihai people
L h a i t h i s i x l l n e d n d e r s t a n d i n g is c r u c i a l t o U i e f o u n d a o n s o f e t h i c s . Y e t h o l d , l l uses t h e t o o l s o f a r g u m e n t a u o n ; j n d l o g i c lo explore a u d clarify
m e r e l y n d e r s t a n d i n g a l o n e , n o m a i l e r h o w r e l n i e d , c a n n o i be suTicieni ibr i m p l i c a i i o n s of those o p i n i o n s . l l nioves om nnexamiued opinions
as a f o u n d a d o n o f e d i l e s , a n d s o e l h i c a l d i s c e r n m e n l n o l o n l y r e q u i r e s b u t lowards refined knowledge a b o u l a v a r i e i y o f issues, s u c h as j u s i i c e , h a p -
goes be\-oud n d e r s t a n d i n g . E d i i c s is n o t a c o n c e p t m e r e l y to be under- I naiure, a n d even the k i n d o f knowledge t h a t d e s e r v e s t o be called
s i o o d ; i i is l a i h e r a w a y o f l i f e t o b e l i v e d . T h o s e w h o a c t n a l l y d o l i v e out ''.( r e n c e " (epislSii).
l h e e i h i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n t - t l i o s e w l i o d o a c t i n t l d e l i t y w i t h w h a t is d e e p e s t I n his lihekiric, A r i s t o t l e t h o u g h i f u l l y s t a t e d his o w n r e a s o n s br taking
a n d best i n t h e r n - are die g e n u i n e fonndaon o f ethics. T h i s bundation o p i i i i i m s as d i e m e t h o d o l o g i c a l point of departure:
is p e o p l e , b o t h i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d i n c o n c e r i , w h o a c i u a l i y l i v e i n t h i s d i s c e r n -
i n g way. T o i n i d e r s i a n d t b e f c ^ n n d a t i o n o f e i h i c s , t h e n , s t o nnderstand h t i e l o i i g s t o t h e s a m e f a c u l t y [dtinamis\o d i s c e r n [es dunameos
h o w these p e o p l e d i s c e r n vales a n d h o w t h e i r d i s c e r n m e n l g o v e r n s t h e i r ideii,\i is l r u e a n d w h a t is l i k e t h e t n i i h , a n d h u m a n b e i n g s a r e
way o f l i f e . MiHi( i e n i l y w e l l o r i e n i a t e d l o w a r d s l h e t r u e by i i a u i r e a n d m o s i l y h i i
 IM l'.iii I l'irliiiiin.iiH'.S D i s c e r n m e n t a n d Sei-ApiDropriahon 19

I Miih l ' i II ll 1 ( M s o i i l i f i i i g g o o d a i a i n i i n g b r r e [ : ) i i i a b l e opinions T l i e q i i e s t i o i i e r s u c c e e d s if" h e I b r c e s t h e a n s w e r e r to a c c e p t a

l i r l u i i f . ; s l o l h e p e r s o n w l i o is a l s o d i s p o s e d i n l i i e s a i n e w a y t o w a r d p r o p o s i i i o n c o n t r a r ) ' l o l l i e o n e he u n d e r i o o k to d e f e r i d {[Sophlstical
die irnili.- Refutal-iori\] 2 i b ^ b ^ - ^ i . ) . T l i e C | u e s t i o i i e r fails i f t h e a n s w e r e r a!wa\'s
accepts o r rejects preinises i n a way consisteni. w i t h t h a t pro|>osiiion.
lll o l h e r words, dialeciic can begin wiiji repniable opinions because T o a r i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n , idaleclich l h e a r t o r c r a f t {ech-iw) enabling
d i e r e s a k e r n e l o' LruLh a i r e a d ) ' c o n i a i n e d i n r h o s e o p i n i o n s , o r ar l e a s r sorneone to pkiy the role o f qtiesi.iorier o r answerer successfully
i n i l i o s e i h a r h o l d i l i e o3inons. F o r rliis s a m e r e a s o n , d i a i e c t i c c a n also {[Topics^] I 1 1 ooa I 8 - 2 I, V I H 14. 1 6 4 6 2 - 4 . ) : '
|:)rogress t o w a r d s m o r e r e n n e d a n d even t i n e x p e c t e d truths and towards
d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o ' i r m l i s . T o i m i i d e r n r e a d e r s I b r m e d b)' p r a c t i c e s A r i s i o t l e I r a c e s i n m e t i c u l o u s d e t a l l t l i e ways i l i a t d i f i e r e n t k i n d s o 'dialec-
o f c r i t i c i s m a n d s u s p i c i o n , t l i e a s s t i m p t i o n t l i a i t h e r e is e v e n a g h o s t , le iic c a n d r a w o n i di'erent c o n s e c p i e i i e e s , always [reseniing i b e i n i e r l o c t i i o r
a l o n e a k e r n e l , oF t r i i t h i n t b e o p i n i o n s o f o t h e r s , a n d e s p e c i a l h - o'our wiili radically ali.ernative o p u o n s . He explores, for e x a m p l e , t h e ways t h a t
predecessors, will seem a naive a n d even a dangei-cms point oFdeparture \:ili(l d e d u c u o n s c a n p r o c e e d b o i n w h a t l o o k l i k e ( b n t are n o t ) reputable
o r an\ s e r i o u s p l i l l o s o p l h c a l i n v e s t i g a i i o n . B u t b r A i a a t o t l e , discernment o p i n i o n s , or h o w argurnents that l o o k like valid d e d i i c t i o n s ( b u l are not)
i i a s less t o d o witli tlie kernel o f trutli witliin an o p i i n o n t h a n with the ( a II \\'ork 011 g e i i u i n e l y r e p u t a b l e o p i n i o n s {Topics, I 1 1 oc)b2 3 - 5 ) . Fie a l s o
potency (tiinav/.is) br a n d o r i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d s tlie t r u t h in tlie person s h o w s h o w s o r n e o n e w ! i o has g e n u i n e s c i e n r i l i c k n o w l e d g e c a n fall v i c t i m
holding lhe reputable opinin. M o r e o v e r , this d i s c e r n m e n t is possible l o , a n d c a n a \ ' o i d , cle\'er s o p l i i s r i c a l a r g u n i e n t s a g a i n s t i l i e i r p o s i t i o n s . - i
i n s o f a r as t h e p r a c u t i o n e r o f d i a i e c t i c r e c o g n i z e s t h e v e r y s a m e d i s p o s i - A r i s t o t l e c l a s s i l i e s d i e s e v e r a l d i T e r e n t wa)'s i n w h i c h d i a l e c u c a l reason-
d o n " t o w a r d s t h e i r u t h " w i t h i n h i m s e l f o r hersel'. M o r e o v e r , b e i n g "good i i i g c a n be u s e d . S u l l , i e n i o s i i m p o i t a n t o b j e c t i v e of dialecdc is t o b r i n g
at a i n i i n g br r e p u t a b l e o p i n i o n s " is m a d e p o s s i b l e b)- t l i e sell'-i'enective l h e i i i i e i i o c u t o r 10 a l o i n t w h e r e l i e o r s h e l i a s t o c h o o s e b e i w e e n a l o g i c a l
r e c o g n i t i o n w i t l i i n o n e s e l f o f t l i a t w h i c h i n c l i n e s t o w a r d s t r i i i h . T h i s sel'- ( o n s e q u e n c e d r a w n f r o m o n e o f his o r h e r o p i n i o n s a n d t b e c o n s e q i i e n c e
relecnve r e c o g n i t i o n is t h e " s o m e t h i n g e x t r a " t h a t m a k e s discernment d r a w n fVoin a n o r l i e r e c p i a l h ' c h e r i s b e d o p i n i n . A r r l i e b n a l e o f h i s Topics,
possible. A r i s i o t l e describes r l i e s i t u a r i o n w l i e n rbis s o n o f c o i d ' r o n r a r i o n takes place:
The c r u c i a l f a c t o r h e r e is t h e p o t e n c y {dunmnis) for truth shared b\
llie interrogaior and nterloctitoi" a l i k e , T h i s j o t e n c y is t h e standard VVliere k n o w l e d g e a n d |jliilos(.>|.diical w i s d o n i a r e c o n c e r n e d , rlie
of truth. Discernment in Aristotle's sense, t h e r e f o r e , has i l i i s dotd^le- a b i l i r y ro d i s c e r n {siiiuimn] a n d h o l d in one view rhe conserpiences
i n i . e n t i o n a l i t ) ' . D i s c e r n n i e n t o f t h i s s t a n d a r d o f t r u t h as i t a c t n a l l y o p r - o f e i t h e r l i y p c ) t h e s i s is n o i n s i g n i b c a n r l o o l , s i n c e t i i e i i i t o n l y
ales w i t h i n p e o p l e f o r m s t h e basis f o r d i s c e r n i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between r e m a i n s t o m a k e a c o r r e d c h o i c e o f o n e o f t h e r n . B u i a task o l t h i s
reputable a n d disrepiitable persons, wliich underlies the repute o f ilieir s o n r e q u i r e s eiipimia. A n d t n i e >mihnia consista i n Jrisr i l i i s - rhe a b i l -
o pinions. iry ro c l i o o s e r l i e i n i e a n d a v o i d t l i e false. F o r |:ieople w i t l i eiiplua
Therefore, m e r e l o g i c a l o n e w i l l n o t su'fice f o r t h e el'fecti\'e praciice of are the ver)' o n e s w h o can d o t h i s w e l l , since tliey d i s c e r n [krivoiis]
d i a i e c t i c . S o m e t h i n g b e y o n d l o g i c - d i s c e r n u i e n t - is r e c p i i r e d i f o n e is e v e n c o r r e c t l y w h a t is best b\ a c o r r e d l o v e o r l i a t r e d yplTdo-iuii.es uii inis-
1.0 b e g i n d i a i e c t i c a n d h e a d l o w a r d s t h e d e e p e r a s p e c t s o f t h i n g s , w h e t h e r ov.nles] f o r w h a i is s e l b e f o r e t h e r n . ^
in the realm o f ethics or elsewhere.
Vet b e g i n n i n g w i t l i p e r s o n s a n d o|3inons t h a t a r e r e p u t a b l e d o e s n o t b y N'o m a t t e r h o w s k i l l e d s o m e o n e is n i l i e l e c l m i t p i e s o f l o g i c a n d eiialec-
i t s e l f e s t a b l i s h t h o s e o p i n i o n s as b e ) ' o n d question. i n a c i , t h i s is e x a c t l y i< , i l a r g u m e n t , i b i s c a n l e a d o n l y so ~ar a n d n o I t i r t h e r . I i i e a d s u p t o t h e
whai diaiectic adds lo o p i n i o n s t h a t possess a k e r n e l o f iruifulness. It p o i i i o ' d i s c e r n i n g w h a t s a i s i a k e , a n d w h a t l h e a v a i l a b l e O | 3 i i o n s a r e , b u t
s t d j j e c t s t h e n i t o \ ' i g o r o i i s , e v e n a g g r e s s i v e , t p i e s t i o n i n g . I t uses t e c l i i i i c | u e s ll " ' r e m a i n s l o m a k e a c o r r e c i c h o i c e of one of ihem.'"'' "fhe power that
(opoi) i n c l u d i n g logic to d r a w o u t c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t l i e v a r i o u s opinions a l l o w s U S t o m a k e t h a t c h o i c e c o r r e c i l y is imphaia. T h e w o r d d o e s n o i easily
h e l d b y i n t e r l o c u t o r s , a n d t h e n p o s e s t h e s e c o n s e q u e n c e s as . f u r t h e r q u e s - i i a i i s l a i e i n t o E i i g l s h , b n t s p r o b a b l y b e s t i r a n s l a i e d as " g o o d d i s p o s i o n "
uons for a g r e e m e n t or disagreement to t h e p e r s o n s w h o h e l d i h e o r i g i n a l 01. b e i i e r , " d i s p o a i t i o n t o w a r d s t h e g o o d , ' " ' w h i c h s g r o u n d e d in a correct
opinions lhemselves. F u r t h e r conseciuences o f these answers are drawn lo\ o r hatred fbr t h e alternative conaequences tliat are p r o d n c e d by t h e
u n t i l , as C . D . C . R e e v e h a s p u l i t : l o g i c a l o|.)erations o f dialecdc. D i s c e r n i n g w h i c h o f t l i e l w o a l t e r n a t i v e s is
 W l'an. I : l-rcliiiin;u-i(;s D i s c e r n m e n t ancl Self-Ap:)ropriahon !2I

( . i H i i c c w ' o r i l i y , i J i t i i i , is IOIIIKICCI u p o n a n e\'en c l e e p e i ^ c i i s c e n n n e n i orproper . i b o i i i d i s c e r n m e i i t i n wa)'s i h a i w e r e c|iiite d i f f e r e n i f r o m t l i e t e r m s u s e d by

love for llie l r u e a n d lhe g o o d . A r i s i o t l e . M o s t s i g n i n c a i u . l ) - , f o r P a u l t h e p r i m a r ) ' I b c u s h a d 10 b e d i s c e r n i n g
R e e v e r e t n . a r k s d i a i etiplinia is l h e po\v'er p h l o s o p h \ has a n d chaleciic I I K ' will o f G o d , " whereas Arisiotle wrote aboul d i s c e r n m e n l in terms of
l a c k s , a n d h e p o i n i s o n i i h a i i h i s is a p o w e r d i a i A r i s i o d e e x p l i c i d y connecis I b o o s i n y l l i e i r u e a n d a v o i d i i i u , ' i l i e false. P a u l , o f c o u r s e . w o u l d c l a i m t h a t
w i i h e l h i c a l c l i o i c e i n l i i s Nicomach/aii Ethics: Ibis is p r e c i s e l y w l i a t h e m e a n t as w e l l . ' ' " Y e i A r i s i o d e ' s o b s e r v a i i o n s about
d i s c e r n m e n t took place w i i i d n the c o n t e x t o f the nascent dialeciic origi-
A p e r s o n d o e s n ' i a i m a i i h e e n d [ i h e g o o d ] d i r o n g h his o w n choice; n a i e d b ) ' S c r a t e s , w l i e r e a s t l i e c o n t e x t f o r PaiiPs r e f l e c t i o n s w a s i l i e e i n e r g -
r a i h e r , l i e n u i s i b y n a i u r e ha\'e a s o n o f n a i u r a l e y e l o m a k e h i m i n g e a r l y C h r i s i i a n c o i m n m h t y T l i a i c o n t e x t was f V a m e d b y P a u l ' s o w n J e w -
d i s c e r n {hrinei) w e l l a n d c l i o o s e w h a i s r e a l l y g o o d . A n d d i e |5ersori isli r a b b i n i c a l i r a i n i n g , his c o n v e i ' s i o n , a n d his e n c o u n i e r s w i t h m e m b e r s of
w l i o b y n a i u r e lias i h i s eye i n g o o d c o n d i n o n is eiiplins. F o r i i is i h e ilic G h r i s t i a n c o n u T i u n i i ) ' w h o h a d b e e n I b r i n e d b\ t h e i r d i r e c i encounters
g r e a i e s L a n d n e s i i h i n g ... a n d w h e n i i is n a i u r a l l y g o o e i a n d f i n e , i i w i i h a n d m e m o r i e s o f t l i e s a y i n g s a n d d e e d s o f Jess. |-lence P a u l was b o u n d
is l r u e a n d c o m p l e i e aiiphii.ia. ( l l l 5 111465-1 2)" 1(1 s ] i e a k o f d i s c e r n m e l l l e x p l i c i t l y i 11 r e l a t i o n t o t l i e w i l l o f Gctcl as i t was c o i 11-
i n g t o be u n d e r s i o o d i n t l i a t c o i n i n u n i t x ' .
T h e love o T w b a L is r e a l l y g o o d a n d r r n e is n a t u r a l i n t b e s e n s e t h a t t b e f ' n r t l i e r m o r e , against this b a c k g r o u n d , Paul i d e n t i b e d i h a i special abil-
p o t e n c y f o r t h i s resides i n every h u m a n b e i n g . Yet i h a t p o w e r can remain ii\ o f d i s c e r r i r n e i i t as a gif't f r o m G o d . A c c o r d i i i g t o P a u l , t h e famdamental
dorinani and undeveloped or, w o r s e yet, p e r v e r i e d into a disiorted love ) d l i is " t h e l o v e o f G o d i l i a i lias b e e n p o t i r e d o u i i n t o o u r b e a r t s i h r o u g l i
f o r lesser g o o d s i n p l a c e o f g r e a t e r g o o d . If the potency f o r w h a t is g e n u - I b e H o l ) ' S p i r i t t h a t h a s b e e n g i v e n 10 u s . " ' ^ T h i s i n d \ \ ' e l l i n g o f d i v i n e l o v e
i n e l y g o o d a n d t r u e is d e v e l o p e d i n t o a d i s p o s i o i i {hexis), it becomes like w i i b i n P a u l a n d o t l i e r s f o r m e d t h e basis f o i " t h e i r cajacities t o d i s c e r n w h a i -
a s e c o n d n a t t i r e , as d o t h e \ n a u e s o f c o u r a g e , g e n e r o s i t ) ' , w i t t i n e s s , o r n i o c h ever e l s e is s p i r i t u a l . A s l ' a i i l p i i t s i t , " ' f h e r e a r e d i T e r e n t k i n d s o f s p i r i t u a l
eration. People who liave d e v e l o p e d t h e i r jsotenc}' ( " ' n a t u r a l eve'') i n t o a j'Jfis b u t t h e s a m e S p i r i t . " ' M e c o u n i s " d i s c e r n m e n t o f s p i r i t s " a m o n g o t l i e r
h a b i t u a l d i s p o s i u o n are those c a l l e d euj>hup.s. ;| l i r i i i i a l g i h s s i i c l i as l e a d e r s h i p , pro:)liecy, h e a l i n g , a n d t h e a b i l i i ) ' t o s p e a k
I n i l i e e n d , i h e r e f o i ^ e , t h e l o g i c a l o p e r a l i o n s o f a r g u m e n i c a n l e a d u p 10 w i i h w i s d o u i a n r j k n o w l e d g e . ' - ' ' " I ' h a t is t o say, a p e r s o n c a n d i s c e r n w h a i is o f
t h e u l u i n a t e o b j e c d v e s o u g h t by d i a l e c d c , b u l c a n n o t r e a c h i t 011 i h e i r o w n . d i e S|:)irit o n l y b e c a u s e i.lie S p i r i t as d i v i n e l o v e bas b e c o m e o p e r a t i \ ' e w i t h i n
S o n i e t h i n g f u r t h e r is n e e d e d t o d i s c e r n a n d c h o o s e t r u l v a m o n g t h e i - a d i c a l d i a l p e r s o n . h t a k e s a s p i r i t u a l g i f i . (o d i s c e r n w l i a t is f r o r n i l i e S p i r i t n 111011 g
alternadves with w h i c h dialecdc c o n f r o n t s us. T o d i s c e r n a n d c h o o s e w e l l l h e m a r n ' t l i i n g s c l a n 10 r i n g f o r e i i d o r s e i i i e i i l o r c o i i i m i t m e i U . . ' ' ' P o r A r i s t o d e
r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l k i n t l s o f p e r s o n s , eivphvs, w h o c o m e 10 b e d i s c e r n i n g as a a s w e l l , t h e c a p a c i t y f b r g e n u i n e d i s c e r n m e n t rests u p o n " a c o r r e c t l o v e o r
resid o f a self-refleciive, personal development. As, w e w i l l see, Aristotle's h a d c d " fbr whatever competes tbr a person's choice, O f course, Arisioile
n o t i o n o f eiiphiiia bears s i r i k i n g s i m i l a r i i i e s to w h a t Paul a n d I g n a t i u s cali 11( >es i i o t e x p l i c i t l v i d e n i i f y t h i s l o v e as a g i f t f r o m i l i e G o d o f j e w i s l i o r C l i r i s -
d i s c e r n m e n t , a u d to w l i a t L o n e r g a n called self-appropriation. I I , m r e v e l a i i o n , b u t t b e s i m i l a r i i i e s are d i e r e nonetlieless.
b e y o n d tlie similariiies, there are o f course diffcT'ences. liiblical scliolar
1.4 Paul of T a r s u s l);ivid M. Stanlev traces t h e C h r i s t i a i i i r a d i i i o n o f d i s c e r n m e n t b a c k 10
l h e w r i t i n g s o f S i . P a u l , r e m a r k i n g t h a t " i t s 110 s u r p r i s e t h e e x p r e s s i o i i ' i . l i e
L i k e A r i s t o i l e , St, P a p l was c o n c e r n e d wiih ilie p r o b l e m o f d i s c e r n i n g t r u d i d i s ( ( r n i n e i i t f s p i r i t s ' c o n i e s f r o m P a u l ' s p e n . " ' ' ? A c c o r d i n g 1.0 S t a n l e y , t l i e
amidsi coudicdng clalins. In p a r t i c u l a r , he c o u n s e l l e d the need for dis- uiU'Msii}' o f Patifs conversin a n d s u b s e q u e n t sf.>lritua e x p e r i e n c e s , and
c e r n m e n t w h e n i t carne to s o r u n g o u t t h e a u t h e n u c i i y o f i h e proliferang b i s brilliant, practical i n i e l l i g e n c e , m a d e b i i i i keenly aware a n d exception-
prophesies issuing forth from various members of the fledgling Chrisuan a l h ( a p a b l e o f a n a l y s i n g t l i e s u b t l e i i e s cjf d i e d y n a m i c s o f t l i e s p i r i i i i a l l i f e .
c o r n m u n i t y ! P a u l s h a r e d wih A r i s t o d e the a b i d i n g c o n c e r n over discern- Sianley is e m p h a t i c t h a t f b r Panl t h e gifts o f t h e S p i r i t d o n o t oblitrate
m e n t o f e d i i c a l b e h a v i o u r - d i s c e r n i n g between g o o d a n d evil i n c l i n a u o n s , l u i m m i reason. Ratiier, they s u p p l e i i i e r i t i h e natural h u m a n capaciiies fbr
f o r e x a m p l e . ' " A g a i n , J u s t as w i i h A r i s t o d e , P a u l r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a s p e c i a l l e a s u i i n g . f i e o b s e r \ ' e s t h a t " P a u l ' s a p p r o a c h 1.0 t h e G h r i s t i a n l i t e m a y be
a b i l i t y was n e e d e d i n o r d e r l o m a k e g o o d discernments. . h , i i a ( l e r i / . e d as e m i n e n i l y r a t i o n a l a n d p r a c u c a l , p r o v i d e d s u c h q i i a l i n c a -
O f c o u r s e , t b e c o n t e x t f o r P a u l ' s r e l l e c o n s o n d i s c e r n u i e n t was d r a m a d - Uim be understood within the c o n t e x t o f faith a n d love a n d hope." l-le
cally d i f f e r e n i f r o m t h a t o f A r i s t o d e , a n d t h i s i n e v i t a b l y l e d P a u l 10 w r i t e adds lhat while faith enipowei's the believer to siiare in l h e wisdorn o f Cod
22 Paii I: Preliminaries Disccrnnieiii .S(.:lf-Ap|)ropriah(>n

c n c e i ' n i n g t l i i n g s t h a L e x c e e d h u m a n i ' e a s o n , it. " d o e s n o t : d e s L r o y h i s r e a - diM( i r n c e s d e v e l o p e d i n h i m t h e c a p a c i t y t o p r o n o m i c e norinatively nol

s o n , o r lesseu h i s o b l i g a u o n lo a c i as a r e s p o n s i b l e person'":'"^ Midy u p o n t h e s p i r i u i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e s o f d i e t a r y p r a c t i c e s , b u t u p o n a w h o l e
IM>SI n f o l h e r t o p i c s as w e l l . P i e was a w a r e o f l i o w easy i t is t o b e n i i s l e d i n
T h i s d i s c e r n m e n l , w l i i c h is l o b e m a d e b y i h e C h r i s i i a n i n e v e r y c o n - .pii i i u a l a n d e l h i c a l m a t t e i - s , e s p e c i a l l y a m o n g t h o s e h e r e c e n d y converied
c i e t e s i i u a t i o n o f h i s e x i s i e n c e , is c a r r i e d o u t e f f e c d v e i y w i i h t h e h e l p liDin pagan religious. T h i s led h i m to e m p b a s i z e how essenuai die pre.s-
o f t h e i n c h v e i l i n g S p i i i i o f G o d , w l i o s e dynanc p r e s e n c e piovides nrc o f m e m b e r s possessing ibis gift o f d i s c e r n m e n t w o u l d be t o l h e life o l
d i e c e r i a i i i t y t h a i a c o r r e d m o r a l J u d g m e n i has b e e n m a d e . T h u s ( l u isiiaii c o m n i u n i t i e s .
i n every i n d i v i d u a l a c d o n w h i c h he perforins, i h e C h r i s i i a n miist
d e c i d e d i e issue f o r h i m s e l f , a n d a s s u m e r e s p o n s i b i l i i y f o r i i . ' - ' 1.5 Ignatius of L o y o l a

'ITiis p r a c l i c a l r e l i a n c e u p o n b o t h naiin^al reason a n d s p i r i t u a l g i f i s is \ isiode a n d Paul b o t h f b c u s e d o n i h e n e e d for a special c a p a c i i y in o r d e r

e v i d e n i i n PauPs r e s p o n s e lo an e i l n c a l p r o b l e m faced by lhe C o i i n i h i a n
C h r i s i i a n c o m m u n i i ) ' . M u c l i o f i h e m e a l f o r sale i n a n c i e n i C o i i u b w o u l d
have been used i n pagan sacrillces b e f o i e a r r i v i n g at t h e m a r k e i p l a c e . Since
c o n s n n i i n g m e a t o r i g i n a i i n g f r o m i h e s e s a c r i f i c e s w o u l d s e e m lo i i n p l y p a r -
d c i p a i i o i i i n i d o l w c n s h i p , ihis p o s e d a m o r a l d i l e m m a . PauPs response was
twofotd, Firsi, he d i s d n g u i s h e d the k n o w l e d g e t h a t is a s p i r i i u a i g i l frc^m
lhe superllcial "knowledge" lhat generaied false s c r u p l e s a b o u l i b i s i s s u e .
I n v i r i i i e o f d i e s p i r i t u a l g i l i o f k n o w l e d g e , " w e k n o w l i i a t ' t l i e r e is n o i d o l i n
l h e w o r l d , ' a n d t h a t T h e r e is n o G o d b u t o n e . " " - " I n o t h e r w o r d s , a p e r s o n
w h o has g e n u i n e s p i r i t u a l k n o w l e d g e w i l l k n o w t h a t l i e o r s h e c a n n o t pcissi-
b l y b e w o r s h i p p i n g a g o d t h a t d o e s n o t e.xist b y c o n s u m i n g s a c r i f i c e d a n i m a l
lesh. S e c o n d , P a u l t u r n s l o w h a t b o t h o r d i n a r y h u m a n r e a s o n a n d t h e g i f t
o f d i s c e r n m e n t w i t l r e c o g n i z e as l h e r e a l i s s u e w h e d i e r c t m s u n i i i i g o r n o t
consiniiing sacrificed meat will scandalize others in ihe c o m m u n i i y , some
o f w h o m are sull s t r u g g l i n g to sliake o f f the elfecis o f pievious religious
p r a c t i c e s . T h i s c o n c e r n w i l l be e v i d e n t t o o r d i n a r y , p r a c t i c a l t m d e r s i a n d i n g
which cornpreliends tlie good o f a l i a r m o n i o u s comnu.iniiy, a l o n g with tbe
c o n s i d e r a t : > l e cfflcnlties o f m a i n i a i n i n g t h a t h a r n i o n y . P a u l ' s s p i r i t u a l d i s -
c e r n m e n t also r e c o g n i z e d t h e f u r t h e r g o o d o f unin o f t h e c o r n m u n i i y w i t h
God-and t h e m a n y ways t h a t v a l u c a n a l s o b e s n n d e r e d . l-*aul recognized,
t h e r e f o r e , t h a t i i r e c p i i r e s b o l l i d i s c e r n m e n t as a g i f t , as w e l l as p i a c i i c a l r e a -
s o n , l o k n o w h o w l o a c t e t i u c a l l y n r e g a r e ! t o s o m e t l i i n g as s e e m n g l y tr\'ial
as w h e t h e r o r n o t t o c c j n s u m e s a c r i f i c e d meat.-'
A s w i i l i A r i s t o t l e , P a u l u n d e r s t o o d d i s c e r n m e n t as d e p e n d e n t u p o n a s p e -
c i a l c a p a c i t a ' t b r s o p h i s i i c a i e d s e l f - u n d e r s t a i i d i n g , t l i o u g h P a u l also u n d e r -
s t o o d t h i s c a p a c i t y t o b e g i v e n b y Cc^d. ) u s i as A r i s t o t l e s a w t h e s e l t - r e f l e c i i v e
knowledge o f eiipliuia as e s s e n t i a l t o i h e e f f e c t i v e p r a c t i c e s o f t l i e euphus
l h e m s e l v e s , s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r is a l s o t h e case w i t h P a i d . S p i r i t u a l d i s c e r n -
m e n l depends u p o n u n d e i s i a n d i n g o n e s e l f as g i f i e d w i i l i i h e S p i r i t . F o r
P a u l , t h a t s e l f - t i i i d e r s t a n d i i i g g r e w o u t o f his i n t e n s e a w a r e n e s s o f h o w d i f -
f e r e i i t a s e l f h e was b e t b r e a n d a l i e r h i s c o n v e r s i n . Flis r e f l e c t i o n s o u t h o s e
lo practise d i s c e r n m e n t well, b n i diey devoted t i l d e i f a n y a u e i n i o n 10 how
lu a c ( p i i r e o r e n h a n c e t h i s c a p a c i t y T h a t was, h o w e v e r , a f u n d a m e n t a l c o n -
I n n l o r I g n a d u s o f L o y o l a . H e e l a b o r a t e d w h a t h e m e a n t by d i s c e r n m e n t i n
l h e ( m i e x t o f h i s " s p i r i t u a l e x e r c i s e s , " w h i c h w e r e i n t e n d e d 10 h e l p d e v e l o p
piople's capaciues f o r d i s c e r n m e n l . F l e n c e i f w e a r e 10 properly under-
s i a i u l w h a t I g n a d u s m e a n t b y d i . s c e r n m e n i m o r e g e n e r a l l y , i t is n e c e s s a r y to
d e s c r i b e Ignans's s p i r i t u a l e x e r c i s e s a n d l h e p l a c e o f d i s c e r n m e n t i n d i e m .
1 h e Ignaan s p i r i t u a l exercises are o n e f b r m o f a r e l i g i o u s r e t r e a i , w h e r e
a person withdraws b r n n o r d i n a r y daily c o m n i i i n i e n t s fbr a l i m i i e d period
ol l i m e i n o i d e r to p n r s u e spiritual e n r i c h n i e n t . Ignadus recommended
ih.ii a person m a k i n g the spiritual exercises w i i h d r a w for a p e r i o d o f thirfy
d.ivs a n d e n g a g e i n a s e r i e s o f a c u v i i i e s u n d e r d i e g n i d a n c e o f a d i r e c t o r o f
d i e e x e r c i s e s , a l i h o u g h h e also m a d e p r o v i s i o n s f o r p e o p l e w h o w e r e n o t
,ible l o leave c o u i m i t m e n i s t b r s u c h a l e n g t h y p e r i o d . T h e d i r e c t o r guides
l h e p e r s o n m a k i n g t h e e x e r c i s e s a c c o r d i n g t o The SpirUual, Exerc'ms, a lext
ul n i e d i i a u o n s , prayers, a n d c o n t e r n p l a u v e practices c o m p i l e d by Ignadus.
I i i . i w i n g u p o n his o w n e x p e r i e n c e s a n d i n s i g h i s i n i o s p i r i t u a l d y n a m i c s , he
. p . n i a l i u o s i t w e n i y years r e v i s i n g a n d l e l n i i n g his text.
V l i l i o n g h he a r u c u l a t e d his view o f d i s c e r n u i e n t in t h e c o n t e x t o f diese
.pii i i i i a l e x e r c i s e s , I g n a u s d i d n o i i n i e n d t h a t d i s c e r n m e n t s h o u l d b e c o n -
I m e d l o a r e t r e a t p e r i o d . Fie e x p e c t e d d i a t afier ilie retreai, p e o p l e w o u l d
ir.i- i n i l i e i r d a i l y lives w h a t t h e y l i a d disc^ivered a b o n l d i s c e r n m e n t and
lU I sion m a k i n g . As L d o u a r d P o i i s s s e i h a s p u i i l , t h e s e p r a c d c e s o f d i s c e r n -
mriu are
v a l i d n o l m e r e l y I b r l h e m a c r o - d e c i s i o n iai i n v o l v e s a n e n t i r e l i l e ,
or even m e r e l y f o r t h e decisin o f a m o d r a t e n i a g n i i u d e t h a t plans
a r e l b r i u . T h e y are also s i i i t e d t b r d i r e c d u g d i e m u l i i t u d e o f choices
i m p l i e d in die r u n n i n g o f a honseliold, lhe carrying out o f a profes-
s i o i i a n d a l l o u r r e l a d o i i s h i p s w i t h o i h e i s , e v e n i f i l is o n l y a q u e s t i o n
o f s a y i n g o r n o l s a y i n g a word."'^
24 P a n I : Pitlimiiaiies D i s c e r n i n e n i a n d S'l-Ap].ir()piiaii(m 23

The piniary o b j e c i j v e o f Lhe e x e r c i s e s is Lo assisi a p e r s o n in m a k i n g I a n kind. and indeed of the evolving ofall creanon. Once again, Toner
decisions in c o n f o r m i t y WLII G o d ' s w i H . B u l jiisL w h a t d o e s i t m e a n t o s p e a k 'lUs;
o f ' " G o d ' s w i l l " ? n h i s s c h o l a r l v s t u d i e s o f I g n a u u s ' s s p i r i t u a l w r i t i n g s , )nles
T o n e r a r g e s t h a l a c c o r d i n g L O J g n a ' t i u s , G o d ' s w i l l is " t o g i v e us g i e a L c r 1 l u ' g r e a t e r g l o r y is n o l l o b e d i o u g h i o f m e r e l y i n l e r n i s o f t h e
g l o r y , " w h i c h m e a n s G o d w i l l s f o r us t o p a r u c i p a L e i n , a n d i n d e e d l o b e i n nnmcdiaie consequences o f a choice o r even in ternis o f t h e clearly
u n i n w i i h , l h e u n c o n d i i i o n a l l o v e a n d g o o d n e s s i h a i is l h e v e r y b e i n g o f ( nvsoned l o n g - r a n g e c o n s e q u e n c e s , b u l i n t e i n i i s o l t h e cc^nse-
G o d - lhe " u n c r e a i e d glory'' iliai G o d is,"' Ignaiius's exercises were con- qnences for l h e n l d n i a i e glory to be achieved i h r o u g h die w h o l e o f
s t r i i c t e d t o h e l p r e t r e a t a n t s d i s c o v e r t h a i t h i s r e a l l y is a l s o t h e i r o w n d e e p - hislory."'^
e s t d e s i r e , t h a t Lhis is w h a i i h e \ t h e m s e l v e s m o s t p r o f o i m d K ' w i s h l o b e e l v
c h o o s e as w e i l . A l b o t t o m , G o d ' s w i l l is w l i a t l u u n a n s w o u l d w i l l Veeh', i f I l u i s , l o r I g n a d u s , G o d ' s w i l l s s i t u a t e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f " a n i n c o m -
l i b e r a i e d b ' o m i g n o r a n c e a n d d i s t o r t i n g b i a s e s . I n d n s way, I g n a t i u s s h a r e s |.|. i r i i i h v < a s e , a n u n n i s h e d c r e a i e d g l o r y " w b i c h is b r o u g h t l o r e a l i z a d o n
w i t h Aristotle d i e view lhat m o s t p e o p l e are misled abotn. the happiness d u o n g l i " d i e great glory o f persons w h o have t h e a m a z i n g d e s u n y a n d dig-
l h a t they n u l y desire, a n d that special efforts a i e n e e d e d t o o v e r e m e these puh o l b e i n g [Gc-)d's] i n i e l l i g e n t , l o v i n g a n d f r e e co-workers,"-!'
deceptions.'^ B n i h o w c o u l d a p e r s o n e v e r p o s s i b l y k n o w w h e i h e r o r n o t i.he d e c i s i n
T o n e r ai'gues fui-thei" d i a i I g n a d u s t m d e r s t o o d G o d ' s will to be l i i g h i y I s h e s cons d e r i n g w o u l d b e a c o n i r i b u d o n l o l h e g l o r y o f t h e whole
s p e c i b c t o e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i n h e i ' o r l u s u n i c p i e n e s s . G o d ' s w i l l is s p e c i a l l y pil h m u a i i h i s t o r y a n d Me u n i v e r s e ? T o n e r o b s e r v e s t h a i i b i s is c e r t a i n l y
m a t c h e d t o t h e q u a l i t i e s as w e l l as b i o g r a p h i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l s p e c i f l c i t i e s o f h. \ o n d lhe bounds o f o r d i n a r y hunuiu knowledge. i n his b o o k s . Toner
e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n , a n d l o d i e s p e c i f i c d e c i s i n h e o r s h e is c o n s i d e r - . r, l u m . s e l f l h e t a s k o f s h o w i u g h o w I g n a u s d e a l t w i i h i h i s p r o b l e m n
i n g . W h a t m i g h t be G o d ' s will foi" o n e p e r s o n i u o n e c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n will II. . o m p o s i o n c' The Sfiiritua Exercisi-s. Bv way o f a n c i p a o n , 1 w o u l d
n o t necessarily t h e s a m e f o r a n o t h e r p e r s o n i n d i f f e i e n i c i r c u i i i s t a n c e s . As iild dial iieiiher Ignadus or'Poner developed a rigorously grounded
T o n e r ptits it, p l n l o s o p h y o f lisu.>ry t h a i w o u l d e n a b l e i e m t o r e s p o n d t o f u r t h e r q u e s -
u . n r . a b o u l how t h e s p i r i t u a l exercises c o u l d possibly m e e i i b i s c h a l l e n g e .
I g n a t i u s is n o t p r o p o s i n g a \vay o f finding any universal m o r a l Ihnvcvcr. Bernard Lonergan devoied bis life's w o r k lo d e v e l o p i n g just
p r i n c i p i e .., I g n a t i u s is r a l b e i " p r o p o s i n g a w a y o f finding God's II. h a philosophy of history. O n e o f the objecves o f this b o o k s t o
will for lilis p a r t i c i d a r person w i i b this t e m p e i a n i e n t a n d cliar- I H n\w l . o n e r g a n ' s w o r k c a n p r o v i d e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e s o r t s o f further
acier, w i i b these gifts o r l i m i t a i i o n s o f n a i u r e a n d grace, at this qiii a i o u s .
c e r t a i n stage o f d e v e l o p m e n i (pliysical, intellectual, emotional, l|nians was c o n v i n c e d t h a t Gt>d d o e s m a k e i i p o s s i b l e f o r i n d i v i d u i s t o
m o i a l , r e l i g i o u s ) . G o d ' s w i l l t h u s L u i d e r s i o o d i n v o l v e s i b i s per- t M> .(\w I h o y a r e c a l l e d t o a c t f o r G o d ' s g l o r y i n h i s t o r y i r o u g h t h e s p e c i a l
son's r e i a i i o n s h i p w i t h G o d a u d w i i h o t h e r h n m a n s in ihis present I p i i n g s . o r " m o v e m e n t s " o r "spiris," g i v e n t o e a c h h u m a n b e i n g w i t h i n
s i l i i a t i o n w i t h a l l its c i r c u m s u u i c e s <jf p l a c e , t u n e , c i d i u r e , s o c i a l h. 1 O I h i s cinsciousness. I n h i s Exercisus, he p r o v i d e d guidelines ("rules for
s i r u c t u i ' e s , c u s t o m s a n d so o n . - ' ' ih. d i s . ( a i n n e n t o f s p i r i t s " ) l o assist p e o p l e i n h o w to d i s c e r n these movc-
iiit ul-.. i u o r d e r l o m a k e d e c i s i o n s i n c o n f o r i n i i y w i t h G o d ' s w i l l . ' ' W h a i
F i o m these o b s e r v a i i o n s , it follows that the uniqueness o f God's wtll l i ' n . i i i u s calis " r u l e s " a r e n o t so m u c h r u l e s i t ^ d i e u s u a l sense a l a l l - d i r e c v e s
f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n is d e e p l y c o n n e c i e d t o l h e g l o r y o f G o d n s t i l l iM p e i l o r m ( o r n o t | > e r f o r m ) certain actions, often accompanied b y sanc-
a n o t h e r way. I n c h o o s i n g l o a c i i n a c c o i d w i t h t h e g l o r y i l i a t G o d w i l l s f o r ii< m', l o r l a i l n r e s t o o b e y ^ ' ' .Manv a r e , r a t h e r , d e s c r i p t i o n s i n t e n d e d t o a i d t h e
t h e p e r s o n i n d i v i c l u a l l y , t h a l p e r s o n c h o o s e s t o pla\ l i e r o i ' h i s m i i q n e r o l e di .1 e l n e r ( w i i h t h e g t n d a i i c e o f a d r e c i o r ) i n u o c i n g s n b d e i i e s i n h e r o r
in l h e cousirncLon o l ' s o c i a l r e l a i i o n s h i p s , i n s i i t u t i o n s , c u l t t n e s , a n d his- hi . I I lusciousuess.:'"
l o r y , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e g l o r y o f a l l h t u i i a n k n d s b e i n g b r o u g l i i a b o u t . loi example, Ignadus deseribed what he called a " t h i r d me o elec-
A n y p a r t i c u l a r l u u i i a n decisin, n o n i a i i e r h o w s e e n u n g l y i u s i g n i l l c a n t , U o n . " .1 p r o c e s s l e a d i n g u p t o a c h o i c e , H e c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h i s p r o c e s s as " a
is l o b e v i e w e d as " " G o d ' s p o s i i i v e w i l l r e g a i c l i n g s o m e i h i n g l o b e d o n e by i L i n q n i l m e " w h e n a p e r s o n f r e e l y uses h e r o r h i s " n a u i r a l p o w e r s " s u c h
L l i a i p e i ' s o n . I f l h e p e r s o n a c i u a l i y c h o o s e s l o a c t i n t h a t way, t h i s d e c i - ,11 " u r , i ; l u , r e a s o n , i t n a g i n a o n , m e i u o r y , a n d w i l l ,,. f m d i n g t h e s i g n i f i -
sin c o r u r i b u t e s to t l i e r e a l i z a d o n o f G o d ' s g l o i y i n l h e w h o l e h i s t o r y o f . m i I.K IS a n d l e a s o u i n g c o r r e c t l y . " ^ ' B y " t r a n q u i l " h e m e a n s t w o t h i n g s :
'25 Par I ; l ^ r e l i n i i n a r i c s Di.sccrtinietil i m d Sell-Apiropiiaiion 27

i i r s i , t h e tise o f t h e s e natural powers o f h n m a n t h o t i g h i a n d reason are iM h e l p l h e d i r e c t o r a n d t b e r e t r e a i a n i t o i d e n i i f v d i e s e m o v e m e n t s , and

exercised u n d e r tlie g n i d a n c e o f actnally a n d e x p l i c i d y d e s i r i n g to k n o w
G o d s w i l l ( i . e . , " t o s e r v e G o d a n d save o n e ' s s o u l " ) ; ' ^ s e c o n d , a n d as a c o n -
s e c p i e n c e o f t h e first, " t r a n q u i l i t y " iifeans w i d i o u l d i s t u r b a n c e by leelings
o r impulses diai w o u l d distract die processes o f natural r e a s o n i n g from
l h e g o a l s p e c i l l e d b y t b e d e s i r e l o sei ve G o d ' s g r e a t e r g l o r y . T h i s d o e s n o t
m e a n that uo feelings whatsoever a c c o m p a n y h u m a n r e a s o n i n g d u r i n g dus
i h i r d " u n i e . " F o r o n e d i i n g , t r a n q u i l i t y is i t s e l f a f e e l i n g . F o r a n o i h e r , t h e
deshel k n o w G o d s w i l l is a l s o a f e e l i n g a n d is i n d i s p e n s a b l e l o i b i s w a y o f
u s i n g o n e ' s r e a s o n i n g processes. W i t h o u t s u c h desire, d i e n a t u r a l powers
w o u l d l a c k d i r e c i i o n a n d o i i e n t a t i o n as t o w h a i k i n d s o f f a c i s s o u g h i b y
r e a s o n i n g w o u l d c o u n t as s i g n i f i c a n t . F u r t h e r m o r e , as T o n e r points o u l ,
I g n a d u s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h i s d e s i r e i t s e l f is a g i f i b o m G o d , a n d diereby
has t h e power to give t h e p r o p e r o r i e n t a t i o n lo such i h i n k i n g . A n y feelings
o r i m p u l s e s t l i a t d e v i a i e f r o m l h e d i r e c i i o n o f this g i f t o f d e s i r e will d i s r u p t
l r u e f e e l i n g o f t r a n c p i i l i t ) ' , a n d t h e r e f o r e w! n o t c o n t r i b u t e l o knowledge
o f God's will.^"
T h e I g n a i i a n Exercisesc\\so famousb' i n c l u d e "rules" for the d i s c e n i r n e n t
o f w h a t he c a l l e d " s p i r i t u a l consolaons a n d desoladons."-^' T o n e r c l a i m s
t h a t Ignadus b u i l t his d i s c e r n m e n l o f spiritual consoladons u p o n the o r d i -
n a r y m e a n i n g o f t b e w o r d " c o n s o l a u o n " as n i e a n i n g " f e e l i n g s o f peace,
gladness, sweetness, w e l l - b e i n g , a n d t h e l i k e , r e p l a c i n g o r e a s i n g a f e e l i n g
o f d i s t u r b a n c e , d e p r e s s i o n , b i t t e r i i e s s , d i s t r e s s , a n d so o n . " F i e c o n u n u e s ,
"We t u i d c o u s o l a t i o n i n r e l i g i o u s c o n t e m p l a t i o n , i n phcxsophical s i u d y ,
in m a k i n g love, in playing nuisic. i n d r i n k i n g a n d c h a t i i n g with hoon
com|5anions."s^ I g n a t i u s p r e s i i m e d tliis f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h o r d i n a r y k i n d s o f
c o n s o l a d o n s as a s i e p p i n g s t o n e t o w a r d s d i s c e r n i n g //r/m/consoladons. ol, , i n d w i t h i n , lile p e r i o d o f cousolation w i i h o u t p r e c e d i n g cause are
W h a t d i s n n g u i s h e s c o n s o l a d o n s as s p i r i u i a l i n I g n a d u s ' s p r o p e r s e n s e is
ihai lhe consoled b e c o m e s " a t l a r n e " w i t h t h e love o f G o d , a n d by l o v i n g
e a c h n i i t e , c r e a i e d t h i n g n o t i n i i s e l f b u t r a t h e r as c a u g h t u p w i t h i n t h i s
love o f God.:''
l i v w a y o f c o n t r a s t , w e also c o i n m o n l y e x p e r i e n c e feelings o f desolauon
"because of a b r o k e u IViendship, d e a i h o f a beloved one, frustraied ambi-
t i o n , loss o f s t a t u s , " a n d so o n , I n d i s c e r n i n g s p i r i t u a l d e s c ^ l a t i o n s , a p e r s o n
c o m e s 10 n o i i c e t h a r t l i e y s h a r e t h e e m o d o n a l t o n e o f l h e s e common feel-
i n g s , b u l r u n e v e n d e e p e r l o i n c l u d e " a loss o f f a i t h , h o p e , a n d c h a r i t ) ' as
opposed l o i n c r e a s e o f t h e s e ; l e p i d i t y as o p p o s e d t o w a r m d i ; a f e e l i n g as i f
s e p a r a t e d f r o m G o d as o p p o s e d t o t h e s e n s e o f u n i n ; d r y n e s s orcoidness
t o w a r d G o d a n d s p i r i i u a l t h i n g s as o p p o s e d t o i n f l a m e d love."'"
In I g n a u u s ' s view, the spiritual consoladons p r o p e r l y under-stood can
offer support to choosing God's will, while the spiritual desolations tend
to threaten a n d lo u n d e r m i n e such choices. Henee he offered his " r u l e s "
' i l l n c d a d v i c e as l o h o w b e s t t o r e s p o n d l o i h e m .
A u H u i g the consc^lations, I g n a d u s s i n g l e d oru. a special g r o u p t h a t he
I alled "consolations w i t h o u t p r e c e d i n g cause." T h e " p r e c e d i n g causes" lhat
l)Miaiius l i a d i n m i n d a r e "a pei"son's o w n acis o f nderstanding a u d w i l l , "
M U l l as " a n y p r e v i o n s p e r c e p t i o n o r n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a n y [ f m i t e ] object."'''
l)Miaiius h e l d t h a t w h e n c o n s o l a t i o n s o c c u r w i t h o u t any p r i o r p r o m p i i n g s
\>\e p e i s o n o r a n y o t h e r c r e a t u r e , t h e y c a n o n l y c o m e i m m e d i a t e l y f r o m
( ^ I M I , As s u c h , a c c o r d i n g l o I g n a t i u s , t h e y a r e i m i n u n e b ' o m a n y d e c e p i i o n ,
' m i l 11 l i g h t s e e m t h a t c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n i i i s p i r e d o r e u d o r s e d by c o n s o l a d o n s
w i d i o u l p r e c e d i n g cause are i n f a l l i b l e signs o f G o d ' s will f o r t h a t p e r s o n .
I l o w e v e r , T o n e r a r g e s i n g r e a t d e i a i l t h a t i h i s w o u l d be a s e r i o u s m i s -
m i i i p r e t a d o n o f Ignadus's leachings a b o u t the d i s c e r m n e u i o f spirits. He
p o i n i s o t i l , f i r s t , l h a t I g n a d u s says i h a i c c m s o i a d o n s w i i h o u t p r e c e d i n g c a u s e
a i c o n l y wil.hoiit decejilion, b u l n o w h e r e says l h a t t h e y a r e s t i r e l l r e c o n f i r m a -
ii.ms o f a course o f action.'- Second, Foner poinis out how difficuli i t is.
i v i i l i regare! l o an\ g i v e n e x p e r i e n c e o f c c m s o l a t i o n , l o l:)e a l : ) S o l u i e l v cer-
i . i i n l h a t i t is i n d e e d ivilhout p r e c e d i n g c a u s e a n d is t h e r e f o r e d i r e c t l y f r o m
f . o d . ' I ' l i i r d , he shows f u r t h e r i h a i Ignatius's n i a i n reason I b r a d d r e s s i n g
I o i i s o l a i i o n s w i t l i o L i i p r e c e d i n g canse is i n o r d e r l o a l e n p e o p l e a f i o u t s e r i -
o u ' . m i s d i r e c i i o n s t h a l c a n f o l l o w e\'en s u c h p r o i b u n d e x [ . i e r i e n c e s o f G o d ' s
i u .11 r . l-'or t h i s r e a s o n , h e a d v i s e s i l i a t i i is i m j : > o r i a i i t l o c a r e f u l b ' d i s t i n g u i s h
l n i w c c i i t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e w l i e i i o n e is a c i u a l i y i n t h e t h r o e s ( j f c o i i s o l a -
i i o i i w i i h o u t p r e c e d i n g cause f r o m " t h e f o l l o w i n g l i m e , i n w h i c h i h e per-
s o n is s i i l l g l o w i n g a n d g r a c e d by t h e r e s i d t i e o f c o u s o l a t i o n i h a t s n o w
o\(i w d i . " ' : ' F o r w h i l e j u d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s m a d e s o l e l y o n t h e basis
free
n i d e l i i s i o n , j u d g n i e n i s a n d d e c i s i o n s m a d e n i l i e p e r i o d t ) f a f t e r g l o w do
iini a i i u m i a d c a l l y e n j o y t h e same i m m i n i i t i e s . I g n a d u s d r e w u p o n o n his
I I ( I I i n s i g h i s i n t o his o w n i n i e n s e e x p e r i e n c e s o f consolations a n d desola-
1 m u s a n d c o u n s e l l e d t h a t , e s p e c i a l 1\ d u r i n g t h i s a f t e r g l o w , " r l i e s e p t i r p o s e s
Mid ( i p i n i o n s a r e n n e e d o f p r o l o i i g e d a n d c a r e f u l e x a m i i i a u o n b e f o r e full
1. . i i M s g i v e n t o t h e m o r t h e y a r e p u t i n i o ^ e x e c u t i o u . " "
FATII d e s o l a d o n s c a n p l a y a n i m p o r t a n i p a n i n i b i s g r o w t h i n t h e Icjve o f
I . o d . i n d c o m m i t m e n t t o d i s c e r n i n g a n d d o i n g t h e w i l l of G o d . l i i f a c t , m o s t
III l h e " r u l e s " f o r d i s c e r n m e n t f b c u s u p o n t h e d e s o l a t i o n s . T h e y explain
In iw l h e s o u r c e s o f d e s o l a d o n s c a n b e e v i l s p i r i t s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e " c o u n -
iils" o d e s o l a t i o n s a r e n o t t o be t r u s t e d . I g n a t i u s advises, f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t
d r s o l a i i o n Is n o l i m e a t a l l t o c h a n g e p u r p o s e s a n d deciscuis w i t h w b i c h
niH was c o n l e u t t h e d a y b e f o r e ... o r t h e d e c i s i o n s \\\\h o n e was c o n -
i> u l < i u r i i i g l h e p r e v i o n s c o n s o l a u o n . " ' - ' B u t , p e r h a p s s u i p r i s i n g h ' , I g n a t i u s
ht l l l d i a l d e s o l a d o n s c a n c o m e f r o m t h e d i v i n e S p i r i i as w e l l . E v e n " a g o o d
28 E'aii I : l ' r c l i i n i i u i r i e s Discernmenl and Sell-Appropiialioii 2'J

person has d i m e n s i o n s o" I d s o i " h e r p e r s o n a i i L y n o i \'ei. s e L l o w i n x l G o d , B u l l i l i s raises t l i e t p i e s i i o n o f a w i d e r b a c k g r o u n d f i e l d o f d i s c e r r n n e r u ,

W h e n t l i e g o o d s p i r i t l o u c l i e s o n d i e s e t l i e r e c a n be disu.u"bance."i*' W i i l i l | ; i i a i i u s ' s g e n i u s was i n n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e s t i b t l e a n d c o n f l i c t i n g d y n a m i c s
s o p h i s i i c a i e d d i s c e i a i m e n i a n d l h e assisiance o f an e x p e r i e n c e d direcior, w i d i i n t h e consciousnesses o f people genuinely a i i e m p i i n g lo grow in their
i h e r e f o r e , a p e r s o n c a n l e a r n l o r e c o g n i z e s u c h d e s o h i i i o n s as l e x e l a i i o n s o f l o n n n i t m e n t to f o l l o w G o d ' s cali. B u t i h o s e d i i e c t i o n s are e f f e c i i v e only
n n c o n v e r i e d d i m e n s i o n s o f h e r o r h i s p e r s o n a h i y , a n d i n v i i a o n s u.i r e v e r s e w i i h i n a l a r g e r s e i t i n g t h a i p r o v i d e s e f f e c i i v e a n s w e r s t o s u c h c p i e s d o n s as
iliese l o p r o m o i e m o r e h a r m o n i o u s g r o w i l i i n love o f G o d . ' W h a i is r e a s o n ? " a n d " V V l i a i is p i o g r e s s o r d e c l i n e ? " a n d " H o w a n d w h e n
Therefore, c o n s o l a i i o n s , w h e i h e i - w i i h o r w i i h o u i p i e c e d i n g cause, are lias l h e C h i n - c h l.>een a b l e l o w o r k its wa\ l o w a r d s e v e r m o r e r e f i i i e d u n d e r -
n o t a s u b s t i t u i e f o r d i s c e i a i m e n i . T h e y a r e , l a i l i e r , p o i n i s o f de|iariLU"e l o r M a n d i n g s o G o c f s r e v e l a i i o n ? " ' f l i e s e a r e t h e k i n d s o f t p i e s t i o n s addressed
d i s c e r n m e n l , or, l o be m o r e precise, i h c y are n o m o r e i b a n c o t u | j o n e n i s in h\l in Bernard Lonergan's sense of self-ap|3ropriaiic)n.
lhe more comprehensive pracuces o f d i s c e r n m e n l o f spiriis. Such discern- V l i h o u g l i l h e d e l a i i s o f h o w L o n e i g a n a p p r o a c l i e d these v a r i o u s issncs w i l l
m e n l is d i e p r o l o n g a d a n d c a r e f u l e x a m i n a o i i o i h e pioposedjudgmeiils be l a k e n u p i n siibsef.[ueut c h a p i e r s , t h e i i e x i s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a i . i r e l i m i n a r ) '
a n d decisions diat arise in c o n j u n c i i o u w i i h c o n s o l a t i o n s a n d desolations. . k c i c l i o f h o w L o n e r g a n 's n o t i o n o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n is c o n n e c i e d t o t h e s e
T h i s b r i n g s us t:o o n e o f l h e i n o s i i m p o r t a n i a s s n m p i o n s u n d e r l y i n g I g n a - prior notions of disceriunent.
dus's direcions for d i s c e r n m e n l - i h e k i n d o f person e n g a g i n g i n l h e spiri-
l u a l e x e i ' c i s e s . As T o n e r p u l s i, "/Vil e l s e i n d i s c e r n m e n t d e p e n d s brst on I .(i Bernard Lonergan
k n o \ \ ' i n g w h a t s o i ' t o l " p e r s o n is e x j ^ e r i e n c i n g t h e d i v e r s e m o d o n s ' ' f r o m t h e
S p i r i t o f G o d as w e l l as i o m i g n o b l e s o u r c e s . ' ' K n o w i n g l h e k i n d o f p e r s o n l l u - t e r m " d i s c e r n m e n t " o n l y appears i w i c e in B e r n a r d l . . o i i e i g a i i ' s mas-
s b a s i c b e c a u s e I g n a t i u s l e c o g n i / . e s t h a t a person n i o v i n g t o w a r d s G o d w i l l i c r w o r k , Insighl - o n c e h a v i n g t o d o w i t l i d i s c e r n m e n t o i " s u b t l e s\'steiiiatic
e x p e r i e n c e as c o u s o l a t i o n w l i a l a p e r s o n n i o v i n g away f r o n i G o d w i l l e x p e i ' i - p a i i e r n s i n s e e m i u g l y r a n d o n i d a t a , a n d a g a i n n c o n n e c o n w i t h t h e need
e n c e as d e s o l a i i o n - a n d v i c e v e r s a . T o n e r is e m p h a d c t h a t c l i r e c t o r s o f l h e II "I d i s c e r n m e n t t o a c c o u n t f o r a l l t h a t n e e d s t o be consdered in r e a c l i i n g
s p i r i t u a l exercises, b e f o r e " a i i e m p i i n g t o nierpi-et t h e i n n e r u u ) U o n s [of i i i d g m e n i s o f fact a n d b e l i e f . . \ e v e r t l i e l e s s , 1 i l i i n k i t is p o s s i b l e t o see the
l e t r e a t a n t s m u s t ] always try hrst o f a l l t o k n o w n o t o n l y w h e r e d i e o i h e r is u o u o n o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n t h a t h e sei f c ) r t h i n Insighl a n d l a t e r w o r k s as a n
s p i r i i u a l l y , b u l m u c h m o r e i m p o r u m t l y , w h e t h e r t h e o t h e r is progrussiiig or lAicusion o f Ignatian discernment. R o b e n D o r a n in p a r t i c u l a r has d r a w n
r<r/K55//;gspiritiialIy, n i a t u r i n g o r d e c a y i n g . " ' ' * ,111 e l I l i o n t o l h e " t o n e " o f Insight. a n d to t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f ccjiisolaiion that
Yet i n oi-der lo m a k e such i n d g m e n t s objectively, d i r e c t o r s m u s t t h e n i - ' . e \ c r a l peo|.ile h a v e l i a d i n l l i e i r r e a d i n g s o f t l i e b o o k . As h e p i i i s i t :
seK'es h a v e c o m e l o s e l f - k n o w l e d g e a b o u l tlieii" o w n p e r i o d s o f progress
and regiession as i b e y lhemselves nuDved g r a d u a l l y t o w a r d s m a i u r i t y i n T h i s c o u s o l a t i o n is r e l a t e d l o a n i l h m u n a t i o n t h a i Insighl can effect;
cliscernment. 'fhey have lo u n d e r s t a u d ilieii" o w n d e \ e l o p m e i u to guide i n aci d i i s w o r l d is i n i e l l i g i l j l e , t h i n g s ilo l i o l d t o g e t h e r , w e can make
a n o t h e i - ' s . B u l t b e Spirilnal Exercises does n o i provide any "rules to guide s e n s e o f t l i e u n i v e r s e a n d o f o u r li\'es, w e can o v e r e m e i l i e fVag-
d i r e c t o r s " in m a k i n g these sons o f j u d g m e n t s a b o u t t h e o r i e n t a u o u a u d m e n i a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e , w e can m a k e t r u e j u d g m e n t s , w e can make
p r e s e n t d e v e l o p n i e n i o f r e t r e a t a n t s ; r a t h e r , i t assunies t h a t s u c h j u d g m e n t s g o o d d e c i s i o n s , w e can t r a i i s c e n d o u r s e l v e s l w h a t is a n d t o \ v l i a t is
have already been m a d e p r i o r to e m p l o y i n g Ignadus's "rules for disceni- good.'"

n i e n t . " S o m e k i n d o f p r i o r d i s c e r n m e n t o f (he o r i e n t a t i o n (progress or

decline) o f p e r s o n s d e t e i ' u i i n e s h o w t h e ixiles f o r d i s c e r n m e n t a r e l o be <i\nilna Ciysdale likewise explores the consolation and liberadon that
applied. Ignadus presupposed that a deceui upbringiug, h u m a n reason, i o n i e f r o m d i s c e r i i n i e i i i - l h e ''discovery o f d i s c o v e r y " o f o n e ' s o w i i agencv'
a n d die teachings o f t h e C h u r c h offer d i e g n i d a n c e n e e d e d by the d i r e c t o r a i u l c a p a c i t y f o r k n o w l e d g e . T h i s is e s p e c i a l h ' t r u e , s h e a r g e s , f o r women
i n o r d e r t o j u d g e w h e i h e r o r n o t a r e t r e a i a n t is a d v a n c i n g o r d e c l i u i n g . O r , .nnl others who find l h e m s e l v e s m a r g i u a l i z e d . She selecis a t e l l i n g r e m a r k
t o b e m o r e a c c u r a t e , p r i o r d i s c e r n m e n t faciltales j u d g m e n t s concerning liom a s e r i e s o interviews o f women: "1 d i d t i ' t i l i i n k I h a d t h e r i g h t to
w h a t d i m e n s i o n s o f a p e r s o n are a d v a n c i n g a n d w h a t d i m e n s i o n s are still d i i i i k . " ' ' ' Crysdale shows h o w tliis lack o f s e l f - k n o w l e d g e plays a key r o l e i n
p t i l l i n g away f r o m G o d . ' f l i e p a r t s t h a t a r e a d v a n c i n g w i l l T*eceive m o v e - p a i i r r i i s o f injustice a n d v i c t i i u i z a i i o u . For lilis reason, personal discern-
m e n t s f r o m the S p i r i t in consolation, w h i l e o i h e r parts will experience m e n l ol'one's verj'own activides o f i m d e r s t a n d i n g , k n o w i n g , v a l u i n g , choos-
t h e m as d e s o l a t i o n s . i n g . a n d a c i i n g b r i n g a b o u t m a j o r Ufe t r a n s i r m a t i o i i s : " E a c h m u s t w o r k o u t
30 ]'a\{ 1: l ' i ' e l i i n i i i L n i e s Discernnient and Seir-A|ipropriaiion 31

l i i a OI* l i e i ' o w n s a K ' a o n i n f e a r a n d i r e r n l ^ l i n o ' . SLirel\ a c o m n i u n i i v c a n a n d h e o r i g i i i a t e d a n d p r a c t i s e d m o s t o f h i s l i f e was v e r y m u c h i n t h e s p i r i i of

s l i o u l d g n i d e its n i e i n l ^ e r s l o w a r d brgi\'eness a n d l i e a l i n g . B n i c o i n n i n n i - l h e [:)raciices o f d i s c e r i n i i e i i i t h a t I g n a t i u s i ii t e n d e d n t h e Spiritual Exercises.
i.ies c a n o n l y laciLaLe (liscen/vieii!, a n d i:lie d i s c o v e r v o f ' d i s c o v e r \ is a p o i e n L Ihiwever, this fact l i a d l o n g been liidden from Lonergan because ofthe
r e s o u r c e o n rlie r o a d l o salvalion."-'-- d c c a d e n i State in w h i c l i those exercises were c o r n n i n n i c a t e d lo h i m d u r i n g
T h i s is n o i l o sa\ i h a i L o n e r g a n e x p l i c i i K ' L h o u g i n . o f i n i n s e i r as w i d e n i n g l h e e a r b ' y e a r s o f lis |esut liie.-'>i
l h e s c o p e o f I g n a i i a n e x e r c i s e s . T h e r e a r e , lio\ve\'er, i n d i c a i i o n s i h a i Loner- l i l i s was n o t t i i e I i r s t t i m e t h a t L o n e r g a n rellected on Ignaiiiis's spiritual
g a n ' s i i n ' o l v e i n e n i as a |esuiL w i i l i l h e s p i r i u i a l e x e r c i s e s i n l l n e n c e d l i o w h e e\crcises. ' f l i r e e decades earlier, in noies e n t i t l e d "Grace a n t l t h e S p i r i t u a l
a p p r o a c h e d p l n l o s o p l i \ a n d ieoiogx'. l'Acrcises o f Sl. I g n a t i u s , ' ' L c m e r g a i i s o u g i i t l o u n d e r s i a n d h o w a r e v i t a l i z e d
M e w r o i e a h o n i . i ! i e s["jiriiiial exercises i n a i leasi l w o places. O n e carne ihcology inighi illiiiiiiiiate tlie place o f grace i n the spiritual e.xercises.
r a i h e r late i n Ins c a r e e r w h e n L o n e r g a n iiad a monieruons insighi inio ilie I t i a w i n g u p o n bis s t u d i e s o f A q n i n a s ' s tlieologx' o f grace, L o n e r g a n pro-
naiLire o f d i s c e r n n i e n i . f i e desciibecl i l i a i insititu. in a l e i i e r i h a i he w r o i e in pdsed t h a t t h e sjiiritiial exercises are c o n c e r n e d witli the grace that makes
o
p r o | ) l e ' " m o r e a n d m o r e l i i l l y end [ever] m o r e consciously living members
s i i p p o r c o f a n a c a d e i n i c p r o m o t i o n f o r f e l l o w | e s u i i , |-iai'\'ey E g a n , S|. I n d i a l
l i l i l l i r i s t [esiis.''''*' A c c o r d i n g l o L o n e r g a n , i l i i s s e e m i n g h ' e v i d e n t f a c t l i a d
l e i i e r h e r e l ' e r r e d l o a i i a d d r e s s l h a i f g a i i g a v e l o ie ) e s n i l c o n i i i n i i i i i v o n
b e n i o b s c u r e c by i l i e s i a i e o f t l i e o l o g y o f i l i a i d a y , w h i c h l i a d l o s i ii_s a b i l i t y t o
l l i e iO|:)ic, " C o n s o l a i i o n w i i l i o n i a p r e v i o n s c a n s e , " L o n e r g a n wroie,
i t l i i m i i i a t e s c r i [ : ) t u r e o r l i l e " d u e l o l h e i i i H u e n c e o n i i of c o n c e p t u a l i s m . ' - ' ^
I had been l i e a r i n g iliose words since i q22 a i die a n n n a l reireais / M r e a d y a t tlhs e a r K ' s i a g e o f bis career, t h e n , L o n e r g a n w a s a w a r e t h a t i l i e
m a d e by | e s n i i s p r e p a r i n g f o r i.lie ] 3 r i e s i l i o o d . T h e y o c c u r i n S i . Ijpiatian exercises a n d d i s c e r n m e n t liad to d o w i i l i consciousness a n d thai
I g n a i i u s ' s " R u l e s f o r l h e D i s c e r n m e n l o f S p i r i t s i n i h e S e c o n d VVeek lhe ilieology o f tliat l i m e n e e d e d a great deal o f rejuvenaiion in o r d e r to
o f lhe Exercises." B i n . n o w , a f i e r b f i y - i b r e e years, I b e g a n for ilie d e a l w i t l i t h i s fact. B u t t h e s e n o t e s w e r e j D r o b a b h ' c o m p o s e d at t h e t i m e he
rsi l i m e l o g r a s p w l i a i i l i e v ' m e a n i ... V V h a l I was l e a r n i n g was l h a i w,is w r i i i n g iiisiglt, a n d Derhaps h e l i a d n o t y e t f t i l l y a p p r e c i a t e d tbe liiiks
i e iiiiaiian exav/e consenae m i t ' l i i m e a n n o t an e x a m i n a i i o n o f h i - i w e e n l h e |:)rojeci. r ) f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n a n d t h e a c i i v i t i e s o f d i s c e r n m e n t
conscience biu. an e x a m i n a i i o n o f consciousness ... I w a s s e e i n g lhai d i a l b e p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t l i e e x e r c i s e s , A . m o i i g o t h e r t h i n g s , self-a[3|>ro3ri-
" c o n s o l a i i c m " a n d " d e s o l a i i o n " n a n i e d o p p o s i i e answers l o i h e ques- . i i i i n I as s e t ("orili i n iisigiit d i d n o t y e t e x t e n d t o t h e p l a c e o f f e e l i n g s a n d \'al-
t i o n , f l o w d o y o u f e e l w h e n y o u p r a y ? ... I was l i e a r i n g t h a t m y o w n ncs i n l h e s t r n c t u r e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . N e v e r t b e l e s s , t h e i n s i g l i L s a n d t l e i a i l s
w o r k o n o p e r a t i \ ' e g r a c e i n St, T h o i i i a s .,, b r o u g h t t o l i g T i t a |"Josiiive M'i l'orih in iliese iioies reveal that Lonergan liad been deeph' inh.ieiiced
e x p r e s s i o n o f w h a t was m e a n t b y I g n a t i u s w l i e n [ h e ] s p o k e o f " c o n - li\e I g n a i i a n p r a c i i c e s o f d i s c e r m n e i i f by l l i e t i m e lie was c c m q j o s i i i g
s o l a i i o n \ s ' i t h o t i t a p r e v i o n s c a u s e . " I n A q u i i i a s , g r a c e is o p e r a t i v e lu\glil. I t s h o n l d n o t b e s m p r i s i n g i l i a t b i s |:)biloso|>hical w o r k d e m n s t r a l e s
w l i e n t h e m i n d is n o i a m o v e r b u t o n h ' i i i o \ ' e d ; i n I g n a t i u s c o n s o l a - l h e s k i l l s o f d i s c e r n i n g Ins o w n consciousness t l i a t lie a c t p i i r e d througli
t i o n is 'oni G o d a l o n e w l i e n t l i e r e is n o t c o n s c i o u s a i i i e c e d e i i i t o l h e s p i r i i u a l e x e r c i s e s . I t is p e r h a p s n o t a c o i n c i d e n c e , therefore, t h a t lie
a c c o u n t f o r t b e coiisc)laoii. \oiiild characierize "llie book Insight |asj ilierefore a s e r i e s o f exercises in
^'11 a p [ . ) r o p r i a t i o i i . ' ' ' ' ^
Tliroiigli the presentaiion b)' E g a i i , L o n e r g a n came to r e c o g n i z e in a
n e w wa\ c o i i i i e c t i o n s b e t w e e n h i s p l i i l o s o p b i c a l e x p l o r a t i o n s o f h u m a n c o n - I -7 Self-Appropriation as D i s c e r n m e n t
sciousness and tbe I g n a t i a n spiritual exercises. fie discovered in himself
s o m e t l i i n g t l i a t h a d b e e n g o i n g o n f o r a l o n g t i m e , b u t i b i s was n o i s o m e - l i l i ' r < ' i i i a i i i d e r o f i h i s c h a p t e i " w i l l i n d c a t e l i o w w l i a i . L o n e r g a n c a l l e d "self-
t h i n g t h a i he h a d a d v e r t e d lo e x p l i c i t l y o r u n d e r s t o o d w i t h clarity, or was . i p p i o p r i a i i o i i " f u n c t o n s as d s c e r i i n i e i i t i n t h e s e n s e s o u t l n e d n t b e p r e -
i t s o m e t l i i n g f o r w l i i c h h e l i a d t h e p r o p e r w o r d s to express. VViih t h e a l d I I d i n g s e c t i o n s . T h e c h a p t e r s w l i i c l i f o l l o w wh, irst o f a l l , e l a b r a t e i n m u c h
o f Egaii's talk, L o n e r g a n was a b l e t o d o a l l l i i r e e . H e was a b l e t o i d e n i i f y j u e a l e r d e i a l w h a t is i n e a n i b y s e l f - a p p r o p r a t o i i ( e s p e c i a l l y c l i a p i e r s and
c e r t a i n feelings i n i l i e i n t e r i o r i t y o f his o w n consciousness, a n d to r e c o g n i z e no, ; n i { l l h e n s h o w t h e m p l i c a t i o n s t h a t d i s c e r n m e n t as self-a3[:)ropraton
t h a t l h e practical wrings o f Ignatius a n d t h e theoretical w r i d n g s ofAqninas h n l i I s \\)v e l l i c s .
p r o v i d e d h i m with a c o r r e c t u n d e r s i a i i d i n g o f those expei'iences. Lonergan I n brie', sef-appropriation begins i-n couiing to know what it is lo kiioo, valu,
c a m e to recognize l h a t the f o r m o f p h i l o s o p h y - self-appropriation - that mili decide for oneself. t contines on to affirm lhe valu of one's oxun knowing,
S2 l ' a i ' l 1: P r e l i m i n a r i e s Discernineni a n d Sell'-Appropriaiion 33

valuing, and deciding. Self-npprprintioii leaches ils ciUnnnation iu freely choosing > iiibarktrd u p o n any e x p l i c i t l y g t u d e d exercises i n s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , B u l
lo live i'n fidetily la lliat valia;. . r l l a p p r o p r i a t i o n d o e s a d d " s o m e t h i n g e x t r a " : i t a d d s i n i e n s i r i e d a\vaie-
. \ w i t l i I g i i a l i i i s , d i s c e r n m e n i as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n w o r k s w i t h t h e i n t e r - iiess. b e t t e r n d e r s t a n d i n g , d e e p e i a p p r e c i a i i o n , a n d s i i e n g t h e n e d com-
nal experiences of consciousness. I n t1ie f i r s t s t a g e s o f self-appropriauon, miimetH. to the performance o f w h a t is b e s t i n t h e a c t i v i t i e s i h a i people
p e o p l e p a y a t t e n d o n to t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f acvides in t h e i r o w n conscious- h.nc b e e n p e i f o r m i n g a l l a l o n g , F o r w h i l e a l i i i o s t e v e r y o n e has b e e n per-
nesses t h a t p l a y k e y r o l e s in knowing, valuing, and deciding. They may I l i n g t h e activities o f e t h i c a l t h i n k i n g and aciing for some time, few
h a v e p i ' e v i o n s l y n o c e d s o i n e o f d i e s e a c v i d e s , b u t few have n o u c e d all p r i i p l e bave b e e n d o i n g these acti\'ities w e l l , a n d f e w e r still d o i n g i h e n i t o
o f t h e m . F r e q u e n t l y , p e o p l e e x p e r i e n c e t h i s i n t e n s i f i e d self-a\vareness w i t h p r i l e ( t i o n . A s I m m a n u e l K a n i p u l i l s o k e e n l y , ' ' I i i n o c e n c e is i n d e e d a g l o -
a g r e a t sense o f e x h i l a r a d o n , ' ' ' Self-appropriaon n e x t t u r n s t o l h e more l i i p i i s t h i n g ; b u l , u n f o r i u n a t e l y , i t d o e s n o l k e e p v e r y w e l l a n d is e a s i l y led
c b a l l e n g i n g lasks o f p r o p e r l y n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a p p r e c i a i i n g t h e broad- .iNliay." Flence he offered a " c r i i i c a l e x a m i n a i i o n o f o u r reason" i n o r d e r to
e n e d experiences o f l h e s e acdvides. Even f o r ihose w h o are m o r e familiar ( l u c i d a t e , r e f i n e , chastise, a n d s i r e n g t h e n iis s p o n t a n e o u s but uniutoied
w i t h t b e diversity a n d r h y t b m s o f t h e i r i n t e r i o r e x p e r i e n c e s , few will have HintdiK'ss i n o i ' d i n a r y l i v i n g . ' " A r i s t o t l e also r e c o g n i z e d t h a t d i a l e c d c sup-
a p p r e c i a t e d t h e i r f u l l i m p o r t a n c e a n d i n t e r c o n n e c u o u s . I n d u s way, g r o w t h plemenied b y d i e v i n u e o f d i s c e r n m e n l . (euphnia) contains a dimensin
in self-understanding a n d seU-appreciauon adds o n to what increased self- )| . r l f - k i i o \ v l e d g e t h a i is e s s e n t i a l to l h e e n h a n c e n i e n t of ordinary judg-
awareness o n l y begins. l i i j ; a i u l c h o o s i n g - a d i m e n s i n l h a t is e s s e n i i a l l o a n t . h e t u . i c a l l y p n r s u i i i g
Again, as i n t h e Ignatian spiritual exercises, people e n g a g e d i u self- \\\\.\s t i i i e a n d g o o d . h i l i k e m a n n e i " , d i s c e i n m e n t as s e l f - a p j j r o p r i a i i o u
appropriaon gradually discern that a m o n g i h e m a n y a c d v i d e s n dieir Iiid', l o o n r a l r e a d y o p e r a t i v e e l f o r i s a t e l h i c a l l i v i n g . I t a d d s n e w levis o f s e l f -
own consciousness, a s e l e c i few play a m o r e significani role i n k n o w i n g , n\,u e n e s s . s e l f - u i i d e r s i a i i d n g , sel f - a p p r e c i a t i o n , a n d r e s o l u l e c o n u r n t m e n t
valuing, a n d d e c i d i n g i b a n d o the odiers. Subsequent chapiers will show that w'iW d e e p e n i h e i i ' e l h i c a l w o i i h .
t h a t t h e luost s i g n i f i c a n i o f all such acnvies are ihose inqniries arising \ ) ' , a i n , as is i l i e c a s e w i t h Ignaiian discernment, t h e snccess o f self-
f r o m t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w a n d valu, a n d d i e a c i o f u n r e s t r i c i e d ippi opiaation depends o n a cc)mniuiiity of conversaiion d i a l includes at
being-in-love. Recogni/jug t h e i r p i e s e n c e s a u d roles i n t e n s i l l e s t l i e sense I) . i s i s o m e m e m b e r s w h o a r e m o r e a d v a n c e d in self-apjDiopriation, t r a c i n g
ofvalne n o t o n l y o f t h e s e m o s t i n d a m e n i a l acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s but of l o I o i i c r g a n hirnself, a n d b e y o n d h i m to his o w n m e n t o r s , especially New-
e v e r y i h i n g t h e y i n n u e n c e as w e l l . iM,Mi. Aquiuas, Aristode, and Plato.''- Inidally Lonergan seeiued to ihink
Once this d e e p e n e d sense o f self-appreciaon emerges, a person s iliai l h e b o o k y?7,wr/;/hy i t s e l f w o u l d b e s u f f l c i e n i g n i d a n c e f o r i h ose i n i d e r -
dien confronied wiih die challenge ofchoosing w h e i h e r o r n o i to foster 1 il n i f i t h e p r o j e c t o f s e l f - a p p i o p r i a i i o n ; i n f a c t , t h i s is s e l d o m enotigh. I
d i a l v a l u . T h i s is a c h a l l e n g e because i i f r e q u e n t l y intensifies awareness 1 imagine that 1 inj'self w o u l d ever have achieved t h e l e v e l o f self-
of how m u c h of a person's l i v i n g has b e e n at o d d s w i t h this newly won M i i d e i s t a i i l i n g i l i a t I have w i t h o u t t h e assisiance of genuine friends who
self-appreciation, a n d how difflculi it will be to give u p od ways a n d to ll h o i h p a t i e i i t w i t h m e a n d wise i n t h e k i n d o f s e l f - u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d
form n e w ways o f t h i n k n g , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g . T h e choices i h a i this < 11 . i p p K c i a i i o n t h a t was n e e d e d t o a f l o r d m e r e l i a b l e gnidance.
new self-appreciaiion presents to a p e r s o n are lhe choices for or against I h r , m e a n s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t d i s c e r n m e n t as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , l i k e I g n a -
w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d c o n v e r s i n ( i n its s e v e r a l fornis). Self-appropriaiion n IU d i s c e i u m e n i , is a l s o a s o c i a l l y , c u l t u r a l h ' , a n d h i s t o r i c a l h ' s i t u a t e d p h e -
p u r s u e d persisiendy, t h e n , teiids to foster these f o r m s o f s e l f - t r a n s f o i m a d o n 1H1U, I .onergan r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a n y anc a l l o f i h e e t h i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o f
o r c o n v e r s i n l o w a r d s l i v i n g n l i d e l i t y w i t h t.he valu o f a u i h e n u c a l l y b e i n g I u i . w i n i ; , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g inescapably arise o u t o f a n d t h e n c o n t r i l >
a k n o w e r , valuer, a n d decider.'*" nii l o I I K - b u i l d i n g u p o f social reladoiis, social a n d c u l i i u a l i n s d t i i i i o n s ,
Self-appropriadon d o e s n o t teacli p e o p l e h o w to p e r f o n n d i e acvities 'lid i i l i i i n a i e l y to l h e u n f o l d i n g o f h u m a n h i s t o r y . T o a p p r o p r i a t e oneself
o f k n o w i n g , valuing, o r deciding. Raiher, self-approprianon begins from d i i i , i l h as a k n o w e r , v a l u e r , a n d d e c i d e r , therefore, can o i i l y be carried
experiences of knowing, valuing, and deciding ihai people have been iHi 1 oiiipteiely i f o n e also apprc~)priaies o n e s e l f a s i n t r i n s i c a l l y c o n s i i i u t e d
p e r f o n n i n g all a l o n g . As the laier chapiers o f ihis b o o k will endeavour i l d M i i c J i s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s a n d as i u e s c a p a b l ) - p l a y i n g a r o l e i n t h e d r a m a of
lo show, these acdvities o f k n o w i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d d e c i d i n g are also the l l l l< ! \
a c i i v i u e s o f tryng t o live e i h i c a l l y ( a n d e v e n o f t r y i n g t o a v o i d e t h i c a l liv- 'luM, 1 h o s e airead)' familiar with Lonergan's \vork n i i g h i f i n d i l p n z z l i n g
i n g ) t h a t p e o p l e have b e e n d o i n g for a l o n g u r n e , well b e f o r e a u y o n e ever di u 1 p l . i e bis n o i i o n o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n l i n e w i t h d i s c e r n m e n t in
M Pan I : l'i eliininaiies DisLei-iiiiicni a n d Sell-A|)propriahi)ii ','>''>

LIIC P a i i l i n e a n d I g n a i i a n s e n s e s . A f t e r a l l , l h e b o o k Insighl is a l m o s i c o m - I l u i s L o n e r g a n ' s b r o a d e n e d s e n s e o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n reveis a c o n n e c -

pleiely devoted t o t h e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n of sirieily hnnian c o g n i t i o n - I I ) c i w e e n . A r i s t o t l e ' s n o d o n oeiiphuiaon the o n e h a n d , and the p e r q u i -
t h e v e r y s o r t s o f acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s that Ignaiiiis characterizes as i h e M i r lii- I g n a d u s ' s s p i r i u i a l e x e r c i s e s o n t h e o d i e r . T h i s is b e c a u s e m a t u r e
" n a t i n ' a l p o w e r s " o f "a p e r s o n ' s o w n acis o f i m d e r s t a n d i n g a n d w i l l . " The .lll a p p i o p r i a t i o n r e c o g n i z e s t h a i a l l h u m a n i i i q u i r y h e a d e d t o w a r d s k n o w l -
i n v i t a i i o n i s s u e d i n Insight, is t o s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f k n o w i n g i n t h e o i d i - I a n d c o m m i t m e n t t o t r u t h a n d g o o d n e s s s h e a d e d t o w a r d s G o d . Like-
naiy h u m a n modes of c o m m o n sense, t b e naiiu'al and hiniian empiri- u i s e , l u a i r e s e l f - a p p r o p r a t o n a l s o r e c o g n i z e s t l i a i a l l b i a s a g a i n s t o n e ' s o\vn
cal sciences, philosophy, a n d aesiheiics (along with the " n a t u i a l , " merely l i i q u i r i n g s p i r i t isalso h e a d e d away f r o m G o d . L o n e r g a n derives his a c c o u n i
anatogical knowledge of Cod i t i a i is p o s s i b l e w i i h i n l h e l i m i t s o f h u m a n ..I i M i e l l e c t u a l a n d e t h i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t (progress) f r o m self-appropraiion.
c o g i d i i o n ) . T h i s n o d o u b t seems a far cry f r o m l e a r n i n g lo d i s c e i n lhe M r ,ilso d e r i v e s his a c c o u n t o f t h e devasta l i n g c o n s e q u e n c e s o f i n i e l l e c i u a l
movements i n consciousness p i o d u c e d d i r e c t l y hy t h e d i v i n e S p i i i t , ^vith . m d rihcal d e c l i n e f r o m d i e m a u n e r s i n w l i i c b biases dsiort k n o w i n g , v a l u -
t h e i d t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g t h e g r e a t e r g l o r y o f G o d . Yet in);, a n d d e c i d i n g . Together, t h e s e p r o v i d e t b e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a l e d basis f o r a
a c a r e f u l r e a d i n g o f Insight rexeals i h a i , i n his t l i e o i y o f s t r i c t l y h u m a n di.ilecical a n a l y s i s a n d f o r o b j e c v e j u d g m e n t s a b o u l t h e o r i e n t a t i o n ofa
c o g n i t i o n a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c c o u n t o f n a t u r a l l e a l i t y , L o n e i g a n was p n s o n e n t e r i n g n t o t i l e Sjritual exercises.
s e t t i n g l h e siage for a p r o p e r t h e o l o g i c a l meiliod - a ineihoclologf)' foi" i )! c o u r s e , s u c h j u d g m e i i t s d o n o t Ijecome automatic or infallible Just
k n o w l e d g e , v a l u , a n d c h o i c e i n r e l a t i o n lo s u p e r n a i u r a l l e a l i t i e s - God, hi ( a i i s c d i e y a r e p r o i i o u n c e d b y p e o p l e w h o h a v e a c h i e v e d some degree
grace, a n d levelation.''-' T h i s objective o f e x t e n d i n g d i s c e r m n e n i towards ol '.rl-appropriation. Rather, g e i i n i i i e a n d m a t u r e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n has
G o d ' s a c t i v i t y was f o i ' l h e m o s i p a i t c a r r i e d o u t i n w h a t L o n e i g a n wicne i l i r clIct cif m a k i n g p e o p l e ever m o r e c i i c u m s p e c i , cautious, a n d h u m b l e
after Insight, especially i n Method in l'heology. (See ihe epigraph lo ibis \', h r i i f a c e d w i t h t h e task o f m a k i n g s u c h j u d g m e n t s a b o u t o t h e r p e o p l e , or
chapter.) B u t d i s c e r n m e n t n d i i s b r o a d e i i e d s e n s e n e v e r d i d presuppose I o 11 a b o u t d i e m s e l v e s . W h a t s e l f - a p p r o p r i a d o n a d d s is a m u c h m o r e keen
a n y t h i n g dogmaiically. l l b r o a d e n e d the p r o j e c i o f the s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n iMil a i u r a i e a w a r e n e s s a n d lindei-sianding, a n d greater sensiiivity to t h e
of k n o w i n g elaborated i n Insight to also intgrate the conscious acdvi- M I I M S a( s i a k e , a n d t o i h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f things i h a i w o u l d have to be
ties o f f e e l i n g , v a l u i n g , ancl d e c i d i n g , i n c l u d i n g feelings and ihoiights i.drii iiio a c c o u n t i n o r d e r l o m a k e objective j u d g n i e n t s a b o u l w h e t h e r
t h a t a r i s e f r o m u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n d o \ ' e . W h i l e L o n e r g a n as a C h r i s i i a n 1 p n s o n is a d v a n c i n g o r d e g e n e r a n n g spiritiially - o r m o r e specifically, in
t b e o l o g i a i i w o u l d i d e n d f y t h i s l a t t e r set o f a c t s a n d e x p e r i e n c e s as f i ' o m die h ways l h i s p a r t i c u l a r peis<.in is a d v a n c i n g o r d e c l i u i n g .
S p i r i t , l h i s i d e i u i f i c a t i o n is n o t p r e s u m e d i n h i s p h e n o n i e n o l o g i c a l descrip- N o r d o e s t h e m a t t e r e n d t h e r e . As i g n a d u s r e c o g n i z e d , d i e m o v e m e n t s of
d o n s o f t h e m as t h e y o c c u r i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d i n f l u e n c e o l h e r acts o f I .otis grace c o m e m i x e d logeiher with many o d i e r natural, h u m a n niove-
consciousness. niriiis o f p e r c e p t i o n , i n q u i r y , b i a s , u i i d e r s i a n d i n g , f e e l i n g s , a n d r e a s o n . I t is
L o n e r g a n ' s l u j i i o n o f d i s c e r n u i e n t as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n i n t h i s e x t e n d e d quiU' i l i f l i c u i t l o notice t h e m all a n d to disiinguisli t h e m b o m one anoiher.
sense, a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , helps l o s t i p p l y t h e p r i o r level o f d i s c e r n m e n l h r. p a i l i c u l a r l y d i f T i c u l t l o n o t i c e a n d c l e a r l y d i s d n g u i s i i acts t h a i o r i g i n a t e
j^resupposed by Ignaiius's spiritual exercises - the level that Aristotle liniu h u m a n p o w e r s f V o i n t h o s e i h a i a r e i m n i e d i a l e h ' n i o \ ' e d by G o d . ' f h i s
referred t o as imphuia. A r i s t o t l e a c t i i e l y idetu,ifed b o i h t h e fac a n d the I-. u p l i s h e d only gradually a n d with gnidance. W h e r e Ignatius p r o v i d e d
a l l - t o o - r a i e p r e s e n c e o f tniplniia in h n m a n beings, b u l he d i d n o t go o n to l i i i p o r u m i g n i d a n c e f o r d i s c e r n i n g s u p e r n a i u r a l inc)\'eineiiis i n c o n s c i o u s -
s p e c i f V l h e a c t i v i t i e s i n v o l v e d n euphnia, o r h o w i t c a n a r i s e i.brc^mgh self- ness. i l i i i i g l i i b e s a i t l t h a i Lonergan provided gnidance br discernment
appropriatiou - t l i e ap|3licaton o f t h e o p e r a l i o n s o f k n o w i n g , v a h i i n g , lll l h e ino\'emenLs o f n a i u r a ! l i u i i i a n c o g n i i i o n i n consciousness, l h e two
a n d d e c i d i n g lo ihe experiences o l t h o s e \'ery a c t i v i t i e s . B u t s o m e i h i n g lol IIIS o f d i s c e r n m e n t c o m p l e m e n t each otlier.
l i k e eitphuiaxs presupposed i n o r d e r to b e g i n I g n a t i a n s p i r i t u a l exercises
w i t h a n a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e s i a i e o f a p e r s o n as h e a d e d t o w a r d s o r a w a y f r o m I ,K Conclusin
God, f o r euphnia is t h e s o m e t h i n g e x t r a t h a t s e l e c i s t h e r i g h t j u d g m e n t
from the dialeciically reflned alternatives. Self-appropriation also pro- II has n o l b e e n m y i n t e n o n i n l h i s c h a p i e r t o b u i l d a case f o r t h e d i r e c t
vides an a c c o u n t o f h o w p e o p l e k n o w w h e i h e r their p i o s p e c i i v e courses i n l l u n i c e s o f A r i s t o t l e , Sl, P a u l , o r I g n a t i u s o n L o n e r g a i V s ihinking about
o f a c t i o n are w r o n g o r evil - o n e o f t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r g e n u i n e cliscern- diM e l u m e n i , R a t h e r , I l l a v e e n d e a v o u r e d to show that Lonergan's tinder-
m e n t o f God's will. . i . i i i d i n g o f s e l - a p p r o p r i a o n is c o n n e c i e d a t t h e d e e p e s t levis w i t h the
Mi Tan I: l'|-|-|iiiiti;ii'es

i l i i i i k i n g o r a l l U n c e a b o u t c s c e m m e n L . Ir is l h e o l j j e c i i v e o f i h e r e s t o f l h i s
l)ook lo ehiboraie m o r e precisely w h a i L o n e r g a n ineans bv self-appropria- 2 Objectivity and Factual
i i o n , a n c l 10 r n a k e e x p l i c i t its g r e a i i m p o r t a n c e f b r e t h i c s .
Knowing: Lonergan's
I
A s a fir-stsiep l o w a r d s t h a i e l a b o r a i i o n , t h e n e x t chapter* e x a m i n e s Loner-
g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e a u d i i s " i n t r i n s i c o b j e c t i v i t y , " as h e c a l l e d
I t . T h a t c h a p i e r w i l l b o i e x p l a i n w h a t h e m e a n i hy d i e s e l e r m s , a n d w h y
Three Questions
h e h e l d t h a t o b j e c t i v i t y i n k n o w i n g f a c i s is i n d i s p e n s a b l e to objectivity i n
knowing and acting ethically

Whai is ohvioiis in knowing is. iridml, loking. Compaml lo looliing, insight, is

t'\i II ir. and, lhe girisp of lhe n.nmndilioned. isdoubly obscure. Bul evipiricism amounls
lll lhe assuuiption thal whai is olwious n knowing is what knowiug obviously is.
Bernard Lonergan, Insighl

i. I Introduction

I d n ( al a c t i o n r"ecp.ur*es m o i ' e d i a i i g o o d w i l l . M u c h h a i a i i lias b e e n done

\'\g p e o p l e w h o ha\'e l a c k e d g e n u i n e knowledge of t h e facis
ll i l i 4 - i r c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A s L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f p u l i i , " I t is q u i t e t r u e t h a t
i i h j r c i i v e k n o w i n g is n o t y e t a u t h e n i i c h u m a n l i v i n g ; b u t w i t h o u t objective
1 i n n v i n g tber*e is n o a u t h e n i i c l i \ ' i n g . " ' A n d again,

f h e u d g m e n t i")f v a l t r e p i ' e s i r p p o s e s knowledge o f h u m a n life, o f

h i u n a n p o s s i b i l i t i e s , p r o x i m a t e a n d r e m o t e , o f i l i e pi"o3able c o n s e -
{piences o f p r o j e c i e d courses o f a c t i o n . VVhen k n o w l e d g e is d e f i -
( i e n t , i e n fine f e e l i n g s a r e a p i l o b e e x p r e s s e d i n w h a t is c a l l e d
i i M u a l i d e a l i s m , i.e. l o v e l y p i o p o s a l s t h a t d o n ' t w o r k o u t a n d often
d o m o r e h a i ' i n i h a n good.'"'

i)bi-ciive factual k n o w l e d g e is t h e r e f b r e UHJSI fundamental lo ethical

.ludirrMiciiy. Lonergan d e v o t e d h i s m o s t v i t a l yeai's t o w o i ' k i n g t h r o t i g l i the
d i l h i lili p i ' o b l e m s associated w i t h factual objectivity. F o l l o w i n g Lonergan's
ll . i d . l h e n , I b e g i n b y o f f e r i n g a n o v e r v i e w o f h i s a c c o u n t o f o b j e c d v e knowl-
d|;c o l lacis.
!S P-.iri I: P r e l i m i n a r i e s Olijecvity a n d Pacuial K n o w i n g 39

T h i s s i a r L i n g p o i n t s l i o i i l d n o t be t a k e n t o iiii|>ly i l i a t I belic\'e that ethi- h i i ;nise i n o r d e r t o r e a l l y n n d e r s t a n d w h a i L o n e r g a n m e a n t by " i n s i g h t " -

cal precepts can be d e r i v e d from knowledge o f facts. A l e m a i k a b l y diverse 1'. i i a l l y a p p r o p r i a t e o n e ' s o w n a c t s o f i n s i g h t - r e q u i r e s t h a t o n e a l s o r e c o g -
range o f phiiosopliers that includes David l-Iimie, Friedrich XVilbehn j o s e p h m/e lhe inelinnnable conneciion between i n s i g h i s a n d quesons. I n s i g h i s
v o n S c h e l l i n g , a n d G . E . M o o i ' e hnve Fong i n s i s t e d t h a i it is i m p o s s i b l e l o d e r i v e I Mine as a n s w e r s 10 q u e s t i o n s . T h e y relase i h e p e r s i s i e n i a n d someiimes
" o u g h r " f r o m "is." 1 a m i n h i n d a m e n t a l agreement with lhis e m p h a t i c c l a i m . ven imbearable l e n s i o n o f i n q u i r y t h a t y e a r n s 10 understaud what one
IJowever, t h e r e i a i i o n s h i p between k n o w l e d g e o f facts a n d k n o w l e d g e o f val- d i M ' s n o i yet u n d e r s t a u d . ' '
es ( i n c l u d i n g l h e e t h i c a l o r m o i ' a l valu o f d i e ouglii;:*) is m o r e c o m p l e x than f i l i s l e n s i o n o f i n q u i r } ' is c a l l e d b y m a n } ' a m e s : q u e s t i o n , p r o b l e m , p u z -
has b e e n c o i n m o n l y a s s u n i e d . T h e c o m m o n undei'standings o f this reladon- . ' I r i i K i i i , q u a n d a i y , d i l e m m a , a n d s o o n . I n q u i r y is p i e c i s e l y a \ ' e a r n i i i g f o r
s h i j i r e s t u p o n asstiiii|it.ions a l x m t d i e n a t u r e o f f a c i u a l k n o w l e d g e - a s s u m p i i o i i s I uiiwledge. T b e t e n s i n (.)f ; i n i n q t i i i ' y w i l l n o t b e i p i e l l e d r i n r i l t h e s o u g h i -
i l i a i are ultiniately u n i e n a b l e . These flawed asstimpuons abotu. factual k n o w l - |i M i n s i g h l o r j u d g t n e n t r e l e a s e s t h a l t e n s i n a n d b r i n g s a t m p o r a r y r e s t 1.0
e d g e t e n d t o infltrate o u r ways o f t h i n k i n g a b o u t k n o w l e d g e o f e t h i c a l ralue. d i c sdul. Rest d o e s c o m e w h e n t h e k n o w l e d g e d e s i r e d by t h e incpiir}' a naves,
\n p a r t i c u l a r , s u c h a s s u i n p l i o n s ha\'e l e d l o i h e v i e w i h a i t h e r e is n o s u c l i t h i n g hiii l h a i r e s t is o n l y t e m p o r a l " } ' . V V l i e r i o n e q u e s t i o n is a n s w e r e d , n e w qnes-
as o b j e c v e k n o w l e d g e i n i h e r e a l m o f vales, i n c l u d i n g e t h i c a l vales. innis rop u p almost instantaneonsly,
Henee, while 1 agree with t h e basic a s s e r i i o n that " o u g h t " c a n n o i be l l l l h i s wav, a n i n q u i r v o r a q u e s i i o n seis a s i a n d a r d . T h e r e c a n b e many
derived from "is," 1 d o n o i subscribe e i t l i e r ro i h e reasons usuatly given 1 l l i M i s at a u s x v e r i n g a t p i e s t i c n i , b u t u n i e s s i b e e f f o r t s r e a l l y d o a n s w e r lhe
f o r t.he asseriion, o r to t h e a c c o u n t s o f e t h i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d a c t i o n based qiiesim, t h e y ^ v i l l n o t s a i i s f y t h e d e s i r e o r resolve i h e tensin o f i h e i n q u i r y .
upon those reasons. As w i l l b e c o m e e v i d e n t n t h e c h a p t e r s tliai follow, I h e (|iiesi.ion is a c o n s c i o u s d e s i r e r h a r c a i i n o r b e s a r i s f i e d i n J u s t : i n y a r b i -
Lonergan's d i s t i n c i i v e way o f i-esolving t h e p r o b l e m o f f a c t u a l objectivity (I .n \ w a y Q u e s t i o n s a r e l e n a c i o t i s . T l i e y c a n b e d i v e r i e d f o r a w h i l e . ' P l i e y
clarines ihe kinds of relationships thal actnally do hold between knowl- . ,ui h e s t i d e d o r i g n o r e d , We c a n be d i s i r a c t e d o r flee bom ilie tensions
e d g e o f " i s " a n d k n o w l e d g e o f " o u g l i t . " I t a l s o p r o v i d e s a m o r e r e l i a b l e basis d i r \. B u t t i u e s i i o n s w i l l I n r k a i r l i e p e r i p h e r y o f o n r coiiscious-
for a p p r o a c h i n g the even m o r e k n o t t y q u e s t i o n o f objecve k n o w l e d g e of Mi a u d reasseri tlieir tensions w h e n o u r guards are d o w n . T h e o n l y t h i n g
valu, especially i n e d i i c a l matters. As a fiisi step, therefore, this cliapier i h . u i . m r e a l l y c l i s m i s s t h e t e n s i n i l i a i a n i n c p i i r ) ' i n t r o d u c e s is l h e i t e n i of
o f f e r s a n over\'iew o f I _ o n e r g a n ' s p h i l o s o p h y o f f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e - w h a t lie 1 i m w l c d g e t h a t i t a c t n a l l y d e s i r e s . A\\r a i t e n q . ) t s ai k n o w l e d g e h a v e tc)
called "cognitional tlieory" o r ilieory of cognitional strncture, t u r u p lo t h e standards that are i n l i e r e n i in o u r questions a n d incpiiries. I n
i h h s f i i s e , i i i s e\'eu m i s l e a d i n g t o s p e a k o f o u r c p i e s t i o u s . ' ' l l is n o l s o i n u c h

2.2 Lonergan's T h r e e Questions dial \vc pLissess t h e c i u e s r i o n s ; r a i l i e r , t h e y i'jossess u s , j u l l i i i g us o u t o f lhe

I Minplac e n c v o f c j t i r p r i o r a c h i e v e m e n i s oi knowledge in an u n e n d i n g pro-

On several occasions. L o n e r g a n wrote that his p h i l o s o p h y o f k n o w l e d g e was . I ol self-iransceiidence i n t o tbe u n k n o w n , l o w a r d s ever new knowledge.

p i i n i a r i l y c o u c e r i i e d w i t h a n s w e n n g i h r e e f u n d a m e n t a l c p i e s t i o n s : VVliai a m I I w i l l use t l i e t e r m s " q u e s t i c m " a n d " i n c p i i r y " t o r e f e r 10 i h e p r e - l i n g t i i s t i c

d o i n g w h e n 1 a m k n o w i n g ? V\niy is d o i n g l h a t k n o w i n g ? VVIiai d o I k n c u v w h e n 1 o f i u i i o n a l tensin that we eudea\cnu~ to e x p r e s s l i u g u i s i i c a l l y u s i n g t h e
d o t h a t ? ' A l i h o u g h h i s answei-s t o t h o s e t h r e e q u e s u o n s a r e i m p c i t i n b i s w i i t - iMiri 1 ogai\'e g r a m m a i i c a l f o r m . B y " p i ' e - l i n g n i s t i c " I d o 1101 m e a n t h a t o u r
i n g s , t o t h e b e s t o f m y k n o w l e d g e h e n e v e r a n s w e r e d i h e n i e x p l i c i d y as s t i c h . T h e tMi|mn is ( o m p l e t e l ) ' i n d e p e n d e n i o f language. Langnage permeates our
ovenie\vofl'eied i n d i i s c h a p i e r e n d e a v o u i ^ t o m a k e t h o s e answei^s e x p l i c i t , a n d 0 i \, as m a n } ' p l i i l o s o p b e r s f r o m a ^ ' a r i e i y o f a p p r o a c h e s showed so
is t h e r e f o r e o r g a n i z e d a l o n g l h e l i n e s o f d K ) s e t h r e e t|uesons. A s w i l l b e c o m e . 1 u n i n i i n g l y i u t h e i w e i u i e r h c e n t r i r y So o f c o u r s e o u r i n q n i r i e s a r i s e i n i h e
clear, L o n e r g a n ' s answers reveal i l i a t d i e a c h i e v e m e n t o f objective factual k n o w l - n u d a o l l h e ow o f o u r languaged Communications, with others a n d with
edge deinaiids a great deal o f d i s c e r n m e n t o n t h e p a i t o f t h e k n o w i n g siibjeci. iiui'.ihi-s. Moreover. o u r ability to discern nuaiices a m o n g the different
1 l u d ' i o l l e n s i o n s i n o u r i n c p i i r y is c o n d i d o n e d b y t h e l e v e l o f o u r l i n g u i s l i c
2.3 Tiiquiries, Q u e s t i o n s , a n d Wonder I . . i M p c i e n c e . A s o p h i s t i c a t e d l e v e l o f l i n g i i i s t i c c o m p e t e n c e is t h e c o n d i t i o n
l ' i i l h e ( i n < - r g e i i c e o f s o p l i i s i i c a t e d levis o f i n q u i r } ' .
I n q u i r ) ' , o r c p i e s t i o n i n g , is a i t h e h e a r i o f L o n e r g a n ' s philosopb)' o f cogni- Ne\criheless, most p e o p l e have h a d tlie e x p e r i e n c e o f l l n d i n g it diffictilt
tion. Occasionally I q u i p with m y s t u d e n i s that/U/'I}'would have been a lo put quesiions a n d i n q n i r i e s i n t o words. Before we have words to com-
m o r e appropriate dde for Lonergan's m a s t e r w o r k t h a n Jns/ght.'^ I say t h i s iimiK ,iie o u r (piesons lo o l h e r s - o r to c l a r i f y t h e m f o r otirseh'es - we
40 l ' a r t I : l'reliminarcs O b j e c i i v i r v a n d Faciual K n o w i n g '11

e x p e r i e n c e i l i e i n i e l l e c i u a l i.ensions o f ' i n c p i i r i e s . "Jliose I r n e l l e c i . n a l l e n s i o n s l h i s d o e s nol m e a n t h a t t h e l i s l e n e r s d o n o i - e q t i e n t l ) ' r e s p o n d n t i i i e x -

n o l o n l y s e t t l i e s t a n c l a i ' d s f o r w h a t w i l l c o u n i as p r o p e i " a n s w e i ' s ; they pi ( l e d a n d v e r y n o v e l wa\'s l o q u e s t i o n s p o s e d b y p l i c e o f f i c e r s , lawyers,
also sel t h e siandaids f o r t h e adequacy oi" i n a d e q u a c y o f oui" i n i e n o g a U v e ir.M hers, l e c t u r e r s , a n d o l h e r s . O f course they do. W h e n i h e y d o , they reveal
fornis o f grarnmalical formulation.-Those Intellectual tensions are the prior, l o l h e i n t e r r o g a i o r that the linguisc f o r m u l a u o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n c a n s i m u l -
f t m d a m e n t a l nieanings t h a t we s u b s e q u e n d y formlate a n d pose l i n g u i s d - i.meously express an inquiry d i f f e r e n t f r o m the o n e originally intended.
cally. I w o u l d arge e v e n f u r t h e i " t h a t t h e p r e - l i n g u i s i i c p h e n o m e n o n of \n t h i s h a p p e n s , the l a n g u a g e o f t h e r e s p o n s e r e f l e c t s b a c k a n d r e v e i s
q u e s i i o n i n g o r i n q u i r y is o n e o f t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n d i d o n s f o r t h e v e r y a new p r e - l i n g i i i s l i c tensin o f i n q u i r y t o the i n t e r r o g a i o r .
p o s s i b i l i i y o f t h e e m e r g e n c e o f l a n g u a g e n h u m a n b e i n g s . I h r o u g h all these v a i i a l i o n s i n i n i e r r o g a i i v e expressions, l h e phenoni-
L o n e r g a n s p o k e o f t h i s p r e - l i n g n i s u c e x p e r i e n c e o f i n t p i i r y as " p u r f p i e s - r n o n o f q u e s t i o n i n g underpins a u d consiituies the meaningfulness oflhese
t i o n " : "[Pur tjtiestioiij is p r i o r l o a n \ i n s i g h i s , a n y c o i i c e p t s , a n y w o r d s ; (Mainmadcal f o r m s . T h r o u g l i o u l . a l l o f t h e s e \'ariatoiis, t h e s t a n d a r d set
f o r i n s i g h i s , c o i i c e p t s , w o r d s have u i d o w i t h answers, a n d b e f o r e we look l o i i h by l h e t e n s i n o f iiiC|Ury is e v e r p r e s e n i .
f o r a n s w e r s w e ni/ii/. d i e n i ; s i i c l i iii)Uiiig\s i l i e pur cpiestion."' Plowever, in ll f o l l o w s t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s i h r e e q u e s u o n s e x p r e s s n e e i n q n i r i e s a b o u l
o r d e r to avtiid confusin beiween ilie linguislic expression a n d ilie phe- iiKpiiry As l h e n e x t s e c t i o n s w i l l e n d e a v o u r t o s h o w , L c m e r g a n ' s a n s w e r s t o
n o m e n o n u[X)n w h i c h ii d e i ^ e i i d s , I w i l l use e i t h e r " i n q u i r y " o r " c p i e s i i o n " h i s i h r e e q u e s t i o n s re\'eal t l i a i . m a n y o i h e r c o n s c i o u s a c t i v i t i e s a r e u n d e r -
to refer to t h e p r e - l i n g i h s t i c desire (waniing) foi~ c o g n i t i o n , a n d "forniu- l i i i m e d , k n i t t e d t o g e i l i e r , a n d c o n s i i i u t e d as c o g n i t i o n a l b ) ' t h e p h e i i o m e n a
l a i e d q u e s i i o n " (or s o m e \'ariant) to refer l o i h e l i n g u i s l i c expressions of o( p i i e s i i o n i n g a u d inqiury. T h o s e seciions (as w e l l as l h e n e x t chapiers)
questions. uill explore h o w Uie p r i m o r d i a l w o n d e r i b a t u n d e r l i e s all i n q n i r i e s dif-
T l i e r e a r e , o f c o u r s e , s o m e uses o f i n t e r r o g a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s t h a t a r e n o t h i e n i i a t e s i n i o m a n y d i f f e r e n i k i n d s o f questions. T h e y will e x p l o r e how
direct expressions o f a g e n u i n e c o g n i t i o n a l i n q u i r y seeking an u n k n o w n ihose d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f q u e s t i o n s seek d i f f e r e n t kinds of answers k n o w n
answer. So-called rhetorical questions are examples of forrnulated ques- I h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f c o n s c i o u s a c t i v i t i e s . T h e y will f u r t h e r explore
t i o n s t h a t are n o t d i r e c t e x p r e s s i o n s o f g e n u i n e i n q u i r i o s . Yet e v e n these h o w l h e d i l T e r e n u a t e d kinds o f q u e s u o n s serve t o l i n k t o g e t h e r the diverse
forms o f interrogative expressions d e p e n d u p o n the more o r i g i n a l niean- a n s w e r s a u d a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h i s l i n k e d s e q u e n c e o f (piestic)ns a n d
ings o f quesiions i h a i reside i n die pre-lingnisiic tensions o f inquiry. In answers f o r m s w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d " c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c t u r e . "
courti'C)oin inierrogations, for example, q u e s t i o n s are f r e q t i e i u h ' asked
w h e n l h e a t t o r n e y a l r e a d y k n o w s t h e a n s w e r . A s s t i c l i , s h e is i i o i ex]>ress- Cognitional Structure: What Am 1 D o i n g Wlien J A m Knowng?
i n g h e r o w n t e n s i n o f i n q n i i - y , b e c a u s e s l i e is n o t a c t n a l l y e x [ j e r i e n c i i i g
a desire for knowledge i h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t l i e i i i t e r r o g a t i x ' e ex]:)i-ession. l h e answer lo Lonergan's fu-st q u e s u o n - " W h a i am 1 doing wlien 1 am
Bul. even w h e n i n i e r r o g a t o r s already k n o w i l i e answers, the n i e a n i n g f u l - I nowing?" - is g i v e n i n liis a c c o u n t o f c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c t u r e itself. Tlial
ness o f t h e i r u t t e r a n c e s s t i l l rests u p o n t h e p r i m o r d i a l | i h e n o m e n o n of ai i n i n t b e g i n s w i i h a l i s t s t i c l i as t l i a t g i v e n i n l i i s c l a s s i c essa)', " C o g i i i l i o n a l
t h i s c o n s c i o u s t e n s i n o f i i i t | i i i r y a b o u t a u d d e s i r e f o r a n a n s w e r t h a t is S i i n c i u r e " : " i V o w Inniiaii k n o w i n g involves inan\ d i s t i n c t a n d i r r e d u c i b l e
as y e t u n k n o w n t o i l i e b e a r e r s o f i h e i i ~ i n i e r r o g a t i v e s|eech, S u c h for- ,11 i i \ i i i e s : s e e i n g , h e a r i n g , s m e l l i n g , t o i i c l i i n g , l a s i i n g , i n c p i i i - i n g , i m a g i n i n g ,
m t i l a t e d q u e s i i o n s a r e a s k e d n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n d for t h e sake o f o t h - i i n d e r s t a n d i n g , concei\'ing, r e l l e c i i n g , w e i g h i n g i h e evidence,Judging."^
ers w h o d o n o t k n o w t h e a n s w e r s - j u r o r s , f o r e x a m p l e . T h e i r d r a m a i i c I h e l i s i is m e a n t l o b e s u g g e s t i v e , u o t e x l i a u s d \ ' e . V l a u ) ' o t h e r t e r m s c o u l d
i m p o r t depends u p o n t h e fac d i a t t b e l i n g i i i s t i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d question he a d d e d a l m o s t i n d e f i n i t e l y to t h e list, r e f e r i i n g t o a d d i o n a l a c d v i t i e s o r
evokes the pre-linguisdc experience o f i n q u i r y in the j u r o r s . Something i h . i w i n g a u e n i i o n to fine d i s t i n c u o n s a m o n g acdviues falling within the
s i m i l a r h a p p e n s i n d i e cases o f f o r m u l a t e d q u e s u o n s p o s e d to students h i o a d c a t e g o r i e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s i . S t i l l , L o n e r g a n ' s o b j e c t i v e was n o t the
b y a l e a c h e r , o r t o a n a u d i e n c e b\ p u b l i c s p e a k e r . W h e n l e c t u r e r s p o s e impossible goal o f exhaustively listing all m a n n e r o f c o g n i d o n a l acdvides;
rhetorical questions in such circumstances, the speaker already knows ihe 1 . i i h e i ' , h i s o b j e c t i v e was a n a l y s i s o f t h e .v/r/c/fr^ w i t h i n w h i c h d i e s e a c t i v i t i e s
answer. .\everilieless t h e r n e a n i n g h i l n e s s o f his o r liei' i l i e i o r i c depends o( e n r . I l i s a n s w e r t o " W l i a i a m I d o i n g w h e n I a m k n o w i n g ? " is " 1 a m per-
u p o n lhe |irimordial p h e n o m e n o n o f this conscious lension lowards a n d l o i i i h n g a sl r u c i u r e o f a c t i v i t i e s . " It is t h e e s s e n t i a l a n d d y n a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f
d e s i r e f o r a n a n s w e r t h a t is e x p e r i e n c e d as u n k n o w n b y a t l e a s t s o m e i n I e l al i( MIS a m o n g t h e a c d v i t i e s t h a t a r e t b e t r u e h e a r i a n d s o t i l o f Lonergan's
lhe audience. I oj.;iiiiioiial d i e o r y because, i n L o n e r g a n ' s view, n o o n e o f d i e s e a c t i v i t i e s
4'2 P a n 1: l ' r e l i i n i n a r i c s O b j e c i i v i i y a n d Faciual K n o i v i n g 45

a l o n e c o n s i . i i i i i e . s h u m a n k n o w i n g , R a l h e i * , I n i r n a n k n o w i n g is a siruclure oi' uliai i i i i g h i be called bodily kinesiheiic experiencing. Also missing are
m a n y ac[.vii:ies. H e n e e e a c h p a r u c i i l a i ' acLivii.y is aL besL a p a r a l c o n L r i l : ) n - ',Clise e x | " ) e r i e n c i n g s s u c h as f e e l i n g p a i i i , h e a i , c o l d , i i c b i n e s s , a n d so o n .
Lic^n LO Lhe w h o l e o f h u m a n k n o w i n g . H i s obecLi\'e, L h e n , is Lo ch'aw a i L e n - I h e lisi c o u l d b e f u r i h e r e x p a n d e d ; for insiance, each o f lhe lerms c o u l d
t i o n L O Lhe w h o l e o f Lhe s L r u c i u i ' e , m a k i n g c e n a i n Lhai n o n e o f Lhe mosL l i e h n i h e r s i i b d i v i d e d - h e a r i n g a l i l a r i n g h o r n diTers f r o m l i e a r i n g a l a r k ' s
f i m c l a r n e r u a l c o n s u L i i e n L a c L i v i i i e s is o v e r l o o k e c l in lhe a c c o u n i o f ihe whole .1 H i g , N O L o r d y d o l l i e c o n i e n i s ( s o u n d s ) l i e a r d d i f f e r , b u l a l s o l h e q n a l i l i e s
of knowing. 11| l h e a c i s o f h e a r i n g d i l f e r . ' f l i i s l i s i c o u l d be e x i e n d e d indebihieh' noi onh'
The word 'sLi'ucLure," h o w e v e r , i i s e l f c a n be misleading, SirucLui'e has l m h e a r i n g b u l f o r a l l o i h e r acLs o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g . S o o n , i l i e e f f o n . L O
s i a i i c c o n n o i a i i o n s c)f h x i i y a n d r i g i d i i y . L o n e i ^ g a n aiiempis lo underndne tiniiieraie sucli differences a n d nuances reaclies a p<:)ini o f d i m i n i s l i i n g
l l i o s e connciLaiions by n i e a n s o f an o x y r n o r o n , i n s i s i i n g d i a i h u m a n know- leiiirns. M o s L o f i b e s c a c l s a r e a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r l o i i i o s L r e a d e r s , a n d d u i i is
i n g is a " " d y n a r n i c s i r u c l u r e . " - * I n s o m e ways, i i n i i g h i h a v e b e e n prelerable p a n o l ' l h e p o i n i l o el a b(.) ra i n g L o n e r g a n ' s l i s i - l o d i r e c i r e a d e r s ' a u e n i i o n
lo speak o f a siream or How o f aciiviiies.'" Yei iliese a l i e r n a i e phrasings liave I I 1 o i i s c i o i i s a c i i v i i i e s s u c h as i h e s e . B u l a g a i n , L o n e r g a n ' s main objeciive
i h e i r o w n l i m i i a i i o n s as w e l l , T o s p e a k o f a s i r e a m o r l l o w m a k e s i l s o u n d as u.is n o l 1 0 i ^ r o v i c l e a n e x h a u s i i v e l i s i o f a l l a c i i \ ' i i i e s o f s e n s e ex|:)erieiicing.
d i o u g h l h e aciiviiies are c a r r i e d a l o n g in a s i r e a n i o l i n i e r n a l u i n e conscious- f ' . i i h e r , h e s o u g l i i l o d r a w aLLeiiLi(.)n l o i l i e r e l a i i o n s a m o n g l h e a c l s o l ' s e n s e
ness d i a l is s o i n e l i o w g i v e n p r i o r l o a n d a p a r i f r o r n i h o s e a c i i v i i i e s - as i n , say, 1 s p e r i e n c i i i g a n d o i h e r acls o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Flence 1 will move a l o n g lo
N e w i o r r s A b s o l u i e T i m e as a p r e - g i v e n f o n n d a i i o n f o r i h e u n i v e r s e , o r l i m e o l h e r acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n h i s l i s i l l i a i a r e |.erlia):>s less f a m i l i a r .
as a n a p r i o r i c o n d i i i o n o l T h e p o s s i b i h i y o f a l l e x p e r i e n c i n g (i.e., a f o r m o f \ e M in Lonergan's l i s i is '"iniagiiiing," Liul ' ' r e r n e m b e r i n g " s l i o u l d also b e
i n i u i i i o n ) . A llow o r sireain o f aciiviiies o f consciousness can, i l i e r e f o r e , sug- ,iild<'il, W h a i I m e a n i i e r e b\ a c i s o f r e m e m b e r i n g a r e a c i s i h a i r e c a p l i u l a i e
gesi a d y n a m i c o r d e r i i r i p o s e d by an alien s i r e a i n i n w l i i c h i l i e aciiviiies are l h e ( o n i e n i s o f p r e v i o n s a c i s Cf s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g . I n i l i e m o d e r n VVesi, a i
m e r e iasseiigers a l o n g f o r i h e r i d e . ' f h e i i i b e o r d e r cf i h e i r s e q u e n c e w o u l d lejM, we l e i i d l o l . l i i n k o f r e i n e m b e r i n g [:)revious x'isual c o i i L e n i s - remem-
be m e r e l y c o i n c i d e n i a l . I n a s i r e a n i o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i i i ilhs sense, ihere heiiiig a 'ace, a s u n s e i , a n a n i . o m o b i l e a c c i d e n i . S i i l l , a h u l e r e l e c t i o n w i l l
n e e d n o l b e a n y i n i T ' i n s i c r e l a i i o n s h i p s a m o n g i h e s u c c e s s i o n o f acLi\'iues. ieve;il l h a i w e aisc) h a v e r i c l i a n d i l o r y m e m o r i e s - memories ofa baend's
Lonergan, on ihe o i h e r h a n d , insisis i l i a i i n l i u r n a i i k n o w i n g e a c l i ol M i H e , a s o n g , a c l a p o f ' i h u n d e r . We also have o c c a s i o n a l memories of laciile
l h e a c i i v i i i e s i n i h e s e c p i e n c e lias i n i r i n s i c a n d d ) a i a i n i c relaiionsliips lo .1 n s a i i o n s , b o d i l y i i i o v e i i i e i i i s , l a s i e s , o d o i n - s , e l e . W l i i l e i l i e l a i i e r a r e less
O l h e r a c i i v i i i e s . l i is ( h i s s e l o f c h ' u a m i c r e l a i i o n s l i i p s l h a i c o n s i i i u i e s ihe ohvioiis LO m o s i o f US, s o n i e |>eople d e v e l o p h i g h l y s o p l i i s i i c a i e d aiiliiies l o
s i r u c L i i r e as a w l i o l e , a n d i l i e r e b v c o n s i i i i i L e s e a c h o f i h e acL\'iLies as a c o n - lei.ill such sensalions - c l i o r e o g r a p l i e r s , daiicers, skaiers, a n d o i l i e r a i l i -
L r i b i n i o n i.C) k n o w i n g , V V I i i l e n o i d e n v l n g i l i a i i h e r e is a l e m p o r a ! siream li l e s , ' o r e x a m p l e , c a n r e c a l l b o d i l v i n o v e m e n i s w i i h g r e a i n u a i i c e .
o f consciousness, Lonergan emphasized a furiher and more fundarnen- II I e m e m b e r i n g is r e c a p i i i i l a i i o n o f p a s i s e n s o r y c o n t e n , i l i e n acis of
l a l d y n a m i c s i r u c i u r i n g of~ c o n s c i o u s n e s s " - l i e n c e liis p r e f e r e n c e i b r l h e iiii,i];iihng in Lonergan's s e n s e a r e coiistn.ict\'e. e x t e n s i o n s o f sense con-
plirase '"dynamic siruciui'e.'' 1' nis i n i o i m a g e s i l i a t o n e h a s ne\'er l i a d b e f o r e - o r , a t least, imagining
I n Lc->nergarrs a n a l y s i s , i l i e r e f o r e , i n q u i r y p l a y s l h e c e n i r a l r o l e i n s i r u c - u u o h ' e s c r e a t i v e m o d i l c a t i o n s o f p r e v i o n s sense c o n t e n t s (e.g., m a g i n i n g
i u r i n g l h e v a r i o u s acL\'iiies o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . ' f h e a c i i v i i i e s o f i n q u i r y d e i e r - I p m p i e c o w o r i m a g i n i n g a s t r a i g l i t l i n e in an e i i i p t y plae w i i h n o o i l i e r
i i i i n e h o w i h e e n i i r e a s s e m b l y o f l h e r e m a i n i n g a c i i v i i i e s is o r g a n i z e d and . m i o m i d i n g o b j e c t s ) . As w i i l i memor}', i n i a g i n a i i o n i n d i i s siiiecific s e n s e
s i r u c i u r e d . I n a d d i i i o n , s i n c e acls o f i n q u i r y i n i i T i d u c e i n i e l l e c i u a l l e n s i o i i t. iiMiall)' associated w i t h visual c o n s i n i c t i o n s . Yet l a l e n i e d musicians and
i n i o k n o w i n g , i l i e y a r e a l s o i h e scmrces o f l h e d y n a m i s m i n i l i e s i r u c l u r e . poeis de\'elo|"j s o p l i i s t i c a i e d abilities to i m a g i n e SOUIKIS, and others wii.li
O n e c o u l d l i l i 11 k o f i h e a c i i v i i i e s o f i n c | u i r y as l h e d y n a m i c r e l a i i o n s a n d i h e 1 l l o n are able to d e v e l o p abilities l o i m a g i n e mox'ements, laciile sensalions,
o l h e r acviLies i n i h e l i s i as r e l a i e c i l o o n e a n o i h e r b y l h e i n q n i r i e s , i n d p e r h a p s e v e n iasi.es a n d s i n e l l s .
P-ei inise t l i e c o n t e n t s o' a c t s o f i m a g i n i n g a n d r e n i e m b e r i n g a r e \'ery
2.^/. / 'I'he Fatteriied Stream of lxperieucing, Reiaen/heriiig, Imagining iiiut.u l o l h e c o n t e n t s o f acts o f s e n s i n g , } ' o u n g c h i l d r e n b e g i n to rec-
iiMii/e diese d i s i i n c t i o i i s o n l y slowh-, h a l t i n g l y , a n d w l i h dilTiciilly. V e r y
The firsL grou|3 o f a c i i v i i i e s i n L o n e r g a n ' s lisi - seeing, hearing, smelling, .ouiii; e l i i l d r e n easily c o n f u s e remembering with i m a g i n i n g . "fhey also
l o u c h i n g , Lasiing - a r e f a m i l i a r acis o f sense e x p e r i e n c i n g , Mosi obviously 11 . i s i o i i a l l ) ' confuse both remembering and i m a g i n i n g with sensing -
n i i s s i n g f r o m h i s l i s i a i e acLs o f e x p e r i e n c i n g bodily posiine and moiion - 1. 1 o m i n g f r i g l i t e i i e d by a m e i n o r y o r faniasy o f a fightening i l i i n g or
44 l ' a n !: P r e l i m i n a r i e s O b j e c l i v i i y a n d Pacnral K i i o w i r i g 4f)

e v e n L , as i h o i i g h i t w e r e r i g h t t h e i e , p r e s e n t i n t h e r o o m w i t h t h e m . T h e ,1 ir< h m e m o r y c a n l e a d t o v a r i o u s d i s i o i o i i s . H e n e e , L o n e i g a n Unm it
earliest stages o f d i s c e r n m e n t are a c c o m p P i s h e d i n e a r l y c h i l d h o o d as valuable to i n t r o d u c e a m o r e n u a n c e d a n d technical m e a n i n g o f " i m a g i n a -
accurate r e c o g n i t i o n o f these d i s t i n c t i o n s b e c o m e s m o r e stable a n d reli- l i u n " ( a n d , i m p l i c i d y , " m e m o r y " ) as j u s t t h e acts l h a t p a r a l l e l t h o s e o f s e n s e
able. S i n c e , howevei", o t h e r acis besides t h o s e o f s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g , a n d lApcriencing.
r e m e n d ^ e r i n g are also m i x e d i n t o lhe streams o f consciousness, later I hc-se d i s t i n c u o n s a m o n g s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g , a u d r e m e m b e r i n g i n t h e
siages o f d i s c e r n m e n t a r e also n e e d e d . T h e s e later- stages o f d i s c e i ' n m e n t .iii( 1 sense a r e n o t o b v i o s a i l h e o u t s c i . A c v i t i e s o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c i n g ,
d o n o t o c c u r as s p o n t a n e o u s l y o r f r e c p i e n d y as d o t h e c h i l d h o o d s t a g e s o f imagining, and remembering do not occur in isolaied packages, nicely
d i s c r i m i n a i i n g between sensing, remendjering, and imagining. In p a n , w i a p p e d a n d t a g g e d w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e labels. fbese acls o f consciousness
t h i s b o o k is i n t e n d e d \o a s s i s t r e a d e r ' s i n n i o x n g t h r - o u g h t h e s e f u n h e i " M niie m i x e d t o g e t h e r i n flows a n d s t r e a m s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s { i n "pattei-ns o f
stages, t A p e i i e u c i n g , " as L o n e r g a n r e f e r s t o t h e i n ' ^ ' ) ' A m o n g t h e e l e m e n t s m a k i n g
1 have b e e n using the terms "imagining" and "reinendjering" in some- up (lur p a u e r n e d stream are t h e w i d e range o f experiences i h a i arise r o m
w h a t s p e c i a l i z e d a n d i ' e s t r i c t e d ways. T h e y s e e m t o e x e l u d e w i d e r a n g e s of (I i n c h , b r e a i h i n g a n d b l o o d c i i c u l a t i c m , m u s c u l a r t e n s i i ; ) n s a n d r e l a x a t i o n s ,
con n o i a t i o n s c o i n m o n l y associated with b o t h magining a n d remeinberang. pMsiure, a n d b a l a n c e ( f r o r n d i e s e n s o r y a]3]jaratus o f ( u i r i n n e r ears). T l i i s
People speak o f creanve imagiiuition and o f imagining a w o i l d in which ui<-,ins t h a t o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is a l w a y s e m b i ^ d i e d .
e v e r y o n e lives i n peace a n d h a r m o n y . R i c h a r d K e a r i i e y , f o r e x a m p l e , has W h i l e t h e n u m e r o u s e l e m e n i s o f s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e a r i s i n g -oin o u r p l i y s -
e x p l o r e d lch d i m e n s i o n s o f i m a g i n a o n . ' - St. A t i g u s t i n e a n d P l e i i r i ler^g- K .ll h i i d i e s a l w a y s s n r r o u n d v i s u a l a n d a u d i t o r y e x p e r i e n c e , iey o f t e n do
s o n g i v e m u c h r i c h e r accoiuUi o f m e m o r y t h a n t h e o n e 1 o f f e r e d above. MI i u v e i y n i u t e d ways. E l e m e n t s o f s i g h i a n d s o u n d a r e f i e c p i e n d y more
T h e a u t h o r s ol' Haliits of lhe Heart speak o f " c o m m t m i t i e s o f m e m o r y . ' " ' ' A l l u u r i i s e a n d o c c u p y l h e focns o f o u r a i t e n d o n i n s e n s o r y e x p e r i e n c i n g . T l i e
o f these discussions o f i m a g i n a t i o n a n d m e m o r y go well b e y o n d t l i e m e r e I iiinence, o r lack thereof, o f diese bodily elements in our patterned
r e c a p i i t i l a i i o n o r c o n s t r u c t i v e expansin o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f sense e x p e r i - Ihtu o f e x p e r i e n c i n g depends u p o n t h e seis o f i n t e r e s i s a n d c o n c e r u s , as
ences, T h e y offer w i d e r a c c o u n t s o f neinory a n d i n i a g i n a i i o n i n f u s e d w i t h wfW as l i n g u i s l i c a n d c u l u i r a l i n f l n e n c e s , t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s i r - u c t u r -
m e a n i n g , f e e l i n g , c o m p r e h e n s i o n , v a l u , w o i i d e i " , a w e , a n d e\'eii ten-or. iii|', o f d i a t l l o w . N e i d i e r e x i e r n a l s t i n m l i o r t h e b i o c h e n r i c a l pr-ocesses
However, l am deliberately using the terms for imagination and m e i n o r y in m oin- n e u r o p h ) ' s i o l o g \ c o n i p l e i e l y deiei-nne t h e e x a c i c o n i e u t s o r the
l i m i t e d a n d t e c h n i c a l s e n s e s . I n d o i n g so, I a m n o t u n a w a r e o' t h e i n i p o i - p.iiierned arrangenient o f o i u " sensing, r e m e m b e r i n g , and imagining. O u r
lant, iioii-sensate d i m e n s i o n s that pei'iueate i m a g i n a t i o n a n d m e m o r y in u i i i - r e s t s a n d c o n c e r u s as m e d i a i e d b y c u l t u r e s s e l e c t w h a t w i l l a c u i a l l y rise
t h e s e w i d e r senses; r a t h e i , I a m a i m i n g a t a m o r e r e f m e d d e g r e e o f d i s c e r n - l o t h e l e v e l o f c o n s c i o u s p r e s e n t a o n b - o n i a m o n g t h e vast r a n g e o f p o s -
m e n t . Phiases like ' c r e a t i v e imaginaon"' o r " r e m e m b e r i n g a c h i l d h o o d " . i b i l i i i e s a v a i l a b l e f r o m o u r n e u r a l f u n c i i o n i u g s . . A . l d i o u g h t h e r e is a l w a y s
d o n o t r-efer t o s i n g l e a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s - r a t h e r , t h e y refer- t o a c o i n - ,1 1 o r i e s p o n d e n c e beiween w h a t is l i a p p e n i n g i n o u r n e r v o n s s y s t e m s a n d
p o u n d o f c c j u s c i o u s a c i s . " C r e a i i v e i m a g i n a t i o n " i n c l u d e s a c l s o f ser-ise-like whai eniers lhe flow of experience, t h a t r e l a o n s h i p is n o t o t i e - w a y from
i m a g i n a d v e c o n t e n t s , b u t a l s o i n c l u d e s acts o f w o n d e r i n g , u n d e r s u i n d i u g , b i l o w u p w a r d . O u r c o n s c i o u s e x p e i i e n c i n g , t h e n , is n e v e r a b a t e , u n n i e d i -
feeling, a n d valuing. " R e m e m b e r i n g a childhood'' includes recapiiulated ,Ucil c o n t a d e i t h e r w i t h t h e s t a l e o f o n r n e r v e - i m p u l s e s o r w i d i l h e e x i e r n a l
s e n s e c o n t e n t s , b n t a l s o a d d s c o n c o m i t a n t a c t s o f f e e l i n g ( s u c h as n o s t a l - i v n i l d t h a t s m u l a t e s t h e m . W e w i l l r e l u r n t o t h e ways i n w h i c h o u r i n t e r -
gia), i m a g i n a t i v o r e c o n l l g u r a t i o n , nderstanding, critical assessment, and . s i sa n d concerns, a n d language a n d cultures, d e t e r m i n e what eniers i n t o
acts o f r e l a t i n g past s e n s a t i o n s t o p r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d f u t u r e hopes om a c i u a l c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c i n g i n i h e n e x t s e c o n , as w e l l as i n l a t e r
ot- a n x i e t i e s . ' f h e r - e is u s u a l l y a l a c i t i ' e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e m t i l t i l a y e r - e d c o n i - ( h.iplers.'''
p o u n d s o f d i f f e i e n t s o i i s o f acis t h a t are i m p l i c i t i n these r i c h e r , o r d i n a r y l e a r n i n g t o n o t i c e t h e d i s n c u o n s a m o n g acts a n d c o n t e u L s o f s e n s i n g ,
uses o f t h e t e r m s " i m a g i n i n g " a n d " r e m e m b e r i n g , " H o w e v e r , frecpiendy, 0 i i i i i n b e r i n g , a n c l i m a g i n i n g i n t h e l i m i i e d senses is t h e w o r k o f d i s c e r n -
ther-e is a t e n d e n c y t o c o U a p s e o r o v e r l o o k tliese dil'ferences witbiit the m r i i i . n i s c e r n m e n l is also n e e d e d i n o r d e r to d e t e c t the presence of i n i e l -
w h o l e t h a i is t h e c o m p o u n d s t r u c i u r e s o f a c t s a n c l l o s p e a k o f i m a g i n a o n Iciual, aff'ecdve, j u d g n i e n i a l , a n d evaluave e l e m e n t s i n whai ate called
o r m e m o r y as d i o u g h t h e y w e r e s i n g l e a c t s r a t h e r t h a n c o m p o u n d a c t s . 1 A p i i i e i i c c , m e m o r y , a n d i m a g i n a t i o n i n b r o a d e r s e n s e s . I n a d d i i i o n , cs-
U s u a l l y i b i s poses l i t i l e difFrciihv', b u t i n c e r t a i n c o n i e x t s t h e f a i l u r e t o d i s - . r i n m e i i i is c a l l e d f o r t o i d e n f y t h e k i n d s o f i n t e r e s t s a n d c o n c e r u s that
cern lhe differences a m o n g the consuiuenis o f a creadve imaginaon or . u r aciualiy involved in d e i e r m i n i u g w h a t does a n d does n o t c o m e i n t o o u r
 46 P : \ i l I: Picliminiiiies Objecviiy a n d F a c i u a l K n o w i n g 47

consciousness. Byin-oducing iese various d i s i i n c t i o n s , iwas m y i t u e n d o n Menee, w h i l e acii\ities f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s list o i h e r t h a n d i r e c t i n s i g h i s

i n ie present, s e c d o n l o sinidaie l h e i n i e r e s i o f t h e r e a d e r i n developing , u e iiidis|jensable to l h e s i r u c i u r e d process o f c o g n i o n , they are not the
t h i s level o'disceriuriein.. ,ic i s l h a i q u e s t i o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e s e e k . V V h e n o t h e i " a c t i v i t i e s ( c . g . , s e n s -
111);. r e m e m b e r i n g , or imagining) occur in inquiry-strucim-ed cognition,
2,//. 2 Questions for nfeUigenre and Acls of Undersiiinding i h e v a r e s i r u c i u r e d t o b e a u x i l i a r l e s t l i a i . assist t l i e e m e r g e n c e o f i n s i g h i s . - "
I h n c e q u e s o n s t o r i n t e l l i g e n c e s t r u c i m e a n u i l t i u i d e o f acts o f sense e x p e -
A c c o r d i n g to L o n e r g a n , c o g n i d o n a l incpiiries o r questions divide i n t o two 1 l e m i n g , r e m e m b e r i n g , a n d i m a g i n i n g in.o d y n a m i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t l i a c t s
bisic t y p e s : q u e s t i o n s f o r i n i e l l i g e n c e a n d q u e s i i o n s f o r r e n e c u o n . ' ' F i r s t , -ll i m d e r s i a n d i n g .
quesuons for inielligence are expressed i n s e n i e n c e s u s i n g w o r d s s u c h as . \ h i i o s i h i d d e n i n L o n e r g a n ' s list o f c o g n i t i o n a l a c d v i t i e s is " u n d e r s i a n d -
"what," "why," "how," "wliere," "when," "who," " h o w many," and "liow often." \\\\\ a l i h o u g h b e certainly considered i n i e l l i g e n t acls o f nderstanding
S u c h q u e s u o n s arise i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c o n t e n t s o f acts o f experiencing. ii> h e o f s u p r e m o i m p o r t a n c e i n h u m a n k n o w i n g . I n h i s u s a g e , t h e lerms
I n fact, w h a t c o n s u t u i e s t h e acts o f s e n s i n g , l e m e m b e r i n g , a n d i m a g i n i n g , "nudiM-standing" and "insiglit" are eqnivalem and inteixliaiigeable. He
d i s c u s s e d a b o v e as c o g n i u o n a l a c t s o f e x p e r i e n c i n g i n L o n e r g a n ' s t e c h n i c a l n m i p l a i n e d a b o u l i h e " l i i d e a t t e n o n " d i a i insighis haci received in the
s e n s e , is t h a t t h e i r c o n t e n t s g i v e rise t o t h i s f i r s t t y p e o r l e v e l o f q u e s t i o n s . l i i s i o r y o f p h i l o s o p h y b e c a u s e i h e > ' s e e i n " s o s i m p l e a n d o b x i c t u s . " - ' Pefha|3S
I n L o n e r g a n ' s a n a l y s i s , i l is t h e i r c a p a c i t y t o e l i c i t q u e s o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e l h e besi w a y t o a p p r o a c h t h e l a s k o f h i g l i l i g h t i n g t h e a c t o f i n s i g h t s b y
t h a t conslUutes t b e r u as e x p e r i e n c i n g w i i h a p r o p e r l y c o g n i t i o n a l valence.'^ M u . m s o f an e x a m p l e . T h e e x a m p l e I o f f e r is t h e w e l l - k n o w n s t o i y b y F r i e d -
Moreover, i n q u i r y i n its e l e m e n t a l s w e e p c a n e v e n b e r e s p o n s i b l e for lhe i i ( ll / \ u g i i s t K e k t i l r e g a r d i n g h i s d i s c o v e r y o f t h e c i r c u l a r s i r u c l u r e o f t h e
selecdon o f t h e e x p e r i e n d a l e l e m e n t s Uiat a c t n a l l y c o m e to consciousness lien/ene niolecule:
precisely as c o n t r i b u d o n s t o c o g n i o n . " - ' H e n e e , i n q n i r i e s c o n s t u i e a u d
structure the cognitional dimensin o f o u r experiencing. I was s i t t i n g , w r i i i n g o n m y t e x t b o o k ; b u t t h e w o r k d i d n o t progress;
Quesuons for inielligence stand intermediary between acts o f experi- lll)' i h o u g h i s were elsewhere. I t t i r n e d i i i \ c l i a i r t o t h e fire a n d
e n c i n g ( w h i c h a r e i n q i i i r e d a b o u t ) a n d acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g o r " d i r e c t d o z e d . A g a i n t h e a i o m s w e r e g a m b o l i n g b e f o r e m y eyes. T h i s t i m e
i n s i g h i s " ( w h i c h a i e s o u g h t a f t e r by these i n q n i r i e s ) . L o n e r g a n regards l h e s m a l l e r grou|.>s k e p t m o d e s t l y i u t h e b a c k g r o u n d . M y m e n t a l e y e ,
t h e s e a c t s o f u n d e i ^ s t a n d i n g o r i n s i g h i s as t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a c t s o f h u m a n r e n d e r e d m o r e a c ui e by the r e p e a i e d visions o f t h e k i n d , c o u l d n o w
inielligence. As such. quesons for intelligence serve to dynamically relate d i s u n g u i s h l a r g e r siructui-es o f n i a n i f o l d c o n f o r m a U o n : l o n g rows
d i r e c t i n s i g h i s l o acts o f e x p e i i e n c i n g . I n q u i r y i n t h i s s e n s e is t h e e l e n i e n - someiimes m o r e closely h t i e d l o g e d i e r ; all t w i n i i i g a n d t w i s t i n g i n
tary i i i s t a n c e o f h u m a n self-transcendence, By i n q u i r i n g , a h u m a n s u b j e c t s n a k e - l i k e m o o n . B u t l o o k ! W h a t was t h a t ? O n e o f t h e s n a k e s h a d
is p u l l e d b e y o n d m e r e l y e x p e r i e n c i n g t o w a r d s s o m e t h i n g t h a t l i e s beyond seized h o l d o f its o w n t a i ! , a n d t h e f o r m w l n r l e d m o c k i n g l y b e f o r e
experiencing - naniely, nderstanding ( i n s i g h l ) a n d its u n i q u e a n d d i s - n i \ eyes. A s i f b y a f l a s h o f l i g l i i n i n g 1 a w o k e ; a n d t h i s t i m e a l s o I
unciive conten (which L o n e r g a n termed "inielligibilily"). Such i n q u i n e s spent l h e rest o f tlie n i g l i i i n w o r k i n g o u t l h e consequences o f the
also e n d o w acts o f u n d e r s i a n d i n g w i t h a s p e c i a l s t a t u s a m o n g o t h e r acts Ip-poibesi-s.-''
o f consciousness. D i r e c t i n s i g h i s are the c o n s c i o u s aciiviues l h a t relase
the tensin o f i n q u i r y p r e s e n t i n quesons f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d ihereby I l s \'ignette p r o v i d e s m u c h m o r e i b a n a d e s c r i p i i o n o f a s i n g l e a c t o"
a n s w e r t h e q u e s o n s o f w h a t , w h y , h o w , e t c . B y t h e i r v e r y n a t u r e , t h i s is i n s i g h t . I t is, r a t h e r , a n a r r a v e t h a t sitales t h a t a c i o f d i s c o v e r y ("llash of
w h a t d i r e c t i n s i g h i s ( o r acts o f u n d e i - s t a n d i n g ) a i e : a c i i v i u e s t h a t answer h c . h t n i n g " ) a m i d s t several o d i e r p r i o r a n d s u b s e q u e n t aciiviues; t h e u n d e r -
quesons f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d dissipaie t h e i r t e n s i o n s . Because a q u e s u o n h iiig l e n s i o n o f i n c p i i r y , t h e v i v i d l y v a i y i n g l o w o" a c t s o f i m a g i n i n g , a n d t h e
for intelligence i n t r o d u c e s t h e tensin a n d U i e r e b y esiablishes the stan- siihsrpient activies o f w o r k i n g o u t t h e consequences.
d a r d t h a t i t s a n s w e r m u s t m e e i , o n l y a n i n i e l l i g e n t a c t o f d i r e c i i n s i g h t is W h i l e i l is t i n l i k e l y t h a t an\ r e a d e r h a s b e e n ptizzling a b o u l tbe sirnc-
c a p a b l e o f m e e n g t h a t s t a n d a i ^ d - by d e n i t i o n , as i t w e r e . A c t s t h a t do I m e o f l h e b e n z e i i e n i o l e c u l e , i t is a l m o s t c e r t a i n t h a t s h e o r h e h a s b e e n
n o t fully a n c l a d e q u a i e l y r e s o l v e t h a t tensin a i e n o t at a l l answers t o t h a i I -u I \g a r o i u i d o n e o r a n o t h e r i n q u i r y as K e k u l d i d . I n s i g h i s d o not
q u e s t i o n . T h i s is w h y L o n e r g a n r e f e r s t o q u e s i i o n s o f t l i i s f i r s t t y p e as q u e s - ir o u l ) ' in t l i e r e a h n s o f s c i e n c e a n d i n a t h e m a t i c s ; i n q n i r i e s a n d the
tions for intelligence. i n s i g h i s that relase t h e i r tensions a r e c o n u n o n e x p e r i e n c e s . People have
'18 l ' a n I ; l'reliiTiiiiaries Obiecivii.y a n d F a c i u a l K n o w i n g =1.'-)

n s i g l i i s e\'ery d a y n i o l i o w i.o g c L a n a p p a n c e LO w o r k , h o w l o cl"ieei~ i i p di a n i a i i c releases t o especially i n t e n s e t e n s i o n s o f iiicpiir\'. d'he p a t h t o w a r d s

a f r i e n d , l i o w lo plan a iiap, oi" l i o w lo o r g a n i z o iheii- fmances. Insighis more relnied d i s c e r n m e n t begins with the dramac insiances b u t t h e n
and llieir disiinciive (''inielligible") c o n i e n i s a b o u n d in everyday life, i n inovcs g r a d u a l l ) ' t o w a r d s an ever g r e a t e r r e n n e m e n t o f i h e ability to n o t i c e
a r i i s i i c c r e a i i \ ' i i y , i n i l i e lalsoi.ii-s o f e r u d i i e s c h o l a r s h i p , a n d i n o l h e r r e a s \\\<- e\'er m o r e s n b t l e i n c p i i r i e s a n d i n s i g h i s i l i a i r n a k e u p t h e l a b r i c o f o n e ' s
as w e l l . f\crydav k n o w i n g a n d living.
l i e c a u s e i h e y a r e so i m i n d a n e , i l i e s e m o r e c o m m o n i n s i g h i s a r e i n i i i a l h '
d i l i c i i l i l o d i s c e r n , D i s c e r n m e n l cf c~)ne's o w n i n s i g h i s is a l s o r n a d e d i f i c i i h 2,//.5 (iieslioiis for HeJleclioiK jndgiiig, and Rejleclive nderstanding
b y l h i s d i s i i n c i i v e n a i i i r e o f i b e i r c o n t e n t . I n b i s c o n c e p i i o n o f i l i e [3he-
n o m e n o l o g i c a l m e i h o d , E c l m u n d Idiisseii i n i ' r o d u c e d a p c ) w e r f u l a n d iise- l ' l K ' r e is a l s o a s e c o n d , d i s i i i i c t l y p e o f c o g n i t i o n a l i n q u i r y , n a m e l y l l i e tyjDe
ful a n a l y l i c l o o l : l h e r e i a i i o n s h i p b e i w e e n an a c i o f consciousness {noes/s) lAprcssed i n a g r a m m a i i c a l f o r m s u c h as " I s i t so?"-"^ L o n e r g a n refers lo
a n d t l i e c c m i e n i o r o b j e c i o f l i i a i a c i {umina) r'^ K n o w l e d g e o f i l i i s r e i a i i o n - i l n - s c ^ o i n e w h a i . i n i s l e a d i n g l y as " c p . i e s t i o i i s f o r r e n e c t i o n . " Q u e s i i o n s for
s h i p can a i d i n d i s c e r n i n g l h e d i f f e r e n i k i n d s o f acis o f consciousness by i r l l e c u o n d o n o t r e a l l ) ' " l o o k b a c k " a t a n y t h i n g , as t b e t e r m s e e m s t o s t i g -
m e a n s o f i h e i r c o n i e n i s . F o r e x a m p l e , a v-oec a c i o f s e e i n g is i l i a i w l i i c l i )',rs(. i. n l i k e c p . i e s t i o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e , q u e s t i c m s f o r r e l e c i i o i i a r i s e , n o t i n
m a k e s c o n s c i o u s l h e iioeiiiac coiw.exw.'s, o f s h a p e a n d c o l o i u " . U s i n g a p h e - d i i c c i r e l a t i o n t o t l i e s e n s i b l e c o n t e n t s o f acts o f e x p e i - i e n c i n g , b u t i n d i r e c i
n o m e n o l o g i c a l m e i l i o d , o n e c a n b e g i n w i i l i i h e j/o//r//csense-conieni a n d 1 f i a 1 i o n L O l l i e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n is o f a c t s o f n d e r s t a n d i n g . ' f h e " ' i i " i n " I s
w o r k b a c k l o i i s c o n s i i l n i i n g noelic wciw'U)' or aciiviiies o f sensaiion. B u l ihe // M)?" r e f e r s b a c k t o i l i e noenialic cuuieuy o f a d i r e c t i n s i g h t . li. s a b o m . s u c h
noelic acis o f i n s i g h i s are d i s i i n c i i v e because i h e y d o n o i sliare a n y o f die an i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n t h a i o n e asks a n " I s i t s o ? " l y p e o f q u e s i i o n , Flence,
iioeinalic conien\s o f s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g , OT- r e m e m b e r i n g . T h e c o n i e n t s o f jnsi as L i i i e s t i o n s f o r i n i e l l i g e n c e p r e s u p p o s e acls a n d c o n t e n t s ofexperienc-
i n s i g l i i s a r e sai genes; d i e \ a r e n o i a i a l l l i k e s e n s i b l e o r i m a g i n a b l e c o n - m i ; , so a l s o q u e s i i o n s I b r r e n e c i i o n p r e s u p p o s e a c i s a n d c o i i i e n i s o f d i r e c i
lenis.'-*' L o n e r g a n ihus aclopied d i e l e r m " i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y " ic) d e s i g u a l e lhe midcrsuinding.
iimmalicconienis o f Insiglu.s.-' l . h i e s i i o n s f o r r e l l e c i i o n also c o n f e r a s p e c i a l s i a i i i s iqDon acis o f j i i d g -
B u l ibis d r a m a i i c dilTerence beiween ihe inielligible conienis o f insigliis iiii;. l o r o n l y i n acis o f J i u l g i n g are llie lensions o f relleciive iicp.nries
a n d l h e m o r e f a n n l i a r s e n s i b l e o r imatinable c o n l e n i s o f l h e o i b e i " acis liiiall)' b r o u g l i i l o rest. L i k e l h e w h a i , wliy, a n d IHJW c|uesions, l h e l e n -
r)f c o n s c i o u s n e s s m a k e s i i c l i f r i c u l i l o b e c r i n w i i l i i h e inLel!i'.:>-ible noeniatic a o i i o f "ds i l s o ? " q u e s i i o n s a l s o e s i a b l i s h e s a s u i n d a r d i b a i i h e i r p r o p e r
c o n i e n i as a m e a n s o f h e i g l i i e r u n g o u r a w a r e n e s s o f d i e noelic a c i . VVhen l u r a v c r s , l h a t is l o say, J i i d g i n e n i s , m u s i i i e e i . S i i c l i acLs o f u d g i n g are
p e o p l e e x c l a i m , ' " O h , n o w I see l h e a n s w e r , " i b e y a r e i n f a c r e f e r r i n g l o ' i i h e r acls o f afnriiiiiig (expressed l i u g u i s i i c a l l y as "\'es'') o r deining
a c i s o f i n s i g h l . V V h a l i h e \ p r e c i s e l y a r e nol d o i n g is seeing. T l i e v a r e i n s i e a d ( ' \ p r e s s e d as " " n o " ) i n r e s p o n s e l o " I s i l so?"' c p i e s i i o n s , O n e o r i h e o i l i e r
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i n g is, i n d e e d , l o o k i n g . C o m p a r e d t o l o o k i n g , i n s i g h t is o b s c u r e , a n d t h e lo (piesiioiis for r e f l e c t i o n .
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t o l l i e a s s i m i p t i o n i l i a t w l i a i is o b v i o i i s i n k n o w i n g is w h a t k n o w i n g ob\'- |iid);nienis o n fairly a r b i t r a r y groi.inds. Arbiti-ary a d u - i i i a i i o n s a n d deiiials
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h e l d t h a i e a c l i i n s i g h t has a d i s t i i i c t i \ ' e , i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n i l i a t is i r r e d u c - ' MI e d w h e n a p e r s o n g e n n i n e l ) ' e n i e n a i n s a c|uesLioii f b r r e f l e c i i o n - "fs i i
i b l e t o t l i e acts o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f s e n s i n g , i - e m e m b e r i n g , o r i m a g i n i n g . o . \ i i y ( p i e s i l o n i b a i has n o i r e a l l y b e e n a n s w e r e d w i l i l i n g e r i n c o n s c i o u s -
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a n d c o m m o n , a n d because l l i e i r i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n i e n i s are n e i t h e r visible ' u l l lie aware o f t e n s i o n s o f i n q u i r y t h a t l i n g e r a n d have n o t b e e n resolved
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a b l e f o r a b e g i n n e r a r e t h o s e t h a t c o m e " s u d d e n l y a u d u n e x p e c i e c l l y " - ' ' as hi d i i l l e d , b u t i h e y c a n n o i be c o m p l e t e l y o b l i t e r a t e d by m e r e l y arbitrary
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i n g . " H e used t h e t e r m "reflecnve nderstanding" ( o r "reflecuve insight") I i i ' ( p i e n d y , a t l e m p t s t o f h i d t h e m o s i o b v i o u s sorts o f s u p p o n n g e v i d e n c e
t o d e n o t e t h e a c l s t h a t c o n i e ai i h e e n d o f l h e s e r e l l e c i i v e p r o c e s s e s a n d t h a t l.iil n u c e o n e b e c o m e s serious a b o u t d i e m a t t e r . T h e i n i d a l path towards
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l i g i b l e c o n t e n o f a n y d i r e c t i n s i g h t is i n i d a l l y n o m o r e t h a n a n i n t e r e s t i n g , p r i ial l e c h u i q u e s o r l e c h n i c a l i n s t r n m e n i s t o s n p p l e i n e n t t h e evidence
idea. A l l h u m a n d i r e c t insighis are m e r e l y con u n g e n i, m e r e l y h y p o d i e t i c a l . ll u r d i n a r y e x p e r i e n c e . New p o s s i b i l i t i e s a n d c p i e s t i o n s a r i s e as r e f l e c i i o n
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nderstanding," w h i c h l h e n i m d e r s t a n d s the same i n i e l l i g i b l e possibility S C I ies o f r e l l e c i i v e a c t s d e p e n d s e i i u r e l y u p o n l h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e i n t e h
t h a t d i r e c l n d e r s t a n d i n g u n d e r s i o o d , b u t ii u n d e r s i a n d s t h a i i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y li|MbIe c o n t e n , u n d e r c o n s i d e r a i i o n . B u l n o niai.i.er h o w e x i e n d e d o r c o m -
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VVhen siaied i n iliis m o r e precise f a s l n o n , liowex'er, ilie Ihllacy o f lliis \l a n d a u d i t o r y d a l a is n o t o n e o f t l i e c o n d i i i o n s f o r j u d g i n g t h e s e t o b e
n a i v e \'iew b e c o m e s a p p a r e n i . Pi-ecisely because a n a c i o f i n s i g h l " s u p e r - .eiisihle data a b o u t tbe same ijerson.
v e n e s " a n d g o e s b e y o n d an\ a c i o f s e n s e , i m a g i n a i i o n , o r m e m o r y ' * ' ' i i s i n i e l - VVhen we k n o w s o m e o n e t o b e l h e s a m e p e r s o n , w h a t is l h e s a m e is t h e
l i g i b l e c o n t e n a l s o g o e s b e y o n d a n d is i n c o m p a r a b l e w i i h a n \ s e n s i b l e or i n i e l l i g i b l e u n l f i c a t i o n o f i l i o s e d i f f e r e n i sense d a l a . A n d the conditions
imaginable corueni. I n i e l l i g i b i l i l y is, i l i e r e f o r e , inirinsically non-sensible 1 h . i i n m s t be f u l f i l l e d 10 j u d g e s a m e n e s s o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a r e d i T e r e n t I V o m
a n d u n i r n a g i n a b l e . l l f o l l o w s i h a i i h e r e is n o p o s s i b l e w a y o f h o l d i n g i i u p ..iiueiiess o f sensible data,
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beyond ''piciure ihinking" and representaiionalism. For ihis reason, any .( l e i i i i s i s k n o w t h a t i.lie l a b a n i m a l o r p l a r i t s p e c i m e n l i i e y w o r k 011 t o d a y is
a t t e m p i lo deierrnine dieir correciness b\ m e a n s of a direci comjjarison l h e s a m e as l l i e o n e t h e y l e g a n t o p r e p a r e r n a n ; ' days o r m o n i l i s a g o ? l i is
Ol" c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i i h a s e n s i b l e p r e s e n i a i i o n is d o o n i e d to f a i l u r e . T h i s IM ll b ) ' l h e s a m e e m p i r i c a l d a t a , f o r t h e o r g a n i s u r s g r o w t h w i l l h a v e c l i a i i g e d
w o u l d be l i k e i r y i n g l o d e i e r n h n e w l i l c l i sliade o f r e d m a i c l i e s l h e n u m b e r lis d a l a o\'er l h e i n i e r \ ' e n i i i g t i m e .leriod. I n a c i , l l i e s c i e n t i s t u s i u i U y h o p e s
foT-iy-se\'eii. I n i h e p u r e l y i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n i e n i o f a n i n s i g l i i , d i e r e a r e n o s e n - I h . i i d i e r e w i l l be a i l e a s t s o m e d a i a d i a i d i f f e r a l t h e e n d o f i h e e x p e r i i i i e n -
sible q u a l i i i e s w h a i s o e v e r w h i c h c o u l d be m a d e to f i t o n t o p o f the data o f i.il p e r i o d ; o t h e r w i s e , t b e e x p e r i m e n t w i l l y i e l d a n u i l r e s t i l i . S o i t is n o t b y
sensaiion. .Vlaiu' o t h e r a i i t l i o r s liave criiicizecl tliis f o r m o f represeniational- i i i e . m s o f i d e n t i c a l e i i i i j i r i c a l d a i a t l i a i w e k n o w s a m e n e s s - i t is b y i d e n i i -
correspondeiice theory o'kiiowing; l..oiierganjoiiis.their raiiks. I ,il i i i U ' l l i g i b l e o r g a n i z a t i c m t h a t we k n o w sameness. B u t i f we d o n o t k n o w
The inetaphor of reacliing a judgment by m a t c i i i n g a n i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y Inielligible sameness f r o m e m p i r i c a l evidence, l i o w d o we knowit?
a g a i n s t e x p e r i e n c e is i l i e r e f o r e a n u n h e l p f u l a n d m i s l e a d i n g w a y o f t h i n k - II miglii be o b j e c t e d thai in c o n i r o l l e d experiinents, l a b animis a n d
ing aboul how we arrive a i j u d g m e n i s about the correciness o f insiglits. pl.iiii specimeiis are lagged, and tlie inarks o n the lag are identical einpiri-
L o n e r g a n suggests t h a t a t the i'oot o f representaonal-correspondence the- I al d a l a a f t e r a l l . B u t h o w d o e s l h e i n v e s t i g a t o r k n o w f o r s u r e t h a i l a g s w e r e
o r i e s o f k n o w i n g is l l i e p e r l i a p s L i n a c k n o w l e d g e c l a s s u m p t i o n thai human M< ll h i r g e d , o r t h a t t l i e e x | 3 e r i m e n i is n o t b e i n g sabc^iaged b y s o m e o n e w h o
k n o w i n g is f u n d a m e n t a l h ' a m a t t e r o f l a k i n g a l o o k , a t l e a s i metaphori- wWi l i e d l h e o r i g i n a l t a g t o a s p e c i m e n t h a i l o o k s e x a c t h ' t h e s a m e , b u t lias
cally B u l lhe i n c o m m e n s t i r a b i l i i y o f experiential conten with intelligible liad a ililfereni [jreparation?
'l P a n I : Pi-climinarics ObjeciivL;'and l*"acuial Rrum-lng 55

N o i i c e Llie f l o w o f t]iiesLon.s L h a i o c c u r s w h e i h e i ' w e c o n s i d e r l h i s p i - o l > q u i ' s i i ( m s . '1 h e c r i i e r i o n f o r j u d g i n g l h e c o r i - e c i n e s s o f a n i n s i g h l i n i o i n i e l -

leiii o f i i i s u r i n g ilie iniegriiy o f a n e\'ferinienL o r l h e p r o b l e m o f j u c i g i n g l i n i b l e sameness, o r i h e c o r r e c m e s s o f i b e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n o f any i n s i g h l .
p e r s o n a l iclenLiiy. I n his p e n e i i a i i n g analysis L o n e r g a n reveis i h e c o g n i - 1-. l h a t t h e i e are n o f u r i h e r p e n i n e n l q u e s t i o n s , p e i o d . I b i s c r i t e i i o n seis
i i o n a l s i g n i t i c a n c e o f i b i s flow o f f i r r t h e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s t i o n s i h a i arise s p o n - a I h . i l l e n g e f o r d i s c e r n m e n t . l l is t h e c h a l l e n g e t o b e c o m e ever m o r e dis-
taneously w i i h r e g a r d t o any q u e s t i o n for j u d g i n g tbe correctness o f insights ( r i n l u g i n i i o t i c i n g t h e s u b t l e traces o f l i i i g e r i n g cpiestions t h a t n e e d t o b e
i n t o c o n c r e t e situaiions.^^ (rnisidered befte o n e c o m m i t s oneself t o the correcmess o f a proposion
E v e i y b r i g h i i d e a ( d i r e c t i n s i g h t ) is f o l l o w e d s p o n i a n e o u s l y b y a f l o w o f ( . u i f l t h e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y t h a t i i e x p r e s s e s ) . l l is a v e r y d e m a n d i n g c i i t e r i o n f o r
q u e s t i o n s . S o u i e o f these inqtre a b o u l t h e sensible contents dial would dr>i e i i i m e n t .
p r o v i d e s o m e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s n e e d e d t o r e g a r d t h e i n s i g h t as v i r i u a l l y A g a i n , h i r i h e r q u e s t i o n s a l i o u i o n e ' s u n d e r s i a n d i n g o f sarneness rnay b e
i m c o n d i t i o u e d . N o t a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n al m a t c h , b u l w h e t l i e r l h e sense d a t a ptis<-d c>ui o f a n a i u i u d e o f h y p e r b o l i c s k e p c i s m o r a n a b n o r i i i a l p a r a -
s e n ' e as f n l f i l l i n g t f i e c o n d i t i o n s s e l b y i n q u i r y is t h e s t a n d a r d t h a t m a t t e r s . niii.i. R u i i h e s e a r e s o t u c e s o f f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o n s whh agendas other than
Yet e v e n w h e n sensible d a t a a r e f o u n d t h a t m e e t t h e reHective c r i i e r i a o f lhe s i a n d a r d set b y t l i e q u e s t i o n "Is i t so?" O n c e all l h e q u e s t i o n s have b e e n
f u l f i l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s , these a i e s e l d o m t h e c o m p l e t e o i s o l e set o f c o n d i d o n s nr.wcred that are i n d e e d periinent to k n o w i u g whether this o r that intel-
t h a i mus b e f u l f i l l e d . Siill f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s arise a b o u t i h e i n s i g h l itself. l i f u b i l i t \ r e a l l y is s o , i h e n w e h a v e r e a c h e d t h e v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , r e a -
These f u r t h e r quesiions lead t o f u r i h e r insiglits, sorne o f w b i c h correct, .uiiable g r o u n d f b r m a k i n g a very l i m i i e d j u d g m e n t a b o u t t h e correctness
complement, c r i t i c i z e , luodiy, r e v i s e , o r e v e n r e p l a c e ilie original b r i g h t lll . M i r nderstanding o f s o m e i h i n g .
idea witli a m o r e sophisiicaied a n d m o r e leiiable u i i d e i s t a n d i n g . I f this
cyclical process o f q u e s i i o n i n g a n d revised nderstanding arrives a t a l i m i t 2../.y Sunimaiy
where there are n o furiher quesiions p e n i n e n i lo ihe correciness o f a given
i n s i g h l , t h e n t h e m o d i f i e d u n d e r s i a n d i n g is " i n v u l n e r a b l e " l o f u r i h e r c o r - l u h r i e f , t h e n , i h i s is L o n e r g a n ' s answer L O ''What are we d o i n g w h e n we
r e c t i o n . T h i s a b s e n c e o f f u r i h e r c o r r e c i i n g q u e s i i o n s , L o n e i g a n a i g u e s , is ur k n o w i n g ? " W H i a i w e a r e d o i n g is f l y n a m i c a l l y a s s e n i b l i n g a s i r u c i u r e d
recognized by refleciive nderstanding t o be t h e f u l f i l l m e i i t o f c o n d i t i o n s whiilc o f conscious acls m i d e r t h e g n i d a n c e o f i i i t e l l i g e n t a n d reflecuve
f o r j u d g i n g a n i n s i g h t l o be a c o r r e c t nderstanding. U n t i l tliis l i m i t h a s u i q n i r v . L v e r y a c t o f j u d g m e u L i n t h a l s t r u c t u r e r e s p o n d s t o s o m e "Is i l so?"
b e e n r e a c l i e d , o n e h a s c o n d i t i o n s o n l y f o r t h e u d g m e n t , " I t h i n k t h i s is s o , q u r s i i o n fbr leMeciion, which i n u i i n presupposes some inielligible con-
b u t I aiu noL y e i c e n a i n , " O n i h e o i h e r h a n d , o n c e i h e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n i< l l l . i s l l i e " i t " b e i n g a s k e d a b o u l . T h e s e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n t s , i n t h e i r t u r n ,
o f a n i n s i g h l has b e e n c o r r e c i e d t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e r e ai'e n o c p i e s t i o n s oinr lo consciousness i n acts o f d i r e c t i n s i g l i t s ( a n d o n h ' i n s u c h a c l s ) , a n d
t o c o i r e c t i i f u r t h e r , i t is r e f l e c u v e l y lecognized as a f u l l y c o r i e c i , viriu- I I M s r acts o f d i r e c i u n d e i s i a n d i n g a l w a y s r e s p o n d l o q u e s t i o n s f b r i n t e l l i -
a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . T h i s r e c o g n i t i o n is w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l i s a [\i l l l r . A g a i n , q u e s t i o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e p r e s u p p o s e ' e x p e r i e n c e s thai iliey
reflecuve act o f nderstanding, a n d i t becomes tiie g r o u n d f o r a reasonal^le 1.1 . d ) o i i i ; h e n e e t h e s e v a r i o u s acis ( o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , s e n s i n g , i m a g i n i n g ,
afflrmaiion o f t h e coiieciness ofthe inielligibilii)'. L a c k i n g s u c h refiecuve n n i r m h e i i n g , intellectual incpiiring, u n d e i s t a n d i n g , lefleciive inquiring,
imdei^Lanciing, judgmeuLs a b o u t t h e intelligible conten w o u l d n o t be rea- I I llri ling, reflectively grasping t h e viriually u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d j u d g i n g )
sonable. Rather, the;' w o u l d be m e r e h ' a r b i i r a r y II r . i s s c m b l e d i n t o a d ) ' i i a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f i n t e r r e l a l i o n s l i i p s b ) ' i n q u i r y T h e
IL m a y seem impossible to reach the limii where ihere are uo f u r t h e r .M r . o l i n c p i i r i n g r e l a t e t h e acts t o o n e l i o t h e r , a n d i l i e r e b ) ' c o n s t u i e a
cpiesuons pernent t o o u r i n q u i r y a b o u t d i e c o r r e c m e s s o f an insight. I n lll U l l u i c o t c o g n i t i o n . T h i s , a c c o r d i n g t o L o n e r g a n , is w h a t w e a r e d o i n g
f'act, h o w e v e r , o v e r a n d a g a i n , we a c i u a l i y d o r e a c h l h e p o i m w h e r e w e c o n - u lirii we are knowing.

Odenily acknowledge d i a i i l i i s is i n d e e d i h e s a m e p e r s c u i w i i h w h o m w e
interacted previously. A t some p o i n t , scienuflc invesugatois d o k n o w that *, IV * >l>jectivit)': W h y I s D o i n g T h a t K n o w i n g ?
t h e s p e c i m e n t o d a y is t h e s a m e as l h e o n e p r e p a i - e d p r e v i o u s l y I n t h e s e a n d
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fashion precisely because t h e r e a r e " n o f u r i h e r p e r i i n e n t questions." p l l l l ll ur l h e c o n s c i o u s a c d v i d e s t h a t L o n e r g a n e n u m e r a t e s - o r e v e n t h a i
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l u r e c u l n n i i a i e s n wiicoiidilonaUy gvoi\uQ\ii j u d g m e n i s a b o n i w l i a i s o r s " I i i i i i i a i i e i i c e " i m p l i e s c o n t h i e i n e n i l o l h e i m e r i o r , w h i l e , b y way o f c o n -
n o i , w h e n p e r f o r m e d n o r m a n x ' e l v a n d wihoiu. d S L o r i o i i , L h e n ' ' d o i n g i h a i " liasl. il w o u l d s e e m i l i a L r e a l i i y lies " o u i i b e r e " i n i h e e x i e r i o r . W l i e i i p o s e d
is i n i r i n s i c a l l y a i n a i i e r o f k n o w l e d g e a b o u l w h a i is (as w e l l as knowledge III l i l i s f a s l i i o n , l h e p r o l . i l e n i a i i c o f o b j e c i i x ' C k n o w l e d g e is ' ' l h e b r i d g e piol>
a b o u l w l i a i is n o i ) . S u c h p e r f o r m a n c e is i l i e r e f o r e i n i r i n s i c a l l y o b j e c i i \ ' e . ' " I r m " : lhe seemingh' unsoh'able j:)robleni o f b r i d g i n g ihe cbasm beiween the
T l u s is w h a i L o n e r g a n meaiiL w h e n he w r o i e Lhai " g e n u i n e objecLi\'Ly m m i a n e i i L aciiviiies o f consciousness " i n h e r e , " a n d l h e way i h i i i g s really
is l h e f i T i i i o f a u L l i e n i i c SLibjecLviLy."u A u i h e n u c subjecL\ai.)' i n i b i s c a s e a i c " O U L l h e r e now.'' Q u i i e likely w i i h K a n i in m i n d , L o n e r g a n posed lhe
n i e a n s f a i i h f u l l y b e i n g l o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r , f a i i l i f u l l y p a r l i c i p a i i n g in ihe (|ucsii<ni more ex|}liciLl\': W h y is p e r f o r m a n c e o f l h e acis o f cogniiional
dynamism o f cogniiional siruclure, a n d faiihfulh' following ihe siandards Jiuriiire " n o l resiricied lo ilie i n i m a n e n i coriieiii.of k n o w i n g , 10 Bewussl-
a n d g u i d a n c e l a i d d o w n by o u r o w n q u e s i i o n i n g i b a i u n d e r p i n s i l i a i s i r u c - M'iii.siidiallr}-''-'' l l l o i l i e r w o r d s , how does o n e gei f r o m lhe c o n i e n i s iiiside
LLu"e, f a i i l i f u l p e r f o r m a n c e o f i b i s p a i i e r n o f acis is i l i e r e b r e i h e r n o s i . f i i n - I otiscioiisness (Bawasstsmis'niliaUi') lo l h e OLU.side, d i e already-oui-ihere-now
d a n i e n i a l m e a n i n g o f b o i l i l h e a u i b e n i i c i i y a n d l h e objeci.i\'L)'of l i u n i a n 1 r a l w o r l d ? f l o w d o e s o n e o \ e i " c o i T i e i b i s s u b j e c i - o b j e c i d i \ ' i d e ? T l i i s is o n e
k n o w i n g . O u r aeinal j u d g m e n i s a r e objecve i f i h e y a r e c o r r e d , ' f h e ) ' are wa\ of suuing lhe fundamenial modern e)isLeniologcal problemaiic of
c o i ' r e c i o n l y i f we liave successfully c o r r e c i e d faiih)' i n s i g h i s . We d o iliis by I ibjcciive knowledge.''
t a k i n g i n i o a c c o i i n i e v e r y i h i n g i l i a i n e e d s lo be l a k e n i n i o a c c o u i i L (i.e., i h e I .onergan r e s p o n d e d 10 i l i e i m p a s s e o f i b i s [:n"obleniaLc L i y c l r a w l n g a i L e n -
" c o n d i i i o n s " for reasonable j u d g i n g ) , a n d especially f b l l o w i i i g ihe lead of i i o n lo die self-iransceiidence i h a i is a l r e a d y a n d always o p e r a d n g i n c o g n i -
l h e f u r i h e r p e n i n e n l quesiions f o r r e f l e c i i o n . O u r i u d g n i e n i s are correct, u o n a l s i r u c l u r e i i s e l f . T h i s is l h e r e a s o n f b i " L o n e r g a n ' s repeaied empliasis
l h e n , w h e n i h e y a f T i r n i o r d e n y l h e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n i e i i l o f s o m e i n s i g h l as lhai 1 he s l n i c l i n - e o f l i u n a n c o g n i i i o n is dynaimc. fhe dynamism of human
\'iriuall\ n n c o n d i i i o n e d . I o g n i l i o n is o u r q u e s i i o n i n g a n d o u r i n q u i r y . O u r i n t | u i r y m e a n s l l i a i we a r e
h i i p l i c i l i n l h e e - x i i o r i a i i o n l o a u i h e n u c SLibjec\'Ly, o f c o u r s e , is i h e p o s - l i r v r r c ( ) n i . e n i w i i h , o r l i m i L e d Lo, w h a i is a l r e a d y i n i m a n e n i i n o u r m i n d s
s i b i h i y o f i n a u L l i e i i L i c siibjecLi\'L\'. I f p e r f o r m a n c e o f l h e paLiei'n o f cogni- ihiis lar. O u r i n q u i r y is a d e s i r i n g f o r w l i a i w e a r e n o l y e i a n d w h a i we do
i i o n a l acL\'Les i n conlbi"niLy w i i l i Lhe n o r m a i i v i i y o f q u e s i i o n i n g s Inlrinsi- nol \ci c o m p r e h e n d . L is a l e a d i n g b e y o n d w h a i we a l r e a d y h a v e i n m i n d
///) o t j j e c l v e , s i i l l i h e r e c a n b e a l l s o n s o f IV/W/LV/C iuLerferences wiih sucli II i w a r d s w h a i w e d o n o l y e i h a v e i n n i i n d . V I o s i i i n p o n a n d y , o u r i n q u i r y l e a d s
f a i i h f u l p e r f o r m a n c e . T h o s e e.x'insic i n i e r f e r e n c e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f-ail- t r . h r \ ( > i i d w l i a i e v e r w e i l i i i s f a r i h i n k o r b e l i e v e o r o p i n e o r l i y [ ; ) o i h e s i z e 10
u r e s o f o b j e c i i v i L y . T h i s issue o f e x i r i n s i c i n i e r f e r e n c e s wiili objeciiviiy will br' l h e case. W e ask n o i m e r e l y w l i a l w e i b i n k is so o r i i i i g h i b e so - we do
be addressed in secdon ".j.^. nol m e r e l y ask w h a i is i m m a n e n i i n o u r m i n d s ; w e a l s o a s k a b o u l w h a i i r u l y
5S Pan, I : P r e l i m i n a r i e s Olijeciiviiy and ractiial K n o w i n g 59

is so. VVlien w e d o so, w e a r e alrnadx i n l h e pi'ocess o f s e l f - i , r a n s c e i i d e n c e - iM)Mniuual s t r n c t u r e ) is i n d e e d a performance thai is p r o p e r l y called

Lranscending beyond mere Beimisstseinsinhalle. iih|i-< l i v e k n o ^ v i n g .
W i t h t h e a c t o f t i n c o i i d i l i o n a l j u d g m e n t t h a t p r o c e s s o f c o g n i t i o n a l self- I . n u c r g a n elabrales his a r g u m e n t i n t e r m s o f w h a t he calis t h e "episie-
t r a n s c e n d e n c e is r e a l i z e d . b i j u d g i n g n n c o n d i i i o n a l l ) ' t h a t t h i s o r l h a t is l h e n>< i l g i c a ! t h e o r e m " t h a t h u m a n k n o w i n g is " i n t r i n s i c a l l y o b j e c d v e " b e c a u s e
c a s e , c o g n i t i o n a l s t r n c t u r e m a n i f e s t s its s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e by g o i n g beyond ll H s i s u p o n an u n r e s t r i c i e d i n t e n t i o n a n d a n u n c o n d i t i o n e d resulf."^'^'
merely conditioned nderstanding o f w h a t appears ic) b e o r i n i g l i t be to IU n n c o n d i o u e d r e s i d " b e m e a n s a j u d g m e n t grounded in a reflecuve
judge w h a t is s o . F i u i h e r m o r e , this cognitional self-transcendence dc">es iinil<isianding o f a n i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y as v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d . By 'unre-
not suddenly appear f o r t h e first t i m e i n a n aci o f r e a s o n a b l e judgment; ,1111 i c d i i i t e n u o n " he ineans the pur, u n r e s t r i c i e d desire to k n o w lhat
self-iranscendence has a h e a d y been operativo i n t b e e a i l i e r stages o f the \ l h e s o u r c e o f , a n d is m a n i l e s t e d i n , all quesuons br i n t e l l i g e n c e and
c o g n i i i o n a l process w h e n cpiestions f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e go b e y o n d m e r e e x p e r i - II l l r c l i o n .
ences, a n d insighis go beyond m e r e quesdons for i n t e l l i g e n c e . Pven moie II is e v i d e n t that objecdvity results f r o t n tbe "uncondidoned resuli" of
p r o l b i m d l y , self-transcendence o p r a l e s i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t processes o f rea- l u d g m e i i t s g r o u n d e d i i p o n r e f l e c u v e g r a s p s o f i n s i g h t s as v i r u i a l l y u n c o n d i -
sonable relleciicm t h a t move beyond the grasp of m e r e h ' c o n d i t i o n e d intel- i l o i i c d . I f a n i n i e l l i g i b i h t y is v i r u i a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d , t h e n o n e is r e f l e c u v e l y
l i g i b i lides towards t h e grasp o f t h e l i n k s w i t h t h e i r c o n d i d o n s , a n d onwards . . i l M d / a n t o f a l l c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i s i t e I b r a f l l r n i i n g t l i a t i l is so ( o r denying
s t i l l t o w a r d s a r e f l e c d v e g r a s p o f a v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d . C o g i d t i o n a l self- i h . i i i l is s o ) . V V h e n o n e a f T i r n i s ( o r d e n i e s ) o n t h i s basis a n d d i i s b a s i s a l o n e ,
transcendence is e s j j e c i a l l y m a n i f e s t e d i n t h e " I s i t s o ? " c p i e s t i o n l h a t s i i m u - pinc's j u d g m e n t is p r e c i s e l y a b o u t w h a t i s o r is n o i so. T h i s s t h e b a s i c n o u o n
lates a n d a n i m a l e s l h e w h o l e r e f l e c d v e process, f o r i n r a i s i n g t h a t q u e s t i o n ol o h i e c t i v i t y - t h a t o u r t h i n k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g is i d e n u c a l w i t h whai
h u m a n consciousness a l r e a d y goes b e y o n d i l i e m e r e Bmjusstsemshihalle o H \ i l l y is sc)."i'
a b r i g h t i d e a ; i n o t h e r w t ^ r d s , t h e w h o l e o f c o g n i t i o n a l s i r t i c t i u e is a self- I l(wevei-, s e r i o u s d o i i b t s h a v e b e e n r a i s e d b y c o i m d e s s t h i n k e r s a b o u t o u r
transcending dynamism i h a t r e a c h e s its c o g n i t i o n a l c u i m i n a t i o n w h e n it i h i l i i y l o r e a c h a n y s u c h s o - c a l l e d u n c o n d i t i o n e d r e s u l t . I t is f b r t h i s r e a s o n
atfh'ms, reasonably a n d confidendy, uncondidoned resids - namely, thal i l i . u I . o n e r g a n a l s o asseris t h a t h u m a n o b j e c t i v i t y rests u p o n a n " u n r e s t r i c i e d
s o m e i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s r e a l l y a r e so. m i r n t i o n " - u p o n a n umvslrktedevQ t o k n o w , w h i c h s " m a n i f e s t e d i n q u e s -

The root o f this h u m a n capacity fbr cognitional self-transcendence is ii( IUS l o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d f b r r e l e c d o n . " i = H i s c l a i i n d i a t a l l h u i n a n s h a v e a n

what Lonergan called i h e "'iinresuicted desire to k n o w . " liecause o f this e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e t o k n o w , a n d t h a t t h i s s t h e s o u r c e o f a l l o u r c o g n i u o n a l

u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e , r e a s o n a b l e r e f l e c t i o n h a s t h e c a p a c i t y t o ask e v e r y i h i n g i | u e s i i o n s , s p e r h a p s t h e m o s t c n i c a l a s s e n i o i i i n all o f his p h i l o s o p h i c a l
a b o u t e \ ' e r y i h i n g . T h e r e is n o f u r i h e r | 3 e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n t h a t is b e y o n d its u I ll i n g s .
c a p a c i t y t o ask. T h e h u m a n c a p a c i t y l o r e a c h a n t m c o n d i i i o n e f i r e s u k ( r e f l e c - Win does h u m a n objecdvity depend u p o n i h e persisience ofan unre-
iive u n d e r s i a n d i n g o f a viriually u n c o n d i d o n e d ) rests u p o n i l i e dynamic , i i i ( l e d flesre l o k n o w ? B e c a u s e i f d i e r e w e r e a n y q u e s u o n s t h a i w e c o u l d
self-transcendence o f unrestricied h u m a n wonder Because h u m a n incpiiiy n.ii raise, t h e n we w o u l d b e sUick w i t h i n s i g h t s t h a t are i n c o r r e c i a n d falla-
is i n i r i n s i c a l l y u n r e s t r i c i e d , h u m a n b e i n g s ca.ii raise evei*y q u e s t i o n l h a t i l i e y I l o i i s . a n d w e c o u l d n e v e r b e a w a r e o f t h e m as n c o r r e c i . W e w o u l d reach
w o u l d n e e d to a n s w e r b e f o r e t h e y c o u l d r e a s o n a h h ' j u d g e s o m e i h i n g to be lhe naiural end o f restricted human quesuoning, and our quesiioning
so u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . B y t h i s s a m e u n r e s t r i c i e d i n t e n t i o n , t h e y h a v e a w a r e n e s s i M ' i i l d be sausfied (because no furdier lension o f inquiry w o u l d remain)
o f w h e n s o m e o f l l i o s e p e r i i n e n t q u e s t i o n s r e m a i n u n a n s w e r e d , a n d so c a n . \en i h o l i g h o u r ideas r e r n a i n e d incorrect;, R u t o u r " i s " q u e s i i o n i n g s h o u l d
reasonably r e f r a i n f r o m a f f i r m i n g w h a t t h e y d o n o t yet g r a s p t o be v i r t u a l l y he salisfled w i t h t r u n c a t e d q u e s u o n i n g , because t h e a n i n i a u n g q u e s t i o n
unconditioned. w.w supposed t o b e a b o u t w h a t is so, n o t a b o u t w h a i s o m e l n t e h u m a n
Because o f this self-iranscending and inquiring dvnaniism, our cog- di site f m d s s a u s f y i n g . We w o u l d be able l o r e a c h a reflecuve nderstanding
n i t i o n a l activities are never merely i i n i i i a n e i i t BinusstseinsinhalUr, rather, III s o m e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y as v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d , o n l y f w e c o u l d a s k a n d
o u r c o g n i i i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s a r e a l w a y s a l r e a d y c a u g h i u p n a n d c o n s i i i u t e d . i i r . w e i all f u n h e r q u e s t i o n s p e r n e n t t o d i e p u r s u i t o f i h a i n d e r s t a n d i n g
b y t h e d y n a m i c t h a t l e a d s b e y o n d t h e m s e l v e s a n d h e a d s l o w a r d s w h a t is. I . ,1 . o i i e c t u n d e i - s i a n d i n g o f h o w t h i n g s r e a l l y a r e . B m f d i e r e w e r e s o m e
We achieve objeciive knowledge o f w h a t is l o t h e e x t e n t t h a t we allow i|iiesiions i n h e r e n d y b e y o n d the reach o f h u m a n consciousness - f t h e r e
i n q u i r y t o p l a y i t s e l f o u t a l l l h e way, w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r e n c e . ^ ^ T h i s , Loner- \veie s o m e q u e s u o n s l h a t c o u l d n o t b e r a i s e d - t h e n i i w o u l d b e impossible
g a n a r g e s , is w h y " d o i n g t h a t " ( t - a i t b f u l l y f b l l o w i n g l h e d y n a m i c l e a d of l l l p i n c i p l e t o raise a l l o f t h e r e q u i s i t e f u r i e r q u e s u o n s . T h e r e w o u l d b e
O P a r t 1: Picliinitiaiics Objectivity a n d Faciual K n o w i n g 61

n o w a v i( k i H \ i l i a i a l l o b j e c i i o n s t o o u r u n d e r s i a n c l i n g s o f t h i n g s h a c i b e e n ( \ r i \g a b o u t e v e r y i h i n g , w h i c h i i i a n i f e s t s i t s e l f i n a n n t r i n s i c a l l v linit-
a i h b c s s e d . ( ) r . t h e r e w o u l d he n o w a y l o a i i a i n l l i e f m ' i b e r i n s i g h i s n e e d e d ii '.s l l o w o ' q u e s u o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e l l e c i i o n .
l o inodir\ a fallacious u n d e r s i a n d i n w i n t o a c o r r e c t u n d e r s i a n d i n t ; .
So lhe atiainmeni of.ihe "imconditioned result" (i.e., ilie refleciive 2. 5 . 5 Is Human (nesiioaing Lh/resricled?
iindersiancliiig o f tlie virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d ) depends absolutely u p o n a
c a p a c i t v tc) r a i s e a l l q u e s t i o n s p e r i i n e n t t o t h e c o r i ' e c t n e s s ofour under- l o i K n g a n ' s m o s t c r u c i a l c l a m is t h a i t h e d e s i r e t o k n o w i h a t issues 'orili
standings. l l depends, in other words, on ihe unresiiicted intention of m o ( p i e s t o n s is unrestricied. M e r e " d e s i r e " i n e a n s n o m o r e a n d n o less l i i a n
t h e pur u n r e s t r i c i e d desire l o k n o w . C o n t i a i T l o t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l siate o f . i . m < a h i n g i l i a i is m a n i f e s t e d i n t h e t e n s i n o f c p i e s t i o n s b r intelligence
affairs w h e r e h u m a n beings w o u l d have o n l y a finite capacity for i n q u i r y , . m d i c l l e c t i o n . l l is l h e d e s i r e t h a t s i i n i u l a t e s , a c c o m p a n i e s , a n d c o n s i i t u t e s
Lonergan c l a i m s t h a t o u r c a p a c i t y f o r i n q u i r y is i n f a c t u n r e s t r i c i e d . O u r I n q u i r i n g , q u e s i i o n i n g , a s k i n g , w o n d e r i n g , b e i n g p i i z z l e d , a n d so o n . L o n e r -
d e s i r e t o k n o w s u n r e s t r i c i e d . Ov this claim wsl all ofthe olher achieveinenls of !;.in observes, " B e c a u s e i t d i f f e r s r a d i c a l h ' f r o m o i h e r d e s i r e , l h i s d e s i r e has
ls liilosofhical luork. l n - c i i n a n i e d p u r , l l is t o fie k n o w n , n o t b ) ' t h e m i s l e a d i n g a n a l o g ) ' o f o t h e r
O f c o u r s e , i n so m a n y cases w e a r e t m a b l e l o a n s w e r f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o n s d r s i r c . b u t b y g i v i n g fVee r e i n 10 i n t e l l i g e u t a n c l r a t i o n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . " ' ' '
t h a t ai"e p e r t n e n t t o t h e a t i a n m e n i o f c o r r e c t u n d e i s t a n d i n g . I n those A m o n g l l i e wa)'s t h a t i l i e d e s i r e t o k n o w d i f f e r s r a d i c a l l y fi^oni o i h e r d e s i r e s
cases, t h e o b j e c t i v e j i . i d g n i e n i w o u l d b e , ""1 d o n o t k n o w 'or s u r e . " O b j e c t i v - I'. l h a i i l is u n r e s i r i c t e d . D e s i r e s t b r o i l i e r s a t i s f ' a c l i o n s - f b r b o d , p l e a s n r e ,
i t y c o n s i s t s j u s t as m u c h i n k n o w i u g w h a t w e d o n o t k n o w as i t d o e s n k n o w - .1 s. c o m b r i , l i o n o u r , o r ]3owei', o r e x a m p l e a r e d e s i r e s f o r iden!ifial.)!e
i n g w i i a i we d o know. Notice, hc^wever, that lhe statemeni foi' j n d g m e u i o h j c i i s . O n c e t h o s e o b j e c t s a r e p o s s e s s e d , t b e d e s i r e I b r t h e m is s a t i s f i e d
h a s s h i f t e d : f r o m l h e s t a t e m e u t ' ' X is s o , " w e h a v e s h i f t e d t o t h e s i a t e m e n t u i d iis l e t i s i o i i is c p i e l l e d . T h e d e s i r e 10 k n o w , h o w e v e r , c a n n o t b e s a t i s f i e d
" I d o n o t k n o w f o r s t n e w h e t h e r X is s o . " W h i l e t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f f u r t h e r b\g s h o r t o f k n o w i n g e v e r y i h i n g a b o u t e v e i y t h i n g . W h i l e w e c a n
u n a n s w e i e d p e r n e n t q u e s t i o n s m a k e s i l i m p o s s i b l e f o r us l o say t h a t a l l i r l r i u i l y w h a i o u r o i h e r desires desire, we w o u l d n o t be able to i d e n i i f y w h a t
l h e c o n d i i i o n s for a f f i r m i n g X have b e e n fulfilled, s i n i u l t a n e o u s l y d i e very o i i i d r s i r e to k n o w desires uniess we a l r e a d y k n e w e v e i y t h i n g a b o u t everv-
s a m e p e r s i s t e n c e o f t h o s e c p i e s t i o n s is t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r d i m g - nuiess we a l r e a d y h a d answers t o all o f t h e q u e s u o n s t h a t f l o w f r o m
saying c o r r e c t l y ancl unconduonalb', " I k n o w t i i a i I d o n o t k n o w whedier d i i ' . u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e . T h i s is a m o n g t h e r e a s o n s w h y a n a l o g i e s w i i l i o t h e r
o r n o t X s s o . " dr'.ii<-s p r o v e n i i s l e ; . i d i n g ii a i t e r n p t i n g l o i l i i n k a b o u t l h e " p u r " ' d e s i r e .
Plmnan objeciivily does n o t d e p e n d u p o n h a v i n g answers to all ipies- Instead, Lonergan c o i i t e n d s , this u i i r e s i r i c t e d desire to know is best
tons. I f l h a t w e r e l i i e case, t h e n o f c o u r s e diere could be no objective I n o w n " by g i v i n g ii, f r e e r e i n - t h a i is 10 sa)', " k n o w l e d g e " a b o u t t b e d e s i r e
h u m a n k n o w l e d g e , s i n c e n o h u m a n has e v e r h a d t h e a n s w e i s to all ques- l o k n o w c a n n o t be a i i a i n e d i n t h e h i l h ' liunan sense o f k n o w i n g t h a t lakes
t i o n s . R a t h e r , o b j e c t i v e h u m a n k n c o w l e d g e d e p e n d s u p o n t l i e 'aci t h a i e v e r y pl.icr i h r o i i g h t h e c c j g n i i i o n a l s i r u c l u r e , l u o r d e r to k n o w tbe desire in
h u m a n b e i n g h a s a p u r w o n d e r , a n unresiTcted d e s i r e t h a i is t h e s o u r c e dus l u l l y l u m i a n sense, we w o u l d have t o u n d e r s t a u d c o r r e c t l y everyihing
o a n endless s i r e a m o f cpiesiions c o n c e r n i n g e v e r y i h i n g a b o u t e v e r y i h i n g . d i . u ih<- d e s i r e d e s l e s t o k n o w , a n d t h e n say t h i s is l h e d e s i r e that once
O u r objectivity d e p e n d s , n o t o n h a v i n g answers to every q u e s u o n , b u t o n d sil e d l o k n o w t h o s e n o w - k n c j w n s . B u t t h a t w o u l d a n i o u u t 10 a l r e a d y k n o w -
t h e capacity t o e n i e r i a i n ever)' q u e s i i o n . T h a i capacity resides i n t h e u n r e - l u ) ; w h a i t h e d e s i r e d e s i r e s - i n w h i c h case, l h e e x p e r i e n c e o f this desire
s i i - i c t e d d e s i i ' e . P v e i i f l h e o n l y o b j e c i \ ' e j u d g i n e n t s w e e v e r r e a c h a r e o f t h e u o i i l d a l r e a d y have v a n i s h e d . laiher, t h e least i n a d e q u a t e wa)' i n w h i c h we
biau, "1 k n o w t l i a t 1 d o n ' t k n o w w h e t h e r X s so,'' s u c h o b j e c t i v e judgmenis . m " I v i i o w " l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e is b y p a r t i c i p a d i i g i n its s w e e p , b y g i v i n g
rest u p o n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire. B u t , o f course, those are n o t the o n l y s e b e s o v e r t o its t h r o e . - ' ' " VVe c a n e x p e i l e n c e t h e d e s i r e as d r a w i n g us e v e r
o b j e c i i \ ' e j t i d g m e n i s we d o i n fact m a k e . h r o n i d o u r s e l v e s b y l e t t i n g o u r s e h ' e s b e d r a w n . VVe d o t h i s i 11 a l i m i t e d f a s h -
f l u n n a n c i t i e s t i o n i n g i"eally s m i r e s i r c t e d as P c m e r g a n c l a i m s , t l i e n t h a l i o n w h c i i e v e r w e i i n m e i ^ s e o u r s e l v e s , as c l i i l d r e n d o , i n a h\'ely l o w o f q u e s -
n i e a n s t h e i x is n o q u e s t i o n f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e o r r e l e c t i o n i h a t s b e y o n d the i i o n s , m d a n s w e r s . B t i t s o o n w e w i i l i d r a w b ' o i n t h a i i m m e r s i o n , c a u g h t u p by
capacity o f h u m a n consciousness. T h i s means i i r t h e r i l i a i i t is h u m a n l y odiii desires a n d cares t h a t p i i s h t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire to t h e m a r g i n s o f
p o s s i b l e l o b e a w a r e o f all f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r e p e r t i n e n i l o s u s t a i n e d i i i i i .iwatcness. h takes c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r i i i a u o n i n t h e ethics o f d i s c e r n m e n t
r e f l e c i i o n o n t h e q u e s t i o n "Is t h i s i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n r e a l l y so?" Human lo '.usiain awareness o f a n d participatic^n i n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d desire, w h i c h
cogniuonal objecdvity, therefore, depends upon a desire for knowing m i l r l i i i i i n g l y draws o u r k n o w i n g a n d o u r l i v i n g ever onwards.
(i'J l',n I I; I'rclimiiiaiics OI:)eci.ivLv a n d f-"acmal K n o w i n g 63

If \vc l)csi. " l i i o w " o u r u n i x s i r i c i e d d e s i r e l^y c x p e r i e i i c i i i g a n d p r a c u s - I i l i l i e r e is a p r i o r d e s i r e ( h a : issues f b r i l i ilie b e w i l d e r i n g How of

i u g il., il. d o e s n o i . f o l l o w (.la w e k n o w LhaL L is unrestricied by SLICII pracLice. ( | i i r s i i ( m s l h a i reveal one's linmiliaiing ignorance belbre i l i e w e a l i l i of
YeL Lhe c l a i m LhaL it is i n d e e d LmresLricted - Lhai. L h e r e is n o cpiesLion 1 ii|;lisli I i i e r a i u r e a n d i h e v a s i d o m a i n o f lis s c h o l a i i y s u i d i e s . D e s i r i n g i n
loeyond lunnan capaciLy - is o f ' - L h e greaiesi. i m p o i t a n c e Lo Lonergan's d i r , m o r e l u i m o r d l a l s e n s e is d i T e r e n i f r o m " d e s i r i n g " i n l h e secoiidary
pliilosophy of knowledge a n d , 1 s h a l l a r g e hiLer, o f ( h e g r e a i e s i impor- m d d e l i\'aLi\'e s e n s e i l i a i is i l i e r e s u l i o f i h e s i i b s e i | u e n i d e c i s i o n s i l i a t l e d
Lance L O e L h i c a l L h o L i g h i a n d p r a c L i c e as w e l l , H o w d o w e k n o w LhaL Lhe lir,t lo willingness and lhen l o u n w i l h n g n e s s LO ):)ursue w l i a l q i i e s i i o n -
d e s i r e is u n r e s L r i c i . e d ? VVe c a n n o L k n o w Lhe L i n r e s i . r i c i . e d n e s s ofonr desire 1(1); d e s i r e s . T h a l d e s i r e is i i l i i i n a i e h ' u n l i k e i h e ' ' d e s i r e s " i . l i a i r e s i d f r o m
in Lhe d i r e c i f a s l n o n of experiencing, u n d e r s i a n d i n g , a n d udging for, p|e( i s i o i i s . T h e o b j e c i i o n l h a i o n e does n o i liave an n n r e s i r i c i e d "desire"
o n c e a g a i n , LhaL w o u l d r e r p i i r e c o r r e c i l y n n d e r s i a n d i n g e v e r v a l u n g a b o u L Ul knovv, l h e n , i n f a c n i e a n s t h a l o n e has a b a n d o n e d willing piirsuil of
everviJiing. Ivnowledge of rhe desire as i . m r e s L r i c i . e d n i u s i iliei'efore be uli.u one c a n n o i lielp IDLII d e s i r e i n l l i e ( p r i m o r d i a l sense - i h e d e s i r e iliai
somehow indireci. i , i n a n i f e s L e d i n c p i e s d o n i n g . ' f h e d e c i s i n m ; n l o u i k e i n i e r e s i i n so m a n y
Lonergan Lakes Lhis i n d i r e c L a D p r o a c h b ) ' 30inLing OLII. LIKIL Lhe cp.iesdon ( | i i e s n o n s p r e s u p j D o s e s l l i e i r i j r i o r o c c u r r e n c e ; i l i a i is l o say, l h e p r i o r m a i i -
a b o u l . Lhe n n r e s i r i c L e d n e s s o f i h e h u m a n d e s i r e l o k n o w c a n b e I b i T i i u l a i e d i l e \ i ; n i o n o f ( l i e d e s i r e l o k n o w res ii l i s i n so m a n y ( o r so n u i n y u r q p l e a s a n i )
i n c l i f f e r e n i ways.^'"' qui-siions, a n d people m a k e decisions lo sequesier iliai desire. Far I r o m
T o r e x a m p l e , i f w e ask w l i e i h e r i l i e r e r n i g b i n o l b e s o i i i e i l i i n g b e \ o n t l l h e pio\iiig ihey do n o i have o r never liad such a desire, a lack o f "desire"
d e s i r i n g o f i f i e d e s i r e l o k n o w , i h e very c p i e s i l o n i i s e l f is a m a n i f e s l a i i o n o f In i h i ' d e r i v e d s e n s e p r e s u p i : ) o s e s ilie u n r e s t r i c i e d desire i.o k n o w i n i h e
l h e d e s i r e . T l i e very q u e s i i o n i i s e l f m a n i f e s i s i l i e d e s i r e l o k n o w a b o m . s o m e - pl l i n o r d i a l sense. O i l i e r w i s e , " h o w d o i h c ) ' k n o w i l i a i ilie\ d o n o i a l r e a d y
i h i n g w h i c h , i l is p u r p o i i e d , L d o e s n o t d e s i r e l o k n o w . I n d e e d , i l i e clesre I now e v e r y i h i n g a b o u l everyihing?"
L O k n o w b y d e n n i i i o n is p r e c i s e l y i l i a i w h i c h s m a n i f e s i e d i n f:p.iesLoiis f b r I ' h c i ' e a r e o i h e r wavs o f r a i s i n g l h e q u e s i i o n a b o m wheiher ihe tlesire
i n i e l l i g e n c e a n d r e l e c d o n . H e n e e l o a s k w h e L h e r i h e r e s s o m e r e s i r i c i i o n d r i l is l h e s o u r c e o f q u e s i i o n s is i r u h ' u n r e s i r i c i e d , a n d i n d i v i d u a l r e a d e r s
l o l h e d e s i r e . w h e i l i e r i l i e r e ai'e s o m e ih n g s l h a i i i c a n n o i a s k a b o u l , reveis w i l l n e e d t o Lr\ o u l d i f f e r e n i a l i e r n a u v e s b e f b r e i h e y c a n a r r i \ ' e a i i h e i r o w n
i l i a i i l r i o i r e s i r i c i e d l o l i m i i e d f b r m s o' k n o w i n g a f i e r a l l . u i i n a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d j u d g m e n i s i h a i lhe desire lo know, ilie source of
As a s e c o n d e x a m p l e , L o n e r g a n commenis, l l i e i r ( p i e s i i o n i i i g , is L i u l y n n r e s i r i c i e d . P i i r s u i i s o f l h e s e aliernai.ive cpies-
iiiiiis a b o u l l l i e u n r e s i r i c i e d n e s s , h o w e v e r , a l l l i a v e \'ery s i m i l a r l ' o r r n s : t h e
h w i l l b e o b j e c i e d b)' m a n y i l i a i i l i e y ha\'e n o d e s i r e l o k n o w e x ' e r y i h i n g i i i e m p i LO f o r m l a l e a c[LiesLioii o r o b j e c i i o n aboiu ilie unresiriciedness
a b o m everyihing. B u l how do ihey k n o w iliai iliey d o n o i alreatly k n o w \ o l ! i n e v i i a b l y inaiiiest i h e v e r y m n - e s i r i c i e d n e s s a b o u l w l i i c h i i a s k s . C a r e -
e\'er)'Lling a b o u l e v e r y d i n g ? l l is b e c a u s e so m a n ; ' c|uesioiis c a n b e iiil .malysis o f l h e \'arioiis f o r n i i i l a L i o i i s will reveal l h e reflexive c l i a r a c i e r o f
a s k e i l . VVh)' d o l l i e y n o l e f f e c i i v e f y w i l l l o k n o w e\'eryLliiig a b o u l eve- d i i ' . q i K ' s i i o n a b o m . ( p i e s i i o n i n g - a n d i l i a i i i i l i e r e b y fnllls i h e c r n i d i i i o n s
r y i h i n g ? B e c a u s e i i is so i r o i i b l e s o m e l o r e a c h e\'eii a f e w a n s w e r s d i a l l o t . i f l i r m i n g its n n r e s i r i c i e d n e s s .
i h e y are c o m p l e i e l y d i s l i e a r i e n e d by l h e p r o s p e c i o f a n s w e r i n g all i h e
q u e s i i o n s i h e \ c o u l d ask.''- 2. j . / / Ongoing Criticisin

l..onergan here r e v e i s a n ec|Lvocaion o n ihe word ''desire" i h a L is II w e I n m i a n s w e r e n o l i n i r i n s i c a l l ) ' c o n s i i i u i e d by a n i i n r e s i r i c i e d d e s i r e

ai lhe h e a r i o f ihs f b r m o f d i i s o b j e c i i o n . T l i o s e wlio objeci iliaL ihey 10 k n o w . h u m a n k n o w i n g c o u l d n o i b e s e l f - c < j r r e c L i i i g , as L o n e r g a n claims
llave no imresLricied "desire" lo k n o w everyiling a b o m e v e r y i l i i u g m e a n 11 r., l l w o u l d i l i e r e f o r e b e n e c e s s a r y lo iin'eni s o m e i h i n g i h a i performed
" d e s i r e " in a s n b t l e b i u o d d l y f a m i l i a r sense. " D e s i r e " hei'e m e a n s a w i l l i n g l h e I i i i i c t i o i i o f l h e u n r e s i r i c i e d desire - o r lo h o i j e iliai. s o m e s u c h i.hing
c o m m i i r n e n i r e s n l i n g f-roni a d e c i s i n , " D e s i r e " i n i b i s s e n s e is p e r h a p s uonhl c o m e f r o m ouLside h u m a n i n v e n i i ( . m . ' f h i s is b e c a u s e o f l l i e per-
m o r e e v i d e n i i n a n o i h e r e q u i v o c a l s i a i e m e n L s u c h as "1 n o l o n g e r desire , r , ( e n i p r o b l e m l h a i h u m a n i l i o u g h i a b o u l realLes b e c o m e s complaceiu
LO s i u d y E n g l i s l i l i i e r a L u r e , " T h e s L a i e m e n i reveis a p r i o r w i l l i n g n e s s l o , u i d s i a g n a i i i . l-lsi:or\ is r i f e w i l h e x a m p l e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s , n o m a t l e r h o w
pursLie answers l o l l i e cpiesiions i h a i . issue f o r i h iii ihe siudy of Lnglish I ie.iii\'e, criiical, a n d progressive Lhe\ w e r e a l o n e s i a g e , i n e v i i a b l y e n i e r -
iiieraiure, fbllowed b)' a decisive a c i o f l u r n i n g away from ihai willing- liig i n i o snhsequeni periods where l h e r e is a d r y i n g u p o f c r i i i c a l ques-
ness. B i u p r e c e d i n g b o d i i h e w i l l i n g n e s s ( " d e s i r e " ) a n d i l i e L u r n i n g away i i o n s n e e d e d lo a d d r e s s n e w a n d i i n p o i ' t a n t i s s u e s . P r e j u d i c i a l a s s u m p i i o n s
64 l ' a n 1: P r e l i m i n a r i e s O h i e c i i v i i . ) ' a n d Faciual K n o w i n g

aboLiL i.he \'ri,i.ies o f m e n i b e r s o i n - g i " o u p s a n c l i h e c l e f i c i e n c i e s o l members di.ii M U I i n q u i r y p o s e s f o r u s . I t n r e a n s a l l o w i r n g o t i r e r d e s i r e s , f e a r s , iru.er-

o ' m a r g i n a h z e c i g r o u p s b e c o m e e n i r e n c h e c l a n c i o s s i b e d . T l u s loss o f l h e ' < o n c e r ' u s , o r ]')r'el"er'ences t o l a k e p i ' e c e d e n c e a n d 10 i n t e r f e r e with
d y n a m i s m oF i n q i h i y e x i e n d s l o i b e o r e i i c a l p o s i l i o n s as w e l l . F o i ' e x a m p l e , lll' normative gnidance t h a t comes s p o n i a n e o u s l y f r o m otn' uru'esLricied
.New'iorfs clocirines o f absoluie s p a c e a n d absohn.e lime were criiicized liii|rrir\'.
sporadically. b e g i n n i n g wiih Gecnge Berkeley, b u l lhe criiicisms were n o l W'r ( l o i r ' i h a v e LO /r/v o u r s e l v e s raise q u e s d o n s , VVe d o n ' i n e e d 10 say 10
l a k e n s e r i o u s l y i n i e s c i e i u j n c c o n u n u n i i v m u , i l F i n s i e i n ' s w o r k over' i w o M i M . r h t ' s , "l m u s raise i n o r ' e q r r e s i i o n s ! I ha\'e LO w o r k a i l h i s q i i e s i i o r n n g
c e r u u r i e s laier.-''^' r h i u ) ; har'der!'' L v e r f u r i h e r ' cpresiions w i l l arise riaiLn'atlyancl S|JonianeoLrsIy.
Tlie unresiriciecl desire lo know, however, siands in lension wilh any U h a l w i ' d o n e e d 1.0 d o , i ' a i b e r ; is t o le g o o f i h e i l i i n g s d i a l i n i e r f b r ' e w i t l i
i n q s e i f e c i o r i n d e e d a n y l i n h i e d s e i o f a n s w e r s [o q u e s i i o n s I'or i r u e l l i g e n c e i ' i r i ' ; p i n i t a n e o i i s c i u e s l i c m i i i g a n c l a i i e i i d 1.0 i i m o r e carefnlly.
and refleciion, Were lhe h u m a n capacip' lo q u e s i i o n noi unresuacied, II ohi-cii\it\ is t l i e l ' r u i t o f aiilJiei/Uc s[[b\ec[\\'\\y. iliis a m o u n t s t o sa\'-
human ihoughi woidd be i r i ' e i r i e v a b l y eru.i"apped i n these siagnaiions. )Mi; d i a l a u t h e n t i c i t y , a n d i l i e r e b r e o b j e c t i v i l \ is di'ficult a n c l t l i a t i t is
I n d e e d , i h e r e a r e i h i n k e r s w h o b e l i e v e l u n n a n i h o n g h i is a l l s o c i a l con- ippioalied onh' t h r o u g h prolonged, delibrate efforts of discerriinent
s i i ' u c i i o n a n d i h a i i l i e r e is n o p o s s i b i l i i ) ' o r e f T e c i i \ ' e l y c r i i i c i z i n g ihese c o n - d i di< , u e d t o m a k i n g i n q u i r y ( r a t h e r t h a n b i a s ) b e c o m e t l i e e f f e c i i v e c o r e
sLi'uciions a n d n i o v i n g b e y o n d i h e i r l i i n i i a i i o n s . T l i e c p i e s i i o n o" effecve (t| M i i c ' s i l i i n k i n g a n d l i v i n g . B u l i t is im:)ortarrl 10 e r r i p l i a s i z e w l i a i bias
c r i i i c i s r n b-orn wiUTm a s o c i a l c o n i e x i is a k n o i i y o n e , l o w h i c h l h i s b o o k i n i . m s i n l h i s c o n i e x i . B i a s is o/, t i r e p r e v i o i r s a c q u i s i l i o n o f experiences,
will r e l m a i i n p a r IV, For' d r e n u : > r n e n i , 1 w i s h l o u n d e r ' s c o i ' e l l i a l even iM . i ) d i i s , f e e l i n g s , o r j n d g r n e n i s , urile.ss t h e y l"iap|jen 10 i n i . e r l " e r e w i i h tfie
e l T e c i i v e c r i c i s m Vom o u t s i d e a s o c i a l g r ' o u p p r e s u p p o s e s a n i m r e s i i ' i c i e d ll I o r r e c i i n g i . r a j e c t o r y o f t h e u n r e s i r i c i e d d e s i r e to k n o w . T o tlie con-
desir'e lo k n o w t l r a i peianeaies liirmarn conscioirsness. For if diere wer'e I I u \ prc\'(.n.isly a c q u i r e d i n s i g l i t s ina\ a c i u a l i y h o l d pars o l ' t h e aiis\\'ei's
sorne quesiions i h a i w e r e b e y o r i d h i u n a n c a p a c i i ) ' l o r a i s e , ilrerr neiiber lo d i r l u r i l i e r p e n i n e n l q u e s i i o n s t h a i we face, o r i l i e y i n i g l i i . a c c e l e r a t e
l h e i n - g r ' o u p n c j i ' i h e o u i - g r ' o u p c o u l d i'aise l h e q i r e s i i o n s n e e d e d l o c r i t i - di. t . i i s i n g o f siill i n o r e cpiesticms p e n i n e n l to t h e l o p i c at l i a n d . I..oiier-
c i z e t i r e s h o r t c o n r i r i g s a n d ] 3 0 i n t t o w a r d s i n n o v a i i o n s a n c l i'ef'orans i'ec|uii'ed iiicized l l i e n o t i o n t h a l all previcmsly accpiired k n o w l e d g e m u s t be
to go beyorrd social stagnation. In this vein, Loner'gan observes thai "l3y m i l m i a i i c a l l y p r e j u d i c i a l as l l i e " P r i n c i p i e of" l h e L i i i p i y Fleacl.Accord-
r a i s i n g s i i l l f u r i h e r c p i e s t i o n s fbr' i r u e l l i g e n c e a n d r-efleciion, ii exchrdes I I H ; l o l h e L m p i y F f e a d P r i n c i p i e , l o be a n ex|:erL i n a n y r e a o f j u c l g m e r i L ,
c o m p l a c e n t inertia."-"'' < pro.<Hi w o u l d ha\'e l o b e completely ignorani n o l o n l y o" i . l i a i fleld,
l i i i i l l l evei'\ f l e l d . S u f l c e i t t o say i l i a i , cni i..cMiei'gan's a c c o u n i o f o b j e c -
2. 5 , 5 Biases: Mure Subjeclivity vs. A iiihenlic Sithjecliviiy ii^tn, 1 lan beings are n e i t h e r c o n s i i t t i t i o n a l l y incapabie o f objectivity,
. m i o m a i i c a l l y e x c l u c l e d frorn leiiig o b j e c t i v e in v i n u e o f ha\'ing been
Tci c l a i m t h a t i b i s desirve or' w o n d e r ' is i n t r i n s i c a l h ' u n r ' e s t i ' i c i e d d o e s n o l th .1 1 \l a n d i h o n g l i i n i ! p r i o r t o a s k i n g o f a n e w icea, " I s i t s o ? " F i n m a n
r n e a n , ol" c o u r s e , ihai it c a n n o t be C)verridden o r repr'essed or" d i s t o i ' i e d I f Uif;s a r e c m l y e x c l t i d e d f V o i i i cjbjectivii:\ b y i n a u i h e n i i c i t y , b y t h e faihu'e
e x t r ' i n s i c a l l y b y will\il i n d i f e r e n c e , a p a t h y , anger-, resseiiinenl, bias, i n a l i c e , r 1 l i r d i s c e r n i n g - t b e f a i l u r e 10 be a l i e n ii\'e a n d faliful 10 l h e c a l i i n g o f
p r ' e j t r d i c e , fear', p a s s i o n , e t c . ' F l i e d e s i r ' e is u n r e s u ' i c i e d i n its d e s i i ' i n g , b u l I It. I I o w n u n r e s t r i c i e d q u e s i i o n i n g . Being a lien live aud faith fui lo lhe pronift-
n o t o m n i p o t e n t i n its efrecti\'eness. t ) u r ' i n g Iris or' h e r ' l i f b t i r n e , e a c h h u r n a u "!<. ,>l niir /iieslioiii-iig aiiislilntes a siguificaiil forlioii nfiolial I mean by the ethics
b e i n g e x p e i ' i e n c e s a d e l u g e o"lensions o f " i n c p i i r y , o n l y t o i g n o r ' e a n d br'ush '/ Cl iiiiieiil.
aside nrativ w i t h o i u g o o d cause. B u t s u c h a v o i d a n c e s of." c p i e s t i o n i n g o u l ) ' 1 l i o i c are o f coiu'se n u m e r o u s exirinsic inierferences with the proper
t e s t i i y l u r t h e r t o t h e f a c t o f t l i l s p e i ' s i s i e n i lovv o f c p i e s t i o i r s , a g a i n s t w h i c h Mid iioiniai\'e s e n s e o f h u m a n objecti\'ty. L o n e r g a n ideniified and dis-
b i a s mus c o n t i m r a l l y a n d i r r g e r r i o u s l y s t r ' u g g l e . Bias r n r i s t c o n s t a n t l y clevise M , i d al l e i i g t h s e v e r a l { b u l by n o ineans a l l ) m a j o i ' a n d r e c u r r i n g sirate-
n e w si.rategies i n o r d e r - Lo i g n o r ' e q i r e s i i o n s or' 10 c o n v i n c e t h e biased indi- ( ll - lor i ' v a d i n g t h e c a l i o f i n i r e s i r ' i c t e d i n q t r i r ) ' . Fie g r o u p e d ihese under
viduis l h a t I r n p e r ' f e c i answer's r'eally ar-e c o r r ' e c t , iiii h r . i d i i i g s o f c f i ' a m a i i c f^ias (e.g,, p s y c l i o l o g i c a l r e p r e s s i o n ) , i n d i v i d u a l bias
I n L o n e r - g a n ' s l e x i c n , " ' b i a s " r n e a n s p r e c i s e l y iulerferencewhh inquiry and I 1 II 1 r i i i 1 c d n e s s ) , g r ' o t r p b i a s ( e , g . , r ' a c i s m , s e x i s m , e t h n o c e n t r i s i n , r e l i g i o u s
w i t h t h e sel ("-corree l i n g s e c p i e n c e o f q i r e s t i o n s a n d a n s w e r s t h a t c o n s t i t u l e s l ' i i |ndi< e, pr'ejrrtce b a s e d C)n e c o n o m i c class, e i c ) , a n d g e n e r a l bias (bias
t h e c i ) ' n a m i s i n o f t b e c o g n i t i o n a l sti'ucture.-'':"'* B e i n g " m e r e l y s i i l a j e c t i v e " i n iiMiU'.i l h e sc-emirrg i r r i p r a c t i c a l i i y o f t h e o r e t i c a l p u r s t i i t s ) . ^ " A u l h e n lie s i i b -
t l i e p e j o r a i i v e s e n s e m e a n s f a i l i n e 10 a d e q u a t e l y a d d r e s s a l l t l i e d e i n a i u K l> U \i \> es n o t o c c u r a u i o m a i i c a l l y ; i t o c c i u s o n l y b y f a c i n g i h e i i a i ' s h fac
 66 Pan I : Preliminaries O h j e c t i v i i y a n d Paciua! K n o w i n g 67

iliaLJLisL a l x i i i i eveiA' h u m a n b e i n g is l h e v i c i i m o f s o m e Coruis o f bias, l h e n .1 u i ) M i s r e s i d e i n i h e e x i e r n a l l y p r e s e n t l i e r e - a n d - n o w . By w a y o f c o n i r a s i ,

c o n f r o n i i u g i b o s e s o u i c e s o f i n i e r f e r e n c e w i l h the pui-suiof q u e s t i o n s , a n d ^ l i . u is m e r e l y "in here" (i.e., the Heiusstsehmnhalle inside conscious-
l h e n l a k i n g measures lo mai'ginahze o r e l i m i n a i e ihose inflnences. M. ,-, MI i i u - n i o r y o r i m a g i n a o n o r i n f a n c i f u l i d e a s ) l a c k s a n y i m m e d i a t e
I n l h i s p r o c e s s o f f a c i n g biases; o n e i h i n g is c e n a i n : w h a t e v e r biases c a n II I . \,iii<-e l ( u - l h e b i o l o g i c a l f u n c u o n s o f n o u r i s b i n g , a v o i d i n g h a r m , o r
b e easily r e c o g n i z e d b y s o m e o n e , d i o s e a r e n o t l h e biases t h a t a r e m o s i p e r - piuducing. Whatever f u r t h e r q u a l i t i e s mus be a d d e d to the "already
n i c i o u s to that person's o w n siriving towards objecdve k n o w i n g . I f s o m e o n e hei<- n o w " l o i n s u r e its s i g n i f i c a n c e for survival d e p e n d upon the
c a n a m e r a c e , g e n d e r , e i h n i c , o r r e l i g i o u s b i a s as w h a t t h e y a r e t r y i n g t o , ular <irganism. For e x a m p l e , nuirition for a Koala must not only
o v e r e m e , i t is l i k e l y i b o s e a r e n o t t h e m o s t w o r r i s o m e d i s i o r u o n s o f h i s o r ll. pi esent for i t to eat, b u l m u s t also l o o k , taste, a n d d i g e s i l i k e e u c a l y p -
h e r objectivity. T h e m o s t l r o u b l e s o n i e biases are t h e o n e s we have n o ( yet n i , L a v e s . B u l i n every case, i h o s e species-speciHc qualities are over a n d
even l e a r n e d to r e c o g n i z e o r ame. d...\ t h e p r i m a r y a n i m a l c h a r a c t e r i s d c o f t h e l e a l - b e i n g a l r e a d y - o u t -
Among t h e varicjus w e l l - k n o w n s t i a t e g i e s o f bias, L o n e r g a n singled oitt I I M le now. T h e r e a l i i y d i a t c o u l d be beneFicial o r d e i r i m e n t a l f o r s u r v i v a l
o n e t h a t is e s p e c i a l l y i n t r a n s i g e n t a n d is a p e r e n n i a l s o m x e o f disorienta- M al l e a s t b e c a p a b l e o f b e i n g sensed as p r e s e n t i n s p a c e a n d time.
t i o n i n p h i l o s o p h i c a l discussions a n d i n h u m a n t h i n k i n g i n general. Most W h.u e o u n t s as p o s s i b l y r e a l f o r a n i i n a i s u r v i v a l m u s t b e a i l e a s t a l r e a d y -
p e o p l e d i i n k o f i n d i v i d u a l o r g r o u p b i a s as t h e m o s t p e n i c i o u s k i n d s o f Miu d i e r e - n o w , w h a t e v e r o i h e r q u a l i u e s d i e o r g a n i s m w o u l d f u r t h e r r e c -
bias, because d i e i m m e d i a t e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f l h e s e biases a r e so e v i d e n t t o M|iiu/e as r e a l f o r i i s s u r v i v a l .
those w h o suffer f r o i u i h e i n . B n t L o n e r g a n r e g a r d e d a n o i h e r k i n d o f bias l h i s is a h e a l t h y , e v o l v e d b i o l o g i c a l s e n s e (.if o b j e c t i v i u ' . l u p r i n c i p i e , i t
as l h e m o s t w o r r i s o m e , p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e its n e g a t i v e c o n s e q u e n c e s c a n t a k e dues n o l n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c l u d e a d i s n c l i v e l y h u m a n way o f k n o w i n g a n d
g e n e r a i i o n s to d e v e l o p incrementally, a n d i n the m e a n t i m e p e o p l e a d a p i . I I .e (f r e a l i t y , g r o u n d e d n o i in exiroversion b n t i n nderstanding cor-
so c o m p l e t e l y t o t h o s e i n c r e n i e n t s t h a t t h e y t e n d t o l a t i o n a l i z e t h e m as 1.1 dv. F.ven s o , w h i l e i t d o e s n o t l o g i c a l l y e x c l i i d e a n o i h e r s e n s e o f reah
natural. M\ d i i s b i o l o g i c a l s e n s e o f l h e " a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e n o w " r e a l i i y nevertheless
According to L o n e i - g a n , diis most devastaung inierference ("general peles forcefully w i i h , undermiues, and becomes a recurring source
bias," w h i c h m i g h i b e t e r m e d a n " o n t o l o g i c a l bias") derives f r o m t h e dis- ..l p i c j u d i c e against ie disncuvely h u m a n n o i i o n o f reality. I n o r d e r to
parity between o u r a n i m a l i t y a n d o u r search for answers to questions for sisieiidy p t u s u e objectivity i n a serious f a s h i o n , therefore, ibis d o i i d n a -
intelligence and reneciion. H u m a n animality includes a deeply seated ii< iM hv l h e e v o l n i i o n a r y - b i o l o g i c a ! s e n s e o f r e a l i t y has t o b e o v e r e m e i n a
heriiage roin o u r e\'oltu.ioiiary h i s t o r y , w h i c h o f t e n inierferes witli our I .IIIK al way. L o n e r g a n c a m e to speak o f " i n i e l l e c i u a l conversin" i n o r d e r
u n r e s t r i c i e d i n q u i r y . T h i s is n o t t h e d i s t o r t i n g i n d u e n c e f r o m o u r a n i m a l III u n d e r s c o r e t h e r a d i c a l i i y o f t h i s o v e r c o m i u g o f t h e b i o l o g i c a l s e n s e o
d e s i r e s t h a i is u s u a l l y c i i e d ( e . g . , " i n c l i n a u o n s " b y K a n i ) . L o n e r g a n does II , i l i h , ' " '
n o l h a v e i n m i n d p r i m a r i l y d i e ways l h a t a n i m a l d e s i r e s c a n c o n f l i c t w i t h I i l i j e c i i v i t y , t h e r e f o r e , l i k e d i s c e r n m e n t , is b o t h d i e q i i a l i i y o f a person
m o r a l standards. .. w e l l as s o m e t h i n g a c h i e v e d b y s u c h p e r s o n s . O b j e c u v i t y as l h e q u a l i t y o f
R a t h e r , a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , ie e v e n m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l a u d p r o b l e m a c I p e i s o u is t h e d e l i b r a l e , s u s t a i n e d f l d e l i i y l o t i n r e s i r i c i e d i n q u i r y as t h e
s o u r c e o f confusin a n d d i s o r i e n t a u o n a b o u t o b j e c d v i t y stems f r o m the ( i f ( u i e ' s t h i n k i n g a n d l i v i n g . O b j e c u v i t y as a n a c h i e v e m e n t c o n s i s t s i n
f'act l h a t h u m a n b e i n g s s h a r e i n i l i e a n i m a l a d v a n t a g e s o f sense percep- d i e ,i( is o f j u d g m e n t a n d d e c i s i n m a d e b y s u c h p e r s o n s , w h o w i l l s e t d e f b r
t i o n . As animis, we b e n e b i f r o m l h e e v o l u i i o n a r y i i i h e r i t a n c e o f various n i . i l i i n g less d i a n r e l l e c i i v e n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d
forms o f sensadon t h a t have b i o l g i c a ! s i g n i f l c a n c e . T h e basic charac- 1 lhe i n o i i v a i i o n s for iejudgments they m a k e , T h i s reflecdve u n d e r s t a n d -
t e r i s i i c o l a l l a n i m a l s e n s i i i v i t y , L o n e r g a n a r g e s , is e x i r o v e r s i o n : "Outer i i i , ; 111 l u r n resis u p o n t h e a b s e n c e o f l u r t h e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s d o n s . ' " Flence
s e n s e s a r e t h e h e r a l d s o f b i o l o g i c a l o p p o r t u n i i i e s a n d dangers."">'' Sensa- .111 h u d g m e n t s a u d i e n t i c a l l y k n o w w h a t is, h o w i h i n g s a r e , w h a t t h e y a r e
i i o n gi\'es e a c l i s p e c i e s o f a n i m a l a s p e c i f i c k i n d o f e \ ' o l u t i o n a r y a d v a n t a g e I . ,illv l i k e - a n d t h i s is w h a i is m e a n t b y o b j e c t i v e k n o w i u g i n t h e u n q u a l i -
i n ils basic b i o l o g i c a l lasks o f f e e d i n g , r e p r o d u c i n g , a n d s e c u r i n g s h e l t e r lii l l sense.
a n d p r o t e c u o n . F o r this reason, e v o l u i i o n a r y advantage p r i v i l e g e s a cer- 1 Iw answer to Lonergan's second question - "Why is d o i n g that
tain kind of realism t h a t is a s s o c i a i e d wilh exiroversion. The realiues I i K i w i i i g ? " - is t h e r e f o r e i h e f b l l o w i n g : " D o i n g l h a t is k n o w i n g b e c a u s e
t l i a t c a n c o n i r i b n t e t o s u r v i v a l a n d r e p r o d u c t i o i i r n u s t pass i h e m t i s t e r o f . i i i i h e n i i c l u n n a n k n o w i n g is a p r o c e s s o f s e l f - t r a n s c e n d i n g l h a t l e a d s t o
w h a t is " a l r e a d y o u t i h e r e now."-''!' / V l t e r a l l , b i o l o g i c a l o p p o r t u n i u e s a n d m u l i n d i l i o n a l j u d g m e n t s t h a t a f f i r m w h a t is."
68 l ' a n , I: 'reliniiiiaLLes O b j e c i i v i l y a n d f a c i u a l l\no\v'ng 69

2.6 R e a l i t y : WTiat D o J K n o w W ^ e n I Do That? I h . u i c a l i i y is w l i a i w e k n o w w l i e n w e u d g e o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g s l o b e c c j r r e c i

v^\\\'qnii'e i l i a t we w r e n c h I r e e o f t l i e s t r c m g gri]: t l i a t t l i e s e o t h e r s e n s e s
2.6.1 llu; Simple A nswer i\y l l a v e u p o n us, T l i i s is w l i \ L o n e r g a n used ilie term, "iniellectual
o'ui'nsioif to characterize l h e process o f i i i r n i n g away b x n n a n d beingfreed
T l i e s i m p l e answei" L O L o n e i ' g a n ' s L h i r d cpiesiJon follows clirecily: w h e n we liiini l h e liinitaons o f iliese o t h e r n o t i o n s o f realily.
"do L h a i , " w e k n o w what s. I n p e r f o n n i n g c o g i n i i o n a l h ' s i r n c i n r e d a c i s o f I n s o l a r as o u r e v o l i i t i o n a r i l y i n h e r i i e d b i o l o g i c a l sense o f r e a l i t y l i o l d s
c o n s c i o u s n e s s , w-e. k n o w realiLy, b e i n g , w l i a i is - o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y , we know dii i i p p e r h a n d , w h a i we k n o w b y n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d a f r n i i n g is b o t n i d t o
s o i n e i h i n g r e a l ; s o m e [ j i e c e o f r e a l i i y is w b a i we k n o w w l i e n w e c o m p l e i e a ' r m c i h e r e a l , e p h e m e r a l , a n d a b s t r a c t . If, o n i h e o t l i e r l i a n d , o u r p i ' i m a r y
f u l l c y c l e o f l h e c o g r n u o n a l s i r n c n u ' e i n o n e o f iis l i r n i i e d , uncondinoned i l l i ' f ' J a n c e is tC) a s e n s e o f r e a l i t y l i e d u p w i t h t b e s p i r i t o f a c c o m [ 3 l i s l i i n g
u d g m e i u s o f l a c i . T h i s is b e c a u s e " d o i n g i h a i " ( h e , , i b i l o w i n g i l i e n o r m a i i v e ilnuj^s i n l h e w o r l d o f " g e i t i n g a n d s p e i i d i n g , " t h e n o t i o n t h a t r e a l i t y is t h e
lead o f inquiry iln-ougli llie paiiern o f c o g n i i i o n a l sinicLiire) lerminaies in i i n d c i s i o c i d a n d a f f i r i n e d w i l l s e e m i d e a l i s t i c a n d [oragniacally u n r e a l i s i . i c .
r n i c o n d i L i o n e d acis o f j u d g m e n i . I n a v i r i u a l l y n n c o n d i i i o n e d a f l l r m i n g , \ i ; a i i i , l o s o m e o n e w h o s e s e n s e o f r e a l i t v is c l o s e l v l i e d t o t h e i n e i l i o d i -
j u d g n i e n i a f f i r m s i h a i s o m e i h i n g is- a n d l h e l o i a l i i y o f w l i a i is ( i . e . , b e i n g ) I :il piocedures o f t l i e h a r d eini.'irical s c i e n c e s , t b e insighis and \'iriiially
is r e a l i l v . N o h u m a n j u d g m e n i g r a s p s e v e r y i l n n g a b o u l b e i n g ( r e a l i i y ) , b i u MMI I n i d i l i o n a l a l n i n a t i o n s o f h u m a n i s i s a n d p h i i o s o p l i e r s w i l l s e e i i i t o be
each reasonable u d g m e n L grasps s o m e i h i n g a b o m realii}' ( i n c l u d i n g w h a i IM \e t h a n s o f i o p i n i o n s a b o u t vagaries - c e n a i n l ) ' n o t t o i i g h knowledge
is n o i r e a l ) . E a c l i a c i o f a f l i r m i n g a f n r m s l l i e m e m b e r s l h p o f s o m e inielli- ihoiii l h e really real.
g i b i l i l y i n l h e c o m m u n i i ) ' o f b e i n g , F a c l i acL o f d e n y i n g l e l l s us w h a i is n o i I h e r e is n o s i i i i f i l e r e s p c i n s e t o l h i s v a r i e i y o f ways i i i w h i c h p e o p l e t e n d
i n c l u d e d i n realii}'.*'- E a c h a c i o f a l n a n i n g o r d e i n n i g is i h e r e f o r e a l i m i i e d l l l lesisi i l i e i n i p l i c a t i o n i l i a i r e a l i i ) ' is w l i a t w e k n o w i n n d e r s t a n d i n g ccjr-
c o n i r i b u o n l o w a r d s k n o w i n g a l l i . h a i is, a l l o f b e i n g , a l l o f r e a l i i ) ' . 0 1 I h , Sll, s o m e o f t h e d i s c p i i e t c a n be a d d r e s s e d , O n e part of a response
flence. i l is L o n e r g a n ' s p o s i i i o n , liis r e s p o n s e LO his o w n cpiesiion, i l i a i 1 oM'.isis i n d r a w i n g t h e o b j e c t o r s ' a t t e n t i o n to t h e fact tliat t h e reality o f
r e a l i i ) ' ( b e i n g ) is w h a i is k n o w n i n u n d e r s i a n d i n g c o r r e c t l y . ' ' ^ R e a l i i y is w l i a i \ i e n c i n g , n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d u d g i n g is a i r e a d ) ' i m p l i c i t i n t h e i r o w n
w e k n o w w h e n w e " d o i l i a i " - w h e n w e f a i i h f u l l y f o l l o w i l i e |3adi o f o u r q u e s - X u s e o f r e a l i t y , w l i e i l i e r p r a g n i a c o r s c i e n i i c . P r a c t i c a l i t . ) ' is s u c c e s s l u l
iioning tlirough lhe execuiion o f o u r o w n cogniiional siruciure. hi I aiise i l is i i i s i g h i f u l , b e c a u s e i t r e g a r d s i d e a s as s i a n d i n g i n n e e d o f i l i e
ii . I s o f l i i r i l i e r cpiesons, a n d because it will n o t seiile for lialf-answers
2.6.2 Covlendi'/gNotions of ieal/ty ( o \ei\c i | i i e s i i o i i s . I n o i l i e r w o r t j s , l h e p r a g m a i i c a t t i t t i d e i t s e l f
linplii id)' endorses lhe iioriiiati\'ity o f cogii iticmal s t r u c t u r e , b u l o n l y u p lo
T l i a i is l h e s i m p l e a n s w e r l o " V V h a i d o I k n o w w h e n I do ihai?" 'fhe fiiller I p o i m , f l i e p r a g m a u c a t i i t i i d e is c o n c e r n e d w i t l i i n s i g l i i s i l i a i a r e t i n c r m d i -
answer, liowever, is c o m p l i c a i e d ( j u s i as is i h e case w i l h o l i j e c i i v i i y ) b y l h e u o i i e d i n x ' i r t t i e o f h a v i n g w i i h s i o o d i l i e tesis o f | ) r a g n i a i i c c p i e s i l o n i n g , b u t
n o L i o n s a b o u l r e a l l i y i . l i a i c o m p e l e w i l l u n us f o i " o u r a l l e g i a n c e . ^ ' i ' f o say l h a i M I ej;a I (Is c p i e s t i o n s a n d i d e a s ti t a i a r e n o n - p r a g m a t i c as u n r e a l is t i c . I n f a c t ,
w e k n o w r e a l i l y d i r o n g l i i h e o p e r a u o n s o f i l i e c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c l u r e \v\\\o j i i ,1 w h a i e o u n t s as p r a g m a t i c a n d w h y , aiif.1 w h e t h e r t l i e r e a r e a n y d e c i e n -
d o i i b i s i r i k e i n a n \ as s i r a i i g e , i f n o i i u c r e d i b l e . L o n e r g a n hirnself famously I 1. < m a c o i i i p l e i e l y p r a g m a t i c a i l i t i i d e , a r e q u e s t i o n s s e l d o m a s k e d . T h e s e
r e f e r r e d l o i b i s as a " s i a i ' i l i n g s i r a n g e n e s s . Mi |iisi n o l p r a g m a t i c c p i e s t i o n s t o ask, b m . i h e y r ^ a m o n g i l i e q u e s t i o n s o f
T h i s a l i e n sense o f sirangeness a b o u l i h e c l a i m i h a i r e a l i i y is w h a i s un I I I I l o l h e u n r e s i r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w . ' ' ' '
known i h r o u g h l h e c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c u i r e arises because we a c i u a l i y have 'I l e i i c e , c m l h e O l h e r h a n d , is s c i e n i i n c b e c a u s e i i s m e i h o d s i h d e b o i l i
se\'ei"al noiions o f realily. T l i e r e ai'e s e v e r a l coiiienders f o r o u r s e n s e o dii l o i m a l i o n o f scientificalh' intelligible hypotlieses a n d also g u i d e ihe
r e a l i l y ( b r w h a i H e i d e g g e r c a l l e d o u r Vonjerstehen o\'bcing) \ y i n g f o r accep- I'Miher ( p i ( . ' s t i o i i s t h a t l e a d icj e x p e r i m e n t a l tests. It, is s c i e n i i c b e c a u s e its
l a r i c e w i i h i n m o s i o f us. O n e o r m o r e o f i h e n i w i l l ha\'e a l r e a d y g a i n e d a III' i h o d s p u s l i b e y o n d i h e m e r e g a i l i e r i i i g o f d a t a t o w a r d s t h e m i d e r s t a n d -
s e c u r e f o o i h o l d w i i b i n us l o n g b e f o r e w e c o n i e m p l a i e i l i e i d e a o f r e a l i l y as U n ; o | h o w d a l a are r e l a t e d . I n t h i s sense, t h e c o n c e r n s oi'scientific qiies-
w h a t is LO be k n o w n l i n T u i g h u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y a n s w e i a n g " I s i i s o ? " q u e s i i o n s . Uiiir, a n d iisigliis a r e d i f T e r e n t from ihe concerns of ihe pragmatic aiti-
' f b e s e c o n i e n d e r s i n c l u d e ( b u l ai'e n o i l i m i t e d t o ) i h e b i o l o g i c a l , l h e p i ' a g - tMili , I'IK'V seek \o n n d e r s t a n d a \'ery b r o a i l r a n g e o f relac^msliips a m o n g
m a i i c , a n d i h e n a r r o w l y s c i e n L i H c n o i i o n s o f realit.)', o v e r a g a i n s i l h e n o o n 'll'.' i\,il)l<- d a t a - n o i usi h o w t b e d a t a r e l a t e t o p r a g m a t i c i n t e r e s t s . Y e i
c^f r e a l i l y i h a i is i m p l i c i t i n o u r u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w . T o f u l l y a c c e p l ' M i p n ll al s c i e n c e , l i k e p r a g m a t i c c o m m o n s e n s e , is c o m m i u e d to asking
70 Pan. I : P r e l i m i n a r i e s Objecti\'iiy a n d Factual K i i u w i n g 71

a n d a n s w e i ' i n g o n i \ c e r i . a i n k i n d s of q u e s d o n s - n a m e l y , o i d \ c h o s e i l i a i . c a n 2.6.y Realily as luelUgible

b e s e n l e d b y iis m e t h o d s .
'I~lie e a r l i e r s e c i i o n o n biases discLissed how our evoliuionary inlieriiance I . i n i l i b n t i i i g i n i g l i t i h ' t o t h e s e n s e o f s i r a n g e n e s s a b o u t r e a l i l y Is t h e fact
gi\'es U S a p e r s i s i e n i s o m ' c e o r e x p e c i i n g r e a l i l v l o be " o u l i h e r e n o w . " lealiiy i h . i i i i i i c i h g i b i l i t y is t h e r e a l i t y k n o w n t h r o u g i i t l i e e x e r c i s e o f h u m a n cog-
i n l h a i sense is w l i a i is k i i c ^ w n b\ i m n i e d i a i e a n d d i r e c i c o n i a c i , i l i r o i i g l i s i g h t M i i i u n a l s i r u c l u r e . B e c a u s e l i u n i a n k n o w i n g is s i r u c i u r e d , e\'er)' a c t o f rea-
a n d l o u c h . K r o n i l h e p e r s p e c l i v e of c i i u ' a n i m a l sense o f r e a l i i y , w i i a i is n o t n i i a h l e , i U l c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g i n g a lwa)'s a f f i r m s ( o r d e n i e s ) s o m e i n i e l l i g i b l e
present in space o r t i m e to o u r i m m e d i a i e c o n t a d i s j t i s t n o t r e a ! . I t has n o leiii i J i a i i l " ' b o r r o w s " b - o m p r i o r acts o f i m t l e r s i a n d i n g ( i i i s i g l u s ) .''^ ""Is" is
relevance lo survival o r r e p r o d u c i i o n . For L o n e r g a n , this e v o l t i t i o n a i y , ani- . , i i d (>f s o n i e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o r o i h e r t h a i is t h e voemaliccouicnl ofan insighl.
mal s e n s e C)r r e a l i t y is t h e m o s t e l e m e n t a l a n c l t l i e m o s i stubbc r n o f a l l ofour II \: d i e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n i e n i i h a i is a f f u r n e d ( o r d e n i e d ) as r e a l . F l e n c e , i u
c o i n p e t i n g n o u o n s o f r e a l i l y . I t is t l i e s o u r c e o f o n r d e e p e s t d o n l j i s t h a i r e a l i t y I \ e i \e w h e r e s o m e r e a l i l y is a l l r m e d , t h a t r e a l i t ) ' is i n t e l l i g i b l e .
c a n b e what. we k n o w b>' t i n d e r s i a n d i n g c o r r e c t l y , \\ g r i p o n o u r a l l e g i a n c e to lilis means l h a i the answer to die question " W l i a i d o we know when
its n o t i o n o f r e a l i t y - w l i a i is p r e s e n t is l h e m o s t d i f f i c i i l t t o loosen. wf d o l h a t ? " has t h e s t r a n g e a n d even s t a r t l i n g i m p l i c a i i o n ihai r e a l i t y is
R e a l i t ) ' is n e i i l i e r " " o u t t l i e r e ' ' o r " i n h e r e , " as sc^me r e n d e r i n g s o f ideal- p l e i e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e . I i is a s t r a n g e i n i j p l i c a i i o n , b e c a u s e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y as
i s m a n d s o l i p s i s m s e e m l o h o l d . R e a l i t y iisi " i s . " S o m e r e a l i l i e s n n g h i a l s o be Miili has n o s e n s i b l e q u a l i t i e s . I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y as s u c h is b o t h i n v i s i b l e and
"out t h e r e , " a n i l s o m e m i g h t a l s o be " ' i n h e r e , " a l i h o u g h t l i e s e n s e o f l h e s e iiiLuigible - q u i t e literally, i i e i t l i e r visnalizable or l o n c h a b l e , T h i s absence
spatial metaphors would n e e d to be e x a i r n n e d carelulh'. B u t neither the m \l o r t a n g i b l e q u a l i i i e s b - o i n r e a l i t ) ' as i n t e l l i g i b l e m a k e s i t s e e m cphie
''out t h e r e " o r t h e " i n h e r e " a r e t h e c r i i e r i a o f r e a l i t ) ' . " ' I s ' is i l i e c r i i e r i o n m i l e a l lo p e o p l e w i t h o i l i e r k i n d s o f c o m i n i t m e i i t s a b o u t realit)' - c o n m i i i -
o f r e a l i t y , a n d w e k n o w w h a t is, n e i t h e r b y e x t r o v e T ' s i o n or b)' i n t r o s p e c t i o n , iMiiiis i h a i t h e y k n o w r e a l i t i e s o n h ' b e c a u s e l l i e y c a n see o r l o u c l i t h e m , To
W e k i H : ) w w l i a i is b ) ' n d e r s t a n d i n g c o r r e c t l y - b y a r r i \ ' i n g a t v i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n - a p < ; o p l e , sav'ing t l i a t w e k n o w r e a l i i \ n a f l i r m i n g as c o r r e c i ilie iritel-
d i t i o n e d jutlgmenis a b o u t the correctness o f o u r understandings. li|Mhle c o n t e n o f o u r n d e r s t a n d i n g o f w l i a t w e see a n d t o u c h - as w e l l as
Animalily, pragmatic common sense, a n d e m p i r i c a l s c i e n c e are there- \\\].\e n e i t l i e r see or t o u c l i - w i l l l i k e l y s e e m u n s a i i s f a c t o r y , i f n o i . d o w u -
f o r e c o n n n i t t e d l o c e r t a i n n o t i o n s o f r e a l i i ) ' , b u t n o n e o f i h e s e is r e a l i t y i n 1 ij'Jii incredible.
t h e f u l l a n d u n q u a l i H e d s e n s e , E a c h o f i l i e s e s e n s e s o f i - e a l i i y is o n l ) ' t h e I'.irh' o n , L o n e r g a n himself sirugglecl wiili the seeining unreality ofthe
paT7. o f r e a l i t ) ' i l i a t is o f c o n c e r n to l l i e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w . The iHiiinii o f reality i m p l i c i t in the a i n r m a t i o n o f i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s as v i r i u a l l y
r e a l i t . y o f w h a t is p r e s e n t is a l l t h a t s o f i n t e r e s t t o b i o l o g i c a l survi\'al a n d i M i i ' i t i d i t i o n e d . DuriiiL h i s s i u d e n t d a v s . h e c a r n e to ihe conclusin that
e v o l u t i o n a r y snccess. P r a g m a t i c a n d scientific practices also r e g a r d reality hiiiiiaii reasoning s dscursi\'e, r a i l i e r t l i a n ntuitve - i.liai is l o sa)', he
o n l y i n s o f a r as i l is [ p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e i r l i m i t e d c o n c e r n s . But when peo- ll. I a m e c o n v i n c e d that h u m a n reason is a p r o c e s s , a n d l a t e r h e eveniually
p l e c o r n i i i i t exclusix'eh' to diese o d i e r c o n c e r n s a n d l i m i t e d n o t i o n s o f real- I l u l a i e d w h a i l i e i l i o u g l i t was t h e c o r r e d , m i d e r s i a n d i n g o f t l i a t |.)rocess
it\', s e r i o u s d i s t o r t i o n s e n s u e . T l i e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f r e a l i l y t h a t l l o w s ))l l e . i s d i i i n t ' - i n l i i s c o t ; i i i i . i o r i a l t l i e o r v
fVoin the miresiricted d e s i r e t o k n o w w i l l s e e i n u n r e a l tcj t l i o s e notions r . i i i l i i s e a r l y c o n v i c i i o n t l i a t r e a s o n i n g s d i s c u r s i v e iiii.tally p o s e d a p r o b -
of reality d e te r n i i n ed b)' these lesser c o n c e r n s . .Making ilie unresiricied li l l l l o r h i m . W h a t he undersiood l o be ts r i v a l , r e a s o n i n g as i n i u i t i v e ,
notion o f reality seem sirange and alien is c h i e f a m o n g tlie distortions ' hi.iiled s o m e f o r m ofclirectaccess to reality 1die corresp(.mdence b e t w e e n
t i i a t e n s u e f r o m s u c h s u b s t i t u t i o n s . U n r e s t r i c i e d q u e s i i o n i n g has a broader 0 . r . o i i n g as n t u i t v e a n d r e a l i t ) ' was g u a r a n t e e d by these d i r e c t coniacts.
n o i i o n o f reality that i n c o r p o r a l e s b u l goes beyond tlie ncjiions intended Bul Lonergan could iioi iniliallysee how reasoiniigas discursive c o u l d lead
b)' p r a g i n a i i c a t t i t u d e s a n d s c i e n t i b c niethods. I n f a c t , i t is o u r m o s t pri- lili lll i w l e d g e o f reality, b e c a u s e i t l a c k e d a n y s u c l i d i r e c t c o n t a c t . F l o w c o u l d
m o r d i a l a n d n a t u r a l sense o f realii)'. B u t i b i s broader, i m r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n di'.( lirsivc' r e a s o n i n g lead lo reality? Flow c o u l d " t h e p e r f b r m a n c e o f such
of reatii)' - especialh' its c o r r e l a i i v e commitment to t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f liiiiiLiiieiii activities'' lead to k n o w l e i l g e of "exiernal" ("out there") reality?
r e a l i l y - is s t r a n g e a n d f b r e i g i i t o t h e m o r e l i m i i e d p r a g m a t i c a n d scientiHc l h e basic i d e a t h a t e v e n t u a l l y l e d h i m to t l i e r e s o l u i i o n o f t h i s dilemma
a t t i t u d e s . U l t i m a i e t y , t h e n , d i e r e s i s t a n c e s t o i b i s brc^ader s e n s e o f r e a l i l y 1 ime I r o m liis stiidy o f Plato's p h i l o s o p h y A l i h o u g b lie w o u l d later c r i t i c i z e
as i n c o r p c i r a i i n g b u l g c u r i g b e y o n d r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n s o f r e a l i t y ha\'e t o be Plalonism f o r also h a r b o n r i n g a s u b t l e f o r m o f i n t u i t i v e r e a s o n i n g ("kiiow-
o v e i c o n i e i n a r a d i c a l way. T l i i s r a d i c a l i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n v e r s i n r e q u i r e s a iiif; b\ c o n f i r m a t i o n " ' ' ' ' ) , l i i s si l i d i e s o f P l a t o l e d h i m t o i l i e r e a l i z a d o n that
serious self"-encounter and self-appropriation.'^'' 11 a l i i ) ' i i s e l f is i n i e l l i g i b l e , ' ' "
72 l'ai'i I: l'reliniinaries Objectivii.y a n d Faciual K n o w i n g 73

I n i h c i r own ways, i.lie a n i m a l , p i ' a g i n a c , a n d scieiific a i i i i u d e s r n i s i a k - l'licse a n s w e r s t o L o n e r g a n ' s t l i r e e q u e s d o n s h a v e p r o f o u n d i m p l i c a i i o n s .

e i d y a s s u m e d i a i iJiey h a v e s o n i e f o i a i i o f d i i ' e c L access l o r e a l i t ) ; a n d i h a i i l i i s I lie\ m e a n t h a i a l i a b i i . o f d i s c e r n m e n l - o f k e e n a l t e n ti veiiess l o o n e ' s o w n
privileges i h e i r n o i i o n s o r e a l i l y . I n fac, lioweveT*. s e n s a l i o n s d o n o i give i i i i p i i r i n g s p i r i t - is i l i e c o n d i i i o n f o r b e c o m i n g a g o o d j u d g e o f correctness
d i r e c i access l o r e a l i i y . I n s i e a d , e m p i r i c a l c l a i a a r e i m p o r i a n i l o k n o w l e d g e l l l i i n r l i n d e r s t a n d i i i g . ' f h i s h b i l o f d i s c e r n m e n t is r i o i eas)' l o d e v e l o p o r
o r e a l i l y o n h ' i n s o l a r as C[LiesLioning a n d discm^sive r e a s o n i n g r n a k e use o f a i s i a i n , y e t i t is o f p a r a i i i o u n t i m p o n a n c e . As L o n e r g a n p u t s i t , " i t s n o t
i l i e n i l o ' u i h l l c o n d i i i o n s m i i e d e d l o arrave a i v i i a u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d knowl- eiMMigh t o say i l i a t n o f a i r i l i e r cp.iestoiis o c c u r lo i/."'^-~' T l i e c r i i e r i o n is,
e d g e o f r e a l i l y . ' ' /Vs L o n e r g a n puis ii, eillna; i l i a t t l i e r e are n o f i i r t l i e r q u e s i i o n s . fhere m a y be a w h o l e lioSL o f
luier'ereiices r e s p o n s i b l e br i l i e fac t l i a t n o i i r i l i e r c p i e s t i o i i s o c c u r to
l l is n o i l r u e i h a i i i is f r o r n s e n s e i l i a i O L U ' c o g r n i i o n a l a c i i v i i i e s d e r i v e m e i)v 10 y o u . ' f h e r e m a y i n d e e d b e s u b i l e s i i r r i n g s o l q u e s u o n s a b o u t c m r
i h e i r * i n m i e d i a i e r e l a i i o n s h i j p l o i~eal o b j e c i s ; d i a i r e l a i i o n s h i j p is n r a g h i s , b u t because these stiriangs are n o t |:>articiilaiiy si.rong, o r b e c a u s e
i m n i e d i a i e i n i h e i n i e i u i o n o f b e i n g |.i.e., i h e m i r e s u a c i e d deslice l o \\^ a r e so e n a i i i o u r e d o f o u r b r i l l i a n t ideas, we s i m p l y n i i g l i t n o t pay any
k n o w ] ; i i is m e d a l e i n i l i e d a i a o f s e n s e a n d i n i h e d a i a o f conscious- a l l e i i l i o n t o t h e s e s u b t l e f u r t h e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s i i o n s . O r we i i i i g l i t b e l i r e d
ness i n a s m u c h as t l i e i n i e n i i o n o f b e i n g m a k e s use o f c l a i a i n p r o - l l l sick o r l l a v e c h i l l e d w i t s . W e n i i g l i i be laz)' o r c o m p l a c e n t . We r n i g l i i be
n i o i i n g c o g r n u o n a l process lo k n o w l e d g e o f being."- \l l i i n s of o n e o r s e v e r a l Icn'ins o f i l i e biases i l i a t l . . o n e r g a i i a i i a h ' z e s . Lonet-
l ' a n f u l l y r e c o g n i z e s t h e im.ilti|.licity o f ways t h a t i n i e r f e r e n c e s can obscure
K n o w i n g realily llir{:)ugh a u l l i e n i i c |>erlbrmance o l ' o i u ' c o g n i u o n a l siruc- llie awareness o f f u r t h e r questions i n l l i e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f any |:)articular
L i n e is k n o w i n g d i a l l h e c o n l e u l o f o u r u n c l e i ' S i a n d i n g " i s . " ' f l i e c o n i e n l o f p e s n i i . B i l l . l h e p o s s i b i l i t y a n d i l i e facis o f s u c h i n t e r e r e i i c e s d o n o t n e g a t e
o i u " l u i d e r s l a n d i n g is i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y , " ^ a n d i l i e r e f o r e e a c l i i n s i a i i c e o l know- llie N ' g i i i r n a c y o f I . o n e r g a i r s a n s w e r s t o bis t h r e e q u e s t i o n s a n d t l i e i r inipi-
i n g is k n o w i n g i l i a i s o m e i n i e l l i g i b i l i i ; ' is. L a c h a f f i n n a i i o n is d i e afflrma- ( aiiiins. Rather, the a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l l u n n a n e\'ideiice o f s n c l i interfereiices
i i o n o f d i e r e a l i l v o f a n i i i i e l l i < ; ; i b i l i i \ ' . ' f h e l o i a l i u ' o f r e a l i l v is i l i e r e f o r e lhe .linplv p o i n t s t o w i i a i is b e i n g i r u e r f e r e d w i t h - u n r e s t r i c i e d i i i q i h r y - and
t o t a l i l y o f a l l i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s so k n o w n . l i is t h e t o i a l i t y t o b e k i i c j w n i n a s k i n g i h e r e l b r e [Points a l s o iC) w l i a i is d e m a n d e d i f we a r e to be o b j e c t i v e aboul
a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l c|Liestions f o r i n i e l l i g e n c e and reflection, ilie toiality of iinieciness o f u n d e r s t a i i d i n g , We w o u l d have to d i s c e r n t h e i - i r e s e n c e c~>f
a l l i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s so a f f i r n i e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , r e a l i t y , b e i n g , is completely hl.ises. endea\'our l(.i n i i n i m i z e a n d eventually eliniiiial.e thern, and d e v e l o p
i n t e l l i g i l . i l c . " ' R e a l i t v is n o i w l i a t we ' ' k n o w " b y d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e senses, ,in i m e n s i n e d , s u b t l e d i s c e r n i i i e n t o f , a n d f l d e l i i ) ' t o , t h e p r o m p i i n g s o f f u r -
l i o w e v e r d i l T i c t i l t i t is t o a c c e p t t l i i s fac a i f i r s i . M o w e v e r s t r a n g e it may I I H I ( | i i e s t i o i i s . F i d e l i i y l o t h e l e a d o l (;|iiesticniiiig is w l i a i l . o n e r g a n meant
s e e m , r e a l i t y is i n i e l l i g i b l e . h\" i n t l i e m o s t f u n d a m e n i a l s e n s e . f l u s is w h y h e claimed
d i a l I i b j e c t i \ ' i t y is l l i e f V u i i o f a t i i h e h t i c s i i b j e c t i \ ' i t ) ' . I n o t h e r w o r d s , o n e lias

'.y Conclusin Mh|e( i\ k n o w l e d g e o f realily by b e c o m i n g an objecti\'e judge of the cor-

l e i iness o f o n e ' s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s . O n e d o e s i h i s j u s t t o i l i e e . x t e n t t l i a t o n e is

In lilis chapier, 1 lia\'e p r e s e n i e d an o v e r v i e w o l L o n e r g a n ' s cognitional ijM e l n i n g a n d a u i h e i i i i c a l l ; ' c j p e n t o a n d a l i e n l i v e ic> t h e s u b t l e p i ' o i n p i i n g s

ilieory - l i i s p l i d o s o p l i y o f k n o w l e d g e a n d r e a l i t y . i lia\'e r e l i e d ii|"jon his lll ( i i i e ' s o w n i i i i r e s t r i c i e d h ' i m p i i r i n g s p i r i i .

t h r e e Cjuestions t o o r g a n i z e t h i s o v e r v i e w . C o g n i i i o n a l structure - the pei-

foriiiance ol" a set o f c o g n i t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s s i r u c i u r e d hy ihe dynamics of
u n r e s i r i c t e d C|LiesLoniiig - s t h e a n s w e r lo liis hrsi cpiestion: W h a t ani I
d o i n g w l i e n I a n i k n o w i n g ? T h e a n s w e r l o h i s s e c o n d C [ u e s u o n is t h a t " d o i n g
l h a t " is k n c ^ w i n g b e c a u s e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d i a t s i r u c l u r e o f a c t i v i t i e s i n del-
ii)' lo l h e g n i d a n c e o" o u r q u e s t i o i i i n g l e a d s us t o v i n u a l K ' unconditioned
c o g n i z a n c e o f w h a t is a n d w h a t is nct. ' f h i s is w h a t is m e a n t b y genuinely
k n o w i n g . 'fo llie d i i r d q u e s i i o n , L o n e r g a n a n s w e r s t h a t r e a l i t y is w l i a t we
know when we " d o tliat" - despiie the s t a r t l i n g strangeness o f the iniel-
l i g i b i l i t ) ' o f r e a l i i ) ' t h a t c o n V o n i s us i f w e t a k e s e r i o u s l y i h e i n i p l i c a t i o n s o f
" d o i n g that."
 Seir-Appr(.ipi"iati(.>n, l'aia I 75

3 Self-Appropriation, Part I : 1.
V i i r i i i j j i i n g t o a n s w e r s u c h t " | n e s t i o n s ch'aws o n e
iiiiiKait.
i n t o p r a c t i c e s o
T h i s is b e c a u s e a t t e m p t i n g 10 a n s w e r t h e s e t j u e s o n s r e q u i r e s
dis-

Self-Affirmation o f >.|iiii
In discern lhe differences between when one acttially knows
( m e d o e s n o t . I i r e q t i i r e s a t t e n t i o n 10 i h e a c t i v i t i e s o n e :)erbrins
and

Cognitional Structure 1.1 >Mc c o m e s t o k n o w s o m e t h i n g , as w e l l as t o t h e a c i i v i t i e s t h a t l e a d one

(.ii.n, li r e q u i r e s distingnislng activities that g e n u i n e l y c o n t r i b u t e to
I K d u i n g n*oiii t h e w e l t e r o f o t h e r aciiviiies. ('fbese i n c l u d e b o t h a c t i v i -
iM . l h a i a r e p t i r p o r t e d 10 b e t h e ways w e c o m e t o k n o w l e d g e , b m reall)'
U( n o l , as w e l l t h e m a n y o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s o n e p e r I V n a n s , \\'liicli a r e s i m p l y
unlcvani 10 t h e p t n " s u i i o f k n o w l e d g e , a l t l i o n g h t l i i s is n o t a p p a r e n t a t
d(c o u l set.)
hm ifone d o e s n o t yet a l r e a d y k n o w t h e a n s w e r t o ''VVhnt a i n I d o i n g
1 l i e n 1 a m k n o w i n g ? , ' ' u|3on w l i a i . b a s i s w i l l o n e d l s i i n g t h s h t h e a c i i v i i i e s
d i a l d o c o n t r i b u t e t o g e n u i n e k n o w i n g "om those tliat do nol? Chapter
I ,ii|;iied t h a t t h e a b i l i t y to d i s c e r n t h e diferences a m o n g e x p e r i e n c e s of
i i u i 1 nal c o n s c i o u s activies recp.iires t h e a i . i a i n m e n t o' h e i g h t e n e d le\'els
The crucial issue is an experiineiUal issue ... It wHl consist in ones own rational ol ( o n n i h t m e n t a n d skill o n tlie p a r t o f a person t r y i n g to d i s c e r n - in
self-consciousness ciearlv aiii distinctly laking jossession of itself as rational self- lhe, ( a s e , lo discern the differences between acvities o f k n o w i n g a n d
conscio'usaess. Uf lo lhat decisive achievement all leads. From il all follows. No n o l k n o w i n g . I t a l s o a c e d che d i H l c u l t y i h a t g u i d a n c e o f a special s o n is
O'iie ... ca-n do il for you.. 0 q i i i i c t l i n o r d e r f o r a i p ' o n e t o a t t a i i i s u c h a c a p a c i t y br discernment.
- BcrnLiixi L o n e i ' g a n , Im/ghl 1 i i h e f w i s e , t b e t a s k o f p r o p e r l y d i s t i n g u i s l i i n g a m o n g so m a n y d i T e r e n t
. p c i i r i i c e s a n d activities anri ofinions a b o u t tlieni will be (.werwhelming.
l i i n s u c h g u i d a n c e lias t o be j u s t t l i a i - g t i i d a n c e , n o t persuasin o r s n b t l e
3,1 Introduction M c n u p i i l a o n . ' I d i e H r s t c l i a | 3 t e r a l s o a r g u e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e |.i'oper
I md o f guidance must come from [jeople w l i o have themseh'es already
Tlus chapter brings logedier d i e t h e n i e s ot t h e i w o p r e c e d i n g c l i a p t e r s . uiaincd self-knowledge a n d g e n u i n e 0|:)eiiiiess t h r ( . ) u g l i t l i e :)rocesses o'
C h a p t e r 1 p r o p o s e d i h a t w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n t b y sel r-appro|:)ria t i o n is i m i - in.ilnraon in discernment,
m a t e h ' r e l a i e d to [pracuces o f d i s c e r n m e n l . C h a p t e r 2 prese luerj I . o n e r g a n ' s .'.o w h i l e a p e i ' s o n l a k i i i g u p t h e c h a l l e n g e s o ' s e l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n as sel-
way o f a n s w e i ' i n g the c p i e s t i o n , ' ' W l i a t ani 1 d o i n g w h e n 1 a m k n o w i n g ? " T h e i M u m a u o n c a n n o t a n d s h o u l d n o t accept Lonergan's answers m e r e l y on
two are ccmnected, because g e n u i n e d i s c e r n m e n t includes kncnving wlieii i h r basis o f b i s a u t h o r i t y , L o n e r g a n d i d o f f e r ///,v o w n a n s w e r s i n t h e s p i r i t
one k n o w s a n d w h e n o n e d o e s n ' t , O f c o t i r s e , t h e r e is moi~e t o d i s c e r n m e n t , m( I li< i p e o ' g i l i d i n g o t h e r s t o a [ p r o p r i a ti n g their ow\'\s o f k n o w i n g .
and m o i ' e t o s e l - a p p r o p r i a i i o n , t h a n k n o w i n g w l i e n o n e t r u h ' is k n o w i n g . Iim Lonergan's answers i n d e e d oTer v a l u a b l e assistance as o n e grapples
N ' e v e i ' t b e l e s s , gra|3[3]iiig w i t h L o i i e r g a r r s t h r e e c p i e s t i o n s is i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o l h e f j u e s t i o n o n e s e l l ' , o r ncjt?
d i s c e r r m i e n t a n d s e l l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t l i e i r f u l l e r senses. h l e n c e , t h i s c l i a p - I ' c i h a p s by t h i s p o i n t s o n i e r e a r l e r s l i a v e a i r e a d ) ' d i s c e r n e d a m i d s t t l i e
t e r f o c u s e s 011 the Hrst stage o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n - the "self-aiTirmauon o l lilil nal e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e i r conscious aciivities wliicli ones c o n i r i b n t e
H i e k n o w e r , " as L o n e r g a n r e f e i ' r e d t o i t . D i s c u s s i o n o" s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n hi ihcir k n o w i n g , and how they c o m e together. Perhaps these readers
a n d d i s c e r n m e n l i n i e m o r e c o m p l e t e s e n s e w i l l b e r e s m n e d i n c l i a p t e r 10. \i,\\r a i r e a d ) ' a T i r m e d br t h e m s e l v e s tliat l..oiiergan's a c c o u n t expresses
Still, even s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a s s e h - a f f i r m a t i o n involves mcne t h a n merely I ( o j i eci u i i d e r s t a n d i i i g o f t h e i r o w n c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e s o" k n o w i n g .
a c c e p t i n g L o n e r g a n ' s o r a u y o n e else's a n s w e r s t o d i e t h r e e q u e s t i o n s a b o u l II M i , i l u n i i i i u c l i o f w h a t f o l k ^ w s m a y b e r e d i i n d a n t . B u t f o r t h o s e readers
k n o w i n g s o l e l y o n t h e basis o f a t u h o r i t y . S e l f - a p p i o p r i a l i o n m e a n s t h a i one uho lia\'e ii(.)i y e t r e a c h e d l h a t s t a g e , I liojae i h a t w l i a t f o l l o w s w i l l b e of
has t o a n s w e r t h o s e q t i e s t i o n s f o r o n e ' s o w n s e l f , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e C|ueson r.M'J.uice.
" W h a t a n i / d o i n g w h e n / a m knowing?''
76 l ' a n I : ]"'n^liiniiiaries Sell"-A|:)pr()prai!on, l ' a i ' i 1 77

3.2 Self-Appropriation and Self-AfFirmation W.r, h e r i g h t ? D o e s his t h e o r y p i - e s e n t t h e c o r r e c t n d e r s t a n d i n g o f w h a t

.1 l u . i l l v h a p p e n s i n y o u r o w n c o n s c i o u s a c t i v i t i e s ? T h i s is t h e q u e s u o n for
Lonergan i'egardeci self-appropiaiion as liie great conierstone to his ( 11 . i l l i i u i a t i o n o f o n e s e l l a s a k n o ^ v e r
hfe's w o r k . H e regaided s e U ' - a p p r o p r i a t i o n as t h e " e s s e n t i a l b e n e f i t " that \t o h s e r v a t i o n is t h a t a l i h o u g h t h i s q u e s u o n is c o m p l e x because o f
he gained f r o m liis e a r l y years o f s t u d y i n g T h o m a s A q n i n a s - b e c a u s e i n dir (dinplexity o f Lonergan's a c c o u n t o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c u n e , i i is s i i l l
o r d e r t o c o n i p i e h e n d A c p i i i i a s , h e liad t o e n c o n t n e r a n d c o m e t o terms Miil\1 \ c r v l i m i t e d q u e s i i o n . As L o n e r g a n p u t i t , "by ' k n o w i n g ' 1 mean no
w i d i l i i s o w n self.' H e c a r r i e d ovei" i n t o h i s l a t e r woi'k t h e i m p o r t a n c e of ( i h a i i p e r f o r m a n c e [ o f s u c h a c i i v i u e s ] as s e n s i n g , p e r c e i v i n g , i m a g i n -
what h e l e a r n e d a b o n t h i r n s e l f as a k n o w e r t h r o u g h h i s e n c o i u i t e r with mj;, m q u i r i n g , nderstanding, f o r m u l a U n g , reflecung, g r a s p i n g the u n c o n -
A q i i i n a s , s a y i n g e m p l i a t i c a l l y t h a t t h i s was h i s p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e i n h i s w i i i - diiioned. a n d affirming."-'' Henee l h e q u e s i i o n o f self-alfrmauon of the
ing o f lii-sigh.- When he finally a i ' r i \ ' e d a t w i i a t h e r e g a i ' d e d as t h e p r o p e i ' I i K i w c r asks o n l y t h e l i m i t e d q u e s u o n o f w h e d i e r o r n o l o n e p e r f o r m s d i o s e
a p p i o a c l i to theological m e d i o d , self-appropi'iation c o m j n u e d to play the K m i i l c s i n l h a t d y n a m i c p a u e r i i . T h i s is n o t a q u e s u o n a b o u t k n o w i n g o n e -
m o s t f i n i d a m e n i a l role. He organized t h a t m e t h o d so as 10 {1) lead the .1 ll . . i i i i | ) l e i e l y a n d w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a d o n ; w h a t is s o u g h t i n t h i s q u e s u o n is
investigator l o w a i d s s e l l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , (2) show liow s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , mil ini.il k n o w l e d g e of everydiing a b o u l oneself " f h i s q u e s t i o n o n l y seeks
once acquired, enhances ftuthei' theological research, and (3) ftuther 1 l i i n i i r d s e l f - k n o w l e d g e - k n o w l e d g e o f w l i e i h e r o r n o t o n e is a k n o w e r i n
r e v e a l t l i e m p l i c a t i o n s o f r e s n l t s a c h i e v e d by d i i s m e t h o d I b i ' t h e impi'ove- I I i i i r r g a u ' s s p e c i f i c sense.
mem, o f the world,^ II u n e j u d g e s t h a t i n f a c t o n e i s a k n o w e r i n i h i s s e n s e , t h a t d o e s n o i s e i l l e
Lonergan deseribed self-appropriadon i n nsighl as " o n e ' s o w n ratio- dir vast n u m b e r o f f u n h e r q u e s t i o n s a b o u l o n e s e l f : " W i l l i b e h a p p y ? Will
nal self-consciousness cleai'ly a n d d i s t i n c t l y t a k i n g possession o f i t s e l f as I h r l i c l i ? , " as l h e p o p u l a r s o n g asks. l l d o e s n o t s e t d e w h e i h e r t h e l a r g e r
i'ational self-consciousness."' By " i ' a t i o n a l self-consciotisness" he m e a n t lo irxi in w h i c h one performs the aciiviues o f sensing, i m a g i n i n g , renieiii-
i n c l u d e n o l o n l y i h e acts o f c o g n i t i o n a l s i i ' u c t u i ' e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e v i - I . . i i r i ) ' , n d e r s t a n d i n g , j u d g i n g , a n d s o o n is a c o n t e x t o f n o b l e m o t i v e s o r
o n s c h a p i e r , b u l also t h e a c l d i i i o n a l acts o f cc^nsciousness i h a i h a v e t o d o I u l m o t i \ ' e s . i t d o e s n o t a n s w e r w h e i h e r o r n o t o n e ' s s e l f - i d e n t i i y s s o l e l y
w i t h d e l i b e r a i i n g , \'aluing, d e c i d i n g , a n d a c t i n g . Self-appropi"iaton i n this 's ( i w n d o i n g , o r w h e i h e r i l i a i i d e n u t y s l a r g e l y c o n s i i u i i e d by i u v o l v e -
m o r e c o m p l e t e s e n s e is c l e a r l y a m a j o r i m d e i ' t a k i n g t h a t r e q u i i - e s t i m e a n d iiii nis i n g e n d e r , f a n i i l y , s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , r a c i a l , e t h n i c , o r r e l i g i o u s g r o u p s .
p a t i e n c e , a n d t h a t passes t h r o u g h s e v e r a l s t a g e s b e f o r e r e a c h i n g i i s m a t i t r e II d( J i s i u ) i a n s w e r w h e i h e r o r n o l t h e e s i i i n a l e o f o n e ' s s e l f - w o r i h s s o b e r
State, ' f h e p i e s e n l c h a p t e r f o c u s e s o n l y o n t h e first s t a g e s c^f s e l f - a p p r o p r i - i n d i i b j e c t i v e . o r w h e i h e r o n e s self-cieceived.
a t i o n tliat focus just o n t h e activities o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u i e . T h e s e first While all these f u n h e r quesdons are c r u c i a l lo self-knowledge in ihe f u l l e r
siages o f s e l l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n c u l m i n a i e i n w l i a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d t h e "self- .< i r , e . s e l f - a f t l r m a d o n is a n i u c h m o r e l i m i t e d f o r m o f s e l f - k n o w l e d g e . Self-
afinanation ofthe knowei'," 1II11 m a l o n is m e r e l y a n an.swer 10 t h e q u e s t i o n f b r r e f l e c i i o n a n d j u d g m e n t
r. I n w h e t h e r o r n o t o n e p e r f b r m s t h e a c t i v i d e s i n l h e d y n a m i c c o g n i d o n a l
3.3 S e l f - A f f i r m a t i o n as C o n d i t i o n e d .11 u r 1 i i r e .
\ e i . w h i l e t h i s is a m i t e d j u d g m e n i , i l is a c r u c i a l a n d s i r a t e g i c j u d g m e n t .
S e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e k n o w e r is a n a f f i r m a t i v e j u d g m e n t o f f a c t . I t is a l i m - II l h e a n s w e r is, "Yes, 1 a m a k n o w e r i n p r e c i s e ! ) ' i l i i s s e n s e , " t h e n t h e a n s w e r
i t e d j u d g m e n t t h a t a f f i r n i s as c o r r e c t a c e r t a i n s e t o f i n s i g h t s t h a t answer implies lhat w h a t e v e r r e m a i n s l o be k n o w i i aboul. o n e s e l f will c o m e a b o u l
the cpiesiicjn " V V h a t a m I d o i n g w h e n a m k n o w i n g ? " T h e pi*evious c h a p t t i r h\g t h e c o g n i t i o n a l s t n i c t u i e w l i h f i d e l i i ) ' , l l a l s o i m p l i e s thai
offered a n o v e r v i e w of w h a t Lcuergan t h o u g l i t l i t n n a n b e i n g s do i n k n o w - It m e <leviai.es from performance ofthe structure in atiempUng fiirther
ing, I t Cffered a n t m d e i ' s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e i n t e r e s t i n g , c o m p l e x , a n d t h e o r e t - ,< II k n o w l e d g e , the result will be self-decepuou r a i h e r i b a n a u t h e n i i c self-
ical r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g c o g n i t i o n a l acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . But Lonergan I ii.iwledge. T b e answer to ihe q u e s u o n fbr self-affirmauon ilierefore will
did nc>t i n i e n d h i s c o g n i d o n a l t h e o r y t o b e i n e i ' e l y a p o s s i b l e , i n t e r e s t i n g , I n l l n i - n c e i n p r o t b u i i d a n d pervasi\'e ways h o w o n e g o e s a b o u t a n s w e r i n g
ov |"jlausible t l i e o r y ; h e p r e s e n t e d i( as a c o r r e c t u n d e r s i a n d i n g C)f h u m a n i.diei {piesiions for self-knowledge i n l h e ffillei" sense.
k n o w i u g a n d o f lhe i m p l i c a i i o n s l h a t this nderstanding h o l d s f o r one's A srond observauon is t h a t the question o f self-atTirmadon of the
views a b o u t o b j e c t i v i t y a n d reality. 1 i i u w r r is a q u e s u o n a b o u t a n i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y . H e n e e t l d s q u e s t i o n is o n t h e
7S P a n 1: l ' r e l i i n i n a r i e s
s a m e I b o i i n g as e\'ery o i l i e i " C]uesi.ion f o r J i i c l g i n e i u . k em.eriaris s o m c L h i n g
as a c o n d i t i o n e d i m e l l i g i b l e p o s s i b i l i t v ' - t h a t t h e r e is a n i m e l l i g i b l e o r d e r
in t h e way o n e goes abotn, a c h i e v i n g k n o w l e d g e (i.e., tlie o i x i e r a r t i c u l a i e d
in s e c d o n i.[ o f t l i e p r e \ " i o t i s c i i a p t e i " ) . ' f h i s i n e a n s t h a t t h e p r o p o s i o n
" I d o p e r f o r m t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h i s i n t e l l i g i b l y o r d e r e d w a y " is a c o n d i -
d o n e d p r o p o s i t i o n . ' f h i s c o n d i t i o n e d p r o p o s i t i o n w i l l b e g r a s p e d as \ ' i r t t i -
a l l y L i n c o n d i i i o n e d o n K ' o n c e a l i n k t o r e q t i i s i i e I f i l f i l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s has
b e e n i d e n u b e c l , a n d o n l y w l i e n t h o s e c o n d i d o n s have b e e n f n l l l l l e d . I n this
i'egard, L o n e r g a n r e m a r k e d ,
T h e l i n k b e t w e e n t h e c o n d i t i o n e d a n d its c o n d i t i o n s m a y be cast i n
t h e p r o p o s i t i o n " I a m a k n o w e r , i f I rnn a c o n c r e t e a n d i n t e l l i g i b l e
Lirit\'-identicy-wliole, c l i a r a c t e r i z e d b y a c t s o f sensing, p e r c e i v i n g ,
i m a g i n i n g , i n q u i r i n g , nderstanding, f o i a n n l a t i n g , r e f l e c t i n g , grasp-
i n g d i e u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d udging." ' f l i e f u l f i l l m e n t o f die c o n d i -
d o n s is g i v e n i n c o n s c i o L i s n e s s . ' '
3.4 Self-Affirmation o f the K n o w e r as H e r m e n e u t i c a l
Perliaps s o m e readers have n o d i f l l c u l t y w i t h L o n e r g a i f s r e m a r k iliai they
d o i n d e e d liave i n t e r n a l , c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e activides d i a i c o r i t r i l >
u t e t o t l i e i r k n o w i n g . S u c l i r e a d e r s m a y h n d t h a t t h e s e e>c|>erieiices " g i v e n
i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s " a r e s u f n c i e n t c o n d i t i o n s f o r a f n a n i n g t h e c o r r e c t n e s s ctf
L o n e r g a n \a c c o t i n t .
l-lowe\'er, L o n e i ' t a n ' s c l a i m t h a i t h e f t i l f i l l m e n t o f t h e c o n d i i i o n s is "'given
i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ' ' w i l l l i k e l y b e \ie\\'ed as . i r o b l e m a t i c b\ r e a d e r s w h o have
d e l v e d i n t o t h e sei o f p i ' o b l e m s c o n c e i a i i n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d n n i i e d i a c y
l h a i l l a v e b e e n r a i s e d by c o i i t e i i i p o r a r \ ' p h i i o s o p l i e r s , [ s v c h o l o g i s t s , l i t e r a r y
c r i t i c s , a n d t l i e o l o g i a n s . ' f h i s s e c i i o n is a d d r e s s e d t o s o m e o f t h e m o s t b a s i c
o f t h e s e issues.
L i r s t , l h e n , L o n e r g a n is u s i n g t l i e t e r m ' ' c o n s c i o u s n e s s " i n a r a t h e r u n c o n -
v e n t i o n a l sense, a n d tliis c h f f e r e n c e is l i k e l y 10 c a u s e nhsunderstandiitg.
Second. h e vasdy o v e r s i m p l i b e s t l i e s i t u a t i o n , f o r w h i l e t h e f u l l l l l m e n t o W h i a i L o n e r g a n savs t h a t t h e f u l l l m e n t o f c o n d i t i o n s f o r s e l l - a f f i r n i a t i o n
the c o n d i t i o n s fbr tliej u d g i n e n i o f self-affirmation o f k n o w i n g does indeed
i n c l u d e e x p e r i e n i i a l e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e h e l d o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t h o s e do noi
exhaust all of ihe h i i n i l i n g conditions. Like most o i l i e r j u d g i n e n t s offaci.
t h e r e a r e n i a n y a d d i o n a l p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s t h a t r n u s t also b e a n s w e r e d as
pai't o f t h e f u i r d h i i e n t o i ' t l i e c o n d i i i o n s for t h e nclgmentofself-afrmatifni.
T l i i r d , a t Hrst g l a n c e , L o n e r g a n seems to be i g n o r i n g t h e w i d e r a n g e o f p h i l -
o s o p h i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s l h a t lia\'c^ a r i s e i i a b o u t e x p e r i e n t i a l g i v e n n e s s i n g e n -
e r a l . M o r e p a r t i c u l a i i y , h e s e e m s also to be o v e i i o o k i n g t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a l
h a v e b e e n r a i s e d r e g a r d i n g t h e i i n m e d i a c y o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s as a s u b e c i ' s
S c i f - A p p r o p r i a L i o n , Pan, I 79
p i i \ i l c ) . ; c d i n o d e o f access 1.0 t h e s t i l i j e c i l i i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f H e seems to
Im M \ ( n l o o k i n g t h e faci. t l i a t o u r r e i e c o n s 011 c o n s c i o u s n e s s a l r e a d y l a k e
\>\m < w i i h i n t h e c o i i t e x i o f l a n g u a g e , a n d t h a i l a n g u a g e m e d i a t e s o r i n t e r -
p o 1'. ol r acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s .
h is c l e a r , h o w e v e i ; t h a t L o n e i ' g a n h i m s e l f was a w a r e , a t l e a s t t o s o m e
i hni, ofthe nrediations o f consciotisness thai self-affirmation requires.
I I n o i c d t h a t '\nsighl m a ) ' b e d e s e r i b e d as a set o f e x e r c i s e s i n w h i c h , i t is
Itopcd, o n e atiains self-a[.)propriai.ion."'' I n o t l i e r w o r d s , f u l l i l l i n e n t ol' t h e
I o n d i i i o n s b r a f l i r m i n g o u r s e h ' e s as k n o w e r s i n L o n e r g a n ' s p r e c i s e s e n s e
I . ,1 n u ' d i a t e d f u l f i l l m e n t . A c c e s s t o t h e g i \ ' e i i n e s s i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ofour
. o|Mii(nial a c i s is a m e d i a i e d , n o t a n i m m e d i a t e , a c c e s s . f w e a r e t o j u d g e
> I n i h c r OI" n o t w e a c t u a l k p e r b r m o t i i " acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n t h e c o g -
H i i i o n a l l y s i r u c t u r e d wa\', we rsi. n e e d t o w o r k i h r o u g h a s e t ol'exercises,
d i i i ' i l i n g o u r a t i e r i i . i o i i to c e i ' t a i n acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d to t h e r e l a t i o i i -
l u p s a m o n g t l i e n i . ' f l i e s e e x e r c i s e s w i l l liel]:) b r i n g i n t o r e l i e f d i e e x | ) e i i e n -
i l a l d a l a n e c e s s a r y t o a n i v e a l a v i r t u a l l y uiiC(.)iidioned j u d g m e i i i 011 i l i e
q i i r ' s l i o i i c>f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n .
Moreover, t h e s e e x e r c i s e s a r e g n i d e d b\ t h e l a n g u a g e o f vs/gh!. which
i m r a l i r s i b e u n d e r s t o o d i n o r d e r 10 p e r f b r m t h e e x e r c i s e s p r o p e i i ) ' . B u l i n
inilei l o n n d e r s t a n d w h a t L o n e r g a n i n e a n s by t h e k e \ ' w o r d s i n h i s s p e c i a l
M H . i h i i l a r y s u c h as " e x p e r i e n c i n g , " " i i K p . i i r \ ' , " ' ' I n s i g l i t , " a n d "'jiigment,"
o i i r n m s t also b a v e i n s i g l i t s i n i o t l i o s e e x p e r i e n c e s . ' f h i s i n t e r d e p e n d e i i c e
o| f n i g i i a g e a n d a c c e s s 10 a c i s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s f o r m , i h e r e l b r c , a l i e r i i i e -
cal c i r c l e . B u t l i a s f . o n e r g a n o v e i i o o k e d t h e h e r m e n e u t i c a l p r o b l e m s
iMo i h c d i n k n o w i n g w i i a i k n o w i n g is?
\ll o f tliese c o n c e r n s - i l i e r n e a n i n g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t h e w i d e i " p a i i e r n
m| I m i h e r q u e s t i o n s , a n d t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l c r i t i c i s m s o f l h e immediacy
ll ' a i b ) f c i . i \ i i \ - I n i e r s e c t w i t l i o i i e a n o i l i e r . '.flie\ f o r m ilie liernienentical
p i o h l c m o f self-affirmation. 'fbese are llie lopics o f t h e n e x t sections.
7../../ Consciousness as .x>eyience
I il l. n o w i n g is g i v e n i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s , l i e l i a s a v e r y s p e c i c n o t i o n o f c o n -
.1 l o i i s n e s s i n m i n d . A t irst, h i s w a y o f i h i n k i n g a b o u t c o n s c i o u s n e s s may
.I e i i i v e r y s t r a n g e , b u l e v e n i u a l l y i t c o m e s l o m a k e e m i n e n t s e n s e .
I : o i i m i o i i l y , c o n s c i o u s n e s s is i h o u g h t o l a s " c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f : conscious-
iie-,'. o f ol.)ects, c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t l i e e g o , c o n s c i o u s n e s s as t h e m d i u m o f
n I ess l o o b e c i s b y s i i b j e c i s . C o n s c i o u s n e s s i n i b i s s e n s e is i d e n t i e d c o m -
p l e i e h ' w i l h i n t e n l i o n a l i i y lowards s o m e obect o r conten o f consciousness.
l o Ie< a l l a p o i m m a d e i n t h e p r e v i o n s c h a p i e r , i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is t h e i r r e d u c -
i b l e M i a i i o n s h i j : ) b e t w e e n a n i n t e n d i n g a c t (noesis) and an intended conten
so l ' a n 1: P r e l i m i n a r i e s ScIf-Appropriaiion, Pan 1 SI

01" o b j e c i (n.iNiiui). To be i n i . e r n i o n a l l v consclons is i,o be o i a e m e c l i.o\vards .\iieiiding, liowever, can also h a v e a m o r e s n b t l e a n d m o r e primordial
s o m e i - b i n g . So i e r e w o i i k l h a v e l o b e a n o n - i d e i i i i i y i n v o h ' e d i n b e i n g c o n - i H r . m i n g . ll can m e a n h e i g l i t e n i n g t h e i n i e n s i t y o f sorne e x p e r i e n c e s a n d
scious o f a n a c i o f consciousness. Consciousness o f a n aci ol'ccjnsciousness d i i n i n i s l n i i g l l i e i n i e n s i t y o f o t l i e r e x p e r i e n c e s . I f I a t i e n d ( i n tliis second
i n l h i s s e n s e w o u l d be l h e i n i e n d i n g o f o n e c o n s c i o u s a c i b\ a n o i l i e i " . Msr) 10 w l i a t \'ou a r e s a y i n g i:o m e , i lia\'e t o r j e c r e a s e i l i e i n i e n s i t y o f m y
L o n e r g a n , o n lhe o i h e r h a n d , disiingnished "consciousness" b'oui "irn:en- . s|>erieiices o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d c o n v e r s a t i o n s a n d t h e ruiiises f r o r n t h e v e n -
lionalii)'/' fie meani someihing inore p r i m o r d i a l by "ccjiisciousness" - i i L i i i m i s)'steni a n d t l i e t r a i l l e o u t s i d e . B u t w l i e i i I d o so, I d o n o t n e e d t o
someihing lie called ''consciousness as e x p e r i e n c e . " ' ' ^ Bv i l i i s h e meani Mi.iki' m y e x p e r i e n c e o f h e a i l n g i n i o t h e o b j e c t o f a s e c o n d a c t o f a i i e n d i n g ,
d i a l consciousness is d i e e x p e r i e n c e i h a i a c c o m p a n i e s lhe perlbiaiuince lll I i r d e r t l i a t I m a y b e i t e r h e a r y o u r v o i c e , or d o I have to b r i n g t h e s o u n d
o t i n i e n i i o n a l ac\'ies s u c h as s e e i n g , h e a r i n g , i n c p i i r i n g , g e i i i n g i n s i g h i s , lll \(nir voice i n t o i l i t e n l i o n a ! c o n s c i o u s n e s s b\ m y v e r y a c i o f d i r e c u n g m y
r e l l e c i i n g , j u d g i n g , e i c . I n o r d e r f o r iioelicacts lo have i n i e n i i o n a l r e l a i i o n - i i h i i i i o n l o i l . R a i h e r , b e c a u s e l h a i s o u n d was a l r e a c h ' d i e c o n t e n o f m\
s l i i p s l o ("(?)//(r//icconienis, i h e a c i s t h e m s e h ' e s rnust have llie m o r e primor- H I l l l h e a r i n g , I c a n re-|3ati.ern d i e e i d o f m y c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c i n g , so
d i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b e i n g e x p e r i e n t i a l l y c o n s c i o u s - i l i a t is l o say, n o t o n l y ilrii my l i e a r i n g o f t h e s o u n d o f y o u r voice becornes p r o m i n e n i , while m y
m u s t t h e acts be i n t e n t i o n a l (i.e., have t h e p r o p e r t v o f b e i n g r e l a i e t l to a JiiMi i n g o f t h e d i s t r a c t i n g s o u n d s s i i b s i d e s .
noemac c o n t e n t ) , b i u . t l i e j ' m u s t a l s o be t h e e x [ " j e r i e n c e s o f a s u b j e c t w l i o is In lhis r e - p a i t e r n i n g a n d h e i g l i i e i n n g o' m y eld o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s as
perfoi'iiiing them. I spcrience, I d o n o t m a k e r n y s e l f c o n s c i o u s o f m y a c t o f l i e a r i n g b\ d i r e c l -
C o n s c i o u s acvities i n l . - o r i e r g a n ' s senses a r e n o i l i k e n a t u r a l e\'enis t h a t uir, i n \ a t i e i i l i o i i ( i n t l i e rsi s e n s e ) towTirds thal aci. Rather, heiglitening
c a n o c c u r w h e t h e r o r n o i a b e i n g evei" e x p e r i e n c e s t h e m . ' f l i e p r e l i i s i o r i c \\\s o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f niy act o f h e a r i n g presupposes that tlie
i m p a c t s o f meteoTS o n t h e n i o o r f s s u r f a c e c o u l d a n d ti i d o c c m " w i i l i o u t any I m i s d o u s e x p e r i e n c e o f h e a r i n g is a l r e a d y p a n o f the eld o f my expe-
accoiiipan)'ingconscious e x j j e r i e i i c i n g o f t h o s e i m p a c t s , e i t h e r by t h e mete- i i r i i i c , a n d t l i a i I re-|3aiierii i l i a t eld i n o r d e r to g r a n t t b e experiential
ors o r t h e n i o o n o r a n \ ' o n e else. O n t l i e o t l i e r l i a n d , e v e m s like s e e i n g , hear- . niiM ii)usiiess o f m y l i e a r i n g g r e a t e r p r o n i i n e n c e i n t h a t e x p e r i e n t i a l eld.
ing, i n q u i r i n g , a n d i m d e T ' s i a n d i n g c a n o n l y o c c u r i f tlie\ o c c u r c o n s c i o u s l y - I',.icli o f U S is a l r e a d y s k i l l e d t o a g i - e a i e r o r l e s s e r e x t e n t i n t l i i s k i n d of
t h a t is, o n l y i f a s u b j e c t e x p e r i e n c e s t h e m . ' f b e e i i i p l i a s i s l i e r e is o n ilie II I i . n i e r n i n g d i e l l e i d o f s o m e k i n d s o f c o n s c i o u s exjser i e n c i n g , a l t l i o u g l i
evems (ibe a c t s ) , n o t t h e i r c o n t e n t s . I t is t r u e t h a i i n s e e i n g , t h e r e is a n i^r na)' n o t h a v e n o t i c e d o u r s e l v e s d o i n g this. ' f h i s consists o f a sel of
i n t e n o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o l ' t h e o b j e c t s e e n . B u t i t is l i k e w i s e t r u e l h a t t h e r e is ,1 i l l s o f b e i n g a t i e n i i v e l h a t w e h a v e a c q u i r e d l o n g a g o , probably begin-
also a c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e o f t l i e act o f s e e i n g i t s e l f V V i t h o u t t h a i a c c o n i - ; r a i i y i n c h i l d h o o d . W e d e \ ' e l o p s u c h s k i l l s w h e n pareiiis, leacliers,
paiu'ing conscious experience, t h e s e acls d o n o t o c c u r ai a l l . C o n s c i o t i s n e s s md olhers i m p l o r e us l o " l ' a y a t t e n t i o n ! " ' f l i i s k i n d o f b e i g l i t e n i n g o\'
as e x p e r i e n c e is c o n s t i t n t i v e o f i l i e v e r y b e i n g o f c o n s c i o u s vw;//cacts. . M o r e - om r\|ieriences, t l i e n , lias b e c o m e s e c o n d n a i u r e t o us l i e c a u s e w e h a v e
over, w i i o u t l h a i c o n s c i o u s experience acconi[3anying and i n n n a n e n i in d r \ r i o p e d these skills. B u l d o i n g s o m e t l i i n g s i m i l a r f o r o t h e r exj.)eriences
t h e voesis, t h e iioeuia c o u l d n o t be i i i i e n d e d at a l l . ol iiiuHc-ACis, ( s t i c l i as i n q u i r i n g , l i a \ ' i i i g i n s i g h t , r e l l e c i i n g , g r a s p i n g the
Consciousness as e x p e r i e n c e is i n u n a n e n t i n a n c l iiidispeiisably coii- 'iiuially uiiconditicmed, and Judging) does n o t c o m e spontaneously or
s t i t t i t i v e o f l l i e acts c o n i p r i s e d by c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c u i r e . ' f h i s rneans thal . , r . i l \o most p e o p l e . In o r d e r t o d o so, o n e needs to a c q u i r e n e w seis
c o n s c i o u s e x [ : ) e i l e n c e o f t l i e s e a c t s h a p p e n s s i m t i l t a n e o t i s l ) ' w i t h i l i o s e acis o l skills o f r e - p a t t e r n i n g a n d h e i g h i e n i n g tlie i n i e n s i t y o f ex|jerieiices of
w l i e n e \ ' e r t l i e y lia|33en. l i is n o t n e c e s s a r y l o d i r e c t o n e ' s i n t e n t i o n a l a t t e n - i h i s r k i n d s o f a c t s . T h e s e ai'e e l e m e n t a l s ^ d l s o f d i s c e r n m e n t . So t h e f i r s t
t i o n to l l i o s e acis i n o r d e r l o b e c o m e c o n s c i o u s o f t h e m - o n e c a n d i r e c i aaj;c o f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n (i.e., s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t b e l i m i i e d s e n s e ) is
o n e ' s a t t e n t i o n to t h e r n o n l y because they are amady part of ilie held ol 1 m . i i i c r o f a c q u i r i n g these new skills i n h e i g h i e n i n g awareness o f the
one's e x p e r i e n c i n g . I f o n e directs one's i n t e n t i o n a l attention towards one's I \ i r t i e n c e s o f o n e ' s c o g n i t i o n a l voel/c acis.
o w n iwelicici o f h e a r i n g , t l i i s i r a n s f o r i n s t l i e noec, conscious e x p e r i e n c e ol' 1 lia\'e d e l i b e r a i e h ' a d o p i e d the m e t a p l i o r ""experiential f / e b r iii order lo
h e a r i n g i n t o t h e -laieinac intenonal c o n i e n t o f a s e c o n d act o f a t t e n d i n g . m p h a s i / . e t h a t , i n its n i o s i p r i m o r d i a l s t a t e , o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is a l i o m o -
to o n e ' s h e a r i n g , ' f h e a b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m this k i n d o f intenonal a t t e n d i n g iM n r o u s a n d u i i d i f f e r e n i i a t e d r e a l m . T h e r e is n o p r i v i l e g e d experiencing
presupposes t h a t the act o f h e a r i n g w o u l d a l r e a d y be p a n o f cjiie's l i e l d o l i / M / M A p c r i e n c i n g w l t l i i n t h a t e l d . I i i p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e is n o [ p r i v i l e g e d e x p e -
e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n o r d e r t h a t i i c o u l d t h e n be m a d e i n t o a n o b j e c t o f t l i e acl m i i r i n g of ilie self (ego) o r o l " its noelic acts, o v e r a g a i n s t o t h e r experi-
of attending. ' 111 r s , s u c h as l h e noeinalic conicnis. o f .seeing, h e a r i n g , f e e l i n g c o l d , etc. A l l
 H'J l'iLii I : l'riliiinaiics Self-.\ppropi-iation, Pao I

( l i s i i i i c t i o i i s ancl r e l a i i o n s a i n o n g o u r e x p e r i e n c e s a i e m a d e by s u b s e q u e n t t iiiiig expansin o f h e i g h t e n e d awareness o f one's /O(?/: a c t i v i e s is o n l y

acls l h a t s i i p e r v e n e u p o n a n d i n t e r p i ' e t o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g , T h e disiiiiciion dn l i c ^ i m i i n g o f t f i e proce.ss o f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n .
btiwcen t h e c o n s c i o u s nuelic e x p e r i e n c i n g o f s e e i n g ancl t h e i n t e n t i o n a l I h r p r o c e s s t o w a r d s s e l f - a f f i r m a i i o n o f k n o w i n g d o e s n o t e n d o r rest c o n -
nof'iiialicexpeiience o l t h e t h i n g s e e n is a c l i s d n c t i o n m a d e b y i n s i g l u s a n d ul with the achievements o f the h e i g h t e n i n g o f consciousness of noelic
J u d g m e n t s s i L b s e q u e n t t o t h e f i e l d o f e x p e r i e n c i n g as s u c h . " II (.. I'he p r o j e c t o f s e l f - a n h ' n i a t i o n a p j i r o a c h e s e x p e r i e n i i a l consciousness
O f coLU'se. b y l h e l i m e v'oti r e a d t h i s p a r a g i ' a p h . y o n h a v e ali^eady p a t - I . m u r e t h a n j u s t s c t m e t l i i n g t o be e x p e r i e n c e d f o r ts o w n s a k e . Moving
t e r n e d y o i u " e x p e r i e n t i a l f i e l d b y m e a n s o f a w h o l e h o s t o f p r e v i o n s acts *< t h r l u ' x i s i a g e o n t h e p a t h l o w a r d s s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n i n v o l v e s inquiring
l h a t c o n s i i t u t e y o u r o w n o n g o i n g c o n c e r n s a n d i n l e r e s i s (acts t h a t i n c l u d e i i i i u ( ( i i i s c i o u s n e s s o f o n e s e l f a n c l o n e ' s a c t s as e x p e r i e n c e , ll A person on
b u t a i e n o i l i n n i e d to i n q u i r i n g , nderstanding, j u d g i n g , feeling, v a l u i n g , d i ll path w o u d e i s a b o u t the e x p e r i e n c e s o f consciousnesses ancl conscicjus
b e l i e v i n g , d e c i s i v e l y c o i n m i i u n g , e t c . ) . Yonv f i e l d o f e x p e i i e n c i n g is u o l o n - i n i i i r s . l i e 01 she pursues all sorts o f i n q n i r i e s a b o u t consciousness-as-
ger lhe p u r e l y homogeneous, u n d i f l e r e n t i a t e d f i e l c l l h a t it was i n t h e e a r l i - p r i i e i i c e . T h e p i u ' s u i t o f s e l f - a l T i r m a i i o n o f o n e s e l f as k n o w e r t h e n s e e k s
est d a y s o f i n f a n c v . T h e p r o n i i n e n c e a n d pei'sistence o f c e r i a i n elements ii I . u i s w e r l h e q i i e s t i ( . n i s l h a t a r i s e I r o m t h e h e i g h t e n e d e x p e r i e n c e s o l " noelic
i n d i e ways t h a t y o u p a t t e r n y o u r e x p e i i e n t i a l field s t h e r e s u l t C)f t h o s e i> e. l l i o s e a n s w e r s , c>f c c j u r s e , c o m e i n i h e f o r m o f i n s i g h t s , acts o f d i i e c t
s u b s e c p i e n t acts. T h e p r o m i n e n c e o f t h o s e e l e m e n t s i n the s t r e a m o f y o u r u i n l r i s t a n d i n g a b o u t those h e i g h t e n e d experiences, a b o u t what they are
c o n s c i o u s n e s s is n o t a " g i v e n " t h a t is i m p o s e d b y s c ) n i e t h i i i g e x i e r n a l t o t h e I t f r , .ihotit dieii" differences fiom e a c h <.nhcr, a n d a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
e x p e r i e n c i n g s u b j e c t - n e i t h e r by t h e n e r v o u s system lu^r t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d . i n i . n i g t h e m . 1 d i e p i - o j e c i o f s e l f - a i f i r m a t i o n m o v e s sll f u r t h e r as p r e l i m i -
R a t h e r , w h a t c o m e s t o t h e f o r e o f a i i e n u o n is t h e r e s u l t o f y o i u ' o w n a c t i v i - II, 11 \s i n t o c c j n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e g i v e rise t o f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o n s ,
des c>f n d e r s t a n d i n g . u c l g i n g , l ' e e l i n g , \ ' a l u i u g , d e c i d i n g , a n d so o n . \ i r l t l i i i g m o r e i ' e f i n e d i n s i g h t s , w h i c h i n t u r n also )'ield still f u r i h e i " l i e i g h i -
T h i s m e a n s t l i a t t h e r e ni"e a l i " e a d y i n p l a c e r o u t i n e s o f a t t e n d i n g t h a t n e e d I i i m g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e . W l i e n e x p e r i e n c e s o l ' i l i e m o r e s n b i l e
t o b e m o d i f i e d f w e a r e t o e m b a r k s u c c e s s f u l l y u p o n t h e p i o c e s s t o w a r d s I" i ' , i j f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a r e h r o u g h i i n t o g r e a t e i " i'elie, i h e v g i v e i'ise l o sll
s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n . I f t h e s e iTMitines a r e d e e p l y e n t r e n c h e d , d e v e l o p i n g new l m i h e r (piesons a n d f u r i h e r i n s i g h i s t h a t p r o d u c e n o t o n l y m o r e d i s c e r u -
skills o f h e i g h i e n i n g the consciousness-as-experience o f noelic a c t s w i l l be l u f , u n d e i ' s i a n d i n g o f i h e s e act-s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , b u t alsc a n e v e r more
e s p e c i a l l y c l i l f i c u l t . As l . o n e r g a n r e m a r k e d wr\'ly, t h e a c t o i " i n s i g h t '"is so diM e i i i i n g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e n c e o f /Of/Zcacts.
s i m p l e a n d c^bvious i l i a t i t s e e m s t o m e r i t l h e l i t i l e a i i e n t i o n l h a t c o m m o n l y In n i h e r w o i c l s , t h e process o f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n i i n o l v e s a p p l y i u g t h e acts
i t r e c e i v e s . " " ' So s o m e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f o u r r o u t i n e s o f a t t e n d i n g , re-pat- III ( u g i i i i i o n a l s t r u c t u r e 10 l h e c i u i s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e u c e of performing
terning, a n d heightening o f o u r experiential field are needed, i n o r d e r lo i h u s c a c i s . T h e |")iTjjeci o f sel -afrma t i o n i s a m a i i e r o f a " retn p l i c a t i o n " o f
fulfill i n consciousness the c o n d i t i o n s for s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n , T h e very fact that i l i r s i r i i c t t i i ' e , as L o n e r g a n p u t i t . " I t s u l i i n i a t e o b j e c t i v e is \ ' i r t u a l h ' u n c o i i -
t h e s e p r i o r r c j u i i u e s wet e p t e \ ' i o u s l y d e \ e l o p e d l e s t i f i e s t o l h e g r e a t Hexibl- dii ed j u d g m e n i s a b o u t the c o r r e c t n e s s o f une's u n d e i ' s t a n d i n g o f o n e ' s
ity a n d p l a s t i c i t y i n o u r a b i l i t y t o r e - p a t t e i n o u r e x p e r i e n t i a l field. Because uun . i c i s , h o w i h e y a r e d i s t i n g i i i s h e d f r o m o n e a n o i h e r , a u d hc>w t h e y a r e
t h i s is n o t e a s i l y a c c o m p l i s h e d , h o w e v e r , s o m e d e g r e e o f g u i d a n c e is n e e d e d l e l . u e d t o o n e a n o i h e r . I f L o n e r g a n is c o r r e c t , t h e n u d g m e n i i o f s e l f - a f i n -
f o r i i i o s i p e o p l e . W e w i l l r e i n r n t u c o n s i d e r t h i s p r o c e s s a n d iLs g u i d a n c e i i i i i i . i i i u i i will l e a d 1 0 t h e conclusin t h a t o n e ' s o w n acts o f a f f i r m i n g f o l l o w
greaier detall in seciion 3.4.3. Hpi l l l l i l i ' p e r f o r m a n c e o f a s e r i e s o f p r i o r acts s i r u c t u r e d a n d n n d e r p i n n e d
\>\s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e f i e c i i o n a b o u t o n e ' s o w n conscious
Cognitional Slrucliii-e Apjdied lo Cognitional Siruclure I \prrieiices,
l h e v e r y acts i n v o l v e d i n t h e s e l a t e r s t a g e s o f s e l f - a f f i r m a i . i c " n i a r e t l i e m -
' f h e first s t a g e o l s e l f - a l f i r i n a t i o u o f t h e k n o w e r ( a n c l t h e r e f o r e o f s e l f - a p p r o - ^ehrs conscious. As o n e performs t h e m , the consciousness-as-experience
piiation m o r e generally) i n x o l v e s effc)rts 1 0 h e i g h i e n l h e e x p e r i e n t i a l c o n - ul t h e m becomes par o f one's e x p e r i e n t i a l field. The inqniries, insighis,
s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e noelicncis. By iliemseh'es, t h e results o f efforts at h e i g h i e n - i r l l r i l i o n s , ancl j u d g m e n t s t h a t m a k e u p t h e a c i i \ i i i e s c^f s e l f - a f f i r m a o n
ing consciousness o f acts c a n b e q u i t e d e l i g h t f t i l a n d e x h i l a r a i i n g , I t c a n iliriiiselves have experieniial dimensions precisely because they too are
b e c o m e t e m p u n g to s p e n d all o f o n e s u m e e x p l o r i n g this new d o m a i n o f t u i i s c i u u s a c t i v i t i e s . T h e c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t a c c o m p a n y t h e s e acvi-
r e v e l a i i o n s a b o u t t h e w e a l t h o f o n e ' s c o n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e . But ihe iir", ,ilso i m ' i t e inc|uiry, n d e r s t a n d i n g , r e f l e c u o n , a n d j u c i g m e n i . I n t h i s
MI I 'a 11 I : I 'i i'l 11 n i (lai L'S Sell"-A|3|3ro|jriaiion. l ' a n , I S.5

r a s l i i o i i , c<:)griiional a t T l n n a i . i o t i is c o g n i i i o n a l s e l f - a T n r i n a i i o n - ii e n c i c a v un u i t i n g o f e x p e r i e n c e , i n a r i ) ' h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e r e is n o s u c h t h i n g
o u r s l o a f f i r m w h a i o n e is w h e n o n e is a f f l i ' m i n g w h a i o n e is d o i n g . di< ohjciaively given - i b a i d i e r e are o n l y c o n s i r u c t i o n s (sirucimings)
lii< h are p i i r e h ' h u m a n f a b r i c a t i o n s .
j.^l-y Mediaied Givenness I li>\o'\'cr. l i l i s c o n c l u s i n d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y f o l l o w , b e c a u s e t l i e s t r n c -
I i|; o f a u e n i i o n consiiiui.es w l i a i m i g h t be called a " " m e d i a i e d imme-
When Lonergan wriies i l i a i lhe " f u i n i m e m . o f (lie c o n d i i i o n s is g i v e n lu .11 h \ W h a t is " g i v e n " i n l i t i m a n e x p e r i e n c e is a m e d i a i e d g i \ ' e n n e s s . The
consciousness/' ihe lei'm ''given" can suggesi i m e x a i r n n e d a n d n n s l e a d i n ^ Ulu I I o i c x | " i e r i e n c e is n o t l i a d , as L o n e r g a n p i i i s i t , b y " " m e r e |"jassi\'it)'";
connoiaiions. i l can suggesi i l i a i d i e dala o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s are a special, . .lili 1, lhe given ""occurs w i t h i n [experience's] own dynamic context."'^
foundaiional r e a l m i h r o u g h w h i c h l h e s n b j e c i has i n n n e d i a i e , p r i v i l e g e i l h i ,1 h i g h l y s e l e c t e d a n d p a t i , e r n e d g i v e n n e s s . As L o n e r g a n n o t e s , self-
access i.o h i m s e l f ' o r hei'self, L u d i k e iis access l o a n y c'jdier r e a l m , jrgiai .)tpi 1 i p r i a i i o i i r e q u i r e s a '"reversal" t h a t m e d i a l e s i.lie i m m e d i a c ) ' o f con-
I-lahei*inas g a v e v o i c e l o a w i d e h ' s h a r e d p o s i - m o d e r n c r i i i q u e a n d s u s p i c i o n I l i i i i M K ' s s as e x p e r i e n c e . ' * '
a b o u l au}' siicli appi'oach w h e n h e w r o i e , ' " f l i e p a r a d i g m o f l h e philosopb)' lhai l i l i s is so, h o w e v e r , d o e s n o i e l i m i n a t e i l i e gi\'eii a l i o g e i h e r . The
ofconsciousness is e . x h a u s i e d . " I-lis c o m m e m . c o m e s l o w a r d s i l i e e n d o f his I K 1 ih.ii gi\'eimess is m e d i a i e d m e a n s t h a t e x p e r i e n c i n g r e t a i n s a n e l e n i e n t
e v a l u a i i o n o f M i c h e l Foucauli's c r i t i q u e o f subjectivit)', a n d lie contines, I i ; n e i i m ' s s nouetbeless. Ccmsider the e x a m p l e o f s o r n e o n e .ointing o u t
'"lhe o b j e c d f y i n g a u . i u i d e i n w h i c h t h e k n o w i n g s u b j e c t r e g a r d s i t s e l f as i .lid d e s c i i b i n g a special rock Ibrmaon i n a canyoii to a c o m p a i h o n , 'fhe
w o u l d e n i i e s i n t l i e e x i e r n a l w o r l d is n o \o\\'ev yriveged.'''- - | . i . | en l i n g u i s l i c ex])ressioiis used in p o i n i i i i g oul, the f o r m a i i o n neither
For I-iabermas, llien, the p a r a d i g m o f the p h i l o s o p h y o f the givenness 1.1 l i e o r s u b s t i t u te f b r t h e o t l i e r p e r s o n ' s v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e f o r -
ofconsciousness has to d o w i i h i h e special privilege a t t r i b n t e d t o self- Mi ll R a t h e r , i l i e y g u i d e t h e l i s i e n e r i n t b e l i e i g h t e n i n g o f \'istial e x p e i i -
knowledge. L i i h e r tliis special privilege is i h o u g l i i t o d e r i v e from some . M i . , I li(.'\ assist l l i e l i s i e n e i " i n L i r i n g i n g s o m e v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e s t o i h e
special, i i i i i n e d i a t e access t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i n 0|:)posii.>ii t o i l i e '"from i.Mi . , M i d i n l e t n g o t h e r s r e c e d e l o t h e p e r i p h e r y , i n h o p e s o f achieving
a disiance" access to t h e " e x i e r n a l world," or self-knowledge is h e l d lo . h.u h,is been called a " C e s i a l i shift." ' f h e l i n g u i s l i c cines h i g h l i g h i subde
become especially pri\'ileged w h e n i i iniiiates the k i n d o f o b j e c i i f y i n g atii- i l i l l e i e i i c e s a m o n g c o l o u r s a n d slia|:)es t h a t w e r e i m n o t i c e d a t first. Wliat
ttide i h o u g h t to be a p p r o p r i a t e to objects in t l i e e x i e r n a l w o r l d . We have I i M o a i iu lhe c o n i e i u s o f l h e listener's ex]:)eriences l i e f b r e , d u r i n g , a n d
already seen t h a t L o n e r g a n sliai-ply dissociates liis p f i i l o s o p l i y f r o m this lili t IIK' descripiion ( i n c l u d i n g the sighis o f the rocks a n d t h e sounds of
notion of exiernal objecufication, F u r t h e r m o r e , tlie d e p e n d e n c e ofself^ llu . p i ' a k e r ' s v o i c e ) d i f f e r s b e c a u s e t h e desc"iptoii i t s e l f h a s s t i m t i l a i e d a
knowledge tq^oii f-nlfillment o f c o n d i i i o n s from tlie data o f consciousnes.s 0 iiiK i n r i n g o f e x p e r i e n c e . Still, in each stage o f this t r a n s f b r m a i i o n o f
does n o t m a k e i l any m o i e certain or privileged than knowledge whose p e i i e n c i n g , l h e r e a r e c o n t e n t s given i n t h e ex[:)erieiices, h o w e v e r m u c h
c o n d i i i o n s are d r a w n from dala ofseiisatioii. "flie certittide of every jiiflg 1 ll ll ( M v e i m e s s varies f r o m o n e i n o m e n l l o t h e n e x t , a n d l i o w e v e r n m c l i thai
i n e n t is g r o u n d e d solely in a grasp o f ilie v i r i u a l l y m i c o n d i t i o n e d . Evei)' ^ I M i n i e s s is f a c i l i t a t e d b y l i n g i . i i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n s . f l i a t the given elements of
such J u d g m e n t is j i i s i as c e r t a i n as cvGvy other, irrespeciive of whedier I . . p e i i e n c i n g a n d a t t e n t i o n \'ary a c c o r d i n g to m e d i a t i n g a n d s t r u c i u r i n g
t h e f u l f i l l i n g c o n d i i i o n s ai^e d r a w n f r o m t h e d a l a o f s e n s e o r i h e d a t a o l M i n i d - s does n o t e l i m i n a r e i h e fact t l i a t tliose e l e m e n t s , o n c e mediaied,
consciousness o r b o t h , loth c o n s c i o u s n e s s and sensaiion e q u a l l y c a n l>e o |M\eii i n c o n s c i o t i s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e .
sources o f data t h a t may or ma)' n o t c o n t r i b u t e to t h e c o n d i t i o n s for some , o i o n l v are t h e c o n i e n t s o f sensations gi\'en. b u l t h e c o n t e n t s o f rnerno-
particular iiistaiice o f a virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d judgrnent. ( I . ., i m a g i n a i i o n s , o p t i c a l IIUSOIIS, l i a l l u c i n a t i o n s , a n d d r e a m s a r e g i v e n as
As l-laberiiias l i g h t l y observes, v i r t u a l l y all attention to experience i<- I I A g a i n , n o t o n h ' d o t h e c o n t e n t s o f sense, m e m o r y , a n d imaginaon
( w h e t h e i * s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e ) is m e d i a i e d an<l h n e e l e m e n t s o f g i v e u u e s s , b u t a l s o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e acts themseh'es
s i r u c t u r e d . ' : * M a n y o t l i e r t w e n t i e t h - c e n i . u r y p l i i l o s o p h e r s have also u n d e r <o ]',i\{'ii II consciotisness i n s o f a r as a c o n s c i o u s sui:)ject is a c i u a l i y per-
scored the fact t h a t o u r e x p e r i e n c i n g is n o t p u r e l y i m n i e d i a t e . T h e y lia\'<- t. M i i u n g d i o s e acts. Y e t t h e g i x ' e n n e s s o f d a t a ( w h e t h e r o f s e n s a i i o n o r of
argued iliat o u r experiencing is o v e r w h e l m i n g l y mediaied and structuri-d i . u M oiisness) n n o wa\ g u a r a n i e e s l h a t t l i e r e is " s o m e t l i i n g r e a l h ' o u l
by l a n g u a g e - that o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s are " t h e o r y laclen," f o r e x a m p l e . ' ' ' 'Flus i h i O ' ( o r I I h e r e ) " t h a t s i n i p r e s s i n g i t s e l f o n o n e ' s c o n s c i o u s n e s s , f i l i s is
is n o less t r u e o f a u e n i i o n t o d a l a o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a n o f aitenon to dala MI ll w l i a l is i n e a i i t b y t b e g i v e n n e s s o f e x p e r i e n c e - l h a t d i e r e s s o m e t l i i n g
o f sense. F r o m t h e fact t h a t l i n g u i s l i c a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e i n v o l v e d i n l h e oui lhere, iiidepeudent ofconsciousness, w h i c h guaraniees givenness. T h e
86 Pan I : Preliminaries S c l l - A p ] ) i i ) p i i a i i ( ) i i . i'art I S7

difTereiice beiween s e n s a i i o n a n d b a l l u c i n a i i o n is n o i i l i a i s e n s a l i o n s a n IM i.\< 1 u i l i n g u i s l i c m e d i a u o n i n f a v o u r o f i m n i e d i a i e access l o condidons

given w i d l e l i a l l u c i n a i i o n s are n o i ; b o t h are given (othei'wise one wonld iillilli'd in consciousness.
not a c i n a l l y be b a l l n c i n a i i n g ) . R a t h e r , t l i e s o r t i n g o u t o f givens i n t o sen .. 1 l . u i K i g a i i h i m s e l f was k e e n l y a w a r e o f i h e i n d i s p e n s a b i l i t y o f m e d i a -
sauons, m e m o r i e s , i m a g i n a u o n s , l l l u s i o n s , d r e a m s , h a l l u c i n a d o n s , etc., \ l u i g n i s i i c a n d o t h e r w i s e , t o t h e task o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n . I n a d d i u o n
noi s e t d e d b y t h e g i v e n as gi\'en. T h i s s o r t i n g o u t is t h e s t d 3 s e c ] u e n t w o r k , hi' u n e n t t h a t fnsiglU is a s e t o f e x e r c i s e s i n o r d e r l o assist t h e reader
o f inquiry, nderstanding, r e H e c i i o n , a n d especially u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g ->.,uds s e l f - a p p r o p r i a u o n , b e also r e m a r k s l h a t d i e c o n d i i i o n s t o be f u l -
ment. These subsequent acts i n t e l l i g e n i l y c o m p r e h e n d and reasoniuglv nll. d i n coiLsciousness ''\r.\\&.hcciiic familjiir \\\e c o u r s e o f iis i n v e s t i -
d i s u n g u i s h a m o n g the various k i n d s o f m e d i a t e d givens. Likewise, seidinj- ,1 n a m e l y t h e i n v e s u g a u o n o f Insighl. itself"" Elsewhere he observes
w h e i h e r o r n o t l h e r e is a n y d i i n g i n d e p e n d e n t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i i o m whi l i IIMI lhe process o f sell-appropriation occurs o n l y slowly, a n d , usually,
l h e g i v e n is d e r i v e d is a m a t i e r n o t o f g i v e n n e s s as s u c h , b u l o f s u b s e q u e n i nh i h i u n g h a s t r i i g g l e w i t h s o m e s u c h t x ) o k as nsighl.""" In o t h e r words,
a c t s o f i n q u i r y , n d e r s t a n d i n g , r e f l e c u o n , a n d j u d g m e n t a b o u t w h a t is g i v e n ,l e d i a i i n g l a n g u a g e a n d e x e r c i s e s f r o m a l e x i s u c h as insighl itself are
i n m e d i a t e d e x p e i ' i e n c e s . A g a i n , e v e n t h o u g l i a g i v e n c o r u e n t is l h e r e s u h u l >|Miird i n o r d e r t o b e c o m e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e d a t a o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . How-
p r i o r m e d i a t i o n , e v e n i h o u g h t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f t h e g i v e n is o n l y k n o w n t. hi.\ight ws a i n i i n g a i several objeclives a l l at o n c e , " - a n d d i i s l e n d s l o
b y s i i b s e c [ u e n i a c t i v i t i e s , s u l l s o m e c o n t e n is g i v e n , w h e d i e r in sensaiion . l i m u n s h its e f T e c u v e n e s s as a g u i d e t o h e i g h t e n i n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s of die
o r i n h a l l u c i n a t i o n . I f t h e r e w e r e T O g i v e n c o n t e n , t h e r e w o u l d he n e i t h e i t . H ) i u i i a i i t acis o f consciousne.ss. B e i t e r y e t , t h e r e a d e r w i l l l i u d f i n e assis-
sensaiion noi" h a l l u c i n a u o n , r t i u m l h e t e x i s a n d exercises a i n i e d at l h i s h e i g h t e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s of
In l i g h t o f these c o n s i d e r a u o n s , t h e n , h o w s h o u l d we c o n s o n e Loner- <IM I r v acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , s u c h as P e t e r B e e r ' s An Iniinlnclion lo Bernard
g a n ' s r e m a r k t h a t d i e " f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s is g i v e n i n c o n s c i o u s I ..nrigaii. Brian Cronin's 'l'hr f'ounflaons of Philosofdiy, psepU Flanagan's
ness"? C l e a r l y t h e r e m a r k s h o u l d n o i b e c o n s t r u e d as s o m e s i m p l e m a t i e i ihrihirsl for SdfKnowledgu a n d A ' l a r k M o r e l l i ' s Stdf-Possession: Being al Home
o f i m m e d i a t e i n t i o s p e c t i o n a n d c o m p a r i s o n . .An i v i n g at a j u d g m e n t a b o n l n I nH-.riou.s Performance, a m o n g oibei-s.-'' T h e l a t e r c h a p i e r s o f l h e present
w h e t h e r L o n e r g a n ' s c t ^ g n i d o n a l t h e o r y is a c o r r e c t n d e r s t a n d i n g o f y o u i 1 1 , u v also i n t e n d e d t o assisi t h e r e a d e r i u h e i g h i e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s of
o w n c o n s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e is n o t a m a t t e r o f i i n a i i n y y o u r a u e n i i o n .1 I , u l c u n s c i o n s u e s s t h a i g o b e y o n d t h o s e h a v i n g l o d o w i t h f a c t u a l k n o w -
towards some u n m e d i a t e d givenness in the i n t e r i o r o f y o u r o w n conscious M.j; (t u g n i d o n a l s t n i c t u r e ) , a n d f a l l i n i o t h e m o r e e n c o m p a s s i n g s i r u c u u e
ness, a n d t h e n c o m p a r i n g Lonergan's account of cognitional strucnc lll I d u c a l iiiientioiiality.-=-t
with those i n t e i n a l experiences l o see i f i h e y m a t c h . A s was a r g u e d i n l h e lu l.unergan's recognition of the factors of language and exercises
p r e v i o n s c h a p t e r , t h i s m e i a p h ( ^ r is o f n o use.'*^ T h e i n i e l l i g i b l e conten i m . i h c d in m e d i a d u g the givenness o f c o n d i i i o n s in consciousness, I w o u l d
c")f a n act o f u n d e i s i i u i d i n g c a n n o t b e b t t e d u p a g a i u s i c o n i e u t s o f s e n s e . d d ,ni o b s e r v a d o n o f my own: ihe h e i g h t e n i n g ofconsciousness ol the
experience. . \ e i t h e r c a n i t le l i t i e d u p o n daia ofconsciousness. Henee II 1, u l c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t a r e t h e f b c i o f s e l f - a n i n i i a t i o n (as w e l l as o f self-
s e l l ' - a f f i i a n a i i o n is n o m a i i e r o f i n t r o s p e c t i o n a n d c o m p a i i s o n i n t h i s n a i v e i l i l i i i i p i i a i i o n i n t h e f u l l e r sense) usually r e q u i r e s p a r u c i p a t i o n i n a c o m -
s e n s e - s o m e i h i n g e l s e is i n v o l v e d . T h e s o m e i h i n g e l s e is s o n i n g o u t w h a i lUv u f c o u v e i s a u o n . W r i t t e n w o r d s c a n b e l a k e n t o m e a n m a n y d i i n g s ,
c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d ha\'e t o b e g i v e n a n d w l i a t k i n d s o f m e d i a t i o n s delivei t.ni l h e n i u l t i p l i c i t y o f n i e a n i n g s c a n be p n u i e d , m o d i f i e d , a u d conecied
ihose givens reably, a n d t h e n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t l i e r i n f a c t t h o s e condi I.', ih- i u . s i g h t s a n d J u d g m e n t s o f o i e r s w h o h a v e s t r i i g g l e d w i i h i h e lasks
tions are IVdlllled. u l '.elf a l l i r m a u o n a u d s e l f - a p p r o p r i a u o i u -A c o n i m u n i t y o f conversaiion,
T h e i s s u e c^f m e d i a t i o n s is r a i s e d b y y e t a n o i h e r c r i t i c o f l h e ' p h i l o s o p h y duo)', w i t h texLs a u d e n s n i n g e x e r c i s e s , are n e e d e d to p r o p e r i y heighien
ofconsciousness," Paul R i c o e u r h i his reflecuon o n Nieizsche's c r i u q u e iln- leader's a t t e n t i o n to t h e givenness o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s as experience.''^
o f Cai-tesianisni. Ricoeur l e i n a i k s t l i a i "the p h i l o s o p h y o f subjeclivity had I hr, snii o f a p p r e n u c i n g w i i h i n a c o t n i n u n i i . y a l s o l a k e s p l a c e i n i h e .scieii-
ufterly disi'egarded the m e d i a t i n g hicior o f language in the a r g u m e u t a t i o u nlii ,iud m e di c a l lields, w h e r e uovices are i n s i r u c t e d i n h o w to take a b l o o d
o f d i e T a m ' a n d d i e ' 1 t h i n k ' ... N i e t z s c h e b r i n g s t o l i g h t t h e r h e t o r i c a l s t r a i - p i e - , s n i e r e a d i n g , p r o p e r l y use a n i i c r o s c o p e , o r n o u c e s i g n i i c a n t f e a i u r e s
egies l h a t h a v e b e e n b u r i e d , i b r g o t i e n , a n d even h y p o c i i t i c a l l y repressed i . n .1 ( l A l s c a n . L i k e w i s e , g o o d c o n v e r s a u o n a n d i n s i r u c d o n c a n g u i d e n o v -
and d e n i e d , i n l h e ame o f i h e i m m e d i a c y o f r e f l e c t i o n . " " ' I.. luw.irds r e f l n e d awareness o f l h e experiences they are h a v i n g o f their

T a k e n a t face valu, L o n e r g a n ' s claim that " c o n d i t i o n s are given i n c o n HM1 iioelir acts, so t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e n c e o f acts l i k e i n q u i n e s

sciousness" s e e m s to fall v i c u m l o this l i n e o f c r i t i c i s m . I t seems t o bypass M M I insighis can be discerned over lhe c l a m o u r o f o l h e r experiences that
88 l^ari 1: l'i"clrnln;trics Self-AppiT)priaion, I ' a r t I 89

w e r e i n i i J a l l ) ' r n o r e i n r e n s e a n d inoi^e l a m i l i a r . T h e m e d i a r i n g w o i ' k o F i e x i , 1 h e w a y t o a n s w e r t h i s d i l e m m a is t o o b s e r v e t h a t L o n e r g a n oversiaied

e x e r c i s e s , a n d c o r n r r n i r n i v - as w e l l as [,he m e d i a d n g i n f i n e n ees o f o n e ' s o w n (lll 1 chance o n the givenness o f c o n d i t i o n s i n consciousness. T l i e y are nec-
incjniring, nderstanding, reflecting, a n d j u d g i n g - are r e q u i r e d i f o n e is ...iiv, b m not sufllcieni conditions fbr cognitional self-appropriation. By
t o l e a r n h o w t o pa\ a t t e n t i o n l o i h e d a t a o f c o n s c i o t i s n e s s . ' f h e y are also niphasizing givenness i n consciousness, Lonergan eiii|"jliasized s o m e i l i i n g
n e e d e d t o assist i h e n o v i c e i n d i s c r i m i n a i i n g b e i w e e n e x p e r i e n c e s o f c o n - ial t o t h e task o f s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n , n a m e l y i l i a i t h e r e is a n indis|:)ensable
sciousness a n d ex[3eriences o f sensation. Finally, i l i e y are also n e e d e d lo p f i i i m t i a l , given dimensin to the c o n d i t i o n s t h a l m u s t be fullllled iii
assist i n d i s c e r n i n g w i t h i n tlie e x p e r i e n c e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s those subtle iidci lo reach a \ l r i i i a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d g r o i n i d for a f l i r m i n g o n e s e l f as
diferences a m o n g acti\'ities o f s e e i n g , h e a r i n g , i n c j t i i r i n g , i n s i g h t , r e l l e c i - I 1 i i n w c r i n his precise sense, Uniess t l i e acti\'ities are e x p e r i e n i i a l l y con-
i n g , j u d g i n g , a n d so o n . s, i h e y a r e i i o i b e i n g p e r f o r m e d by a n y s u b j e c t , a n d t h e n i h e r e is 110
.\'o d o u b t t h e s e c o r m n e n i s a b c j u i . t h e r o l e o f c o m m u n i i y i n de\'elopiiig p o . ' . j h l c way to c o r r e c i l y allrin i l i a t o n e is a c t i i a l l ) ' p e r f o r r n i r i g s t i c l i acts.
skills o f a t t e n t i o n a n d d i s c e r n m e n t w i l l e l i c i t seriotis w o r i l e s a b o t i t iiicloc- h n i in c m p l i a s i z i n g this givenness in consciousness, Lonergan also tended
t r i n a t i o n . Is i t o n l y b y b e l o i i g i n g t o a c e r t a i n c o m m u n i t y t h a t o n e c a n "see i< 1 1 ll i w i i . ) l a y o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s t l i n t a r e a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r a l f l r r n i n g t h e c o g n i -
t h e l i g h t ' ? Is s e l h a l l l r m a t i o n a n d s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n a culi phenomenon? IIIMMI s i r u c t u r e as a f a c t o f o n e ' s o w n c o n s c i r n i s n e s s . ' f b e s e a d d i i i r m a l c o n -
'Fliese c o n c e r n s a r e vei'y i e g i i i m a t e a n c l m u s t b e acecl. S t i l l , t h e ways i n h u m i s i n c l u d e , i m p o r u u i t l y a n d i n r l i s p e n s a b l y , a l o n g secpience o f iiic|iii-
w h i c l i t h e y n e e d to be faced are n o t s i m p l e . Caliique o f a c o m m i m i i y ol M. :, i n s i g h t s , r e n e c i i o n s , a n d j u d g m e n t s t l i a i b e g a n w i i h t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f
p r a c t i c e s f r o n i o u t s i d e o v e r l o o k s t b e p r o b l e m of c r i t i c | i h n g t h e c o m m u n i i ) ' lin(;Msic c o m p e t e n c e a n d e v e m . u a l l y c o n v e r g e d 011 i h e i n t e r p l a ) ' b e i w e e n
b y m e a n s o f w h i c h t h e c r i t i c h i i n s e l f o r l i e r s e l f was f o r m e d . Fhe examples |.m(;iiage o f t e x i s a n d c o n s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e n c e . ' f h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f l i n -
above from scientific and medical flelds d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o tbe fact thal (Mil'aic c o m p e t e n c e b e g a n i n c h i l d h o o d a n d i n c l u d e s t h e inc|iiiries, i n s i g h i s ,
skills o f o b s e r v a d o n a n d criiicism are n u r t u r e d a n d perfeci.ed in c o m n i u - iMil i m l g m e n t s t h a i h.>rin l l i e I j a c k g r o u n d f o r c o m p e t e n t use of s u c l i w o r d s
nities o f expertise. Flowever, p r o p e r discussion o f the c o m p l e x problem I (spcrience," "c[uesiic)ii," "clesire," "nderstanding," a n d "judgment"
o f self-criticisrn o f c o m n i u n i t i e s a n d t r a d i t i o n s o f expertise, especially iu d i ll , i r c b r o u g h t l o t l i e t a s k o f h e i g i i i e r h n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s and the projeci
l l i e l l e l d o f e t h i c s , has t o b e d e f e r r e d to chapters i 5 and 1 6, as i t d e p e n d s i| , i i l a f l i r r n a t i o n .
u j o n p r i o r d i s c u s s i o n o f a m u n b e r o f o t h e r t o p i c s . F o r t h e p i ' e s c n t , l s I b i s b e c o m e s e v i d e n t i n a n y a i t e m p t t o r e a d a i.exi l i k e ns/g/il. VVbaiever
p o s s i b l e t o sa\ t l i a t as l o n g as t h e g u i d i n g p r i n c i p i e o f s u c h c o m n i u n i t i e s o l dn leader's previons l i n g u i s l i c iiiherit;inces, arn'one w h o a t t e m p i s to read
e x p e r t i s e is t h e i i n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e 10 k n o w , t h e n t h e s e w i l l n o t b e c o m n i i i I K ll ,1 U ' x i w i l l c|uickl\ flnd l i i m s e l f o r l i e r s e l f p i i z z l e d . Fhe l e x i s o o n eliciis
n i t i e s o f i n - g r o i i p i n d o c i r i n a t i o n . A s l o n g as o n e is c ^ r i e i u . e d b y m i r e s t r i c t e d <|(ii - l i t m s t h a i l e a d b e y c m d the previously accuinulaied linguislic coiiipe-
i n q u i r ) ' , w l i a t is s a i d b y i n t e r l o c u t o r s o r i n t e x t s i u a c o n u n u n i t y w i l l n o t be I ' I I I es l h a t l l i e r e a d e r i n i t i a l l y b r o u g i i i 10 t h e t e x t . o r are these experi-
uliirnaieh' deierminaiive o f w h a t is a f l l r m e d a b o u t o n e ' s o w n cognitional H( e s o l f p . i e s i i o n s and puzzlement elicited by i l i e t e x t t a n g e n i i a l 1.0 i.lie
processes. 'Fhe c l i a l l e n g e s o f r e a l i z i n g i l i i s c r i i i c a l o r i e n i a t i o i i w i l l be dis I ll I i | e i I o f s e l - a l l l r i i i a t i o r i . L o n e r g a n ' s text includes lhe self-revelatory proc-
ciissed in tlie e n s u i u g cliapiers. I lili,Ilion l h a t i t is " w r i t t e n f r o r n a r n c i v i n g v i e w p o i n i ' " - ' ' ' - i n o t l i e r w o r d s , i t
I. ,1 i e \ e x [ j l i c i i l v w r i t t e n t o p r o v o k e n e w t|iiestions a n d e l i c i t n e w irislgliLs
^.//._'/ Correctly Uiiflerslmulhig Couscioiisness-ds-lxperience m d j n d g n i e i i i s . S o m e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s , i n s i g l i t s , a n d j u d g m e i i t s e l i c i t e d by
as Hennevfitical dii i e \ d r a w t h e r e a d e r b e y o n d i.lie t e x t itsef' i n t o n e w q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e
o idei 's l l o w h e i g l i t e n e d p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s o f acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . As
'Flie givenness o f i b e condions foi" s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n is a n u n a v o i d a b l y a n d I I i ; a i i p u i s i t , " t h e m e a n i n g o f a l l t l i e s e s e n t e n c e s " is t o b e g r a s p e d Itilly
massively r n e d i a i e d g i v e n n e s s . 'Fo a d m i t as m u c h a c k n o w l e d g e s t l i e l e g i i i 11\g b e y o n d " t h e l i n g u i s l i c e l e m e n i s i 11 i l i e t e x t t o w a r d s o n e ' s o w n
macy of objeciions s u c h as t h o s e o f F l a b e r n u t s a n d R i c o e u r . Flowe\'er, d i i s Ul Id o l c o n s c i o u s experience.-"'
a d m i s s i o n n e e d n o t jeo|3ardize t h e g i v e n n e s s in c o n s c i o u s n e s s as c o n d i d o n s \ w i l h a n y t e x i , s t u d y i n g a t e x t a b o u l s e l ' - a p p r o p i i a t i o n s u c h as Insighl
f b r self-afllrmaticjn. Siill, i f those c o n d i d o n s are n o t j u s t "already in here ' ((i.iils r e a d i n g a n d r e r e a d i n g , w h e r e the rereadliig gradually exiends to
n o w " - i f l l i e y ai'e i n s i e a d m e d i a t e d b\ i h o u g h t a n d l a n g u a g e use - exacth l m h u l e l h e " l e x i " cif o i i e ' s o w i i e x p e r i e i i c e s o f acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , along
h o w c a n t h e y b e r e l i e d u p o n as c o n d i t i o n s f b r u n c o n d i t i o n a l s e l f - a d l o n a i i t i i i - iih experiences o f t h e written niarks o f t h e p r i i i t e d lext. l u o t l i e r words,
o f o u r s e l v e s as knowers? di. l u i g u i s i i c m e d i a t i o n o f w h a t is g i v e n i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ineans that the
'JO l'ai I I : l ' r c l i n i i i i a i i e s Sclf-A|.)|jri.iprauon, l ' a n 1 91

scl(-c()i-|-eciiig c\T.le ofciLiesons a n d a n s w e i ' s g i ' a d n a l l y e n l a r g o s d i e i e l d o f d i d i m s f o r t h e j u d g m e n t o f s e l f - a n i r m a u o n o n l y o n c e t h e y a r e also cor-

e x p e r i e n c e l o b e i n i e r i - o g a i e d . I f o n e c a r e f u l l ) ' i'eads i b i s k i n d o f l e x i , o n e ' s 0 ( i l \. I n l h i s syniesis o f g i v e n n e s s a n d c o r r e c t n d e r s t a n d i n g
f i e l d o f e x p e r i e n c e g r a d u a l l y shilTs a n d e x p a i i d s f r o r n i l i e base p r o v i d e d by M I i h i ' e x p e r i e n c e s o f o n e ' s o w n acts as c o n s c i o u s , o n e a p p r o p r i a t . e s o n e s e l f
l h e \'isiial d a l a o f i h e " s p a i i a l l y o r d e r e d niarks'"''^ o n p a p e r , l o i n c l u d e lhe n 1 , makes oneself one's own) t r u h ' a n d g e n i i i n e l y as a k n o w e r . Oneobjec-
dala of one's o w n consciousness-as-experience. i h e h k n o w s o n e s e l f as a s u b j e c t w h o is.a k n o w e r . ' f h i s is t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of
I n l h i s i n i e r p l a ) ' , p r e ! i n i i i i a r \ i n s i g h i s r e g a r d i n g a w r i i i e n l e x i o" s p o k e i i II . d l i r m a u o n o f t h e knower, of cogniuonal self-appropriaon.
i n s i r u c i i o n s resiriicire a u e n i i o n lo e x p e r i e n c e s . R e s i r u c u i r e d experiences .\ c h a p t e r 2 e x 3 l a i n e d , c o g n i i i o n a l t l i e o i ' ) ' lias ini|.-)ortani i m p l i c a i i o n s
g i v e rise l o new incpiiries a n d insiglus ihai snggesi new readings of llie |.<i pliilosophical posilions on objecuvity a n d reality ( b e i n g ) . Therefbre,
l e x i ( o r new u n d e r s i a n d i i i g s o f l h e spi>ken w o r d s ) , w h i c h in l u r n furiher Mii> e < o g i h t i o n a l s i r u c l u r e is a f f i r n i e d t o b e t r u e o f ("ne's o w n experiences,
resirucinre a i i e n i i o n lo lhe daia o f one's own consciousness. 'fhis cyclical .nii ,ilso po.ssesses t h e g r o u n d s fbr a f f u " m i n g those furdier phiiosophical
p r o c e s s is h e r n i e i i e u l i c a l . I i is a c y c l i c a l p r o c e s s o f l e a r n i n g h o w l o begin 1 I M , i i i i MIS. T h e y c a n b e c o m e , i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e , a " v e r i e d " p l i i l o s o p h y of
lo heighien i h e conscious e x p e r i e n c e o f o n e ' s noelic z\c\.^, l e a d i n g l o new 1 MI i w i n g , o b i e c t i v i t y , a n c l b e i n g t b r y o n . " - '
c p i e s i i o i i s , i"ie\ i n s i g h i s , a m o r e r e l n i e d l i e i g h i e n i n g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , more
q u e s i i o n s , a n d so o n . B u i i b i s l i e r m e n e u i i c a l c i r c l e is n o i s e l f - e n c l o s e d ; each ( f, A Decisive A c t
re[3eiiion o f l h e c y c l e l e a d s l o i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s o f e x p e r i e n c e , u i i d e r s i a n d -
ing, a n d j u d g m e n i . T h i s c y c l i c a l p r o c e s s d o e s n o l con"ie l o a r e s i u i i i . i l a l l l h e < I n . i i n f v i t is dTicnlt t o c o i i i i i i i i o n e s e l f t o t h e a f l h " i " n a i i v e j i i d g n i e n t o l s e l l -
f i u ' i h e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s t i o n s a r e a n s w e r e d , w l i e n o n e r e c c i g n i z e s a n d a01ri"i"is ill a d o n t h a t " ! d o a c t n a l l y p e r f o r m s u c h a c t i v i d e s as s e n s i n g , perceiving,
t h a t h e r o r h i s noelic :\as really d o o c c u r i n this s t r u c t u r e o f c o g n i t i o n u n d e i - lMia);iiiiiig, i n q u i r i n g , nndersianding, Ibrmufating, reflecting, grasping lhe
p i n n e d b\ i n q u i r y . I i is n o t m e r e l y t b e c o n s c i o u s n e s s - a s - e x p e r i e n c e o f a c t s m i l n i i d i l i o n e d , and atrirniing." Neverdieless, Lonergan p o i n t s o u l lhai at
o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t f o r m t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a f l r m i n g o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r I ' , r . i l h e n e g a t i v e a n s w e r has t o be e x c l u d e d - ^ ' " ' f h e n e g a i i v e a n s w e r is i t s e l l
i n l i l i s p r e c i s e s e n s e . I t is a l s o t h e a b s e n c e o f f u i - t l i e r q u e s t i o n s |".)ertineni I |uil);ineni.. I f i l i s n o i j u s t a n a r b i t r a r y J i i d g m e n i , t h e n the p e r s o n u t t e r i n g
lo the quesiion, " D o I really p e r f o r m s u c l i a c t h a t i e s as s e n s i n g , perceiving, It iiiiisi have an a n s w e r to ilie quesiion o f w h e t h e r o r n o t t l i e r e are suf-
i m a g i n i n g , i n q u i r i n g , nderstanding, f o r i m i l a t i n g , r e t l e c i i i i g , grasping the hi l e i i i r e a s o n s I b r c o r m n i l t i n g t o t l u s j u d g m e n t , ' f l i e j i i d g n i e n t , its p r i o r
u n c c m d i i i o n e d , a n d a f i n ' n u n g i n i b i s c o g i h i i o i i a i l y s t r u c t i n ' e d way?" i|iie',di)ii, a n d l h e r e c o g i u u o n o f sufBcient reasons (relleciive nndersiand-
W h i l e l l i e |:)i'ocess t o w a r d s s e l f - a f n r m a i i o n o f o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r c a n be liif',1 a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s a i n o n g t h e m a r e a m o n g i h o s e i h i n g s t h a t , a c c o r d i n g
detonred i n t o an u n p r o d i i c t i v e a n d self-reinlbrcing obsession, it will be iM l h e i i e g a t i v e j t i d g m e n i , n e v e r l i a p | > e i i . A g a i n , i h e j u d g m e r i t t h a i " I r e a l l y
produciive a n d norniat\ w h e n i t is g n i d e d a n d s i r u c t u r e d b)' i l i e u n r e - I | M l l l ll p e r f o r m s u c h a c t i x ' i i i e s as s e n s i n g , ] : ) e r c e i v i i i g , i m a g i n i n g , i n q u i r i n g ,
s t r i c i e d d e s i r e l o k n o w h o w t l i i n g s r e a l l y a r e . I n s o f a r as i i s g n i d e d by t h e i m d i a s i a n d i n g , brinulaiig, reflecung, grasping ie unconditioned, and
d e s i r e t o u n d e r s t a u d i l i e facts o f o n e ' s o w n k n o w i n g c o r r e c i h ' , i t b e c o m e s a illii m i n g " p r e s u p p o s e s sorne m i d e r s i a n d i n g o f wliai. tliese w o r d s r n e a n , a n d
self-correciing exercise in self-transcendence, as i l i e r e l e n t l e s s s e q u e n c e o l ' lilis i n l u r n presup30ses s o r n e t i u e s t i o n s a b o u t e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t l e d t o t h e
f u r i h e r cpiestions gradually converges on ihe f u i n i l n i e n i o f a l l conditions l e t s i a n d i n g s o f t h o s e w o r d s . B U L i h e riegaii\'e j u d g r n e n t d e n l e s having
t l i a t s u c h a n i n c p i i r i n g s p i r i t r e q u i r e s - c o n d i t i o n s f u l f i l l e d b o i h i n s o f a r as < OI liad either i n q n i r i e s or insights.
e x p e r i e n c e s o f noelic acts a r e g i v e n i n consciousness, a n d i n s o f a r as there I l e n c e , w h i l e o n e m a y n o t y e t be c e n a i n a b o u t i h e a f l l n n a i i v e a n s w e r lo
really are n o f u r t h e r cpiestioiis p e r i i n e n t to s e l f - a i r i r m a i i o n o f t h e k n o w e n l i l e q i K ' s i i o n a b o u t w l i e i l i e r o n e is a k i i o \ : r i n l . . o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e , t l i e n e g a -
I n t h e e n d , t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a r e n e e d e d t o g r o u n d t b e j u d g m e n t , "'Ves, lUe ,inswer, " N o , I do n o t ]:)erl'orin t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s i i i t h i s w a y , " is s i m p l y a
I d o p e r f o r m i h o s e a c t i v i d e s i n t h a t s t r u c u i r e d way," i n c l u d e b u t g o beyond p l I l i i i i n a i i v e self-coniradicon. Ii d e n i e s i n w o r d s w h a t i t p e r f o r m s iu the
t h e g l \ ' e n n e s s o f e x p e r i e n c e s o f l l i o s e acts i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Those condi- MU . n i i n g f n l i i t t e r a n c e o f l l i o s e v e r v w o r d s .
t i o n s d o n o t c o n s i s t i n sorne passive "always a l r e a d y i n h e r e n o w " g i v e n in Sull, lhe positive self-affn"niauon o f o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r is n l m a i e l y
consciousness. T h e y are, r a t h e r , e x p e r i e n c e s o f o n e ' s o w n acis - n o t o n l y iniiieiliiiig lhat each person can do only tbr himself or herself Al this
g i v e n , b u l also c o n n d e n t l y k n o w n to be n o t m e r e l y in"iagined o r lu'potbe- I i M i n i . I his l e x t can g o n o f u n h e r . ' f h e l a n g u a g e o f f e r e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r , i l i e
sized o r i n v e n t e d by m e a n s o f processes o f m e d i a t i o n g n i d e d by t i n r e s t r i c t e d ). s i s I e e o m m e n d e d {\nc\ucV\ng .Insighl), tlie comniimities of conversaiion,
inquiry Those given elements in expei-ience as c o n s c i o u s n e s s become md l h e e x e r c i s e s c a n f a c i l i t a te e f f o i i s , b u t t h e y c a n g o o n l y so far. W i t h o u t
9'2 Pan I : P r e l i m i n a i i e s

o n e ' s o w n e f f o r i s , i h e y i - c i n a i n niei^e w o r d s . T h e n e x t sLeps ai~e u p L O Lhe l'ART T W O

reader.
i t is n o a c c i d e n i l h a t L o n e r g a n c a l i s s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a " d e c i s i v e a c t . " ' '
H o w e \ ' e i ' w e l l t l i e reaciei" m a y h a v e ' f o l l o w e d a n d understood the words in
this chapter, i n L o n e r g a n ' s writings, o r i n those o f t h e o t h e r a u t h o r s men-
d c T i i e d h e r e , o n e h a s l o decideia take u p t l i e p r o j e c t o f self-afirmaiion.
T h i s n i e a n s d i a t s e l f - a f l u a n a u o n is i n c a p a b i e o f s i a n d i n g a l o n e , l a k i n g t h e
What Are We Doing When
n e x t s t e p m e a n s d e c i d i n g t h a t i t is v a l u a b l e a n d w o r t h w h i l e t o u n d e i t a k e t h e
lasks o f l i e i g h t e n i n g o n e ' s consciousness-as-experience, to engage inthe pro
We Are Being Ethical?
l o n g e d sel-correcting h e r m e n e i u i c a l c i r c l e towards c o r r e c d y l u i d e r s t a n d i i i f -
that heightened field o f experience, a n d l o leach an a t l n n i a i i v e j u d g n i e n l
a b o u t t h a i n d e r s t a n d i n g . B u t s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f w h a t is i n v o l v e d i n valu-
i n g a n d d e c i d i n g is n o i i n c l u d e d u n d e r o f t h e s e l f - a f f i r n i a i i o n o f o n e s e l f as a
k n o ^ v e r . T h e c h a l l e n g e o f sel^affirmaiion, t h e r e f o r e , i m i t e s a d e c i s i v e c o n i -
m i t m e n i t o e n g a g e i n t h e siages t h a l p r o g r e s s t o w a r d s s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n . T h e
achievemeiu o f t h e f a c t u a l j u d g m e n t o f s e l f - a f i i r m a u o n i i s e l f w i l l also c o n -
f r o n t o n e w i l l i d e c i s i o n s l o take u p t h e f u r t l i e r h m d a m e n i a l p h i l o s o p h i c a l
cpiestions a b o u t k n o w i n g , objectivity a u d b e i n g i h a i self-alTuiiiation implies,
a n d t h e n d i e f u r i h e r d e c i s i n a b o u l w h e t h e r o r n o t l o le o n e ' s t l i i n k i n g b c
g n i d e d b y s u c h i m p l i c a i i o n s . T h i s l a s i is a d e c i s i n f o r o r a g a i n s t w h a t L o n e ^
gan called " i n i e l l e c i u a l convei-sion."
Still, decisions t o e m b a r k u p o n t b e w o r k o f s e l f - a i n r m a i i o n , as w e l l a>
t h e d e c i s i n i h a i is i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n v e r s i n , f a l l o u t s i d e o f v v h a i is a f f i r n i e d
i n self-affirmation o f i h e knower. S u c h decisions a r e activities o f a self that
is w i d e r a n d d e e p e r i b a n i h e s e l f as a k n o w e r . T h e | - e m a i n d e r o f l h i s b o o k
e n d e a v o u r e t o s p e l l o u t w h a t is i n v o l v e d i n m a k i n g s u c h d e c i s i o n s responsi-
b l v , a n d h o w i b i s is r e l a t e d t o d e c i s i o n s c a l l e d " m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . " T o l l i a l
e n d e a v o u r we n o w t u r n .

i
 4 The Structure of Ethical
Intentionality: Three
More Ouestions

/ '' 1 iH\lfike lohat is mosi olwious iu atliirs (i.e, (hoire) for whai ethics olmiously is.
- Anonviiioiis

I I Inlrocliiclioi)

Mi< |n(\(nis c h a p t e r s were devoied to e x p o s i i i o n and aFflrmation of

lll. hiiiiian c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c l u r e - ilie s i m c i i u ' e of factual k n o w i n g - as
I i);;ui p r e s e n i e d it. T h i s chapiei" begins l h e expansin o f i h e ilieines
I ihiise chapters i n t h e d i r e c i i o n o f e i h i c a l t h o u g l n . a n d a c t i o n by f i r s t
1 l l ni)', n|) l h e q u e s t i o n o f the more encompassing s i r u c i m e of ethical
IiH< 111 i( mal l.v.
l l l hnight, Lonei'gan r e f e r r e d lo lhis m o r e e n c o m p a s s i n g s i r n c i i i r e as l h e
d\,iuu<" s t r u c i n r e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g . " ' b l e f u r t h e r c l a i m e d i b a t j u s t "as
1 M i i M p h \ s c s is d e r i v e d f r o m l h e k n o w n s i r u c l u r e o f o n e " s k n o w i n g , so a n
1 hii rcsiilis f r o m k n o w l e d g e o f lhe c o m p o u n d sti'uciure of one's k n o w i n g
m d d i t i n g . " - M o w e v e r , h e n e v e r s t a t e d e x p l i c i d y just h o w h e c o n c e i v e d of
iliiH m o r e e n c o m p a s s i n g structure,^ or d i d h e e x p l i c i d y cariT t h r o u g h o n
l i i . pl I imissory note a b o u t s h o w i u g h o w i h a i s i r u c t u r e c o u l d be elaborated
IMIM a n r d l i c s p a r a l l e l t o t h e way he d e v e l o p e d his m e t a p h y s i c s .
Moirnver, u n l i k e his t h i n k i n g a b o u t c o g n i d o n a l , episiemological, and
n t t i a p h \ s i c a l issues, L o n e r g a n ' s t h i n k i n g a b o i u e t h i c s u n d e r w e n t consid-
I thlc < \ i ) I u t o n a f t e r t h e p i d a l i c a t i o n o f luslght. l h i s evoluiion included
I I I hr. I i'Cdgiiilion of a "transcendental n o i i o n ofvalne" and a cousequent
II " I o l c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t w a s q u i t e d i s t i n c t f r o m a n ) ' i h i n g l i e h a d ii'eated
h i hnirjit, (i>) his d i s c o v e r y ofa g e n u s o f f e e l i n g ' s t h a t i n t e n d \'alties a n d
96 l ' a r i 11: W h a i A r e Wc D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Eihical? Tile Sinicniii' o t Ibliical InU'nlidiiaiily 97

d i s v a l u e s , a n d ( 3 ) h i s d i s c o v e r y of" a s e c o n d d i r e c i i o n i n ie d y n a m i s m ni Kiii. die e l h i c a l life, a n d h o w t h e su-uciure o f e t h i c a l inienonaruy can serve

consciousness coniplemeniaiy and inverse to the d y n a m i s m of inqiiin I I basis f o r c r i c i s m a n d t r a n s f o r m a d o n o f i h e m t o b e o f s p e c i a l impor-
The d y n a m i s m of i n q i n i y h e c a l l e d " t h e n i o v e m e n i frc^ni b e l o w upwaid," t Hi< r-, I l i s i d e a s h a v e i i i H u e n c e d s e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t pari^s o f t h i s b o o k . S u l l , 1
w h i l e t h e i n v e r s e d y n a m i s m h e r e f e i ' r e d t o as t h e m o v e n i e n t " f r o m ahovc I. n e i liDseii to formlale t h e t h r e e q u e s u o n s s o m e w h a t diferendy, f o r iwo
do\\'nwards.'> Hi.iin leasons. Firsi, 1 t b r m u l a t e d t h e q u e s d o n s i u a w a y t h a t f b e l i e v e is a b i t
These developments considerably complicate t h e task o f s l i o w i n g how lll. l i e . ( m g r u e n t w i t h L o n e r g a n ' s three questions a b o u l h u m a n c o g n i i i o n .
t h e s t r u c t u r e of k n o w i n g a n d d c j i n g i m p l i e s a n e t h i c s . I n o i c l e r t o d o so. it d, Flanagan's fbcus o n d e l i b e r a u o n a n d c h o i c e is s o m e w h a t incom-
first b e c o m e s necessary t o levise w h a t e v e r Lonergan n u g h t have t h o u g h i l<li h , s i n c e i h e v l e a d u p t o b u t d o n o t i n c l u d e a c d o n . T h a t is o f course
a b o u t t h e s t r u c r m ' e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g a t d i e t i m e o f InsiglU i n l i g l u ol i i i i p l i i i l i n F l a n a g a n ' s a c c o u n t , b u t I b e l i e v e i l is p r e f e r a b l e 10 use leriiii-
t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s i n his t h o u g l i t t h a t o e c m i ' e d a f t e r w a r d . Lhifoi'Ui- Mi.lii);v d i a l m a k e s d i e w h o l e n e s s of die ediical p h e n o m e n o n as e x p l i c i t as
nately, L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f d i d n o t e x p l i c i t l y addiess these issues. |.ii . a b l e ( r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t i t c a n n e v e r he m a d e c o m p l e t e l y e x p l i c i t ) . So i n
In d i i s c h a p i e i - a n d t h e n e x t d i r e e 1 w i l l ofTei" a n i n i e r p r e t a t i o n , a p l a u s i b l e H\\s I h a v e a d o p t e d t h e i r a d i u o n a l l e r n i " e t h i c a l , " w h i c h d o e s
s y n d i e s i s , t h a t puls t o g e t h e i ' v a r i o u s s o n i ' c e s i n i o a n i n t e g i ' a t e d a c c o u n i o l lili l u d e , a c d o n a l o n g w i l h d e l i b e r a u o n , c h o i c e a u d n u m e r o u s o i h e r acis o f
w h a t will cali " t h e sti'ucture o f e t h i c a l intentionaliiy," While I believe lhis I i.iiM i f i i i s n e s s .
a c c o u n t represenis Lonei'gan's m a t u r e p o s i u o n , 1 w i l l n o t a t t e m p t 10 ai'gut*
that claim, The patli that Lonergan followed as his t h o t i g h t o n e t h i c s a n d I > Striiclure o f Elhical Intenlionalit)': W h a t Ani 1
v a l t i e s e v o l v e d is a w o r t h y s u b j e c t f b r a b o o k i n iis o w n l i g h t . B u t i n s t e a d o l D o i n g W h e n 1 Ajn B e i n g Ethical?
a t i e m p n g t o s u p p o r t m y a c c o u r u . by r e c o n s t r u c u n g t h e p a d i o f Lonergan'x
i h o u g h t , I wifi a p p e a l i n s t e a d l o the r e a d e r ' s o w n e x p e r i e n c e s o f e n d e a v o n r i n g Ii.iieigan's answer to bis firsi cogniuonal quesuon - "What ain I doing
t o t h i n k a n d a c t e t h i c a l l y I n o d i e r w o r d s , l w i l l a p p e a l 10 s e l f - a p p i o p i i a t i o n w . l i e n I a m k n o w i n g ? " - b e g a n w i t h a list o f a c t i v i e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Like-
l h e a i b i t e r o f t h e b e n e f i i s a n d t l e f e c t s o f m y o w n a c c o u n t o f e t h i c a l inienton- I.' , . m s w e r i n g t h e q u e s u o n a b o u l l h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n d o n a l i t y -
a l i i y . S e l f - a p p r o p i i a i i c j t i i n d i i s b r o a d e r a n d d e e p e r sense w i l l b e t h e s u b j c c l Wh.u ; i n i I d o i n g w h e n I a i n b e i n g e d i i c a l ? " - also b e g i n s w i d i a list o f a c i i v i -
o f c h a p t e r L O . B u t b e t b r e t h e a p p e a l 10 s e l f - a p p r o p r i a d o n c a n b e m a d e , i t is u< . I b i s l i s t i n c o r p o r a l e s a l l o f i h e activies i n c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c l u r e , b u t
necessai"}', lii"si, 10 set f o r t h i h e a c c o u n t o f t h e s i r u c l u r e o f e t l i i c a l i n t e n u o n a l i l \ iL.i e x p a n d s u p o n it. T o t h e list o f c o g n i t i o n a l acvies - seeing, hearing,
i t s e l f a n d its i m p l i c a i i o n s . i n e l l i n g , l o u c h i n g , tastiiig, i n i p u r i n g , i m a g i n i n g , nderstanding, coiiceiv-
In chapter 2,1 a p p r o a c h e d t h e s i i ' u c i u r e o f c o g n i t i o n a l i n t e n n o i i a l i i y hy iiii;, 1 e l l e c t i n g , w e i g h i n g t h e e v i d e n c e , j u d g i n g , etc. - tlie f o l l o w i n g activides
m e a n s o f L o n e r g a n ' s t h i ' e e (|uesiions: W h a t a m 1 d o i n g w h e n I a m k n o w i n g ? MiuM b e a d d e d : f e e l i n g , p r a c d c a l i n q u i r i n g . pi^accal i n s i g h l , v a l u i n q u i r -
W h y is d o i n g t h a i k i u : ) w i n g ? W h a t d o 1 k n o w w h e n I d o t h a t ? S i m i l a r i y , 1 h a v e ini',, valu r e f l e c u n g , r e f l e c i i v e n d e r s t a n d i n g o f v a l u , v a l u e j u d g i n g , d e l i l >
o r g a n i z e d m o s t o f d i e c l i a p i e r s o l h i s b o o k b y m e a n s o f t h r e e p a r a l l e l q u e s - i.iimg. choosing/deciding, a n d aciing.''
t i o n s . T h e a n s w e r t o l h e first q u e s t i o n ( W h a i a m I d o i n g w l i e n I a m being \-, b e f b r e , t h i s e x p a n d e d l i s t is m e a n t u> b e s u g g e s t i v e , not exhausiive.
etliical?) will occupy the piesent c h a p i e r a l o n g wiili chapiers 5 - 7 . Chapters M . i u \r t e r m s c o u l d b e a d d e d . W h a t is a t i s s u e h e r e is n o t t h e i m p o s -
8-10 a r e d e v o t e d 10 i h e s e c o n d q u e s i i o n ( W h y is d o i n g t h a t b e i n g e t h i c a l ? ) . i b l e );(>al o f a n exhausuve lisng, b u i l h e analysis o f d i e s t r u c u n e w i t h i n
The l h i r d q u e s t i o n ( W l i a t is b r o u g h t a b o u l b y d o i n g t h a t ? ) is t h e s u b j e c i o f ' lm h d i e s e acvides o c c u r I n h u m a n eihix:al l i v i n g , each o f t h e activies
c h a p i e r s 1 i - i / p T h e q u e s t i o n o f l h e n i e t h o d o f e t h i c s is t r e a t e d i n t h e final l l l l h e l i s i b a s i n t r i n s i c d y n a m i c r e l a i i o n s h i p s t o o t h e r acvities. B e i n g e t h i -
chapiers, 15 and 1 6 . I ,il does n o t consist i n p e r f o n n i n g just o n e o r s o m e selecied lew o f diese
M y use o f t h e s e t h r e e c p i e s t i o n s t o e x j s l o r e e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is p a r a l l e l II l i v i l i e s . A m o n g other t h i n g s , ibis especially means diat b e i n g elhical
to, b u t slightiy d i f i e r e n i f r o m , those p o s e d b y J o s e p h F l a n a g a n i n his Qm\l . Mi.liis m u c h m o r e t h a n c h o i c e a l o n e ; r a d i e r , b e i n g e t h i c a l is p e r f o n n i n g
for Self-Kmnoledge. T h e r e Flanagan s t r u c t i u e s his discussion o f ethics a r o u n d w h o l e o f ie d y n a m i c s i r u c l u r e t h a t c o m p r i s e s diese m a n y acvies.
the three questions: W h a t ani 1 dcjing w h e n ! am deliberadng? Why do I I o i i i - i g a n speaks o f b e i n g responsible as o n e o f his five "iranscendenia!
d e c i d e ? A n d w h a t d o I c h o o s e w h e n 1 m a k e a choice?^ F l a n a g a n ' s discussion p i e i epis."'' B e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e means b e i n g a u i h e n i i c a n y etliical ~ a n d b o t h
is i m p o r t a n t a n d r i c h . I n p a r t i c u l a r , I h a v e f o u n d h i s r e f i e c d o n s o n t h e ways me,ni i l i i n k i n g , feeling, deciding, and aciing iu fidelity to d i a t dynamic
t h a t e l e m e n t a l d e s i r e s a n d fears, c i d t i u e s , s y m b o l i s m s , a n d h i s t o i ) ' a l l e n i e r a I Ul iiire ;is a whole.
98 P a n 11: W h a t A i e D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Elhical? T h e Structure of Ethical liiiendonality 99

A s w i l h c o g n i t i o n a l si.nici.iire, a special s u b s e t o f activities i n t h e e.xpandt d , MI l o r d e c i s i n g o v e r n s t h e e n u r e f l o w a n d s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e i i -

list plays the c e n t r a l role in d y n a m i c a l l y s t r u c t u r i n g ethical i n t e n i i o i i a l i h h u e v e n i h o u g h i t c o m e s last. T h e q u e s d o n t b r decisin d e p e n d s upon
As w i l h c o g n i t i o n a l s i n i c i n r e , i b i s s n b s e i i n c i n d e s i n q n i r i e s o f v a r i o u s k i n t h . r . l o a l l o f t h e p r i o r q u e s t i o n s , a n d y e t e a c h o f t h e p r i o r q u e s t i o n s is
L ' n l i k e c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c t u i ' e , howe\T;i", i l a l s o i n c l u d e s l i i e s p e c i a l caiegun l i l i so as l o m a k e a c o n t r i b u i i o n t o w a r d s a n s w e r i n g t h e q u e s u o n for
o f feelings - feelings ihai Lonergan, follo\\'ing D i e i r i c h v o n Hildebrand, . | i , I i o n , I n o i e r w o r d s , a l ! o f t h e q u e s t i o n s a n d t h e acts t h a t i h e y p r e s u p -
c a l l e d " i n t e n t i o n a l responses to v a l u . F e e l i n g s o f this type, t o g e t h e r wiili i--- . m d l h a t l l i e y l e a d l o a r e s i t u a t e d w i t h i n a n o v e r a l l d y n a m i c s i r u c t u r e
e t h i c a l i n q n i r i e s , i n t r o d u c e l e n s i o n s i n t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , T o g e t h e r t h e y <ii in ll ll n l i i i i i a i e l y c i i l m i n a t e s i n t h e a c i s o f r e s p o n s i b l e , e l h i c a l d e c i d i n g a n d
t h e d y n a m i c r e l a i i o n s t h a t s t r u c t u r e t h e w h o l e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y I lu ^^Ull^,
o l h e r acdvities in the list c o m p o s e the e l e m e n t s t h a t are i'elated. Feelinn* h i w l i a l f o l l o w s , a s e p r a t e s e c t i o n is d e v o t e d l o each o f diese f b u r basic
f o r v a l e s a n d e t h i c a l nc|uiries d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e l e m a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s a n I | H , ol i p u - s u o n s a n d t h e acts t h a t i m i n e d i a t e h ' a n d s p e c i t l c a l l y a n s w e r to
cu'ganized, s i r u c t u r e d , a n d r e l a t e d to o n e a n o t h e r As a Iirst a p p r o x i m a i i o n , lll' lll I l i i s ( l o e s n o t m e a n , h o w e v e r , t h a l l h e r e m u s t always b e a one-to-
it c o u l d b e said t h a t t h e i n q u i n e s a r e s o t u c e s o f w h a t Lonei"g"an c a l l e d i h i espondeiice between t h e s e basic i n q n i r i e s a n d t h e l i n g u i s l i c f o r -
m o v e m e n t I r o m b e l o w u p w a r d , w l i l l e i n i e n i i o n a l feelings are sources o f thr H M i l . i d o n s o f q u e s t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , f I w e r e t o a s k , " W h a t s h o u l d I d o ? , "
m o v e m e n t f r o m above downward. I 1 oiild he s i m u l i a n e o u s l y e x p r e s s i n g in a single sentence three closely
T h e a c t t h a t s u c h f e e l i n g s , as w e l l as i n q n i r i e s , c o n s i i t u t e t h e s t r u c t u r i u n 0 I l l l d b u l d i s i i n g u i s l i a b l e |)re-linguisc i n q n i r i e s : " w h a t ? , " " s h o u l d ? , " a n d
ofethical intenonality c o m p l i c a i e s m a t t e r s c o n s i d e r a b l y , a n d l h i s aflei h ll.. I I.e., " W h a t c a n 1 d o ? , " " S h o u l d 1 d o i t ? , " a n d " W i H 1 d o i t ? " ) . E a c h of
l h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e s t i ' u c t u r e w i l l p r o c e e d . F'or t h e sakr il.i d r . c e r n a b l e u n d e r l y i n g i n q n i r i e s esiablishes a d i s t i n c t d y n a m i c r e l a u o n -
o f clarity, therefore, I begin with the s i r u c t u i i n g that lesulis f r o m ethinil liip l o w . i r d s s o m e i h i n g specific iat it desires a n d seeks. W i t h g r o w i n g s k i l l
i n q u i r y i n t h i s c l i a p t e r , a n d w i l l l i e a t t h e r o l e pla\'ed i n v a l u refleciion. l l l diM Cl l u i i e n t , d i e d i s u i i c t t e n s i o n s o f i n q u i r y u n d e r l y i n g u n i f i e d v e r b a l
d e l i b e r a u o n , a n d d e c i d i n g by feelings i u c h a p t e r 7. T h i s d o e s n o t m e a n , |iM v . i o i i s c a n b e d i s c e r n e d . W h i l e s u c h fine-uined ethical d i s c e r n m e n l
h o w e v e r , d i a i f e e l i n g s e n t e r i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y al a 1 M.a i i e i - e s s a r y i n m a n y o r d i n a r y s i t u a t i o n s , i t s n e v e r t h e l e s s essential i n
l a t e r p o i n t i n d m e , on\y a f t e r e t h i c a l i n q u i r y , u n d e r s i a n d i n g , a n d juclgiiiK Molt I lo ( l a r i f y t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. S u c h c l a r i f i c a u o n a n d
h a v e b e g u n . R a t h e i ; f e e l i n g s a r e basic a n d p r i m a r y i n e t h i c a l i n i e n u o n a l i i y - ih neiii are needed i n m a n y reas w h e r e ibe resources ol" o r d i n a r y
a n d indeed in h u m a n consciousness i n general." L o n e r g a n u s e d 1.0 say d i a l diii ,il l e t l e c t i o n b r e a k d o w n .
" f e e l i n g s a r e t h e m a s s a n d m o m e n t u m " o f h u m a n li\'ng. F e e l i n g s as i n u it
l i o n a l responses a r e always o p e r a t i v e i h r o u g h o t i t t h e e n u r e d y n a m i c sirm I I W l i a l Is t h e S i t u a t i o n ?
t u r e o f h i u n a n consciousness. Still, d i e a p p r o p r i a d o n o f s u c h feelings and
i l i e i i " r o l e s i n t b e f u n c i i o n i n g o f o u r e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is b e s t a p p r o a c h e d !' I sibleelical inquiry begins with the q u e s u o n " W h a i i s g o i n g o n ? " If
a f t e r t h e s t r u c t u r e o f v a l u i n q u i r y has b e e n c l a r i F t e d . * t h i i . l l i u i e u u o n a l i t v is t o b e n u ^ r e t h a n n a i v e o r c o m p l a c e n i m o r a l i d e a l -
liiii, ll mus i n c o r p r a l e g e n u i n e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e siiuauon in w h i c h the
4.3 Basic Ethical Q u e s o n s idii<,il subject finds herself o r hiniselt. Tbe i m p o r t a n t observauon that
ipi u e d ( h a p t e r 2 b e a r s r e p e a u n g f o r e m p h a s i s : A g r e a t d e a ! o f h a r m h a s
T h e inqniries that characierize and s t r u c t u r e ethical i n l e i u i o n a l i l y include I l o n e i 11 l h e a m e o f e t h i c s a n d m o r a l i i y b y w e l l - m e a n i n g p e o p l e w h o
lliose expressed i n t h e I b i l o w i n g q u e s i i o n s : " W h a t is g c j i n g o n ? " " W h a i c a n 1.10 l . u l e d l o p r o p e r l y n n d e r s t a n d l h e r e a l s i i u a o n . As L . o n e r g a n himself
b e d o n e ? " " W h a t c o u l d I d o ? " " W h a t g o o d is i t ? " " W h a t is i t w o r t h ? " " W o u l d I I , " ( ) n e c a n n o t d o g o o d w i t h o u t k n o w i n g t h e facts, w i t h o u t k n o w i n g
it be g o o d { w o r t h w h i l e ) f o r m e to d o i t ? " " W h a t s h o u l d l d o ? " " F l o w s h o u l d < h ll is r e a l l y p o s s i b l e , w i t h o u t k n o w i n g t l i e p r o b a b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f o n e ' s
T d o i t ? " " S h a l l 1 d o i t ? " ' " A s was t h e c a s e w i t h c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e , these I ..Ul .e o l a c t i o n . " " I n h e r c r i i i c i s m o f t h e s e r i o u s f a i l u r e s a n d d e l e t e i i o u s
i n q n i r i e s di\'ide i n t o several basic types. Howevei, where there were iwn t i o u l l s o f u r b a n p l a n n i n g , f o r e x a m p l e . J a n e Jacobs asked, " H o w c a n y o u
basic types o f c o g n i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s (questions for intelligence and lu hiMW w h a t l o t r y ... u n t i l y o u know h o w the ciiy itself works?" She contines,
r e t l e c i i o n ) , n o w t h e r e a r e f o u r basic types o f e t h i c a l q u e s u o n s : q u e s t i o n i II tu.IV b e l h a t w e h a v e b e c o m e s o f e c k l e s s as a p e o p l e t h a t w e n o longer
a b o u t t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s , t h e w o r t h a n d obligatorincH' I l l l h o w t h i n g s w o r k , b u t o n l y w h a t k i n d o f q t i i c k , easy o u t e r i m p r e s s i o n
o f t h e p o s s i b i l i u e s , a n c l , fnally, t h e q u e s u o n f o r d e c i s i n . I n o n e s e n s e . l h e I I M \"
100 P a n I I : W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n VVe A r e B e i n g Eihical? The Sniiciiire o f Bihical Inieiilionaliiy ll

T a k i n g h e r o w n acKice, Jacobs sel f o n h h e r n n d e r s t a n c l i n g s o l h o w a n d l< u i d i ^ i n I b r e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . D e v e l o p i n g t h e c a p a c i t y l o r g o o d com-

w h y cilies f u n c i i o n well a n d poorlv in h e r b o o k The Dealh cvnd Ufe of (mil M ' n s e ) u d g i i i e i i t s is i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o b e c o m i n g e t h i c a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e .
American Cilies. T l i e b o o k has b e c o m e a classic i n r e i h i n k i n g u r b a n d e s i ^ i r \'. i i r i p o r i a n t as c o i n m o n s e n s e knowledge ofthe s i t u a t i o n is, h o w e v e r , i t
S h e i h u s prov'ides a p r i m e e x a m p l c o f i l i e p o i m d i a l o b j e c i i v e k n o w l e d g e ol til Mil' i s n o l suflcient f o r e l h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . T h e s i t u a t i o n s i n whcli p e o p l e
l h e s i i u a d o n i n w h i c h l h e s n b j e c i l l n d s h i m s e l f o r her-self s i n d i s p e n s a h l r i i i i d l h e m s e l v e s a r e r e l a t e d t o f a r m o r e t h a n t h e i n d i v i d u a l pei-son's i m m e d i -
10 e i l i i c a l a n L h e n i i c i i y . l - l e n c e , o n e o f d i e m o s i i m p o r i a n i e l e m e n i s ofeihi- ti. e\pe i e n c e s , .iiteiesLs, n e e d s , a n d c o n c e r n s . E v e r ) ' c o n c r e i e s i t u a t i o n is a l s o
c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i i y s r e s p o n s i b i l i i y I b r o b j e c i i v e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e situation. < l . i i e d ;i( l u a l l y a n d p o i e n t i a l l y t o p e o p l e a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s b o t h p r e s e n t i n
K n o w i n g w l i a t s g o i n g o n is l h e w o r k o f c o g n i d o n a l s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h w . h p.ii e , m d t i m e , as w e l l as dstani i n s p a c e a u d i n l i m e , b o t h i n t b e f u t u r e a n d
d i s c u s s e d i n c h a p i e r 2. T h i s m e a n s . o f c o n r e e , t h a i t h e r p i e s i i o n " W h a i is iH l h e p a s l . T h e f u r t h e r i h e s e r e l a t i o n s t o peo|le a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s s t r e t c l i
g o i n g 011?" is i ' e a l l y a c o m p a c i a b b i - e v i a i i o n o f i l i e s i r u c i u r e d i n c p n i a n g n i ^>^a^ I m i i i t b e i m n i e d i a i e p r e s e n t , d i e m o r e l i k e l y thfey a r e t o l i e b e y o n d the
c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e t h a t oprales i n ancl i h r o u g h l h e acis o f e x p e r i e n c i u ^ , h ' i i 1/, i n o f i n d i r i d i t a l o r g r o u p i n t e r e s t s a n d c o n c e r n s . T h e o b v i o s e x a m p l e s
cpiesiions for inielligence, insighis, quesiions for r e l l e c i i o n , a n d virlualh ' - I . m i r o m i i e n l a l p o l l i i t i o n a n d g l o b a l w a r m n g s e r v e to illiistrate t h e g e n e r a l
uncondiiioned judging. 1 11 W h a t w e r e r e g a r d e d as c o n n n o n s e n s e s o l u t i o n s t o dsposal o f i n d u s -
T o a l a r g e e x t e n t , o u r k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t is g o i n g o n s t h e ^ v o r k o f c o g n i h i ll w.isic [ . i r o d i i c i s a c e n n i r y a g o t u r n e d o u t t o h a v e h a d d e l e t e r o u s c o n s e -
tional structure o p e i a i i n g in the m o d e o f what Lonergan called "common >|iii ii< es l o r p e o p l e l o d a v a i i d i n i h e f u i u i e . These consecpiences were beyc)nd
sense": di. iori/.on o f l h e c o i n m o n s e n s e c o n c e r n s o f p e o p l e a c e n t i i r y a g o .
I lius w h i l e c o i n m o n s e n s e knowledge makes an indispensable ccjntribii-
[ C o m m o n s e n s e ] r e m a i n s c o m p l e t e l y i n i h e f a m i l i a r \ v o r l d c^f thii^s Unii l o a n s w e r i n g t h e q u e s t i o n " W h a t is g o i n g o n ? , " c o m m o n s e n s e knowl-
f o r us. T h e f u r t h e r q u e s d o n s , b y w h i c h i i a c c u m u l a t e s i n s i g h i s , are . d i ; e must be sujplemenied w i t h a n o t h e r k i n d o f k n o w l e d g e tliat relates
b o u n d e d by the interests a n d c o n c e r n s o f h u m a n living, by the 1 ediaie s i t u a d o n s l o m o r e dstani s i t u a i i o n s . L o n e r g a n varioiisly used
successful p e r f o r m a n c e o f dail)' lasks, by t h e d i s c o x e i y o f i m m e d i - dn leiiiis "explanaioi*)'," "scientific," o r "thecreucal" lo cliaracterize this
ate soluons l h a t w i l l w o r k . I n d e e d t b e s u p r e m e c a n o n o f common d i ) p e o f k n o w l e d g e . W h a t e v e r t e r m o n e c h o o s e s , t h e c o n c e r n oi' t h i s
s e n s e is t h e r e s i r i c t i o n o f f u r i h e r q u e s u o n s t o l h e r e a l m o f i h e c o n - 11 ' l i d l y p e o f k n o w l e d g e is w i i l i r e l a u o n s t h a t g o b e y o n d w h a t s i m m e d i -
ci'ete a n d p a r t i c u l a i ' , i h e i m m e d a t e a n d p r a c l i c a l . ' ^ i i . I I I p l a c e a n d t i m e . E x p l a n a t o r y k n o w i n g d o e s t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t l h e ways
IIMI t l i i n g s are r e l a t e d to a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a r s o r a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p ' s
The dynamic of c o m m o n s e n s e c o n s i s t s n a " s e l l - c c ^ r r e c i i n g p r o c e s s o l tiiieicsis, n e e d s , a n d c o n c e r n s as l e g i t i m a i e , b u l as o n l y a p a r t o f a l a r g e r s e t
l e a r n i n g " t h a t w o n d e r s a b o u l h o w t h i n g s a r e r e l a i e d 10 i m m e d i a t e expeii " I i i i i e i r e l a i i o n s h i p s . ft r e c o g n i z e s d i a l t h e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d a n s w e r
enees a n d concerns, that diaws u p o n a " c o m m o n f t m d o f l e s i e d " insights l l - l i l i ' ( p i e s t i o n " W h a t is g o i n g cii?" a l s o i n c l u d e s k n o w l e d g e abcui how
o f o d i e i ' s , a n d t h a t connually adds " a t least o n e f u r d i e r i n s i g h l nto ihe liimi.m a c t i o n s alTecl w h a t g o e s 011 n t l i e n o n - l i t i n i a n n a t u r a l r e a l m , a n d
s i t u a t i o n a t h a n d . " ' - ' n d o i n g so, e a c h p e r s o n draws iqon a vasi n i u n h e i h . i i w i l l b e g o i n g 011 i n fiiture g e n e r i t i o n s as w e l l . I l is d i e b u s i n e s s of
o f i n s i g h t s a c c u m u l a t e d o v e r a lifetme, m a n y o f w l i i c h w e r e insights thal . ieiuile-iheoretical k n o w i n g l o c o r r e c t l y n n d e r s t a n d this w i d e r r e a h n of
o t h e r s h a v e p a s s e d a l o n g i n a l l s o r t s o f i n f o r m a l a n d f o r m a l wa\-s. M o s i o l pl.iM.iiory relauons. For e x a m p l e , already i n 18q6 Swedish c h e m i s t Svante
t h e c p i e s u o n s p e r i i n e n t l o s/iig u p a s p e c i f i c s i l u a U o n l i a v e a l i ' e a d y been \iii',iisi A n l i e n i u s predici.ed t . l i a t increase*S in carbn dioxide emissions
answered i n advance by nieans o f this i n v e n i o r y o f a c c i m i u l a t e d insighis, . - i i l d lea<l l o s i g n i f i c a n t n c r e a s e s i n g l o b a l t e m p e r a i i t r e s . ' - ' ^ E v e n though
This accuniulation constituies a "person o f experience" w h o s c a p a b l e o l h . , i n d o l h e r s c i e n tisis a l r e a d y u n d e r s t o o d t.he fiiller d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e situ-
a r r i v i n g a i s o b e r , o b j e c t i v e , c o i n m o n s e n s e j u d g m e n t s a b o u t w h a i is g o i n g i i i o i i al t h a t uiiie, clearly c o m m o n s e n s e practices remaned i g n o r a n t o r
o n , e s p e c i a l h ' i n s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s . T h i s i m p l i e s , t h e r e f b r e , t h a t t b e f i r s t lask iitililleiciit 1.0 t h o s e c o n s e q u e n c e s . Even today, w h e n far m o r e people of
ofethical i n i e n i i o n a l i t y is 10 a c q u i r e a s i i b s t a n u a l t u n d o f commonsensr i i i i o n sen.se a p p r e c i a t e t h e l o n g - t e r m c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e c o n t i n u i n g
insighis and judgments needed 10 think acctirately a b o u t the sittiaiioii l.ll leasc o f l h e carbn d i o x i d e c o n t e n o f o u r a t m o s p h e r e , coinmonsense
t h a t o n e is i n . T h e l a c k o f a c c u r a t e c o m i n o n s e n s e nderstanding o f a siiii i i i . icjiis i n t o what to d o have yet to catch u p to the e x p l a n a t o i ) ' i i n d e r -
a t i o n seis t h e s t a g e f o r b l u n d e r s o f f l x i i i g w i i a t s n o t b r o k e u a n d apply . i . m d i n g o f i h e s e facts b e c a u s e , as was e x p l a i n e d i n c h a p i e r 2, g e n e r a l bias
i n g t h e w r o n g r e m e d i e s 10 p r o b l e m s . T h o u g h t l e s s b l u n d e r i n g is h a i d l y i l u ' i t ' . i i i i s i i l i c f u t ' i i c a l i d e a s as " i m p r a c l i c a l " is a c o n s t a i i t s o u r c e o f d s l o r t o n o f
102 Pan. I I : VVhai A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g iLihical? T h t : Stn.ici.urc o f L i h i c a l I n i e n i i o n a l i t y I U3

h u m a n kiio\v'ng. M e n e e , l ' n l h ' a n s w e i a n g " W h a t is g o i n g o n ? ' ' i ' e q u i r e s i m e l - f h i s n o r m a i i x ' i t y is p r e s e r \ ' e d w i i h i n tlie strucitn'e o f a u t h e n i i c ethic:il
l i g e n r a n t i c o m p l e x syniheses o f b c u h cc^mmonsense praclical ancl scientific i n i e n i i o n a l i t y N e v e n h e l e s s , as w e w i l l see, i h e f a c t t h a t t h e s i r u c u i r e d a c v i -
t h e o r e t i c a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n s o f f a c i n a l k n o w i n g . S u c h synilieses r e q t u r e strate- iies of factual k n o w i n g occur w i t h i n ilie larger c o m | j r e l i e n d i i i g c o n t e x t of
gies to o v e r e m e i l i e genei'al b i a s - i h a i accornj^arhes c c n n m o n sense. ethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t y does alTect, i n c o m p l e x ways, w h i c h c p i e s t i o n s o f fact
V e t , as l h e h r a s i u g o f t h e q u e s i i o n " W h a t is g o i n g o n ? ' ' s u g g e s t s , t h i s .lie pursued and i n w h a i order.
s y n t h e s i s o f c o m m o n s e n s e a n c l e x p l a n a i o r y f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is n o t b e i n g
s o u g h t usi f o r its o w n s a k e . I t i s r a t h e r b e i n g s o u g h t w i t l i l n t h e c c m t e x i o l a pr, Questions and Insights o f Practical import
l a r g e r i n t e n t i o n . M e i ' e f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is b e i n g s o u g h t w i t l i i n t l i e a n t i c i -
p a t i o n o f a n e \ ' e n t u a l actix'e respc)nse o n l h e p a r t o f t l i e i n c | u i r i n g s u b j e c t . \ i i i i r ; u e k n o w l e d g e o f o u - s i t u a t i o n is e n d o w e d w i t h e t h i c a l significance
T h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n , h o w e v e r , t h a t wluu t l i e i n t e r e s t s o f e t i u - ,1'. s o o n as w e ask i h e t p i e s i i o n " W h a t s l i o u l d I d o ? " A s we h a v e s e e n , " W l i a t
cal i n t e n t i o n a l i t y are inti^ocluced, the\ w i l l d i s t o r t i h e n o i a n a i i v e atuononiy d i o n l d I d o ? " is r e a l l y a s k i n g i l i i - e e t l i i n g s a t o n c e . l t c o m ] : ) r e s s e s i n t o a s i n g l e
a n d objeciivitv o f factual k n o w i n g . Dstoriions o f c o g n i t i o n a l struciiu'e o f liii);iiistic e x p r e s s i o n three disiinguisliable incpiiries - '"wliai.?," "should?,"
c c u u ' s e d o occm~. ' f l i e b i a s e s d i a i d i s t o r t c o g i d t i o n a l s t r u c t m ' e e\'en i n its n o n - .1 l i d " d o ? " T i l ese i n q n i r i e s i n c o r p r a t e i.lie a c t i \ ' i i i e s o f o u r c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c -
e t h i c a l m o d e s d o n o l d i s a p p e a r , S u c h biases c a n r e a p p e a r a n d b e c o i r i e more m i e inte.) t h e b r o a d e r s t r u c t u r e o f o u r e t l i i c a l i n t e n l i o n a l i ly. E a c l i cf t h e s e
i n t e n s e a u d f a r m o r e i n t r i c a t e w h e n f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e is s o u g l n . w i t l h n t h e disiinguisliable inqniries consiitutes a distinct pliase a n d a f u r t h e r d y n a m i c
lai'gei" l i o r i z o n o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i i y . Yet biases are j u s t as n i u c h d i s t o r - li l . i i i o n s h i p w i t h i n t h e o v e r a l l dynaniic structure ofeihical iiiieiitionaiil)'.
tions o f t h e structure ofethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' i t s e l f as t h e ) ' a r e distortions lili' present section treais t h e " w h a t ? " c o r n p o n e n t ; the o t h e r iwo conipo-
o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t i n ^ e . i n c j i h e r w o r d s , a u t h e n i i c e t l i l c a l i n t e r u . i o n a l i t y by iieiiis will be t r e a t e d in i h e snccessive sections.
i t s e l f a n c l as s u c h d o e s n o t n e c e s s a i ' i l y i r u . r o d u c e a l i e n i n t e r e s t s t l i a i d i s i o r i .\ is l h e c a s e w i i l i a l l i n q n i r i e s , i.lie q u e s t i o n " W l i a t c a n 1 d o ? " presu>poses
c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . G e n u i n e e t h i c a l incp.hry i n iiself desires to k n o w w h a i . o n N i h i n g a n d seeks s o m e t l i i n g . I i p r e s u p p o s e s e x p e r i e n c e a n d k n o w l e d g e
t h e f a c t s r e a l l y a r e , so t h a t i t c a n d i s c o v e r p r c ^ p e r l y w h a t s l i o u l d l:)e d o n e . I t is o l ,1 siiuaticn ( w l i a t is g o i n g o n ) i n w l i i c h t l i e e i h i c a l s u b j e c t finds h e r s e l f o r
r a t h e r the biased d i s t o r t i o n s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y i l i a t c l i s t o n c o g r n i i o n a l I self. I t n t e n d s a n d seeks a p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t ( a n i d e a o r a p l a n ) a b o u t a
objectivit)'. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , to t h e e x t e n t t h a t b o i l i c o g n i i i c m a l a n d e i h i - I ' mise o l ' a c i i o n d i a l lhe i n t p i i r i n g subject c o u l d undenake.
c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i i y a r e IVee o f b i a s e s , t h e e n t i r e i y o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e is Praclical insighis respond to "What can I do?" irK|uries b)' grasping
i n c o i p o r a i e d (or "subated") i i u a c t w i t h i n tlie structtu-e o f ain.heiu.ic etiucal o i n s e s o f a c t i o n as i n t e l l i g i b l e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . " f l i e r e s e l e m e n i a l iiiveiitive-
i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' . As L o n e r g a n pi.ns i t , s u b l a t i o n i n t h i s s e n s e , " f a i " f r o m i n t e r - 111 '.s a n d creaiivity lo even liie most ordinary o f liuuian actions, which
f e i i n g w i t h the std^lated o r d e s t r o y i n g i i , o n t h e c o n t r a r y needs it, includes d n i\'e f r o m l h e a c i s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e t h a l a d d " a l l e a s t o n e f u r t h e r " p r a c t i c a l
i t , p r e s e i ' v e s a l l iis p r o p e r featm^es a n d p r o 3 e r t i e s , a n d c a r r i e s i l i e m l o r w a u l iiiM)dii lo w h a t t h e subject a l r e a d y knew. Por e x a m p l e , s e l e c t l n g w h i c h t o o l
to a f u l l e r realization w i t l i i n a richer context."''' I I I le h i n q u e t o use a n d n d e r s t a n d i n g h o w t o a d a p i i t t o t h e c i r c u r n s i a n c e s
How t h i s c a n b e so i n t b e case o f i l i e s u b l a t i o n o f c o g n i t i o n a l siiaicinrc u h.ind are matters o f [ji'aciical insiglus. Likewise, p l a n n i n g w h a t to serve
by t l i e stn.ictm*e o f e i l i i c a l intentionality will lie e x p l o r e d in std^sequerit l o ) d i n n e r a n d h o w to p r e p a r e i t r e q u i r e n e w p r a c u c a l insight.s. Pracucal
sections. Suflice i t t o say bi" i l i e p r e s e n t tliai wlien-cogniiional structure insi^ihis a r e i n v o l v e d in figiiring o u t liow to m a k e tbe financial iiumbers
is s u b l a i e d b ) ' a u i h e n t i c e t i u c a l i m e n i i o n a l i i ) ' , its i n i e l l i g e n t a n d i'efleciive \\'i\k" for a m a j o r piircliase o r a new business v e n i i i r e . D e i e r m i n i u g w h a i
c p i e s t i o n s a b o u t facts c o n t i n u t o e s t a b l i s l i t.lie n o r m s a n d c r i i e r i a t l i a t d i r e c i lll a m l l i o w t o sa)' i t i n a s e n s i t i v e interiDersonal s i t u a t i o n are also n i a i -
insiglu.s a n d Tellecve l i n d e r s i a n d i n g s o f l h e x ' i r i u a l h ' i m c o n d i t i o n e d and ii r . o l p r a c l i c a l i n s i g h t . D a i l y e f f o r t s ai m e d i a t i n g a n d r e s o l v i n g ordinary
j u c l g m e n i s n e e d l o saiisIV. A s C i ' o n i n p u t s i i , l o i i l l i r i s . as w e l l as t h e m o r e specialized skills rec|tiired to resolve iniense
I li( is, als(.) r e t | u i r e c r e a t i v e p r a c t i c a l i n s i g l u s o n i h e p a n o f t h e m e d i a t o r .
T i l e q u e s i i o n o f v a l n e seis t l i e c i ' i t e r i o n w l i i c l i g u i d e s t l i e p r o c e s s l o I ' i . i i l i i al i n s i g l i t s e n a b l e [ s e o p l e t o find ways a r o u n d u n e x p e c t e d obstacles
a c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n ... W e k n o w t h a t i n o u r p a s t e x p e r i e n c e w e h a v e hloi L i n g i h e i r pailis. O r g a n i z i n g a n d p l a n n i n g a n y c o o p e r a i i v e h u m a n ven-
m a d e g o o d u c l g m e n t s o f \'aliie a n d scTiiie m i s i a k e n j u d g m e n t s of t i n e iii\'(th<'s n u m e r o u s p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h i s .
v a l u ... W e have ibis strange ability to recognize a c o r r e c t a n d a " P l ,u i i ( a l " h e i ' e is n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n w h o s e c o n s e q u e n c e s
m i s t a k e n answer to the quesuons ofvalne,''' l l l be imniediaie a n d s h o i ' t t e i i n . j u s t as o u r s i t u a t i o n s a r e intelligibly
104 l ' a i i , 11: W l i a i Ai"e Wc D o i n g W'licn W'e A r e B e i n g Jiihlcal? ^ T h e S i r n c i u r c o f lihical liiieini(.">naliiy 105

r e l a i e d 1.0 o d i e r p e o p l e a n d c i r c L i i n s L a n c e s iJiaL a r e d i s u n i l i n L i m e , so ;ils(i V. w i l h c p . i e s t i o n s I b i ' f a c t u a l r e f l e c t i o n , t h e t e n s i o n s i n q u e s o n s ofvalne

t,lie c o n s e q u e n c e s o f o u r aciions can si.rei.ch a c r o s s g r e a t . d i s i a n c e s and I M i ; e n e r a l , a n d i n q u e s t i o n s o f e i l i i c a l valu i n p a r t i c u l a r , a r e b r o u g l i t t o
t i m e s . P r a c t i c a l i n i e l l i t j e ' i c e , t l i e r e l b r e . iiivoK'es tliinkin a b o u t a l t e r n a t i v e i i i i a l r e s o l u i i o n o n l y i n acts o f j u d g i n g - acts o f a l T i r m i n g o r d e n y i n g . But
c o u r s e s o l a c t i o n a l o n g w i t i i t b e i n p o s s i l : ) l e a n d :)robable o u t c o r n e s beyond liei e ( | i i e s i i o n s o f f a c t l e a d l o a n i r m a o n s o r d e n i a l s i L i a i A' is so, c p . i e s t i o n s
the range of merely immediate r e s u l t s . l i i o r d e r t o acliie\'e t l u s , o n c e a g a i n 1.1 v.iliie i i l m a t e l v s e e k j u d g m e n t s t l i a i a f r m o r d e n y t h a t A ' i r u l y has valu
commonsense intelligence m u s t b e s u 3 p l e m e i i t e d b\ e x p l a n a t o r y i n s i g h l - . \ ) i i e s u o n s o f e t h i c a l valu, t h e r e f b r e , seek j u d g m e n t s t h a t a p r o s p e c v e
tliai. u n d e r s t a u d ihese possible l o n g - i e r i n conseqtiences. t (iiiise o f a c t i o n d o e s o r d o e s n o t lia\'e t h e \'alue o f b e i n g w o i a h w h i l e or
T i l ese a r e b u t a f e w Ilustra t i o n s o f i l i e r n y r i a d o l o c c u r r e rices o n e w pra< I ihli|;,iii )ry.
deal insights r e s p o n d i n g to t h e q u e s t i o n "VVliai can I do?" W l i i l e a u t h e n i i i b u l il" j u d g m e n t s of"\alue a n d j u d g r n e n i s o f e i h i c a l valne are n o t to be
practical i n s i g h t s ahva\'s r e l \ a n d b t h l d t i p o i i tbe traditions of previoush I 'h' arbitrar)' - merely subjective - t h e n i h e y c a n n o i J u s i c o m e o u t of
accumulated i n s i g h t s , m e r e l ) ' d o i n g t h i n g s t l i e way they b a v e always been m i u h e r e . | n d g n i e i i t s o f eiLiical valu w i l l be responsible Judgmenis oidy
d o n e , fus!, b e c a u s e i t is e a s i e r , c a n hardly be called e t h i c a l . " f b a t wtiild, ti u e h a v e s n f T i c i e i i i r e a s o n s f o r a n r m i n g o r d e n y i n g t h e m , j u s t as is t b e
i n s i e a d , be an e x a m p l e o f t h e vice o f laziness. Laziness i g n o r e s the funda ' 1 in j u d g m e n t s o f fac, T l i u s pnor 10 n d i n g s a t i s f a c t i o n i n j u d g r n e n t s o L
m e n t a l c a l i t o b e c r e a t i v e , a c a l i i s s u e d i n t e l l i g e n t l y by o u r s e l v e s t o o u r s e l v e s i l u e , q u e s t i o n s o f valu s e t i n n i o t i o n |"rocesses o f r e l l e c i i o n thatseeksnt-
b y m e a n s o f t h e q u e s t i o n "VVIiat c a n I d o ? ' ' I n a n i m J o r i a n i wa\', t h e c a l i m II 1 g r o i m d s f b r m a k i n g l h e j u d g m e n t s o A ' a l i i e . ' f l u s is w h a t x ' a l n e ques-
b e a t i t l i e i I t i c a l l y e t l i i c a l i n v o h ' e s r e s p o n d i n g t o i l i e c a l i t o Lie c o n i . i n u a l l y a m l iiMning really desires. O n h ' valu j u d g m e n i s based ui^oii s i i f l l c i e n i reasons
i n t e l l i g e n t l y creative in o r d i n a r y situations. Ptliical responsibility requires l l l i e l e : i s e t b e t e n s i o n s o f \'aliie C | i . i e s t i o i i i n g . T h i s i n e a n s t h a l p r o c e s s e s o"
ongoing i n t e l l i g e n t c r e a t i v i t y o f h u m a n stdnjects, Refusal o f t h e c a l i t o hi iliie r e l l e c i i o n i n general, a n d eiLiical r e l l e c i i o n in p a r t i c u l a r , b e a r s i r n i l a r i -
i n t e l l i g e n i l y c r e a i i v e is a f a i l u r e o f e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i u ' . ih ( d lhe processes o f reflection that occur within cogniiional stnicture,
|nd)Miieiiis o f fact are reasonable o n l y i n s o f a r as t l i e y r e s t u p o n reflecti\'e
4.6 Q u e s t i o n s for E t h i c a l R e f l e c t i o n a n d Judginent'*^ l e i s i a n d i n g s o f i n t e l l i g i b l e c c m t e n t s as v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d . Analo-
I s h , u t i g m e n i s o f e i h i c a l v a l u a r e res|:)oiisible i n h o n e r g a i r s s e n s e o n l y
S t i l l , j u s i b e c a n s e we h a v e l i a d a c r e a t i v e i n s i g h t into a possible c o u r s e ol iM.nl,M- as t b e \ i'est u p o n r e d e c t i x ' e imdersiandlngs o f [.lossible c o u r s e s of
acon, that does not mean t h a t we ought to impleinent ii iinmediaielv, II i K i n as h a v i n t r \ ' i r t n a l l v u n c o n d i t i o n e d valu.
w i t h o u t l i e s i t a t i o n o r f \ i r t l i e r t h o u g l i t . A s is t l i e case w i t h i n s i g l u s regard \ is l h e c a s e w i t h rellecti\'e i i n d e r s i a n d i n g s o f i.Lie v i r i i i ; i l l \ i i n c o i i d i -
i n g m a t t e r s o" f a c t , p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s r e v e a l no more t h a n i n t e l l i g i b l e pns U i i n e d i n t h e r e a l m o f k n o w i n g f a c t s , so a l s o i n t h e r e a l m o f v a l n e reflec-
s i b i l i t i e s - c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as i n d e e d i n t e l l i g i b l e a n d t i n d e r s t a n c l a b l e , b u l iiiiji, relleciive i m d e r s i a n d i n g o f d i e v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d involves cog-
m e r e l y as p o s s i b l e . W h e t l i e r i l i e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n r e \ ' e a l e d b v iLie p i ' a c i i c a l Mi.-,MH ( ofa c o n d i t i o n e d , a l i n k t o c o n d i o n s , a n d t l i e f u l l l m e r n o f i.hose
i n s i g l i t sliould b e u n d e r t a k e n is a f u r t l i e r e t l i i c a l c p i e s t i o n " S h o u l d I do ii;'" ( MMcliiions, I n v a l u r e H e c t i o n , t h e c o n d i t i o n e d is iLie i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e of
I n t l i i s c p . t e s t i o n , t h e " i t " r e f e r s t o t h e c o t u ' s e o f a c t i o n as a n i n t e l l i g i b l e pos H l l o n i n q i i e s o n , I t is r e v e a l e d 10 be c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e very cpiestions
s i l j i l l i y ^ as b r o u g l i i 10 c o n s c i o u s n e s s b y a n i n t e l l i g e n t p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t . 'I'he 1 l(.u , i s k w h e i L i e r i t i s w(.n*tLiwliile o r o u g h i t o b e p u l i n t o a c i i o n . I f p r a c t i c a l
q u e s t i o n " S l i o u l d I d o i t ? " t l i e r e f o r e always |")resup|:)oses t h e s t r u c i u r e o f a c i s In l l a l l i s by i L i e m s e h ' e s l i a d a l r e a d y re\'ealed a p a r t i c u l a r c o u r s e of action
t h a t c t i l m i n a t e in p r a c t i c a l nderstanding. I I I he u n c < n i d i t i o n a l l ) ' v a l u a b l e , w e w o u l d n o t : b e a s k i n g t h e s e f u r i h e r q u e s -
B u t t l i e q u e s i i o n a l s o s e e k s ti.i g o b e y o n d nderstanding o f tbe course ni iions i n l h e f i r s t p l a c e . W e w o u l d k n o w i i m n e d i a t e l ) ' , s i m p l y b)' L i a v i n g the
a c t i o n as i n i e l l i g i b l e . I t s e e k s i r i h e r c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e c o u r s e o f acon i h . i ) ; l i i , l h a t i t d o e s o r d o e s n o t h a v e e t l i i c a l \ ' a l i i e . B u t i n f a c t we d o ask
as luorlliy of one's coinmilv/er/t, i n d e e d e\'en as o b l i g i n g i l i a i c o m m i t m e n t . A* ihoiii courses o f a c t i o n o n c e we have th o u g h t o f t h e m , a n d by a s k i n g we
s u c h , t h e f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n " S b c M i l d l d o i t ? ' ' is c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o i e q u e s i i n u l.i M i l l o s e e k w h e t h e r there are s u l l l c i e n t c o n d i t i o n s iliai w o u l d make our
" I s i t w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e 1 0 u n d e n a k e t h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n ? " B o i L i a r e pies i i m le i : i k i i i g o f l h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y e i L i i c a l .
t i o n s o f e t h i c a l v a l u . " I s i t w o r t h w h i l e ? " asks w h e t h e r t h e c o u r s e ofaciioii . l o i . i h l ) ' , iLie g e n e r a l f b r m o f tlie \irinally u n c o n d i t i o n e d in the realm
h a s s u f c i e n t \'alue f o r m e t o u n d e n a k e i i . " S h o u l d 1 d o i t ? " asks wheihei >il ( . i l u e s d i f f e r s fVorn ihe f o r i n i t t a k e s n ilie realm of reflecung about
t h a t v a l u has t h e v a l u o f c o m p e l l i n g o b l i g a i i o n - n o i m e r e l y a \ ' a l u ; i b l e >|Hi . i i i m s o f f a c t , In most instances when we s e e k g r o u n d s f o r o u r J i t d g -
t h i n g f o r m e Lo d o , b u t a v a l u o f m o r a l o b l i g a t i o n for me. MM Ills oL f i e l , c o n d i t i o n s a r e f u l f i l l e d t o s o m e e x t e n t b y d a t a g i v e n i n acts
106 P a r i l l : VVhal A r e VVe D o i n g VVhen VVe A r e B e i n g Elhical? T h e Siructure o f Elliica! InteniioTialiiy 107

o f sensation. W h e n it c o m e s to jiiclgmenis o f valne in general { a n d eihi< ,il . . I iKit .1 c o u r s e o f a c i i o n has o c c t i r r e d , t h e n o f c o u r s e t h e r e is n o v i r u i a l l y

valu i n p a r t i c u l a r ) , h o w e v e r , t h e r e a i e u o d a i a o f sense o n d i e c o u i s e n i i d i i i ( m e d u n l a c h o i c e is i n a d e a n d a n a c o n l a k e n . B u t i f r e f l e c t i o n
a c i i o n , p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e i b e a c i i o n has n o i y e i o c c u i ' r e d . T h i s w o u l d s e e m . 1 . .1 i i d g m e n i a b o u t t h e valu o f u n d e n a k i n g a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , t h e n a
l o i m p l y l i i a i i l is i m p o s s i b l e t o g r a s p a v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d i n l h e m a l ' h m . i l l v u n c o n d i d o n e d valu can b e g r a s p e d , p r o v i d e d t h e r e l e v a n t f u r t h e r
t e r o f a c p i e s i i o n o f e t h i c a l v a l u . I n d e e d , L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f s e e m e d t o haM- |h H i i i e i i i ( p i e s i i o n s a r e a l l a n s w e r e d .
dra\\"u e x a c t l y i h i s c o n c l u s i n ; lol l h e most p a n , lhe ethical processes o f asking a n d a n s w e i l n g o f fur-
tlii I p e r n e n t q u e s o n s a b o u t p r o p o s e d c o u r s e s o f a c o n is d o n e i u a c o i n -
W l i e n s p e c u h u h ' e o r f a c i u a l i n s i g h l is c o r r e d , r e f l e c i i \ ' e u n d e r s i a i u l - veiise m o d e . B e g i n n i n g w i l h c o n s i d e r a i i o n o f l h e p r o p o s e d c o u r s e of
i n g can grasp a relevant viriually u n c o n d i i i o n e d . B i u w h e n practi- i. w*- ask o u r s e l v e s , f o r e x a m p l e , "what w o u l d b a p p e n if 1 d i d this?"
c a l i n s i g h l is c o r r e d , t l i e n r e f l e c u v e nderstanding c a n n o i grasp a I h> p i i o r a c c p i i s i t i o n o f c o m m o n s e n s e insights fVom cme's c o n i m u n i t i e s
relevant viriually u n c o n d i t i o n e d ; for i f it c o u l d , the coiiieiit o f the iipplies m a n y o f l h e sought-for answers. A n e x p e r i e n c e d person o f com-
i n s i g h t a l r e a d y w o u l d b e a f a c t ; a n d i f i t w e r e a l r e a d y a f a c t , t h e n it ..ense w i i ! k n o w likely consequences: " T h e lacider will likely slip." " T h e
w o t d c l noi. b e a p o s s i b l e c o u r s e o f a c u o n w h i c h , as y e t , is n o t a f a c t l.ll will o v e r h e a t . " "That person's feelings will l i k e l y be hur." " P e o p l e
b t i i j u s t a possibility.-' mie'.sing m y acon w o u l d react i n diis w a y " "Word w o u l d get around.
L It l e i i d s w o n l d l i k e l y b e s h o c k e d t o h e a r l h a t 1 h a d d o n e w h a t 1 a m now
B u t t h e absence of sensible c o n d i t i o n s for v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d valur .Hieting," The c o m m o n s e n s e insights a b o n l each o f diese likely o u t -
does n o t necessarily mean that there can be no knowledge o f viriuallv ', w i l l r a i s e sll f u r i h e r q u e s o n s . VVe c a l i t o m i n d a t l e a s t s o i n e ofour
u n c c u i d i t i o n e d valu. I n c h a p t e r 2, w e saw t h a t e v e n i n r e f l e c t i o n conceni- .nliiiie's coinmonsense ethical a n d r e l i g i o u s sayings a b o u t U i e vales of
i i i g q u e s t i o n s o f fact, t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f c o n d i t i o n s tistiall)' also i n c l u d e s i l i r III h .leoiis. W e w i l l ask w h e t h e r i h e s e r e a c i i o n s a n d s a y i n g s a r e compel-
answering o f a n u m b e r o f further pertinent quesuons, in a d d i t i o n to t h r l i n i ; 01 e v e n r e l e v a n t . We m a y s e e k t h e c o u n s e l o f o t h e r s , h e a r t h e m o u t ,
c o n d i t i o n s given i n s e n s a t i o n . h i s i g h i s a b o u l facts a r e c o r r e d a n d t r u e w h e n 10, l o n n d e r s t a n d t h e m , a n d t h e n a s k a b o u l t h e p e r n e n c e o f t h e advice
t h e y a r e i n v u l n e r a b l e - t h a t is. i f t h e y a r e i n c a p a b i e o f f u r t h e r c o r r e c i i n i i , I I 1.1 v e d l o t h e c o u r s e o f a c o n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a o n . T h i s p r o c e s s o f a s k i n g
P l e n c e , i h e c r i i e r i o n o f i h e r e b e i n g '"no f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s " pla\ m d . m s w e r i n g q u e s o n s w i l l c o n t i n u unl t h e r e a r e n o f u r t h e r p e r n e n t
an i m p o r t a m role iu j u d g m e n t s offact. .|<i. . l i o n s l h a t c o u l d l e a d 1 0 m o d i i l c a o n o r c o r r e c u o n of our proposed
I ' h e a b s e n c e o f f u r i h e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s i i o n s is / / c e n t r a l c r i t e r i o n w h e n i l se o f a c t i o n . Ethical d i s c e r n m e n t , therefore, involves l e a r n i n g to care-
comes lo matters ofvalne r e n e c i i o n . V a l u a n d e t h i c a l r e i l e c i i o n a r e o\'ri itilh discern lhe tensions of the subde, furUier pernent questions that
whelmingly matiers o f asking antl answering f u r d i e r p e r t i n e n t questions. ,1111 10 be a n s w e r e d as c o n d i i i o n s f b r g r a s p i n g a c o u r s e o f a c o n as h a v -
t i n i i l t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i n c p i e s i i o n is g r a s p e d t o b e o f i n v u l n e r a b l e valu, u.)'_ m i l o i n l i t i o n a l v a l u .
V V h e n e t h i c a l r e f l e c u o n is l i b e r a t e d t o f o l l o w i t s n o r m a l c o u r s e , i t w i l l p r i t - Bul wh.u d e t e r m i n e s tbe pernence o f t h e f u r t h e r quesons? I n tbe
c e e d u i u i l t h e r e are n o b i r t h e r pernent q u e s i i o n s i h a i w o u l d l e a d to l'ui- . .1 o l j i i d g m e n i s o f fac, t h e f b r m u l a l i o i i o f t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n of
t h e r i n s i g h t s 10 m o d i f y a n d c o r r e c t a f l a w e d i d e a a b o u t a c o u r s e o f a c i i < i n 11 M ^ ^ h i r e v e i s v a r i o u s l i n k s l o v a r i o u s seis o f p o s s i b l e c o n d i d o n s under
i n t o o n e t h a i w o u l d b e g e n u i n e l y , i m c o n d i u o n a l l y w o r t h w h i l e o r o b l i g a t o i v. i d i h h it ( a n b e r e a s o n a b l y a f T i r m e d o r d e n i e d t o b e a c o r r e c t u u d e r s l a i i d -
Mencejudgmenis o f valu are g r o u n d e d i n reflecxe u n d e r s t a n d i n g s ol u u ; o l l h e real.'-'i ! n d i e case o f j u d g m e n t s ^ f e t h i c a l v a l u , h o w e v e r - and
v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d v a l u . A l t h o u g l i L o n e r g a n ap|:)ears 10 l i a v e d e n i e i l i . i d . f d l o r a l l j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e - l h e r e is a n a d d i o n a l c o m p o n e n t . The
t h i s i n t b e passage j u s t c i t e d , i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n o f iisiglu d e v o t e d l o belii-v- IMII I 0 1 a u d g m e n t o f v a l n e is n o t s i m p l y " I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y / c a n b e reasonably
ing, he t o o k a very different posiiion. There he idenufied "a refleciive .Mu m e d { o r d e n i e d ) l o b e so u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s C," b u l " I n t e l l i g i b i l i t y / c a n
a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g i h a l ... g r a s p s as v i i i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d t h e v a l u r ll. H'.poiisibly a t r i r m e d (or d e n i e d ) to have valu V" u n d e r condions
of deciding 10 believe s o m e parcular p r o p o s i o n . E l s e w h e r e he also ' ivheie iiirdlmentof c o n d i d o n s C h e r e means t h a t all f u r t h e r pernent
o f f e r s a l e n g t h ) ' l i s t o f f u r i h e r c|tiestons t h a t o c c u r d u r i n g p r a c t i c a l refh-i .|iM , i i o i i s h a v e b e e n r a i s e d a n d a n s w e r e d . H e r e , m o r e i h a n a n y t h i n g e l s e ,
Uon."-^ T h i s m e a n s l h a t w e m u s t q u a l i f y h i s s t r o n g s t a i e m e n t a b o u t refleciive .1 I , l h e v a l u \''in quesuon that deiermines the condions - w h a t fur-
nderstanding n o t b e i n g able to grasp a relevant virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d ili' I i|ii.'siious are pernent - f b r l h e g r a s p o f "/ h a s v a l u V" as v i r t u a l l y
i n p r a c t i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . I f r e f l e c t i o n seeks a j u d g m e n t o f f a c t a b o u l wheihei i.ni . I I i i l i l i o n e d .
loa Part 11: W h a t A i e We D o i n g \\1ien We A i e B e i n g E i l i i c a l r "fhe S u u c i u r e n l L d i i c a l l i u e n i i o n a l i i v Ih'J

But l i o w d o u e atrive at t h e c o g n i z a n c e o f vahie t h a t eniers i n t o l h e link I sses. 1 w i l l a l s o a r g e t h a t f e e l i n g s , a l o n g w i i h v a l u i n q u i n e s , e n d o w

b e t w e e n t h e c o n d i d o n e d c o u r s e o f a c t i o n a n d t l i e g r a s p o f i t as h a v i n g \i )nd|Mnenis o f v a l n e wilh i h e i r unconditional iniensity, and consiitute them
t n a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d valu? O i u " a w a r e n e s s o f v a l u Vis not in the insighl, p i e i isely as i n d g m e n t s of valu. 1 w i l l f u r t h e r a r g e t h a i i h e s e f e e l i n g s o f v a l -
for l h a t is a g r a s p o f i n t e l l i g i b l e p o s s r b i i i t y n o t y e t k n o w n l o h a \ t h e valu ne'. d e i e r m i n e w h a t in-iher q u e s t i o n s c o u n t as p e r i i n e n t f b r t h e g r a s p o f v i r -
in q u e s t i o n . A g a i n , o u r awareness ofvalne \ ' ' c a n n o l be in a j u d g m e n l ni m . i l h u n c o n d i t i o n e d v a l u - t h a i is t o say, f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l i-esponses
valu, b e c a u s e t h a t s e x a c t l y w h a t v a l u r e l l e c i i o n is s i r i v i u g for. ) i i d g n i e n i s . 1 I he < r i i e r i a I b r w h a t t u i d i e r c p i e s u o n s n u i s t be a n s w e r e d i n o r d e r to f u l f i l l
c>f valu j r e s i q D p c i s e a r e l l e c i i v e n d e r s t a n d i n g o f c o u r s e s C)f a c t i o n as v i i IIM i M i f l i t i o n s r e c p i i r e d t o g r a s p i r n e l l i g i b i r u . ) ' /as h a v i n g v a l u V.
tually u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y valuable. T h o s e refleciive understandings, in lurn. \y d i g i e s s i o n is r e q u i r e d t o e x p l a i n w h a t I m e a n by all ot lhis.
can o c c u r o n h ' i f t h e r e is s o m e p r i o r a w a r e n e s s o f v a l u t h a t e n i e i s i n t o l h e I ' . i i h e r i h a n d i s r u p t t h e o v e r v i e w o f i.lie o v e r a l l s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l inten-
valu r e l e c t i v e p r o c e s s e s l h e m s e l v e s . So w h a t is t h e s o u r c e o f l h e a w a i ' e i u ' s s U i i u a l i i y at this pc^int, h o w e v e r , 1 w i l l clefer t h e d i s c u s s i o n s a n d analyses o f
of \alue t h a t enteis i n t o o u r ethical reflecdon? die'.<' ( l a i m s l o c h a p t e r s 5-7.

1 Feelings and F.thicalReflection .1.6.2 Judgments of Ethical Valu

S o m e y e a r s a f t e r p u b l i s l i i n g insight, B e r n a r d L o n e i ' g a n e n c o u n t e r e d a n<-w ' Un r' wv h a v e a n s w e r e d a l l o f t h e f i n t l i e r p e r d n e n t c p i e s i i o n s t h a t c o n d i t i o n

w a y o f t h i n k i n g a b o u t vales a n d f e e l i n g s a n d i h e i i ' r o l e s i n i h e e t h i c a l \\\'v. m . i l l i i n i a d o u s ( o r d e n i a l ) o f "/ h a s v a l u K " w e a u a i n a g r a s p o f a course
T h i s n e w w a y o f t h i n k i n g c a m e t o h i m t h r o u g h h i s e n c o i m i e r w i t h t h e \vi ii M( ,|( l i o n as l i a \ ' i n g v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i C ) n e d e t h i c a l v a l u . W e t h e n h a v e suf-
ings o f c e r t a i n p h e n o m e n o l o g i s t s , p r i m a r i l y D i e i r i c l i v o n H i l d e b r a n d a n d ii- M i l i g r o u n d s f o r o b j e c t i v e v a l u j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t ) ' . T h e

Max Scheler. Prevlousi)', be t e n d e d to r e g a r d feelings p i l i n a r i l y as sense
expeiiences t h a t can be o r g a n i z e d by insighis i n t o g i a c e f u l l i v i n g , o r lhat
can b e c o m e sources o f i n i e r f e r e n c e (bias) w i t h t h e u o r m a u \ ' e p r o c e s s ot
a s k i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l f u r i h e r p e r t i n e n t cpiestic)ns.--'' i V o w i t is c e r t a i n l y
t r u e t h a t s o t i i e o f c"iur f e e l i n g s - w h a t 1 s h a l l c a l i " s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s ' ' a r e
m a i t e i ' s o f sensation.'"*' I l is a l s o ii~ue t h a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s e n s a t i o n s c a n
i n t e l l i g e n t l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o n o b l e ways o f l i v i n g , o r c a n b e s o t u c e s o f i n i e i
t e r e n c e l h a t l e a d to gi"eai d i s i o i t i o n s . Yet his s i u d y o f t h e aforemenuoned
phenoiTienolcgists revealed t o L o n e r g a n e n t i r e l y diTerent k i n d s o f feelings
t h a i m a k e q u i i e diterent, p o s i u v e , a n d i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n i i l b u t i o n s i n c o m
i n g t o k n o w l e d g e o f vales i t s e l f I n a c r y p i i c l e m a r k , h e wrc"He, ' ' I n t e r m e d i
a t e b e t w e e n j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t a n d j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e l i e a p p r e h e n s i o n s <il
. ihi< al l e n s i o n s o r i g i n a l l y r a i s e d w i l h t h e " w o r i h w b i l e " a n d " s h o u l d " i n q i i i -
< ll , ,11 e l ) i o u g l i t t o a l e i n p c n a i y r e s t i n v a l u j u d g m e n t s c)f e l h i c a l l e s p o n -
i h i l u v . As w i l h j u d g m e n t s o f t a c i , j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y c a n
II. l u l l y a n s w e r e d o n l y i n o n e o f t w o ways. A c t s o f e t h i c a l j u d g i n g , i n t h e
ll I I i sense, a r e e i d i e r acts o f a f f i r m i n g ("Yes") o r d e n y i n g ( " N o " ) . O n e or
he l h e o l h e r o f t h o s e a c t i v i d e s is w h a t is s o u g h t b y q u e s t i o n s o f e t h i c a l w o r i h
md t e s p o n s i b i l i t y , I n a t f l r i u i n g a n d d e n y i n g we are making judgmenis
i h o i i i w h a t a r e o r a r e n o t w o r t h w h i l e o r o b l i g a t o r y c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n f b r us,
\n d i e i a f f i r m i n g o r d e n y i n g t h e coui^se o f a c t i o n as h a v i n g e l h i c a l v a l u ,
d ) . s e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu a r e o f a j e c l i v e (and therefore responsible)
)M . o l , i i as t h e s e t b i l o w u p o n a n d a r e g r o u n d e d i n a g r a s p o f v i r t u a l h ' u i i c o n -
d i i H med \'alue.

valu. S u c h a i D p r e h e n s i o n s a r e g i v e n i n f e e l i n g s , ' " ' ' It )s o n l y i n v i r t u a l l y i m c o n d i i i o n e d j u d g m e n t s oi v a l u i l i a i vales a r e

I n o t h e r w o r d s , o u r J u d g m e n t s o f f a c t g i v e us f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e o f i h e u u h k n i n v n . Ethical valu is not known in any prior acl, such as feeling responses
s i t u a d o n s ( " w h a i is g o i n g o n ' " ) l h a t a r e t h e s e t i i n g s f o i " o u i " e l h i c a l a c i i o n s . ii.a intend vales. I n t u r n , w h a t v i r t u a l l y n n c o u d i u o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l
Onr j u c i g i u e n i s o f v a l n e ai'e t h e basis f o r o u r r e s p o n s i b l e e t h i c a l d e c i s i o n s i h i e k n o w is t h e v a l u o f s o m e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n .
and a c u o n s . B u l w h a t is m e a n t b y s a y i n g i h a i f e e l i n g s a r e " i n i e r m e d i a i e " ; '
S o m a t i c f e e l i n g s a t t h e l e v e l o f s e n s a t i o n ai'e n o t i n t e r m e d i a t e b e i w e e n jud|^ I / O u e s t i o n s f'or C h o o s i n g , D e c i d i n g , A c d n g
m e n i s o f fac a n d J u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . S o m a t i c f e e l i n g s g e n e r a l l y prec-le
b o t h j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t a n d j n d g m e n t s o f v a l n e b e c a u s e the\ a r e e l e m e u l s < >l I i i i . i l h . l h e l a s t o f t h e f b u r b a s i c t y p e s o f e i h i c a l q u e s t i o n s is " S h a l l I d o i t ? "
l h e s i t u a t i o n t h a t need to be c o r r e c t l y u n d e r s t o o d a n d p r o p e r l y evaluaie<l. \\ I .m o b j e c u v e l y k n o w w h a t t h e s i u i a u o n is, c a n h a v e f o u n d i n t e l l i g e n t
I w i l l a r g e t h a t t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e k i n d o f f e e l i n g s a i e w h a t L o n e r g a n <alls i i i - l I l e a t i v e ways l o i m p r o v e u p o n t h e s i t u a t i o n l h a t a h e a d y is, a n d c a n
i n t e n t i o n a l responses l o vales,''''' a n d t h a t t h e s e k i n d s o f f e e l i n g s ai'e i h r I n o w 1 hat t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n is n o t o n l y a n i n i ; e l l i g e n t b u t a l s o a i r u l y v a l u -
s o i u ' c e s o f o u r c o g n i z a n c e o f t h e vales K i h a t e n t e r i n t o t h e v a l u r e H e c i i \ ' e ilil use t h a i we s l i o u l d follow. B u t n o n e o f this k n o w l e d g e necessitaies
10 Pai-1 11: W'liai A r e W'e D o i i i i r When W'G A r e eiiig ELliical? T i l e S i r u c u i r e o" lliical lntenU(.>naliiy 1 I 1

Lliai w e w i i l d o w l i a i a n a t i e i i d v e , i n i e l l i g e n i . , a n d r e s p o n s i b l e p e i s o n s l i o n l d .t, H p \, i t is d i l c u l i i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e l o say h o w i t c o u l d c a u s e t h e

d o . T h i s lasL q u e s i i o n - " S h a ! ! ! d o i l ? " - p r e s u p p o s e s a l h e aforenienlionrd i i n i i o i i o f s p a i i a l o b j e c t s s u c h as l e g s , h a n d s , o r tongues.
a c v i i i e s , b u l is n o i a n s w e r e d b y a n y o f i h e n i o r e v e n b y a l l o f i h e m logedin lll place o f t h i s Cariesian dilemma, Lonergan proposed bodi a differ-
T h i s last q u e s u o n i n t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y c a n o n l y b c u n t .uception o f reality and a different concepuon of the relauonships
fully a n d c o m p l e t e l y by a c o n s c i o u s act o f d e c i d i n g o r c l i o o s i n g (coiiseiuiini 1); levis w i t h i n i x a l i t y P h y s i c a l r e a l i t y is f u n d a m e n t a l l y i n t e l l i g i b l e , n o t
o r rei u s i n g ) t o d o w h a t we h a v e a l r e a d y j u d g e d to be o f u n c o n d i i i o n a l w o i di .iine Mihdivision o f t h e already-oui-there-now. H u m a n i h o u g h i is l i k e w i s e
o r e v e n o f o b l i g a t o r y valu. M i . I l i ) ; i b l e , l i s i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y is i n p a n k n o w n i n s e l f - a f f i r n i a d o n . T h e deep
Like quesdons for J u d g m e n t t h a t seek o n e o' t h e binary alternati\ II i.'.iaii c l i a s m , l h e n , b e t w e e n t w o r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f r e a l i t y is i n
(afllrniing or denying), " S h a l l I d o it?" also seeks o n e a l t e r n a t i v e b e i w n n ' I ,1 i i s i i n c u o n w i i h i n o n e k i n d o f r e a l i t y t h a t is i n t e l l i g i b l e i h r o u g h o u t .
c o n s e n t i n g a n d i ' e f u s i n g . Y o u c a n Y;J! t h a t y o u b o t l i a f i l r m a n d d e n y t h e s a n i i I h . disiincou b e t w e e n physical r e a l i l y a n d h u m a n l y c o n s c i o u s r e a l i t y is,
t h i n g , b i u y o u c a n n o t a c t t i a l l y do i l i e a f f i r m i n g a n d d e n y i n g a b o u t e x a i i h d i n g 10 Lonergan, a disuncon a m o n g successively h i g h e r generic
t h e s a m e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n . S o a l s o y o u c o u l d say t h a t y o u b o t h c o n s e n i I M 1. o I-, o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t h a t i n t e g i ^ u e d i e l o w e r g e n e r i c i n i e l l i g i b i l i u e s . T h u s
a n d l e f u s e t h e e x a c t s a m e c o n t e n o f a valu j u d g m e n l a b o i u t h e w o i i h ni i.iiiii.m ihinking and deciding integrates "odierwise coincidenial" neural
a c o u r s e o f a c i i o n , b u t y o u c a n n o t actnally b o t h ccinseni to a n d reftise (lu .>!.! m u s c u l a r e v e n t s i n t o i n i e l l i g i b l e a n d m e a n i n g f u l s e q u e n c e s o f h u m a n
e x a c t s a m e v a l u . T h e e x i s i e n i i a l r e a l i t y o f h u m a n e t h i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i i ) \s ' . e s O ' a c t i o n . W h i l e a g o o d d e a l i n o r e n e e d s 10 b e s a i d a b o u t t h e i n t r i -
t h a t we c a n n o t have i i b o t h ways, n o m a t t e r h o w we m i g h t wish i h a t c n u l d . l l . deiails o f h o w elhical choosing and b o d i l y m o v e n i e u L s are related,
b e so, a n d n o m a i t e i - h o w m u c h w e t r y t o m a k e i t b e so, T h e q u e s t i o n lm ' iloiis lo e n g a g e t h e s e issues w i l l d i s t r a c t us f r o m t h e p r e s e n t p u r p o s e of
c l i o i c e p l a c e s a n e i t h e r / o r b e f o r e u s , a n d its e x i s t e n t i a l t e n s i n c a n o n l y I M ph. .iiing the overall siructure o f e t h i c a l intenonality.:^^ T h e r e f o r e , we
resolved by e i t h e r c o n s e n t i n g o r lefusing, b u l never b o t h s i t n n l t a n e o t i s l y ' ' ' l l l (o< U S i n s t e a d o n t h e a c t o f c h o o s i n g t h a t is t h e basis f o r t h e a c t s o f d o i n g
!e)'ond c h o o s i n g or deciding, t h e r e is a c t n a l l y d o i n g a n d c a r r y i n g n u i t i . ll ( a r r y i t o u t .
o n e ' s d e c i s i o n s . Sticdy s p e a k i n g , d e c i d i n g (consenting (ir r e f i i s i n g ) is C U M W h i l e h u m a n c h o o s i n g a n d a c n g a r e d r a m a i i c a n d d i s t i n c t i v e acts, t h e y
t h i n g a n d d o i n g , a c u n g , o r c a r r y i n g i t o u t is a n o t h e r , : - ' " C l i o o s i n g t o b u i l d .1 'ver r a d i c a l l y i s o l a i e d . E v e r y a c u o n is r e l a t e d t o t h e d e c i s i n i t e u a c t s .
h o i i s e is n o l i d e n t i c a l w i t h b u i l d i n g i t . Vet i n a m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l s e n s e , c m I . i \n a l w a y s c o m e s i n r e s p o n s e t o a " S h a l l 1 d o i t ? " q u e s t i o n to
i t b e s a i d l h a t a p e r s o n has i ' e a l l y c h o s e n t o d o s o m e t l i i n g , e v e n t h o u g h s i n )ii< h il is i n i r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d . l u t u r n , every choice presupposes an " i t "
o r h e a c t t i a l l y d o e s n o t d o it? I f a p e r s o n t e l l s h i m s e l f t l i a t h e is g o i n g u t g n i h ti ll ( h o o s e s t o d o . T h e " i l " i n t h e q u e s u o n refers b a c k to the c o n i e n t of
o n a c l i e t , a n d t e l l s h i i n s e l f t h i s e v e r y d a y f o r t e n y e a r s , b n t a l l t h e w h i l e still di. | u d g n i e n t o f v a l u , a n d reveis t h e d y n a m i c r e l a u o n o f c h o i c e 10 ihat
d o e s n o i h i n g w h a t s o e v e r t o b i i n g i h i s a b o u t , has b e l e a l l y c h o s e n t o g o o u ,iidj;iiieiii. " I t " r e f e r s d i r e c d y 10 t h e v a l u a f h r m e d in that judgment, and
a d i e l ? O r h a s h e o n l y c h o s e n 10 l e l ! h i m s e l f a d i s t r a c t i n g s t o i y ? i i i . l i i e c i l y t o t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e o f a c u o n , w h i c h was p r e v i o u s l y under-
T h e r e i a i i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d e c i d i n g a n d d o i n g , f o r i l i e r n o s i p a n , is a m a i - 1 1 In a p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h l , i h e n f e l t t o h a v e s o m e v a l u , a n d subsequendy
ier o f h o w b o d i h ' m o v e m e n t s result f r o m decisions. Actions i n c l u d e largr . U n m e d l o h a v e v a l u i n a j u d g m e n l o f e i h i c a l valu. I n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e s o f
s c a l e m o v e m e n t s o f a r r n s , l e g s , f e e l , a n d t o r s o s l s i l , s i a n d , b a l a n c e , w ; i l k , .1 l l l l l l r e s i i o n d t o q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t c a n b e d o n e i 11 l h e a c i i i a l , c o n c r e t e
l i l i , p u s h , i l i r o w . etc. .Aciions also i n c l u d e smaller-scale but often IIIK li U M . u i o n i n w h i c h o n e f i n d s o n e s e l f T h i s , i n u u n , resis u p o n t h e a c v i t i e s
m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t - m o v e m e n t s o f m o t i t h , l o n g u e , faciitl muscles, a n d l i a t u b . .1 11 i ) ; n i i i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . *
to p r o d u c e a wide tange o f expressions. For a Caitesian, die p r o b l e m ul III o l h e r w o r d s , a c u o n a n d c h o l e e a r e always i n i r i n s i c a l l y a n d dynami-
h o w a c t s o f res cogdans ( e . g , , d e c i s i o n s ) c a n c a u s e m o v e m e n t s o f res exiensn . i l l \'kited 10 a l ! s o r t s o f p r i o r a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . J u s t as t h e s e acts a r e
(e.g-, b o d i l y m o v e m e n i s ) is i n s u r m o u n t a b l e . F o r L o n e r g a n , however, Des ih. n . i m i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r i n a s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality
c a r t e s ' s res extensa is f u n d a m e n t a l l y a c o u n i e r - p o s i t i o n a b o u t l e a l i t y . It is ,1 \'\|iiiries, so a l s o a c t s o f c h o o s i n g a n d a c u n g are parts o f t h a t same struc-
philosophical formnlation of die animal-exiroversion n o t i o n o f r e a l i l y as tiii.' b e c a n s e i l i e y a r e r e s p o n s e s 10 t h e f m a l c i u e s i i o n i n l h e s e r i e s - " S h a l l
the already-our-ihere-now'.^' Res extensa lilis u p s o m e |5oruoii o f externa! Id., i r "
space. C a u s a l i i ) ' w i t h r e g a r d l o t b e res extensa occurs when one body takes I h e p r i o r acts o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' i n a y be c a r r i e d o u t w e l l o r poorly.
over a spaual locauon, forcing out another body t h a i pre\'iously f i l l e d up I h e p i i o r ( p i e s i i o n s i h a i a n i m a t e t h e s i r u c l u r e can be r i d i c i i l e d o r ignored
t h a t space.^^'-^ S i n c e res cogitans ( i n c l u d i n g i h o u g h t s a n d decisions) does nol .1 J i o i i - c i i c u i i e d . B u t a c u o n a n d c h o i c e always p r e s u p p o s e s o m e k i n d of
 112 P a n U: W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n VVe A r e B e i n g Eihical? T h e S i r u c u i r e o f Kthical h i i c i i i i o n a l i U ' 1 1 ;i

i h o i i g h i a b o u l i d e a s a n d v a k i e s , w l n c h i h e y d i e n a c i i u d i z e , n o n i a i t e i hi I , ., ! I I m i i i l l i e d a n i a g e l h a t n n e t l h c a l p e o p l e c a n i n t l i c i , b u l o n e c a n n e v e r
w e i l o r p o o r l y i h e y h a v e b e e n i h o u g h i i h r o u g h . C o n i r a r y l o c o m m o n < tpl Mt 1 ihic.il b e h a v i o u r o f a n o t h e r (or oneself).
o n , c h o i c e is n o i l i i e p r i m a i y s o u r c e o l o u i " c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f v ' a l i i e s , h is I I H ( i f I M l l le o l h e r h a n d , p e o p l e Vec|uenily a c t u i i e t h i c a l l y b e c a u s e s o m e t h i n g
as i h o u g h v a l e s First p o p i n t o o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s e s i n o u r acts o f c h o o s l n n ^1 Hoiie s < r i o u s l y w r o n g at a n e a r l i e r p o i n t in the s t r u c t u r e o f ethical
W e d o n o t c h o o s e i n a v a c u u m . l l is b y c h o i c e s a n d a c i i o n s l h a t w e m a k i ' \ Mllfinaliiy. E l h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y s s p o n t a n e o u s l y a n d n a t u r a l l y o r i e n t e d

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ues a c t u a l a n d t f i a i w e m a k e t h e m o u r o w n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , o u r c o n s c i o u s m i i d s d i ( sions l h a t e n a c t t r u e a n d o b j e c d v e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u .
o f t h e valu d o e s n o t first o c c u r w h e n we m a k e a c h o i c e . B e f o r e we ( IUMOII (I.) I - , ex|>iessed a l r e a d y i n t h e q u e s t i o n ' A V h a i s h o u l d 1 d o ? " . M I h u m a n
vales, w e k n o w vales i n u d g m e n i s o v a l u , a n d b e f o r e w e k n o w vales M| itiiKs .isk t h i s q u e s t i o n . T h e q u e s u o n i t s e l f a l r e a d y m a n l f e s i s t h e d e s i r e t o
j u d g m e n i s , we have m o r e p r i m o r d i a l brms o f value-consciousness in ipii> I t v l r i t s e t l n c a l a n d r i g h t . W h e n decsous fail l o d o so, s o m e t h i n g has
tions o f valu a n d feelings t h a t are i n t e n t i o n a l responses. I r i l e i e d wilh that natural, normative orientaiion, Frequendy, ihe prol>
A g a i n , p e o p l e o f t e n s p e a k as t h o u g h i i is c h o o s i n g t h a t l e g i t i m a i e s > I I H lll Is I n c a l e d i n c o r r u p t j u d g m e n t s a b o u l w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o , a n d l h i s
v a l e s . T h e y s p e a k as t h c u i g h o u r v a l e s a r e t o b e r e s p e c t e d s o l e l y b e c a i i s t lilil c a n be t r a c e a b l e l o f a i l u r e s t o ask a n d a n s w e r a l l f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t
we c h o s e t h e m . B u t o u r c h o o s i n g d o e s n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y g u a r a n t c e lli.u ll ^llolls. o r l o d i s t o n i o n s i n t h e h o r i z o n o f feelings i h a i guides the p r o -
w h a t w e d o c h o o s e w i l l b e tnily v a l u a b l e . P r i o r a c i i v i t i e s o f e t h i c a l rclf i , l l l e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . O n e o f t h e c e n t r a l a i i n s o f t h i s b o o k is t o offer
lion and judgmenl perform ihai funciion, provided thai they are d m i ' I iiid IIM r I b r d i s c e r n m e n l that will e n h a n c e the ethical refleciive rocesses
a u l h e n t i c a l l y - t h a t is, w e c h o o s e w h a t is t r u l y v a l u a b l e p r o v i d e d t h a i \ u Iiimaiely grc^und choices.
perform t h e p r i o r activities i n c o m p l e t e fidety t o i h e s t a n d a r d s o t O u i I o t u i ^ a i i a r g u e d t l i a t c h o o s i n g ( d e c i d i n g ) is h u m a n f r e e d o m i n its n i o s i
own ethical incpniang. W h e n e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n is c a r r i e d t h r o u g h i n c < i i i i ( .di< A\, i o n n g e n i f b r m . : ' ' 'lls r a d i c a l c o n t i n g e n c y s p e r h a ) ) s m o s i e v i d e n t
p l e t e l y o r c o r r u p d y , its j u d g m e n t s ofFer t o c h o i c e merely a p p a r e n i v.tl 1' dio'.c l i i i i e s w h e n we d o m a k e f l e c i s i o n s a g a i n s t o u r b e t i e r j u d g m e n t s -
u e s t h a t f a i l t o Uve u|) t o t l i e I n g h s t a n d a r d s i n h e r e n t i n t h e s i r u c i i n c o iiir.i o u r j u d g n i c n t s o f e l h i c a l valu aboiu, w h a i we should do. Wilh
ethical intentionality. Choice a u d aciion can cjidy a c t u a l i z e vales ili.ii <l< p l o i . i b l e f r e q u e n c y , p e o p l e f a i l t o d o w h a t t h e y h a v e j u d g e d l o b e w c i r i l i -
p r i o r e t h i c a l r e l e c t i o n d e l i v e r s t o i t , w h e t h e r t h e y a r e k n o w n as v i r t u a l h tdiilr OP o b l i g a t o r y , o r d o a n y w a y w h a t thev' h a v e j u d g e d l o be n o t w o r t h
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y valuable, o r w h e t h e r they are presenied in flawed, dis d - . i i i c . , I l e r c f e e l i n g s a l s o p l a y a r o l e . I n c h a p t e r 7, w e w i l l e x p l o r e h o w t e n -
t o r t e d , o r d i s l l g u r e d f a s h i o n s . C h o i c e a n d a c t i o n c a n r e a h z e vales o u l ) ' i i i 11' i i i s i n o u r hcH i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n h o w w e c o m e t o j u d g e
c o n j u n e t i o n w i t h t h e p r i o r acts o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . C h o i c e a n d a c t i m i Hi MHsjuilge vales. T h o s e s a m e h o r i z o n s o f feelings also play i m p o r t a n t
derive their autheuticiiy from the normativitv' o f that siructure. C h o i i r s f U U l o m d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g . VVe m a y b e a b l e t o j u d g e o n t h e basis o f
a r e a u t h e n i i c w h e n t h e y c l i o o s e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu t h a l a r e pii) "IM *ade o l a c o n f l i c i in o u r f e e l i n g s , b u t . n e v e n h e l e s s d e c i d e o n t h e basis o f
d u c e d b y t h a l s t r u c t u r e o p e r a t i n g i n its f u l l , t i n d i s t o r t e d m o v e m e n t . ( ) i i dM o l h e r side o f i b a t c o n f l i c i . I n d e e d , o u r feelings i n f l u e n c e in i m p o r i a u i
t h e o t h e r h a n d , c h o i c e s w i l l b e i n a u i h e n t i c w h e n t h e r e is s o m e f a i l u r e i n 1', . h o w w e d e v e l o p o u r h a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g as w e l l as o u r h a b i t s o f j u d g -
p r i o r stages o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y , o r w h e n t h e y fail i n u i i ; ' f l u s f i i l h ' c o n s i s t e n i e t h i c a l k n o w l e d g e , c h o i c e , a n d a c t i o n l e q t i i r e s
c h o o s e w h a i v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu propose, ilrii u i i d e r i v i n g tensions in o u r f e e l i n g horizons be d i s c e r n e d and resolved.
F r e c i u e n i l y , p e o p l e s p e a k o f t h e c e n t r a l p r o b l e m o f e t h i c s as h o w l o y r l I o n e i g a u anal)'sed this p h e n o m e n o n by m e a n s o f a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n
p e o p l e t o d o t h e r i g h t t h i n g . T h a t is t o sav; t h e p r o b l e m is h o w t o g e t peoplr I st iial a n d e f e c v e f V e e d o m . T h e ana^j'sis o f l h e a c l o f d e c i d i n g reveis
10 d o w h a t t h e y a l r e a d y k n o w is t h e r i g h t a n d e i h i c a l l y v a l u a b l e c o u r s e n i t i l u il is i n i r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d 1 0 , b u i n o t a b s o l n t e l y d e t e r n i i n e d by, t h e acts o f
a c t i o n . l l is o f cc)urse t r u e t l i a t m a n y t i m e s p e o p l e k n o w w h a t is r i g h t a i u l l'ail ioiisness t h a t p r e c e d e it. N e i t h e r o u i f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s n o r o u r v i n u a l l y
t o c h o o s e a n d a c t a c c o r d i n g l o t h e i r valu k n o w l e d g e . Il'we take this lo hr l U M I t n d i t i i M i e d j u d g m e n i s o f e t h i c a l valu c o m p l e i e h ' d e t e r m i n e o u r acts o f
l h e p r i n c i p a l etliical p r o b l e m , t l i e n a t t e n t i o n will ineviiabl)' focus o n h o w l u I l i o i i <. VVe c a n r e f u s e t o t b l l o v v o u r r e s p o n s i b l e j u d g m e n t s . W e c a n o v e r r i d e
/i/rr|)eople a c t e i h i c a l l y . T h i s , h o w e v e r , is i m p o s s i b l e . S e c t i l i n g b e h a v i o m a l l l l l e e l i n g s . I l u m a n c h o o s i n g is r a d i c a l l y f r e e i n i t s i n t r i n s i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s
compliance by means o f i h r e a t s o f forc (whether physical, financial, ni ! , i l l i i i h c i - a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n t by e s s e n u a i
psycholc)gical) can never p r o d u c e e l h i c a l b e h a v i o u r . Ethical b e h a v i o u r s are IM > dorii.'"
a c t i o n s d o n e o n t h e bases o f d e c i s i o n s g r o u n d e d i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d .\r\rrilieless, o n c e specific h a b i i s o f c l i o o s i n g have t a k e n r o o t i n o u r lives,
j u d g m e n t s o f valu. E n f o r c i n g b e h a v i o u r m a y b e t h e c o r r e c t o r t h e oiij^ d i . \.111 | ) t < ) l b u n d l v ' a f f e c t t h e p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f c e r t a i n c h o i c e s o v e r o l h e r s .
1H P a n 1 1 : W l i a i A i c W'e D o i i i a W l i e i i We A r e B e i i i y Piiail? T l i e S i r u c u i r e o f l i i h i c a l lnienii<:)n;iliiy ] \o
o o

T l i e s e liabi[.s c l e i e r m i n e o i i r effecv'e I V e e d o i i r O n r efleciive freedoin I* M | I h n w h a t s l i e k n e w t o b e o f v a l n e , " o r " P i e s t o o d u p f o r w h a t h e k n e w 10 b e

d e i e n n i n e d l^y r l i e p a r i e i n s o f d e c i s i o n s w e a r e l i k e l y !.o m a k e , as d i s i i m i
i r o m l l i e d e c i s i o n s we k n o w we s h o u l d m a k e , V i i a u o i i s habiis o f decitliii)',
c o o p e r a i e w i l h u n c o n d i i i o n a l u d g m e n i s o f e i h i c a l vahie. Vices are h a b i i n . i l
d e v i a i i o n s f r o m sucli j u d g r n e n i s . L o n e r g a n even ai'gues i l i a i i n o u r w o r l d ,
w h e r e t h e "'social s u r d " o f l u n n t e l l i g i b i l i t y , i r r a i i o n a l i t y , a n d evil a b o u n d - . ,
i t i s l i i g h i y l i k e h ' that every p e r s o n will eventually a d o p t habits o f choosing;
t h a t c o r r u p t h e r o r h i s e f f e c i i v e f r e e d o m . T l i i s is t h e p h e n o m e n o n h e c ; i l l c d
" m o r a l i m p o t e n c e . ' " ' ' ' VVe w i l l r e i u r n t o t h i s p r o l j l e r n i n c h a p t e r s 8 a n d i
C h o i c e o r decisin, a l o n g w i t h c o u s e q u e n t aciicnis, are thus the c t i l m i n a l
i n g acts i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . T l i e y p r e s u p p o s e l h e w h o l e
s i r u c i u r e d n e i w o r k o l i n c p i i r i e s a n d acLs o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t l e a d ti|) I n
t h e m . Conversel)', ihe\ are i n i e n c l e d by i h e p r i o r acts t h a t are sirtictuird
b y t h a t n e i w o r k o f inc|iiiries.:*^ C h o i c e a n d a c t i o n g i v e t o t h o s e a c t i v i d e s a n d
t h e i r s t r u c t u r e t h e i r ra/soii d'etre. C h o i c e a n d a c t i o n are l h e m o s t c e n t r a l ni
a l l h u m a n a c t s , i h e acts t h a t c o n s i i t u t e us as h u m a n n t h e m o s i r a d i c a l a u d
e x i s t e n t i a l f a s l i i o n . B m i l i i s is o n l v so b e c a u s e t h e y a r e i n i r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d t u
t h e \ v l i o l e n e i w o r k o f acts l h a t p r e c e d e s t h e m . V V i i h o i i i t l i a t s t r u c t u r e t h e i e
w o u l d be n o h u m a n c l i o i c e o r a c t i o n i n any real sense,
4.8 Valu K n o w l e d g e and BelieT
In t h e p r e v i o n s sections 1elabc^rated w h a t l uike to be ilie s i r u c t u r e o f valur
k n o w i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n d d o i n g . ' f h e p h r a s e "\'aliie k n o w i n g , " liowe\'er, nuisi
c e r i a i n h ' s o u n d s t r a m i e 10 m a n v . S i i r e h ' . i i w i l l b e c o n t e n d e d , w e c a n o n h
h a v e b e l i e f s a b o u t \'aliies, n e v e r k n o w l e d g e . A f t e r a l l , i t m i g h i b e allegeil.
k i i c i w l e d g e rests u p o n s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e , a n d w e c a n n e v e r l i a v e s e n s e d a l a
a b o m w i i i c h \'alties a r e c o r r e c t o r b e s t . Yei as t h e p r e x ' i o n s c l i a p i e r s a r g u e d ,
k n o w l e d g e o f facts d o e s n o t r e s t u p o n s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e a l o n e , R a t h e r , l'ai
nial k n o w l e d g e is a m a t t e r o f j u d g i n g , o n t h e basis o f a releciiv'e g r a s p o l
a v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d , i l i a i we have u n d e r s t o o d correctl}'. Sense e x p e i i
e n e e s n e q u e n t l y c o n t r i b u t e 10 i.lie c o n d i t i o n s n e e d e d 10 g r a s p a j t i d g m e u l
o f fac as v i n u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d , b u t t h e y a r e a l m o s t ne\'er i l i e s o l c o n d i
tions. T l i e c r i t e r i o n o f factual knowledge, i l i e n , is d i e v i r t u a l l y u n c o u d i
t i o n e d , a n d t l i i s is n o t l i m i t e d t o s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e s . T h e pre\'ioiis seciions
h a v e e n d e a \ ' O t i i " e d t o s l i o w t h a t it is a l s o p o s s i b l e t o g r a s p a t l e a s t s o m e v a l i i i *
j n d g m e n t s as \ ' i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e t o have valu k n o w l l.M.
eclge as w e l l as f a c t u a l knowledge.
S t i l l , m o s t p e o p l e s p e a k o f v a l e s as a m a t t e r o f b e l i e f r a t l i e r i b a n n |
k n o w l e d g e . F o r e x a r n j l e , w e r n i g h t sa\', "'She s t o o d u p for h e r b e l i e f s . " ( ) r we
say, " I b e l i e v e s i r o n g h ' i n t l i i s \ ' a l u e . " A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e preced
i n g s e c l i o n s , i n s o m e cases a t l e a s t w e s h o u l d b e s a y i n g i n s i e a d , " S l i e s i o n d
I I H I i ) ; l i i i l i i n g t o d o ( t h e e t l n c a l v a l u ) . " O r , ; i g a i n , w e s h o u l d say, " 1 k n o w
I I H , I M be o f h i g h e r valu.":'"'
I h c i c l o r e , i n o r d e r t o m e e t t h e o l j e c t i o n c o r n | j l e i e l y a n d 10 d i s c e r n i l i e
'lilliirnces between k n o w i n g a n d b e l i e \ ' i n g vales, i t is n e c e s s a r y t o c l a r i f y
i M I w l r i i is m e a n t b y b e l i e \ ' i n g . A l t l i o n g h m a n y p h i l o s o p h e r s h a v e devel-
i.pi d M ) m [ > l e x a p p r o a c h e s to t h e cpiestion o f b e l i e f i n t l i e i r episiemologi-
ll i h r o r i e s , i n t l i i s s e c t i o n I w i l l l i e r e l y i n g o n L o n e r g a n ' s account of llie
M MI Inrc o f beliex'ing.
\lnsi o f o u r acts o f b e l i e v i n g , L o n e r g a n a r g u e d , are s i t u a t e d i n i e r p e r s o n -
. l h . ' . O f i;ill\', a n d l i i s i o r i c a l l y I n t l i e s e cases, b e l i e v i n g m e a n s b e l i e v i n g p e r -
.11 / ' . i b o n t A'. Fie s p e l l e d o u t t h i s p r o c e s s c)f i n t e r p e r s o n a l l i e l i e x ' i n g a l o n g
u h l h e i i d g m e n t s o f valu t l i a i a r e it:s f o u n d a t i o n s :
Pivc s i a g e s a r e 10 b e d i s i i n g n i s h e d , n a m e l y , ( 1 ) i ^ r e l i m i n a r v j u d g -
incnis o n t l i e valu o f b e l i e f i n g e n e r a l , o n t h e r e l l a b i l i t ) ' o f t h e
'.onrce f o r this lielief, a u d o n i l i e a c c u r a c y o f the c o m n i u r h c a t i o n
I r o m t h e s o u r c e , ( 2 ) a r e f l e c i i \ ' e a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t , i 11 v i r t u e
i>l l h e p r e l i m i n a r ) ' j u d g m e n t s , g r a s f j s as v i r i u a l l y i . i n c o n d i i i o n e d t b e
v a h u - o ' d e c i d i n g 10 b e l i e v e s o m e ] : ) a r i . i c i i l a r p r o p o s i i i o n , ( 3 ) t h e
t onseqiieni jiiclgment ofvalne, ( 4 . ) l h e c o u s e q u e n t decisin o f lhe
\ \ i l l . ; n i d ( 1 3 ) t h e a s s e n t t l i a i is t l i e a c t o f b e l i e v i n g .
lll I > i h e r w o r d s , acis o f belie\'ing f o l l o w f r o m d e c i s i o n s w h i c l i i n t i n i i rest
. p n i i M ' v c r a l |3rior j u d g m e n t s o f \ ' a l u e . T h e s e i n c l u d e j i i c l g m e n i s a b o u t i l i e
.lm <<i c o o | . i e r a t i o i i i n g e n e r a l a n d o f i b e r e s u l t s ! l i : i t c a n b e a c h i e v e d o n l y
I . p i l l , i h o r ; i i i o n . ' f h e y also i n c l u d e \'aliie j u d g i n e n t s a b o u t i h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f
I ' I ' l i l i / ' . a n d j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t al:)Oui i.lie a c c u r a c y o f o n e ' s u n d e r s i a n d i t i g
I /', c s p r e s s i o n s . 'fliese fiiinil the c(.)nditions for ihe relecdve act t h a t
M H I . r,i,nids lhe \alue o f the course o f a c t i o n o f a c c e p t i n g w h a t Phas c o m -
Ued as t r u e , ' f b e s e j n d g m e n i s o f v a l n e a n d t h e siibsec|ueiii acis of
! . I d u i f , : i n d b e l i e v i n g , i h e n , p r o c e e d f r o m rellectiv'e u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f
u i . i l h u n c o n d i t i o n e d vales.
I h r . , m a h s i s o f b e l i e v i n g m e a n s t h a t at l e a s t s o m e o f o u r v a l u i n g c a n -
' I hi M i l c l v m a t i e r s o f b e l i e f N o d o u b t f o r m a i i ) ' o f t h e f a c t s a n d vales
l l l u u r . i r c e p i as t r u e , w e d o so as a m a t t e r o f b e l i e v i n g . B u t i t is n o less
i l i . n o n r acls o f b e l i e v i n g s o m e i h i n g t o be i r u e ( w h e i h e r o f facts o r
l i l i ,1 mus r e s i u p o n k n o w i n g t l i e v a l u o f d o i n g so, O u r b e l i e f s c a n b e
I '.ihle i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e o n l y i f t h e r e is k n o w l e d g e o f vales t h a t
i\: i h o s c a c l s o f b e l i e v i n g .
l l l , u i m n a r i / , e , t h e n , o b v i o u s l ) ' t h e r e a r e b e l i e f s a b o u l v a l e s as w e l l as
ln Ih l ' , a h o i i i l'acis. B u t t h e r e is a l s o k n o w l e d g e o f vales as w e l l as k n o w l e d g e
116 P a n II: V V h a i A r e V\ D o i n g W h e n Wc A r e B e i n g E t h i c a l ? The Siructure of liihical Inientionalii;' I I7

o f fact-s. l i ' t l h s w e r e n o t so, t h e r e c o t i l d be n o l e g i t m a t e b e l i e v i n g a t a l l , l ' . e i i i g e l l i i c a l Is n o t p e r f o r m i n g o n e o r a n o t h e r o f t l i e s e a c t i v i e s i n i s o l a -

w h e i h e i " o f vales o r facts. Uoii, l i n t is r : n h e i " p e r f o r m i n g a l l o f i l i e r n i n t l i e i r i n t r i n s i c , dyn:uric r e l a -
M e n e e , o u r analysis o f i h e sn'ucttu'e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y p o i n t s to a u< n i s l h p s t o o n e a n o t h e r . T h i s s i r u c t u r e i n c l u d e s b i u . a l s o e x p a n d s u3ori t l i e
c i i f i i c u l t\ i u a s s u n h n g t h a t a l l v'alxie n g m e n i s ai~e m e r e h ' m a t t e r s o f b e l i e f , I > ijMiional s t r u c t u r e o f f a c i u a l k n o w l e d g e . Performance o f tlus expanded
ancl t h a t s u c h b e l i e f s a r e s o l e h ' a m a t t e r o f c h o i c e . A s 1 h a v e a r g n e d , c h o o s lU iici m e i n f i d e l i t v ' t o t i i e s t a n d a r d s a n d n o r m s o f e t l i i c a l i n c p i i r y is w h a t w e
i n g is a l w a y s a n a c t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t l i a t o c c u r s as p a r t o f t h e s t r u c t t u ' e o .n e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e b e i n g e t h i c a l .
e t h i c a l i r n . e r u i o n a l i i v h alwav's c o m e s i n r e s p o n s e to an e x p l i c i t l y a c k n o w l - ( ! e i i i r a l i n l h i s s i r u c t u r e a r e t l i e i : i c c u r r e n c e s o f i n d g m e n i s r>l'\'alue r h a i
e d g e d o i " i r n p h c i i q u e s t i o n o f t l i e f o r m , "'Shall I d o i i ? " ( i n t h i s case, " S h a l l M sl u p o n r e l l e c i i v e i m d e r s i a n d i n g s o ' c o i i r s e s o f a c o n as h a v i n g v i n u a l h '
1 b e l i e v e i t ? ' ' ) , w h i c h i n t u i a i p r e s u p p o s e s soiTie j u d g i T i e r n o f v a l n e a b o u l ;i MiM o n d i i i o n e c l v a l u . M o w e v e r , i l i e s e i ' e l l e c t i v e n n d e r s i a n d i n g s themselves
cotu\se o f a c t i o n as t h e " i t " a b o t u . w b i c h i t a s k s . I f t l n s is t h e case, t h e n t l u - )i.i\ i - o n i p l e x r e l a o n s l i i p s 10 i l i e l a r g e class o f f e e l i n g s c a l l e d " i m e n o n a l
a c t o f d e c i d i n g t o b e l i e v e s o m e c ^ n e else's v a l u u d g r n e i u . l''alwa)'s presiq>- I I s p o n s e s t o v a l e s , " W e n o w l u r n 1.0 i n v e s g a t e w l i a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e , a n d
p o s e s a i ^ r i o r u d g m e n t o f \'alue, V, o f o n e ' s o w m I f a l l u d g m e n t s o f v a l u r liow ihey iniersect w i t l i refiective u n d e i ' s t a n d i n g s ofvalne.
w e r e b e l i e f s , t h e n t h e r e w o u l d ha\'e t o be a n i i d n n t e i^egress o f decisioiii
t o b e l i e v e i n v a l u u d g m e n t s . M o w e v e r , n o n e o f us a c t u a l h ' d o t h i s . i ' T h i s
i n f i n i t e r e g r e s s c a n o r d y be c i r c t u r i v e n t e d w h e n w e a c t t i a l l ) ' d o a f f i r m a valu
o n s o m e b a s i s o t h e r d i a n a n a c i o f c l n j i c e oi" b e l i e f . S e l f - a p p i ' o p i ' i a t i o n o f l h e
s t r u c t u i ' e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y rex'eals t h a i ai l e a s t s o m e o b e c t i v e j u d ^
ments o f valtie d o not proceed f r o r n p r i o r d e c i s i o n s o r beliefs b t u i n s i e a d
proceed f r o m acts o f r e l l e c i i v e n d e r s t a n d i n g o f vales as v i r t t i a l l y u n c o n
d i i i o n e d . VVe w i l l r e t t n a i t o t h e s e issues i n c h a p t e r 8 .
T o c o n c l t i c l e t l i i s s e c t i o n , t l i e r e a r e acis o f b e l i e v i n g l'acis as w e l l as acls
o l b e l i e v i n g v a l t i e s , B i u , t h e r e a r e also acts o k n o w i n g vales, as w e l l ;is
k n o w i n g facts, Wei"e t h e r e n o a c l s o f kncwing \'aliies, l l i e n n e i t l i e r a c t s o l
b e l i e v i n g f a c i s o r acts o f b e l i e v i n g vales w o u l d lia\'e a i i \ o b j e c i i v e basis,
B o t h t\'pes o f b e l i e v i n g a n d b o t l i ty|jes o f k n ( . ) w i n g c a n be o b j e c t i x ' e l y true,
p r o v i d e d t h e \ a r e m a d e by p e r s o n s w l i o a r e f o l l o w i n g t l i e l e a d o f t h e d y i i a
m i s n i o f t h e sLi"ucLiu*e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y .

4.9 Summary

In sLiniiiiar\', t h e n , t l i e a n s w e r t o " W l i a t I a m d o i n g w h e n I a m b e i n g c i l i i
c a l ? " is a s t r u c t u r e o f acvities. W h a t we a r e d o i n g w l i e n w e a r e b e i n g e i l i i
cal is a n e i w o r k o l acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t is c h ' n a m i c a l l y s t r t i c t u r e d bv
i p i e s t i o n s a b o u l i.lie s i t u a t i o n as w e l l as q u e s t i o n s f o r practical i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
c p i e s t i o r i s f o r jractical r e f l e c t i o n a n d c p i e s t i o n s f o r c h o i c e . ' f h a t s t r u c i u r e
m a y be b r i e H y s u m n i a r i z e d as b l l o w s : e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n q u i r i n g , u n d e r s i a u d
i n g , a n d l i n c o n d i t i o n a l h ' j t i d g i n g w l i a t is g o i n g o n i n t h e s i t u a t i o n ; f e e l i n g ;
i n c j u i r i n g a b o u t \ \ i i a i . c a n be d o n e i n t e l l i g e n t l y i n t l i a t s i t u a t i o n a n d c o l l l i l l ^
u p with creative practical insights; responsibly r e l l e c i i n g , u n c o n d i t i o m i l h '
j u d g i n g t h e v a l u o f w h a t o n e s l i o u l d d o ; c h o o s i n g t o d o so, a n d a c t i n g 011
t h a t d e c i s i n , " f h i s is a s t r u c t u r e a n i r n a i e d b y e t h i c a l i n q n i r i e s a n d by ihe
h o r i z o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l feelings t h a t consiute o n e ' s felt i n i e n t i o n s o f v a l n e .
 K i n d s o f Feelings 119

5 Kinds of Feelings f^.u A Ba.sic D i v i s i n o f Feelings

SI i o i i s n e s s o f v a l u is s u f f u s e d w i t h f e e l i n g , b u t t h e r e l e v a n c e o f f e e l -
Mij-s l o e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d d e l i b e r a i i o n d e p e n d s u p o n what kinds o f
I . . Imgs ihey are. Feelings are g r o u p e d u n d e i " m a n y d i f i e r e n 1 g e n e r i c head-
.ii|';. r m o t i o n s , p a s s i o n s , senineuis, s e n s i b i l i i i e s , i n c l i n a t i o n s (e.g., K a n i ' s
.1 irjiiigrn), a v e r s i o n s , stresses, a f f e c t s , i n c j o d s . a n d so o n . ' f h e m e a n i n g s of
d n '.( l e r m s v a r y w i d e l y .
1 have c l i o s e n l o use t h e w o r d " f e e l i n g s " rather than o t h e r lernis such
I. "emoons" o r "passions" fbr iwo reasons. F i r s t , i t is t l i e l e r r n that
I I ni r rgan himself" used. Second, al least w h e n used by L o n e r g a n , Scheler,
md von H i l d e b r a n d anujug olhers, "feelings" has a c o g n i t i \ ' e connota-
uoii ( i . e . , c o g n i t i v e o f v a l e s ) l h a t is m i s s i n g f r o m t h e c o n n o t a u o n s of
i i h r i terms. For example, " e m o o n , " as d e r i v e d f r o m i t s o r i g i n a l L a i i n
I oiiis, r e f e r s t o f e e l i n g s as s o u r c e s o f m o v e m e n t a n d a c t i o n ( a s w h e n e n i o -
Ui>iis roiise c r o w d s t o assemble i n p r o t e s t ) . " I n c l i n a i i o n , " "aversin," a n d
./ xvould draw on Dielrkh von Hdebrand, and distinguish non-inlenlional statn i t h r r l e r m s a l s o t e n d t o i d e n i i f y f e e l i n g s as m o i i v a t i c n i a l . M o r e recently,
and trendsjrom intentional responses. Inuvrver, " e n i o i i o n " has also c o m e t o m e a n a m e n t a l state o f a g i i a t i o n
- B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Method in Tlu'otoy,\ lhat is d i r e c t e d towards a specific object and accompanied by physio-
lo).i,ical c h a n g e s . T b e eiymology o f " p a s s i o n , " o n l h e o d i e r h a n i i , reveis
' m e i n i n g s ot" " l o undergo," o r " s t i f T e r " o r " r e c e i \ ' e , " a n d so tends
5.1 Introduction lo einphasize the passi\'e dimensions of feelings as s o m e t h i n g that we
i i i i d n g o r a i h e r t h a n as s o u r c e s o f a c t i o n . S o m e i h i n g s i m i l a r c a n b e s a i d
T h e p ] e v i c ) u s c l i a p t e i - o l f e r e d a n o v e r v i e w of t h e s t i n c t u i ' e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n iboui the leiiiis " s e n i i m e n i , " "seusibility,' a n d "affeci" as emphasiziiig
u o n a l i t y . C e n t r a l t o d i a t s t r u c t u r e a r e t h e p r o c e s s e s o f e t h i c a l v a l u refle< I he i < < eptive d i m e n s i o n s o f feelings. H o w e v e r , " p a s s i o n " has also c o m e t o
tion a n d j u d g n i e n t . In the course o f t h a t o v e n i e w , 1 m e n d o n e d that after t h r d e s g n a t e e s p e c i a l l y i n t e n s e a n d p o w e r f t i l l e e l i n g s , a n d as a consecptence
p u b l i c a t i o n o f insight Loneigan c a m e to a new undei^sianding o f feelings p.issiuis a r e a l s o s p o k e u o f as s o u r c e s o f a c t i o n s , as w h e n we speak of
and t h e i r 1 o l e i n t h e p r o c e s s e s o f v a l n e r e f l e c t i o n . B e c a u s e o f ts c o m p l e x i t y , I I iiiK's c o m i u i t t e d o u t o f passion.'
the a c c o u n t o f feelings a n d tlieir role in the s t r u c t u r e o f ethical i n t e n t i o n I h e collocpial m e a n i n g s Ibr m a n y o f these terms for feelings tend to
a l i t y was p o s i p o n e t l . T h e n e x t t h r e e c h a p t e r s T-esurne t h a t a c c o t m t . ' f l u s 1 o i u ' e s llie i m p r e s s i o n o f mineiliate r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n iiiward experi-
c h a p t e r s u r v e y s se\'ei-al d i f f e i - e n t t y p e s o f f e e l i n g s a n d t a k e s u p t h e c p i e s t i o i i 1 m es . m d o u t w a r d s i i m u l i o r r e s u l i i n g a c t i o n s . S o m e i i m e s liie relationsbip
o f t h e i i n e n t i o n a l i t ) ' ol" f e e l i n g s . T h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f feelings in general, beiween f e e l i n g s a n d o u i e r c o n d i i i o n s o r c o n s e c p i e n c e s is i m m e d i a t e - as
and t h e i r v a r i o n s r o l e s i n e d i i c a l t h o u g l i t a n d a c d o n , is n o t s i m p l e . T h e feel when 1 experience a stalibing pain when siepping on s o m e i h i n g sharp,
ings i l i a t L o n e r g a n r e f e r r e d t o as " i n t e n o n a l r e s ] ) o n s e s t o v a l e s " a r e o l M o i i ' ofieii. Iiowever, l h e r e a r e v a r y i n g levis a n d d e g r e e s o f complexity
p a r a u i o u n t i m p o r t a n c e , b u t h i s w a y o f d i s t i n g u i s b i n g f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l ih.ii luediate between feelings a n d o t i i e r occasions or actions, T h e com-
responses t o vales f r o m o t h e r k i n d s o f feelings needs some clariflcation. |ile\iiies a n d s u b d e nuances o f feelings within each of diese categories
T h i s c h a p t e r a t t e m p i s t o ofTer s o m e c l a r i f i c a u o n b y way o f a s u r v e y o f d i f - h.nc been e x p l o r e d i n rich detail by numeros poets, novelists, nuisicians,
ferent k i n d s o f feelings, w b i c h endeavours to prepare t b e way f o r a more .11 t i s i s , p h i k j s o p h e r s , r e l i g i o u s t h i n k e r s , p s y c h o l o g i s i s , neurophysiologists,
specific analysis o f feelings as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s in the next chapier. i i i d o t h e r s . T h i s I i i e r a i u r e is so vast t h a t i t is i m p o s s i b l e t o e v e n a t t e m p t a
T h a t analysis, i n t u r n , will f o r m t h e b a c k g i o u n d for t h e discussion o f t h e l,m s u m m a r y h e i e . I n the c o n c l u d i n g c h a p t e r o f this b o o k , 1 will present
role that feelings as i m e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s play i n e t h i c a l valtie reflection suggestions as t o h o w a m e t h o d i n e t h i c s c a n assist i n t h e explora-
a n d J u d g m e n t , t a k e n u p i n c l i a p t e r 7. i i o n a u d a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f t h e vast d i a l e c t i c a l m i x t u r e o f e t h i c a l i d e a s a n d
 l ' a i l 11: VVhal A r e VVe D o i n g W h e n W'v. An: Being Kilhcal? ^ Kinds i)f E r r i i n g s 121

e x i - i r e s s i o n s ( w h i c h n a n n ' a l h ' i n c h i d e deas a b o u l , f e e l i n g s a n d i h e i r p l a i r s ti. d | i i n i i i U e n l i o m i l . " C.\'en t h e p l i e n o i i i e n o l o g i c a l s e n s e o f t h e lerm

n e i h i c a l i h o u g h i , c l i o i c e , a n d a c i i o n ) . \i\\' o i i o n a l , " i l w o u l d s e e m l h a t " n o n - i n t e n i i o n a l l e e l i n g s " s u c h as l i u n g e r
L o n e r g a n ' s o w n w a y o f c l a s s i f y i n g f e e l i n g s b e g i n s w i l h a b a s i c divisin i n i n o t i l m s i \ v o u l d h a v e t o b e iioetic f e e l i n g acts, states, o r i r e n d s w h i c h l a c k a n y
i w o v e r y bregad c l a s s e s o f " n o n - i n t e n d o n a l s t a t e s a n d i r e n d s " a n d " i n i e t i NtM M(i//< c o i u e i i t . ^ T h i s , h o w e v e r , is a q u e s d o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o n .
l i o n a l r e s p o n s e s l o vales." As h e p u t s i t , " T h e states h a v e causes. T h e itcn<ls I I g a n at l e a s t m a k e s c l e a r w h y h e a d a p i s v o n H i l d e b r a n d ' s t e r m i n o l -
h a v e g o a l s . " A s e x a m p l e s o f n o n - i n t e n d o n a l states, h e o f f e r e d " f a u g i i e , ti i i M|p o h i s o w n p u r p o s e s :
tability, bad h u m o r a n d anxiety," w h i l e i n i l i u s t r a d o n o f non-inienti(niiil
i r e n d s he listed " h i i n g e r , iliirsi a n d sexual d i s c o n d b r t . " - I h e r<'laii<.)n o f t h e [ n o n - i n t e n t i o n a l ] f e e l i n g t o t h e c a u s e o r g o a l is
L o n e r g a n d e r i v e d t h i s i d e a o f n o n - n t e n t o n a l f e e h n g s f r o m D i e t r i c h \'on . i i n p l ) ' d i a l o f e f f e c t t o c a u s e , o f t i ' e n d t o g o a l , ''he fedhig iisdf does uot
Llildebrand's category o f ' ' u i i i i t e n t o n a l " feehngs.:^ V o n M i l d e b r a n d used /'ir\iil>fiose and, arise oa. of feireving, magining, mpreseniing the cause or
t h e t e r m l o d i s i n g u s l i i t f r o m w h a t h e r e g a r d e d as "ni.enional f e e l i n g s . " h i .'od. K a t h e r , o n e f i i ' s t f e e l s i i i " e d a n d , p e i ' h a p s b e l a t e d l } ' , o n e discov-
d o i n g so, h e was r e l y i n g o n t h e p r o r w o r k o f M a x S c h e l e r w h o d l s t i n g i h s h e r i s l l i a l w l i a i o n e n e e d s is a rest. O r h r s t o n e feels h u i i g i ) ' a n d t h e n
beiween "feelings" {Gejliie) and "mere feeling-siaies" (Cffh/szustciiulrii).* o n < ' d i a g n o s e s i l i e t r o u b l e is a l a c k o f l o o d . ^
S c h e l e r Ilstrales t h e c h f f e r e n c e by m e a n s o f a n e x a m p l e wliere a feehun
r e s p o n d s l o a f e e l i n g - s t a t e . S u p p o s e a f e e l i n g - s i a i e o r s e n s a t i o n arises f r o m I ho (lass (jf l e e l i n g s i l i a i L o i i e i ' g a n calis n o n - i n t e n t i o n a l d o n o t arise i n
b e i n g t o n c h e d . T h e sensible feeling-siate o f t h e t o u c h c a n b e additon;ilh 0 .pMMsc l o t h e noeiiiatic conieju o f a n o i h e r , i ' j r i o r noeticxci. In oi.her words,
" f e l t " as r e p u l s i v e c>r a n n o y n g o i ' t o l e r a b l e o r e n d u r a b l e oi^ w e l c o m e , ele, ll' r. u s i n g t h e t e r m " i n t e n t i o n a l " h e r e t o r e f e r l o t h e /W///C/.//C object of
E v e n t h o u g h t h e o r i g i n a l felt s e n s a t i o n ( f e e h n g - s i a i e ) o f t h e t o u c h can h r . . i M o lili ol/ier than llie feeling-act ilselj. A m o i * e c o m p l e t e d i s c u s s i o n o f feel-
i d e n t i c a l i n a l l t h e s e cases, t h e s e c o n d a r y f e e l i n g r e s p o n d s t o i t as h a v i n g iM|',-, .IS i m e n t i o n a l responses i n this p a r t i c u l a r sense w i l l bc t h e t o p i c of
v e i y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f vales. M e n e e f e e l i n g s {Geflile) in Scheler's sense . Ii.ipirr l i . l i n t it does n o t f o l l o w that i h e feelings that L o n e r g a n a n d von
always i n c l u d e a c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f valu, w h i l e feeling-states d o n o t . S c h e l r i 1 h l i l r l t i a n d e x e l u d e f r o m t h e c a t e g o r y o f i n t e n t i o n a l c a n n o t b a v e i h e i i " own
tends to characierize l o w e r feeling-states by their capacity to be localizrd 1,'fiii Hoeinatic conenis. 1 shall arge to i h e c o n t r a r y that m o s t i f n o t all
somewhere o n o r w i t h i n t h e body,-^ b u t n o t e x c l u s i v e l y s o . O n the o t h r i ni h " s t a t e s a n d u e n d s " d o indeed have noematic contents o f their own,
h a n d , \'on M i l d e b i ' a n d says t h a t i n t e n t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s have a "conscious, md that they, t o o , s h o u l d be c a l l e d " i n t e n o n a l feelings," a l t l i o u g h ihe\
r a i i o n a l r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e j i e r s o n a n d a n o b j e c i . ' ' Efe g o e s o n t o say t h a t lll iud<-ed d i f f e r markecU) b o m w h a t L o n e i g a n calis i n t e n t i o n a l responses
pin~e states, s u c h as 1 " \.ilu<-s, 1 w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , i n t r o d u c e a d i f f e r e n t d i s t i n c u o n : n a m e l y , that
ll' m e e n somatic feelings a n d feelings iliai are i n i e n i i o n a l responses lhat
b e i n g l i r e d , b e i n g n b a d h m n o r , l i c i n g i r r i t a t e d , a n c l so f c i r i h ... d o m i l m i \'alues," T h i s is n o t r n e a n i t o le a n e x c l u s i v e e i i l i e r / o r c l a s s i n c a i i o n ;
n o l i m p l y t h e s p e c i f i c j o l a r i i y o f t b e p e r s o n o n t h e e m e h a n d , as d i r i c t n a ) ' w e l l be o i l i e r f e e l i n g s l h a t are n e i t h e r soiiialic or i n t e n t i o n a l
a g a i n s t t h e o b j e c t o n t h e o t h e r .., VVe a r e n o t l i r e d a b o u t s o m e t h i n g ; o ,| s ' s l h a t i n t e n d vales i n i i i \ pi-ecise t e r m s , A l t l i o u g h w h a i t h e s e feel-
t i r e d n e s s is o r d y a s t a t e , a n e x p e r i e n c e of someihing qiialiiaiive Inr/, m i g h t b e has n o t y e i o c c u r r e d l o m e , 1 d o l e a v e t h a t p o s s i b i l i i . ) ' 0|"jeri
r e l a t e d 10 o u r b o d y , b i u i i d o e s n o i h a v e a m e a n i n g f u l eference t o li'i h n i l i e r invesiigaiions.
an object.''
1 . S o m a t i c F e e h n g s a.s G r o u n d e d i n Neural'4*rocesses
Clearly lhere are s o m e differences between how von l-lildebrand and
S c h e l e r i m d e i s t o o c l u n i n t e n i i o n a l f e e l i n g s ancl feelings-staies, respectively. \ i h r l e r m suggests, s o n i a d c f e e l i n g s a r e d i r e c d y associated w i t h t h e fact
These differences t e n d to orignate f r o n i w h a t each t h i n k e r is p r e p a r e d ili.ii we a t e e m b o d i e d , s e n u e n t animis. S o n i a u c feelings are sensations,
t o r e c k o n as a n i n t e n d e d " o b j e c t " o f a f e e l i n g . T h e s e d i T e r e n c e s l e a d lo iloiig w i l h seeing, h e a r i n g , s m e l l i n g , tasting, etc. In the most primitive
difficuldes r e g a r d i n g die n a t u r e a n d status o f w h a t they m e a n t by inten- .( u s e , s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s are associaied with i h e sense o f t o u c h feelings
tional feelings. Altliough Lonergan followed von Hildebrand and used o p i e s s i i r e , t e x t u r e , r o u g h n e s s , s m o o i h n e s s , h a r d n e s s , s o f t n e s s , s h a r p n e s s ,
" n o n - i n t e n i i o n a l " n o r d e r t o s h a r p l y d i s t i n g u i s h i h i s class o f f e e l i n g s from (v.uuiih. c o l d , m o i s t u r e , dryness, a u d m u s c u l a r feelings o f ache a n d relax-
i n t e i n i o n a l responses t o vales, i t is n o t e n t i r e l y c l e a r w h y t h e y s h o u l d h<- ,Ilion. I h e y also i n c l u d e f e e l i n g s o f thirst, h u n g e r pangs, cra\iiigs, b e i n g
122 Pan l i : VN'liai A r e Wc Doine; W h e n We A r e Bein y; E i l i i c a i ? K i n d s o f I'eelings 12.3

slalecl 01" b l o a r e t l , a r o n s a l , f a t i g n e , Teveiashiiess, e q n i l i ) > r L m i , s e n s a l i o n s o f m s(_'xual o r g a n s , l l is a l s o l i k e l y i l i a i e v e n i.lie i i o i i - f e e l i n g s e n s a t i o n s i l i e m -

lodilv r n o v e i o e n i . a n d feelings associaied wiili breaihing, including llie .(h'es, s u c h as s e e i n g , l i e a r i n g , lasiing, : i n d s m e l l i n g , are c o r r e l a t e d with
m o v e n i e n i s o l ' t h e I t m g s as w e l l as l h e s e n s a t i o n s o f a i i " as i t f l o w s i n a n d o u t h i g h h ' d i f i e r e n lia ted n e u r a l s t r n c t u r e s i l i a t d e v e l o p e d i h r o u g h e v o l u l i o n a i'y
o f t l i e airu'a\'s, a n d so o n . S o r n a u c f e e l i n g s a r i s e r n o i ' c o r less d i r e c t l y f r o n i processes f r o m the n n d i l T e r e n t i a i e d n e u r a l s t r n c t u r e s t h a t o r i g i n a l l y u n d e r -
t h e states o f o t n * n e r v o u s systern as i t , i n t u r n , r e s p o n d s l o c h a n g e s i n c^iu" p h i n e d p r i m i t i v e leelings o f touch, In o t h e r words, organisins developed
b o d i l y states. I d u s is o n e m a j o r w a y i n w h i c h s o m a t i c f e e f i n g s dilfer Irom I I K ' c a p a c i i i e s l o feel n o t o n l y i l i e t o u c h o f physical c o n t a c t , b u t also t h e
f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l i'esponses, w h i c h a r i s e d i r e c i l ) ' f r o m o t h e r iO)!tii: 2\c{s " i D i i c l i " o f p h o i o n s , s o u n d wa\'es, a n d a r o n i a t i c i i i o l e c i i l e s -
( o i " i h e i r iiaainac c o n i e n i s ) . I n i e n i i o n a l responses are, therefoi'e, o i i l y i n d i - W l i i l e t h e } ' a r e i n d e e d c o r r e t a i e d w i t h t l i e staies o f oiu" n e r v o u s a n d b o d i l y
r e c t l y c o r i ' e l a i e d w i t l i o u r n e r \ ' o u s a n d b o d i l y s t a t e s , a n d sc~>metiiiies o n l y .\sieiiis, s o m a i i c l i s e l i n g s a r e n o t w h o l l y d e t e r n i i n e d b\ t h e n e r v e i m p u l s e s
v e r y r e n i o i e l y . W e w i l l r e t m a i t o t h i s l o p i c i n c h a p i e r (3, l h e m s e l v e s . W e w i l l r e l u r n t o t h i s issue i n s e c t i o n 5 . 5 .
Somatic f'eelings, t h e n , d o have a mcre o r less d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h
states c)f o u r n e i u ' a l f i m c t i o n i n t r . O u r t^ocfies a r e f a c e d w i t h b i l l i o n s o f afer- r,..| S o m a t i c F e e l i n g s as I n t e n t i o n a l
ent nerve endings t l i a t are d i s t r i b i u e d t h r o u g h o u t o u r m u s c u l a r sysiems
a n d e p i t h e l i a l l a y e r s , e . x i e r n a l as w e i l as i n t e r n a l . f l e n c e clianges in oiu" S o m e i f n o t all o f w h a t Lonei"gaii r e f e r s t o as " n o n - i n i e i i t i o n a l " f e e h n g s
p l u ' s i o l o g i c a l s t a t e s c a u s e c h a n g e s i n o u r n e u r a l states. T h e s e i n t u r n s e t t h e I learly are sornaiic feelings - faiigne, l i u n g e r , iliirsi, and sexual d i s c o m f o r t ,
c o n d i i i o n s T.)r c h a n g e s i n o u i " s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s . flns correspcnidence with l o r example. In one l i m i i e d sense s o i n a i i c f e e l i n g s c o i i l r j be c a l l e d non-
n e t i r o p l n ' s i o l o g i c a l states e n a b l e s s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s l o p e r f o r m t h e i r p r i m a r y m i e n t i o n a l , b u t incn*e g e n e r a l l y t l i e y a r e p i ' o p e i i y c a l l e d i n t e n t i o n a l .
l o l e as h e r a l d s c o m m i i n i c a t i n g t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s the c o n d i t i o n of bodily S o m a i i c feelings c a n be c a l l e d n o n - i n t e n t i o n a l in i l i e l i m i t e d sense t h a t
siaies.'" W h e n s o m a n c feelings e n t e r consciousness, t l i e y i'jrovide claia to I .onerg'ari n o i e s - i l i e i r causes o r ^oals a r e i i o i i n t e n d e d i n i l i e i r iioemac
c o n s c i o u s n e s s r e g a r d i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e tissues a n d o r g a r i s d i a i s ti m u - I i n t e n t s , ' : ' T h i s is c e n a i n h ' i r u e f b r l i i n i i a n i n f a n t s . B a b l e s f e e l d i s c o i i i -
ate t h e r e m o t e n e r v e e n d i n g s , lori in response to changes in t l i e i r cligesiive a n d e x c r e t o r y organs and
A,s t h e p a r t s a n d o r g a i i s o f a n i m a l f i o d i e s b e c a m e m o r e c h i f e i ' e n i i a t e d a n d l l i e i r a s s o c i a i e d n e r v e c e l l s . T h e y a l s o f e e l c o l d o r |"j:un i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f
specialized t h r o u g h e v o l u i i o n a i ' y processes, the nerve endings and their l l i e i r boches. T h e s e d i s c o i i i f o r t s w i l l be r e l i e v e d a n d r e p l a c e d b)' teelings
c r r e l a t e d p a t h ways a n d i n t e r c o n n e c l i o n s also b e c a m e c o r r e s p o n d i i g h ' dil"- o f c o i i t e n t m e n t , i f t h e r i g l i t actions are t a k e n . B u l ihese irdTuiiile feel-
f e r e n n a i e d a n d s j j e c i a l i z e d as w e l l . T l i e d i f f e r e n u a t i o n s o f n e r v o u s s)'siems i n g s o f d i s c o m f b r t en" u r g e s e m e r g e w i i l i o i u a n v i n i m e d i a t e a w a r e n e s s of
w e r e i n t u r n a c c o m p a n i e d b\ t h e e m e r g e n c e o f c o r r e s [ : ) O i i d i n g l y d i f f e r e n i i - w h a t s o n o f r e l i e f is n e e d e d . F v e n k n o w i n g t h e f b e l i r i g as d i s c o r r d b r t o r
ated somatic feelings that snper\'ened u p o n i l i e m . " I f the most primitive l l l g e - l e t a l o n e k n o w i n g w l i a i p a r c u l a r k i n d o f a c i i o n cu" i i n e r v e n d o n is
a n i m a l f o r m s , s u c h as c n i d a r i a i i s { h y d i ' a , ellyslies, c o r i s , sea anemones, n e e d e d I b i " ils r e l i e f - Is t h e f u r t h e r w o r k o f i n s i g l i t s , j u d g m e n t s , a n d d e c i -
e i c ) , h a v e s o r n a u c f e e l i n g s , i t is l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e w o u l d b e v e r y e l e m e n t a l Mons. I n f a n t s j i i s i c r y 11 r e s p o n s e t o t h e i r d i s c o m f o r t s a n c l u r g e s ; p a r e i i t s
f e e l i n g s o f c o n i a c i o r p r e s s u r e ( t c i u c h ) u p c m d i e i n n e r a n d c m i e r lav'ers o l use l b e i r ini.elligences a n d j u d g m e n i s to try to l l g u r e o u t a n d i n i e r p r e i
c e l l s l h a t co\'er t h e i r b o d i e s . ' " B u l as a n i m a l o r g a n s a n d n e r \ ' o u s s y s t e m s \\\\,\r b a b l e s need. O n l v afier c h i l d r e n acquire a sufficient number
became more difTerentiaied tlirougli e v o l u t i o n a r y processes, f e e l i n g s of o f i n s i g h t s a r e i h e y a b l e 10 .iroperly c o m p r e i i e n c l t l i e i r d i T e r e n t k i n d s o f
t o u c h t h e m s e l v e s b e c a m e f u n h e r d i f T e r e n t i a i e d so as t o f e e l n o i o n l y p r e s - l e e l i n g s , a n d 10 c o n i m u n i c a i e t h e i r c a u s e s o r t h e n e e d e d remedies. Inter-
s u r e a n d c o n t a c t , b u i also c o l d a n d h o t , s h a r p , s m o o t l i o r r o u g h , i r r i t a t i n g r'siingly, c h i l d r e n d o g a i n f a i r h ' s o p h i s i i c a i e d l i n d e r s i a i i d i i i g s o f at leasi
o r s o o t h i n g o r p a i n f u l , a n d so o n a t v a r i o u s o u t e r l o c a t i o n s a l o n g t h e s k i n , M niie o f tlieir somatic leelings a n d w l i a t will b r i n g t h e m r e l i e f well before
F o r the i n t e r n a l o r g a n s , d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s o f nerve e n d i n g s a n d patliways led ilie\ are able 10 e x p r e s s any o f tlns in language. A n d o f course adults
l o d i s t i n c t i o n s a m o n g f e e f i n g s o f c h f T e i e n t k i n d s o f i n n e r p a i n s , l3ut a l s o l o .idd siill fairther insighis to b u i l d u p o n i l i e i r Infantile insights to d e v e l o p
f e e l i n g s s u c l i as l e n s i o n , a c h e , r e l a x a t i o n a n d f a t i g u e i n m u s c l e s , l i u n g e r m i i c l i m o r e e x t e n s i v e u n d e i ' s t a i i d i n g s o f t l i e causes a n d o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e i r
a n d thirst b'om the nerve endings t h a t respond lo clianges i n concentra- . ( n m i i i c f e e l i n g s . B u t n o n e c)f t h i s is g i v e n as t h e noeinaiic conten of ilie
l i o n s (.")f g l i i c o s e o\' s o d i m n i o n s i n l l i e b l o o r l s i r e a m , f e e l i n g s o f d i s c o m f o r i .minuic l'eeliiiQs as s u c h . L o n e n a n , t h e n , is c o r r e c t i n t h e l i m i i e d s e n s e
a n d r e l i e f a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n e e d s t o i i r i n a t e a n d d e f c a t e , a n d , o f ccnu'se, i h . l i d i e s e s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s as s u c h d o n o t i n i e n d t h e i r c a u s e s o r g o a l s as
t h e f e e l i n g s t h a t aise f V o m t h e n e u r a l f t m c t i o n i n g s c o r r e l a t e d w i t l i c h a n g e s l b e i r noeinaiic con t e n ts.
 124 Pan ir \n \ W'r D o i n g W h e n VVe A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ? K i n d s o l ' Feelings 125

N c M I l l u 1. i M o s i i n o i a l l o f s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s a r e nientional i n l l u I n l . u i . we a r e a b l e t o d i s c e r n d i e v a r i o u s b o d i l y l o c a o n s o f somanc
i n o t i - n c n c i a l s e n s e o f h a v i n g s o m e k i n d o f noeinaiic c o m e n t p r o p e r to the ).. lillas o f p a i n p r e c i s e l y b e c a n s e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r noematic con-
k i i n l s o l l . - c l i n g s t h a i t h e y a r e , e v e n i f i h o s e c o n t e n t s d o n o t i n c h i d e causes, < l l l , A g a i n , i n a d d i t i o n 10 c o n i a i n i n g d a t a o n l o c a t i o n , d i e noeinaiic con-
(Miis, o r vales. I n f a c t , we t e n d t o d e n o t e m a n y s o m a u c l e e l i n g s by m e a u i n I I I . I ll l e e l i n g s o f p a i n a l s o d i f f e r q u a l i t a t i v e l y . T h e pain o f a toothache
o l i h e i r /(J^a/V; c o n t e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e s e a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e t o e x i e r - I . . !, d i f e r e n d y f r o m t h e l a b o u r pains o f biri, o r the p a i n o f a sharp
n a l c a u s e s . F o r e x a m p l e , w e s p e a k o f f e e l i n g w e t o r f e e l i n g s h a r p n e s s . l l is . . I , .1 p u n c h o n t b e n o s e , o r a b r o k e n l e g . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s ate given
t r u e t h a t p h y s i c a l m o i s t u r e a n d s h a r p o b j e c i s ar s o u r c e s o f s u c h feelings, . normalic pain-as-felt c o n t e n t s that m a k e t h e subject aware o f i h e noelic
b u t o u r t e r m s f b r i h e f e e l i n g s r e f e i t o noemalicconianis t h a t are given i n die r Mil l e e l i u t r s as d i f T e r e n t . f u a f e w cases, wc d o h a v e c o n u n o n a m e s f b r
f e e l i n g s t h e m s e l v e s , j u s t as d e e p - p u r p l e is d i e c o n t e n o f a n a c t o f s e e i n g , o t lll. ( e e l i n g acts as w e l l as t h e i r i n t e n t i o n a l c o n t e n t s - s u c h as t b e noeses
C # t h e c o m e n t o f a n a c i o f h e a r i n g , T h e s h a r p n e s s asfd'm l o u c h i n g a razor i , | I . e h i i g c h i l l e d a n d f e e l i n g w a r m e d , a l o n g w i l h t h e noemala of cold aud
b l a d e , I b r e x a m p l e , is n o t a t a l l t h e s a m e as t h e p h y s i c a l , t h r e e - d i i n e n s i o n a l n mih respectively.
s h a p e ot t h e r a z o r b l a d e s e d g e . T h a t p h y s i c a l s h a r p - s h a p e d o e s s d m u l a i r 1 hes<- cases s e r v e l o u n d e r s c o r e t h e f a c t t h a t s o i u a d c f e e l i n g s a r e indeed
t b e sharpness-as-felt, b u t w h a t is f e l t is n o t t h e t h i e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a t i a l <Mi< n i i o i i a l i n l h e s i a n d a i d p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l s e n s e . As l e e l i n g s , t h e y a r e
e d g e - s h a p e t h a t e x i s i s i n s p a c e , w h e t h e r o r n o t s o m e o n e f e e l s i t a.s s h a r p . I . K i s a n d t h e y h a v e j/0w//rcoiitciits. I i is t h e r e f o i e m i s l e a d i n g t o r e f e r
The f e e l i n g o f s h a r p n e s s c o m i u u n i c a t e s lo c o n s c i o u s n e s s i m p o r t a n t dala h> d i e s e f e e l i n g s as u n i u t e n n o n a l o r n o n - i u t e n u o n a l w i d i o u t q u a l i f i c a d o n .
(noei/iala) a b o u t i l i e razor's shape, b u t does n o t c o m n i u n i c a t e the spaual d i h o i i g h t l i e i r c a u s e s o r g o a l s a r e n o t i h e i r noemala, lhe)' d o bave iriten-
s h a p e i t s e l f W h a t is f e l t is a /r)fm;/.//: c o n t e n t h a i i n n o w a y is i h e s a m e a.n UiiiLil contenis noneiheless.
t h e s p a i i a l l y s h a r p e d g e as s e e n . S h a r p n e s s i n t h i s s e n s e is d i e noeiiia of thr lonergan also relied upon von Hildebrand in o r d e r to distinguish
f e e l i n g , b t u w e l a c k a d i s u u c t w o r d f o r i h e noelic a c t o f f e e l i n g i t s e l f . W<- l.i h o e i i f e e l i n g s t h a l i t u e n d vales a n d d i o s e t h a t d o n o i . FJowever, v o n
s i m p l y use i t s noenialiccomcni t o i n d i r e c t l y a m e t h e noelicaci: the "feeliny I hidc b i a n d ' s w a y o f m a k i n g t h i s d i s t i n c l i o n is p r o b l e m a c . F o r v o n Hildel>
o / s h a r p n e s s . " S i m i l a r i y , w e use p h r a s e s l i k e - f e e l i n g a s u n g " o r " f e e l i n g .1 . i n d . i n t e n o n a l i t y is p i i m a r i l y a m a t t e r o f t r a n s c e n d i n g f r o m consciotts-
p r i c k " to a m e s l i g h d y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s o m a u c leelings (noelic nas) hv i.i ,s in h e r e " over to an object " o u i t h e r e " (e.g., " t h e s p e c i f i c p o l a r i t y o f
i n e a n s o f noeinaiic con\e\\\s d i a l are slighdy difTerent in quality f r o m dir du person o h ilie one h a n d , as a g a i n s t t h e o b j e c t on the o t h e r " ' ' ) . He
noeinaiic conten o f razor-edge-sliarpiiess. . IV., i l n n - e b r e , l h a t feelings like h i i i g n e are n o t " a b o n l " a n y t h i n g ; they are
C i o n v e r s e l y . w h e n t h e f e e l i n g s o r i g n a l e b o m s o u r c e s i n t e r n a l 10 t h e b o d y . (u,i e s p e r i e n c e s ofsiai.es o f o u r b o d y f l e n c e , they d o not s e e m to have an
w e t e n d (o use w o r d s f b r t h e noeseshiw not their /O/'///Ccontents - lension. oh|<( t " o u t s i d e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . .As h e p u t s i t , i m i n i e n u o n a l f e e l i n g s "do
i n i t a u o n , p a i n , ache, c o n t e n t m e n i , a n d arousal are examples. b i particti M o l possess t h e c h a r a c t e r o f u a n s c e n d i n g t h e r e a l m o f d i e mind."'''
lai-, f e e l i n g s o f i n t e r n a l p a i n a r e s o m e u m e s s p o k e u o f as t h o u g h t h e y wei<- I he m o u v a t i o n b e h i n d v o n H i l d e b r a n d ' s d e s i g n a d o n o f these feelings
p u r e l y noelic, l a c k i n g a n y i m e n t i o n a l noenialic conten. I n d e e d , ihe disuni ,1, i i o i i - i n t e n d o n a l was t o d i s u n g u i s h t h e m from feelings whose noematic
d o n b e t w e e n noesisay] r o m r o f n i e r n a l s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s c a n b e diticull l o leiiis a r e vales ( f e e l i n g s as r e s p o n s e s i h a i i n t e n d v a l e s ) . S i n c e s o m a t i c
d i s c e r n , T h e p a i n - a s - f e h . (noenialic covMem) d i a l o n e feels can seem a l n i o s i \ eliiigs d o n o t i n i e n d vales as d i e i r noemala, they are not i n i e n i i o n a l in
completely absorbed i n t o t h e p a i n - f e e l i n g (noelic a c t ) , b u t t h i s is n o t q u i t e ih.ii l i m i t e d s e n s e , H o w e v e r , v o n H i l d e b a n d ' s uses o f b i l i " u n i n i e n i i o n a l "
c o r r e c t . W e c a n b e m i s l e d i n i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p a i n noema w'ah i i s noesis, espr md " i m e n t i o n a l " are rooted in what Lonergan w o u l d cali d i e counier-
c i a l l y i f we rely t o o heavily u p o n s e e i n g to provide t h e p a r a d i g m for i h r position o n s u b j e c u v i t y a n d objecuvit)'.'"'According to the c o u n t e r - p o s i u o n ,
intenonal r e l a u o n s h i p between noesis Andi noema. B e c a u s e t h e lenses o l ii1i|e t s a r e " a l r e a d y o u i t h e r e n o w r e a l , " w h i l e c o n s c i o u s s u b j e c u v i t y is "n
o u r eyes h a v e a f b c a l p o i n t s l i g h d y i n s i d e o u r s k u l l s , w e t e n d 10 t h i n k o f lli<- l u e n o w . " T h u s t h e s n b j e c u v e s i d e o f i n t e n o n a l i t y (noelic :ia.) i n i e n d s an
noeljcaci as o c c u r r i i i g i n s i d e o u r h e a d s , w h i l e t h e noematiccon\.Q\\\. appeais I ibieeiive noema t h a t i s a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e n o w r e a l . A c c o r d i n g 10 t h i s c o u n t e r -
o u t s i d e , B u t t h i s f b c a h p o i n t p h e n o m e n o n is p e c u l i a r t o v i s i n , a n d d o e s n o [ pi i s i o n , i n t e n o n a l i t y c a n b e o b j e c v e f a n d o n l y i f t h e noelic na. a i l a c h e s
o c c u r i n o t h e r s e n s a l i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y s o n i a d c f e e l i n g s s u c h as p a i n . A l t h o u g l i l o .1 n a l l y - o u l - t h e r e o b j e c t .
t h e d i s u n c t i o n o f noesis a n d noema is n o t n e a r l y as e a s y 1 0 d r a w as is t h r Clearly somauc feelings are n o t intenonal i n this c o u n t e r - p o s i t i o n a l
c a s e w i l h v i s i n , t h a t d i s u n c d o n is s t i l l 1 0 h e f o u n d i n t h e r e a l m o f s o m a l i i .1 u s e . I\>r l . o n e r g a n , o f c o u i - s e , b o t h t h e e x p e i i e n c e s o f noematic contents
feelings. . u i d c i u i . s c i o u s n e s s as e x p e r i e n c e s o f noelic acts are m e r e l y g i v e n . T h e y are
 I l'iiilt Wli.M \ i . \ V . h..Mj; W l u r i U V A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ? K i n d s o f bVelings 127

' h i | , n j liM I n t i h e r inqniry, unclersiandlng, reflection, a n d viriually i n u s n e s s . N e r v e f u n c i i o n i n g a l o n e is n o l t h e s o l f a c t o r i n d e i e n n i n -

niH i i n d i i i o n e d J n d g n i e n t s . W h e t h e r o r n o t s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s h a v e nofmat'u iMi; t i m a i i c f e e l i n g s .
c o n i c n i s , t h e n , d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n w h e t h e r i h e y i n t e n d o b j e c i s iat a t e lhis becomes clearer when we a d v e n to l h e concrete patterns within
" o u t t h e r e / ' I t d e p e n d s , r a i l i e r , o n w h e t l i e i " oi" n o i t h e r e ai'e i m e n t i o n a l c o n lu( h s o m a d c feelings aciualiy do occur Somaiic leelings d o n o t c o m e
tenis p r o p e r t o t h e kinds o f feelings they are in themselves. T h e relauons ) n s c i o i i s n e s s as i s o l a i e d m o n a d s . L i k e o t h e r e x p e r i e n c e s , o u r s o m a t i c
o f b o t h l h e noelic f e e l i n g s a n d t h e i r noematic contenus to objecdve realilies ti < l i u g s a l w a y s o c c u r w i t h i n s t r e a m s a n d p a L i e r n s o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , as was
is a f u r i h e r q u e s u o n f o r j u d g m e n t s . W h e t h e r o r n o t t h e n o e i n a i i c c o n t e n i s d i . i M s s e d i n c l i a p t e r 2, s e c t i o n 2.4.1. A n y given somauc feeling occurs
have any objeciive l e l a t i o n s h i p t o i^eal o b j e c t s is n o t g i v e n n t h e ncmiialn
i n n i l t a n e o u s l y w i l h o d i e r s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s , as w e l l as w i l h o i h e r s e n s a l i o n s
contents o f t h e experiences. Objecdvity is r a d i e r a f u n c u o n o f v i r t u a l l y
n. h as s e e i n g c o l o u r s a n d s h a p e s , h e a r i n g i o n e s a u d u n i b r e s , a n d so o n .
unconditioned judgment.
alie feelings also i n i e n s i f y a n d fade away s e q u e n d a l l y i n s t r e a m s a l o n g
H e n e e , i n a g e n u i n e l y p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l sense, s o r n a u c feelings a r e n o l iih (lber somauc feelings, sensalions, m e m o r i e s , a n d i m a g i n a u o n s . Given
r e a l l y n o n - i n t e n u o n a l a f t e r a l l . J u s t as a O^/V. a c t o f s e e i n g i n t e n d s a noeviau d i i \,isi n u m b e r o f n e r v e i m p u l s e s e v e r y s e c o n d , i t i s i m p o s s i b l e l h a t a l l s u c h
v i s u a l i m a g e , a n d a ooelicixcx o f l a s i i n g i n t e n d s a /(-mfl./;/'cconten o f sweel .L1 f u n c t i o n i n g s c o u l d b e c o m m u n i c a l e d i n t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s s i m u l t a n e -
ness, so s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s a l s o i n t e n d nocoailic convens. A l l o f this rneans, o l . lU'.h. f h i s w o u l d r e s u l t i n a c h a o s o f t h o u s a n d s f n o t m i l l i o i i s o l " si m u ta-
course, ihat pains a n d oihei- somatic feelings are i n d e e d i n i e n u o n a l . They i . M s s o r n a i i c f e e l i n g s a u d o t l i e r sensations. liisi.e;id, a t l h e m o s t primal
do l i a v e i n i e n i i o n a l Niicwalic contents. T h e i r conienis simply differ froni I.\el, h u m a n beings e x e r c i s e a pre-deliberative, p r e - p e r c e p t u a l selectivity
o l h e r noeinaiic c o u t e n i s , j u s t as l h e noematic c o n t e m s o i ' acts o l s e e i n g d i l -
ih.ii slects a s m a l l p o n i o n f r o m a m o n g these n u m e r o u s m a t r i c e s o f nerve
fer f r o m those o f h e a r i n g , nderstanding, o r facuial j u d g i n g , f o r example.
. i i . i i i o n s . T h e s e a r e t h e n a l l o w e d t o e m e i g e i n t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s as a m a n -
F o r t h i s r e a s o n , I h a v e c h o s e n t o r e f e r l o t h e s e as " s o m a u c f e e l i n g s , " r a U i e i
ir.e.ible n u m b e r o f p a t t e r n e d s o m a u c f e e l i n g s a n d o t h e r s e n s a u o n s . This
t h a n " u n i n i e n t i o n a l " o r " n o n - i n i e n u o n a r ' feelings. Still, von Hildebrand
I al s e l e c t i v i t ) ' b y o u r ]:)S)'clies d e t e r m i n e s h o w t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e t o be
and L o n e r g a n a r e c e n a i n ly c o r r e c t i n t l i i s r e s p e c t : t h e noematic convens il
iii.mged wiihin the overall p a t l e n i i n g o f o u r stream o f experiences, with
s o m a t i c feelings difTer d r a m a t i c a l l y f r o m t h e c o n t e n t s o f f e e l i n g response
II \g i i i i e i i s i l i e s , c o m b i n a t i o n s , a n d a s s o c i a i i o n s . W e r e t h i s s e l e c t i v i t y a n d
t h a t i n t e n t l valu.
p . i i i e i i i i n g n o t t h e c a s e , t h e t r i l l i o n s o f n e r v e i m p u l s e s t h a t t a k e )>lace i n o u r
1.1 ..lies e a c h d a y w o u l d s w a n i p o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d r e d u c e u s 10 q u i v e r -
5.5 Somatic Feelings and Patterns o f Experiencing iiii;, i i i c o h e r e n i wreiclies.
l.duergaii b o r r o w s Uxun 1-leidegger t h e n o t i o n o f " c o n c e r n " (Sorge) in
W h i l e s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s d o a r i s e o u t o f c o r r e l a i i v e n e u r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l stales, 'I d e r l o s p e a k o f i h e c o n s c i o u s f a c t o r s t h a t c o m b i n e w i t h n e u r a l f u i i c t i o i i -
still t h e y d o n o t arise solely f r o m i h o s e states i n d e p e n d e n i h o f e v e r y t h i i i n iu|', i u d e t e r m i n i n g w h a t a c t t i a l l y b e c o m e s p r e s e n t i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d
else. N e u r a l states a l o n e d o n o i a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e s o m a u c feelin^s. lu w h i c h p a t t e r n s . ' ' A l o n g w i t h t h e states o f o u r n e r v o u s systems t h a t pos-
H u m a n b e i n g s , as w e l l as h i g h e r a n i m i s , h a v e a p r i m a l c a p a c i t y f o r selei . I n H e n d i s f o r p r e s e n t a i i o n i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s as s o m a u c f e e l i n g s , o n e o r
livity of what eniers nio consciotisness, j u s t because ueiworks of nemal lina" " c o n c e r n " d e t e r m i n e s w h i c h a m o n g t h e m are to be a d i n i t i e d i n t o
impulses are o p e r a t i n g does n o t m e a n that their c o r r e s p o n d i n g somalii sciousness, w h i c h a r e 1 0 be e x c l u d e d , ^ a n d h o w the a d m i t t e d feelings
feelings must emerge i n i o consciousness, W e a l l o w o n l y a l i m i t e d selc ind ( i n i i e n i s are to be a r r a n g e d .
don o f s o m a t i c f'eelings a n d o t h e r s e n s a t i o n s i n i o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , accord IvMii n o n - h u m a n animis e x h i b i i s o m e i h i n g like t h e psychic selectiv-
i n g 1 0 t b e i n t e i e s t s a u d c o n c e r n s t h a t a r e i n p l a y a t t h e m o m e n t . I t is i n i r Ih o l <<)ncerns i n d i i s sense. A d o g p l a y i n g b a l l w i t h a c h i l d c a n b e q u i t e
t h a t n e u r a l f u n c u o n i n g p r o v i d e s t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e basis f o r w h a t c a n he i i i e n i i v e 10 d i e b a l l ' s m o v e m e n i s a n d t h e c h i l d ' s s h o u t s . l l is e n g a g e d i n ,
selected for admission into what Lonergan c a l l e d d i e "h-st l e v e l o f c o n c e r n e d " w i l h , lhis c h i l d a n d this g a m e . B u l if anoiher d o g happens
sciousness." W h e r e n e u r a l a c t i v i t y is i m p a i r e d o r a b s e n t , t l i e r e c a n e m e r g e i l u n g , l l i e first dog's c o n c e r n sliifts s u d d e n l y a n d d r a m a t i c a l l y . " f h e dog's
n o c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h e b l i n d c a n n o t see, t h e d e a f c a n i i i e n i i o u is now r i v e t e d o n t h e m o v e m e n t s a n d p o s t u r e s a n d s o u n d s a n d
not hear, t h e p a r a l y z e d c a n n o t feel c e r t a i n parts o f t h e i r bodies. leiue MI. lis )f i i s p e r c e i v e d f o e . T h e c h i l d a n d b a l l g a m e d r o p o u t o f i t s a w a r e -
n e r v e f u n c u o n i n g is a n e c e s s a i y c o n d i t i o n f o r s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s . H o w e v e i , i l ness . i l m o s i as i f i h e y h a v e d i s a p p e a r e d f r o m t h e p l a n e i . E n u r e l y d i f f e r e n t
is n o t a s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e a c t u a l o c c u r r e n c e o f s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s i n if;(;i e s s i v e r e i i n u e s c^f s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s c o m e t o t h e f o r e , t h e p l a y f u l f e e l i n g s
128 Pu-L I I : What. A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e H e i n g l u l i i c a l ? K i n d s o f Feelings I 29

n o w r e l e g a i e d l o i l i e recesses o f n n c o n s c i o u s n e s s . O r c o i n \ s e i e d o g ' s n e u - i i i o l r c i i l e s clecreases. T h e i n i e n s i i y o f s u c h cra\'irigs m a k e s i t i n c r e a s i n g l y

l a l p r o c e s s e s c o r u i n n e l o i ' e g i s i e r i l i e l i g i n . ra\'s a n r l s o u n d w a v e s e n i a n a i i n g dilh<uli for oilier experiences to e n t e r i n t o t h e s t r e a m ofconsciousness,
f r o n i l l i e b a l l a n d c b i l d . b u l i h e s e n o l o n g e r rise a b o v e i l i e d i r e s h o l d i n i o iin l i i d i n g p o i e n t i a l l y c o t i n t e r v a i h r i g m e m o r i e s o r i n i a g e s . W h a i is t r u e f o r
ils consciousness, llie Iliense s o m a t i c feelings associated w i t h a d d i c t i o n can be t r u e f o r o t h e r
Likewise in b u m a n beings, i h e a c i i i a l awareness o f s i g b i s , s o m i d s , sinells, l o i i n s o f s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s as w e l l . P e o p l e w l i o e n g a g e i n r e g u l a r r e g i m e s of
tasl.es, a n d e s p e c i a l l y sornauc leelings is d e t e r n i i n e d n o t o n l y b y n e u r a l n i m h i i g also a h e r t h e c l i e m i c a l c o n s t i i i u i o n s a n d do|:)amine rece[>tors of
funciioning b u l also by i l i e c o n c e r ^ n s o f the person. When a person s llieir n e r v o u s s\'sieiiis. W h e n t l i e \ l i a v e l o r e f r a i n fVoin r u n n i n g f b r long
e n g a g e d i n a p i a c t i c a l task s u c h as r e p a i r i n g s o m e t l i i n g , s h e t e r n p o r a r i l y p e i i o d s o f l i m e , t h e y a l s o l:'eel p o w e r f u l c r a v i n g s . ' f l i e s e somatic feelings
e x c l i i d e s f r o m conscioirsness all s o i t s o f stinrrrli t h a t w o u l d interfei'e w i l h II l i d \o s c p i e e z e <:)ut i m a g e s ; i n d m e m o r i e s d i a i w o u l d o c c a s i o n f u r t h e r c o r -
h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n . a n d i n c l u d e s t h e s o m a t i c feehnt>s a n d o t l i e r d e l a i i s n e c - oi i i \ c p i e s i i o i i s , i n s i g h t s , j u d g m e m s , a n d f e e l i n g s o f \'ahies, w l i i c l i i n l u r n
e s s a r y f o r s u c c e s s f u l re]>air. W h e n a m u s i c i a n is d e e i D l y e n g a g e d i n h i s p e r - u o i i l d l e a d to altrnate courses o f ; i c i i o n ,
f o r m a n c e , f e e l i n g s o f p r e s s u r e o f c l o t h i n g u|3on h i s s k i n a r e e x c l u c l e d f r o m \e\'ertheless, even these i^oweidnl somatic feelings need n o t w f i o l l y deter-
consciousness, while on the o t h e r h a n d tlie seleciion a n d p a t i e r n i n g ol m i n e l h e p a t t e r n o f e x p e r - i e n c e . S o m e a d d i c i s d o reco\'er. O i l i e r " c o n c e r n s "
the s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s o f l i n g e r s a n d i n o u i h cc~)niiected w i t l i t h e i n s i r m n e n i inse l h a t e n a b l e a d d i c i s to b e g i n lo r e - p a t i e r n t l i e i r e x p e r i e n c e s , iriclud-
are c o n c e r n I i i l K ' p a t t e r n e d in service o f a skilled musical performance, hi); lhe intense sornaiic feelings associated wiili d o p a r n i n e cycles. Tliese
In eep m e d i i a i i o n c^r i n r n o m e n t s o f e x t r e m e ernergency, even severe > li.mg<.:d p a l t e n i s o f e x . i e r i e n c e m a k e i t j : ) o s s i b l e f o r a d d i c i s t o m a k e a s e r i e s
pains will n o t be noticed. There ai'e cases o f e r n e r g e n c i e s \vliere people el d e c i s i o n s ( s u c h as i n t w e l v e - s t e p p r o g r a i n s ) t l i a t c h a n g e t l i e i r b o d i l y s t a i e s
have sustained serious injuries, b u t d i d n o t actuallv e x p e r i e n c e t h e i r pains md s o m a t i c feelings to t h e p o i r i i w h e r e l l i e y c a n resist t h e cra\'ings.
for prolcmged j>eriods o f time u n t i l lhe eniergency was o v e r , I n l i m e s o l \ol <.)iily is t h e r e v a r i a b i l i i y i n t h e ways t h a t m a n y s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s and,
intense anger, a p e r s o n will e x e l u d e t e n d e r m e m o r i e s f r o m consciousness, hodilv responses can be patterned, b u t tlie feefings themselves can be
o n l y ic) h a v e t h e m r e l u r n w i t h g r e a t r e g r e t a t a l a t e r t i m e w h e n t h e a n g e i ' i n i e g i a i e d i n t o i l i o s e p a t i e i a i s w i t h g r e a t e r o r lesser d e g r e e s o f i n t e n s i t y .
n o l o n g e r d o r n i n a i e s c o n c e r n . Lo\'ers i n jassionate e m b r a c e a n d r e l i g i o u s III a d d i i i o n , the b o d i h ' responses lo feelings can b e p a t t e r n e d s o as lo
coriteinplatives i n u n e r s e d in prayer lose awareness o f v i r i u a l l y all o t h e i ' O l I 11 r o n l y a l i e r d e l a y s . S o r n e l e e l i ngs o f n e r v o u s f u n c t i c m i rigs a n c l b o d i l v
experiences, since t h e s e w o u l d d i s t r a c t i e m Vom a b s o i ' p t i o n w i t h theii lespoiises can even be b l o c k e d f r o m consciousness f o r l i i d e l h i i i e [:)erods
beloveds. ol l i m e , i f i h e y w o n l d disru|.i t h e o r i e n t a i i o n o f a |:)nrticular p a t i e r n i n g o f
In s o m e cases, o f c o u r s e , i m p a i n n e n t s o f n e r v o u s s\'stems make i l dil- > s I lerieiici ng,
f i c i d t for afflicieci people to g o v e r n w h a t enters t h e i r consciousness, as I b m c e w e c a n o i i l y say t l i a i . s o i n a i i c f e e l i n g s a r i s e i n a " h n o r e o r less d i r e c t "
in a t t e n t i o n d e b c i t ctisorders. Lven so, i n all b u t t h e rnosi e x t r e m e cases . ol I espondence wiili n e u ropli\'siological f u n c i i o n ing. T h e i r ccirrespoii-
l h e r e is s o m e d e g i ' e e o f s e l f - d e t e n i i i n a t i o n o f w l i a t c o m e s t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , di l l l e is i n d e e d d i r e c t i n o n e s e n s e , f o r i.lie p r i m a r y r o l e o f s o m a t i c feel-
Lonei'gan uses t h e p h r a s e ' n e u r a l d e m a n d f u n c d o n ' ' t o i d e n d f y this phe iii);s i s ;is l i e r a l d s t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f b o d i l y states. N e v e r t l i e l e s s , somaiic
n o m e n o n . ' ' ' ' N e u r a l f u n c i i o n i r u ' ' e x e r t s c e r t a i n exisences f o r awareness, b u l I ' e l i n g s d o n o i o c c u r s o l e l y a c c o r d i n g t o s o m e a u i o m a i i c , Pavlo\'aii s t i m u -
i h e s e e x i g e n c e s a r e m e r e h ' varial^les i n a b i n c t i o n . T l i e y c a n be accommo lii', response meclianlsm, Tbe inediaiing factor o f s o m e liigher, go\'erning
claiecl b}' i n c o r p o r a t i n g i n t o , o r e x c l u d i n g f r o m , c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h e i r asso I i . i i e e r n is always a l s o i n v o l v e d . I i is t h e c o n c e r n i h a t d e i e r n d n e s t h e "more
ciated somatic feelings and oiher experiences, a c c o r d i n g to wliich fuu( md less" o f h o w s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s e m e r g e f r o m l h e p o t e n i i a l i i i e s o f n e u r a l
t i o n {i.e., w l i i c l i c o n c e r n ) is o p e r a t i n g . C h a n g e s i n p h y s i o l o g } ' can cliaiige I n i i i l i o n i n g i n i o c o n s c i o u s e x p e r i e n c i n g . T h e e s s e n i i a l p o i n t , t h e r e f o r e , is
the iniensity o f the exigences for awareness iu ihe f o r m o f somatic feelings ih.ii i i e r x ' e f u n c i i o n i n g is a riecessar\ b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n bi" lhe
and otlier kinds o f experiences t l i a i a r e 30sed b y c e n a i n n e r v e s t r u c i u r e s , II i i i , i l o c c u r r e n c e o f s o m a t i c f e e l i n o ' i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s .
but llie iniensides alone do n o i d e t e r m i n e which experiences emerge inio o

consciousness. l'\eii i l i o i i g h s o m a t i c feelings are s u b j e c t to t b e inluences o f c o n c e r n s ,

lili l l i e y a r e q u i i e d i s i i n c i f r o r n f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s f j o n s e s . Alihough
d o cite o n e e x a m p l e , adclictions o f various kinds m o d i f y the d o p a u i i i i e
loiii erns do inllLience w h a t somatic feelings e m e r g e i n t o ccnscic">usness,
r e c e p t o r s i n n e i i r o n s , s o m e i i m e s p e r m a n e n t l y . T h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s g i v e lise
i'iii.iiii f<'(.'lings d o n o t a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e l o s u c h c o n c e r n s - as d o t h e f e e l -
lo intense somatic feelings (cravings) w h e n the c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e dni^-
i n f/, 1 o i i i | u i s e d b)' l h e c a t e g o r y o f i n t e n o n a l i'esponses.
nil r . i i l I I : \ \ l i ; i l A i r \ \ h . m i , ; W l i r i i \\<- A i r l r i i i g Klllical? Kiurls o f l'\'elings 13 I

r,.(i S o i i i i i l i c F e e l i n g s n E l h i c a l L i f e I spei ience, t h e n o n e ' s b o d y a n d n e n ' o u s systems can s u p p o r t a n d c o o p e r -

iie w i l h the ethical course o f aciion.
r i i e v a i i a h i l i t y o f l h e p a t t e r n i n g s o f s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s is d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d lo ll is s o i n e u r n c s c l a i m e d i h a i g i v i n g f r e e r e i n t o s o m a u c f e e l i n g s o f h u n -
t h e i r roles i n e t h i c a l i h o u g h t , decisin, a n d a c t i o n . Because s o m a d c feel- )[i I , i b i r s i , a g g r e s s i o n , sexual c h i v e , a n d f e a r is " o n l y n a t u r a l , " a n d that
ings signal to consciousness physiological slaies, i l i e y f o r m a n i m p o r i a n i .lll h u m a n e l h i c a l n o r m s r e g a r d i n g t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e m e r e l y s o c i a l con-
|jai'i o f l h e d a i a a b o u i o n e ' s o w n b o d i l y c o n d i i i o n . S u c h f e e l i n g s e n i e r i n i n .iineiions and thereibre tunvarranted resiriciions o n our natural bodily
eiliical valu i ' e l l e c i i o n i n s o l a r as i h e \ c o n i r i b u i e i;o c o r i ' e c i l y assessinj,; de',res, I i is t r u e e n o u g h t h a t s o m e c u l t u r a l n o r m s have failed to fully a n d
" w h a i is g o i n g o n . " -As w i i i i o d i e i " f o r m s o f h u m a n e x p e i ' i e n c i n g , somaiii iMiecily imderstand somatic feelings a u d t h e i i " ethcal s i g n i f i c a n c e fbi"
feelings are sources o f cpiesiions for inielligence, refleciion, e\'aluaiii)M, : i i e o f t h e b o d y . S t i l l , t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t is r u i t u r a l a t t h e l e v e l o f n e u r a l
and decisin. A c c u i a t e u n d e i - s i a n d i n g o f o n e ' s o w n b o d i l y states a n d dieii I m i i l i o n i n g is t h a t i t o c c u r s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e l a w s o f p h ) ' s i c s , chem-
r e l a u o n s h i p s l o t h e w i d e r w o r l d is a n e s s e n u a i component i n i h e process 1.11 \ a n c l n e u n ^ p h y s i o l o g y . W h i c h o f the cascade o f nerve i m p u l s e s are to
t o w a r d s a i n h e n u c valu j u d g m e n t s a b o i u o n e s e l f , and decisions conceruiuH he selected a n d allowed representation in consciousness in the f o r m of
pfjssible courses o f a c i i o n . o i i i . i i i c f e e l i n g s is n o t d e t e r n i i n e d b y t h o s e " n a t u r a r l a w s a l o n e . Rather,
I n r e c e n t years, t h e r e have b e e n i n c r e a s i n g n m n b e r s o f s c i e n i i f i c studies l l i e l e s e r v o i r o f t h e s e n e u r a l f u n c t i o n i n g s is o p e n t o a v a r i e i y ofselections,
o f the c o r r e l a u o n s b e t w e e n n e u r a l f u n c i i o n i n g aiifl s o m a t i c feelings. These i i i i e g r a i i o n s , a n d p a t t e r n i n g s , s o m e o f \\'hch c o o p e r a t e w i h e t i u c a l per-
studies llave g r e a t l y improved the accuracy ofour nderstanding o f oiu l i i i m a n c e a n d soiiie o f w l n c h d o iioi. The allegecl "natural" patternings
s o m a u c f e e l i n g s . s n p p l e r n e n t i n g o u r c o m m o n s e n s e u n d e i ' s i a n d i n g s o f ho^v M | n n b r i d l e d s o m a i i c f e e l i n g s are just t h a t - p a t t e r n i n g s by u n e i h i c a l c o n -
our b o d i e s feel \vith e x p a n d e d and nuanced scientific tmderstandings,'" II 1 ns, uot sometliing m o r e n a t u r a l i h a n p a t t e r n i n g s by a u i h e n t i c e i h i c a l
F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n scieuiisls discovei" t h a t i n c e n a i n p e o p l e s o m e somaiii Miie<'rns.^'
feelings are d u e to i n t e r n a l electrical o r b i o c h e m i c a l factoi's, r a t h e r iliaii So f a r w e h a v e e m p h a s i z e d l h e posiiive, constructive, a n d necessary roles
as a r e s u l t o f e x t e r n a l s u n i u l i as t h e y a r e i n o t h e r p e o p l e , k n o w i n g diis pl.ived by s o m a t i c feelings i n eihical i h o u g h t a n d action. However, phi-
w i l l c h a n g e w h a t e o u n t s as a p r o p e r , e t h i c a l r e s p o n s e . Y e t e v e n t h e w e a l l l i losophers a n d religious t h i n k e r s seem to have a l m o s t exclusively regarded
o f these scientific studies o f s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s is a f u r t h e r i n d i c a t i o n d i a l h elings negatively as t i n - e a t s t h a t d i s t o n a n d c o r r u p t e t l n c a l t l i o u g l u a n d
n e r v c n i s f u n c i i o n i n g c a n n o i be f u l l y d e t e r m i n a u v e o f w l n c h somatic lei-l- II Uon. Alihough lilis n e e d m.)t alwav's b e i l i e case, still i i is imdeniably
ings c o m e lo consciousness. I f d i i s w e r e n o t so, s c i e n t i s t s c o u l d n o t s e l n Une lhat certain feelings - b o t h somatic leelings ancl f e e l i n g responses
l i v e l y p a t t e r n l b e i r o w n s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s i n ways t h a t p r e v e n i t h e s e f e e l i u K s ili.ii i n i e n d vales - c a n a n c l d o imerere botli with asking and answering
from i u t e r f e r i n g ivith lhe sustained a u e n i i o n needed lo insure objecii\ III l i l i ' c p i e s t i o n s r e c [ u i r e d for amlieniic etliical thoughi and aciion, and
o u t c o m e s o f t h e i r studies. > uh e.irrying out what one jiidges it> b e l h e r i g h t c o u r s e o f a c t i c m . Fven
Our s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s c o n s i a n t l y p r e s e n t us w i t h c h a l l e n g e s f o r accurale i h o i i g h s o m a t i c feelings c a n a n d d o play positive roles i n e t h i c a l t l i o u g l u
nderstanding a n d ethical response. S o m a u c feelings cali for intelligi-iii >ud . i c i i o n , t h e y c e r t a i n l y a l s o c a n ancl d o i n t e r f e r e w i t h o u r e t h i c a l t h i n k -
ancl e l h i c a l r e s p o n s e s o f n o u r i s h m e n t , d i e t , exercise, rest, t r e a t m e n t o f iujii iM)', .111(1 a c i i n g . A d d i c i i o n s a n d c e r t a i n o t h e r i n t e n s e s o r n a i i c f e e l i n g s s c r e e n
r i e s a n d i l l n e s s , a n d so f o r t h . fience, somatic feelings play an i m p o r i a n i oul images, m e m o r i e s , a n d sensations t h a t are n e e d e d lo arrive at v i r t u a l l y
r o l e at a n e l e m e n t a r ) ' level i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f o n e ' s s t r u c t u r e o f ethi< al I i d i t i o n e d , o b j e c i i v e j u d g n i e n t s o f f i i t t a n d \'alue a n d to m a k e truly
i n t e n t i o n a l i t y a n d valu consciousness. i l i i i .ll d e c i s i o n s .

Moreover, since nu'.>st o f o u r etlncal actions involve bodily movemenis. When somatic feelings i n t e r f e r e with the p a i t e r n i n g o f experiences a n d
these actions cannot occur without bringing about changes i n soiiiali Ul n o l o n g e r s i n i p h ' p a t t e r n e d b)' q u e s t i o n s a n c l c o n c e r n s o f e t h i c a l inteii-
feelings. A chosen cc^urse o f a c i i o n c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t s u c c e s s f u l l y o n h ' l l ni.ii.ilii)', the)' b e c o m e obsessive sources o f b i a s e s a u d [3rof(-")und barriers
t h e p r e c e d i n g ancl r e s u l i i n g somatic feelings are s o m e h o w harmonioush i.i . l u d i e i i i i c e t h i c a l l i v i n g . Y e t preci.sely because somauc feelings can be
i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n o f e x p e r i e n c e t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e a c u o n . T h i s i% p iiiei u e d a n d re-patterned i n the streams o f o u r experiences, this biased
possible because the somatic feelings t h a t enter i n t o consciousness are iidl iMiei I c i c n c e o f somatic f e e l i n g s is n o t i n e v i t a b l e . F a n i i l i e s a n d o t h e r c u l -
w h o l l y d e t e r m i n e c l b y b o d i l y a n d n e u r a l states a l o n e . If a genuinely edil u i i . i l i n s i i i n i i o n s have d e \ ' e l o p e d h i g h l y s o p h i s i i c a i e d l e c h n i q u e s for help-
cal concern guides the patierning o f somatic feelings i n t o the p a t i c i u n l h i i ; I lhl( I r e n d e v e l o p a p p i o p r i a t e l y e t h i c a l ways o f p a t i e r n i n g t h e i r s o m a t i c
 II' I-MI II Wli.H \ \\ I) g W lien W c A r e B e i n g EUiicai:- K i n d s o f Feelings

li I I n i i ; ' . . In .nMiit)n, specialized i h e i ' a p e n L i c sLraiegies have been devrU. ..i '1 I C r o s s - D i v i s i o n of F e e l i n g s

i i p ( < l d i a l a n - i - d e c t i v e i n s o i n e cases f o r a l c e r i n g n e u i a l a n d behavioii

Somatic Feelings Intentional R e s p o n s e s
iNiiciionings t b r a d c l i c t i o n s to alccjhol, d r u g s , e a t i n g d i s o r d e r s , s e x u a l o b s M
s i o n s , a u d s o o n . O n c e t h e u e u n U f u n c t i o n i n g is n o r n i a l i z e d , s o m a t i c fefl ./Avorsions Example: Thirst Example: Ambition
E x a m p l e ; Q u e n c h e d thirst E x a m p l e : Feeling b e a u t y
ings can he m o r e easily i n t e g r a t e d i n t o p a t t e r n s that c o o p e r a t e w i t h e d i i < f l
E x a m p l e : Bodily relaxation E x a m p l e : J o i e d e vivre
l i \ i n g . S o m e a d d i c t i v e f e e l i n g s ne\'er e n t i r e l y d i s a p p e a r , b u i t h e i r i n i e r f i M \-.

c u c e w i t h the p a t t e i n i n g o f e x p e r i e n c e c a n be a t t e n u a i e d . Ascetic practioB

c a n a l s o r e - p a t i e r n less s e v e r e f o r m s o f b i a s e s t h a t i n t e r f e r e w i t h normad^
e l h i c a l l i v i n g . T h i s is w h y e i h i c s i n c l u d e s i n s i r u c d o n i n p r a c t i c e s t h a t w i n
r
s c u l p t o u r s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s i n t o p a t t e r n s t h a t c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e norniatM' ^ i i i l i r pur tinresiricted desire for the g o o d (the tinrestricted n o t i o n o f
f u n c t i o n i n g o f the s t r u c t u r e of ethical intentionality. ^ P l M ' I, a b o u t w h i c h more will be said in c h a p i e r 8.

Yet d e c i s i o n s to s u b m i i to s u c h ihei"a|3eutic p r a c t i c e s p r e s u p p o s e sonic ^ 1 h , i l t h e r e a r e s o m a u c d e s i r e s is e v i d e n t e n o u g h . B u t p e r h a p s s o m e j u s u -

k i n d o f i n i e r v e n i i o n t h a l will overrule biased imerferences aud reoriciil iii< MI is n e e d e d f b r i h e c l a i m t h a t l h e r e a r e a l s o d e s i r e s t h a t i n t e n d raines.

the patterning of experiences i n t o a d i f f e r e n t , h e a l t h i e r s i r e a m , T h i s M| I h> I l i i e r i o n f b r c l a s s i f y i n g f e e l i n g s as i m e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s is t h a t they

something that c a n n o t he p r o d n c e d by s o m a t i c feelings alone. Coop- I-I' a i p p o s e a n d a r i s e o u t o f p i i o r a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s or theii" c o n t e n t s .

e r a t i o n w i t h i h e r a p e u t i c i r a c t i c e s is t h e r e s u l t o f d e c i s i o n s . S u c h d e c i l.iin .lions s u c h as " W h a t s h o u l d I d o ? " a n d ' ' W h a t is t h e g o o d o f i t ? " a r e

s i o n s , i n t u r n , r e s u l t f r o r n e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n s d i r e c t e d b\ d i t e r e n t k i i u N xtnliiiis instances o f i n t c n i i o n a l - r e s p o n s e desires, since they r e s p o n d to t h e

o f feelings - feeling responses t h a i i n i e n d vales, ' f l i u s w e n o w o f f e r .1 I . n i i i u s o f p r i o r acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d j u d g m e n t , a n d t h e i r response

b r i e f l y p o l o g ) ' o f s o m a t i c t e e l i n g s a n d f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e , ' l l l ,1 d e s i r e f o r s o m e t h i n g b e y o n d t h o s e p r i o r c o n t e n t s . O r a g a i n , w e may

befbre t u r n i n g i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r to t h e f u l l e r analysis o f feelings thal i i i i e s s . <u- m e r e l y h e a r a b o u l , l h e s u p e i l a t i v e p e r f b r m a n c e o f a n a i h l e i e o r

are i n t e n t i o n a l responses. niiisii iaii o r a p u b l i c speaker o r sc)meone's g r e a t p h i l a n t h r o p i c d e e d , a n d

II p< i n d b y c i e s i r i n g t o b e l i k e t h a t - o r a l l e a s t t o m e e t t h i s p e r s o n , o b t a i n

5.7 A F u r t h e r Divisin o f Feelings: Desires/Aversions, i n .nu< t g r a p h , a u d so o n . l u a l l d i e s e cases, f e e l i n g s o f d e s i r e a r e i n t e n t i o n a l

Affects, and Moods n .pniises Iti l . o n e r g a n ' s sense. ' f h e y res[3ond u.) l l i e c o n t e n l s l l i a i come
t i l . m . i r e i i e s s t h r o u g h i n i e n i i o n a l a c i s . l u g e n e r a l , d e s i r e s as i n t e n t i o n a l

In a d d i i i o n lo tlie basic d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n somadc feelings a u d feelitiK M p t i n s e s a r i s e f r o m i m a g e s , as w e l l as o m the understandings and j u d g -

responses t h a i i n t e n d v a l e s , t h e r e is a n o t h e r i m p o r l a u t a n d complemen K l h a t w e have a b o u t i m a g e s . T b e a d v e i i i s i n g i n d n s t r y has d e v e l o p e d

l a i y c a i e g o r i z a t i c > n o f f e e l i n g s . T h i s is t h e d i v i s i n a m o n g f e e l i n g s as d e s i r e s n s u p h i s t i c a i e d technicpies f o r e x c i t i n g a n d i n c u l c a t i n g these k i n d s o f

a n d a v e r s i o n s , a l T e c i s , a n d moods."'-^ T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n a p p l i e s 1 0 s o m a t i c feel d< M I es f b i ' a l l s o r t s o f p r o d u c s b y p u i i . i n g c L u e n i l l ) ' c r a f t e d i m a g e s b e f b r e t.is.

i n g s as w e l l as t o f e e l i n g s l h a t i n t e n d v a l e s . F l e n c e f e e l i n g s i n g e n e r a l c a n Supeincially, it may seem that all feelings are desirings o r aversions,

b e c r o s s - d i v i d e d (as is s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5. i ) . i i i d c e r t a i n l y m a n v ha\'e w r i t t e n as t h o u g h t h i s w a s t h e case, I n a d d i t i c m

i'i l e e l i n g s o f d e s i r e a n d a \ e r s i o n , h o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e o t h e r k i n d s o f feel-
Feeiings of desire a n d avei'sion are well k n o w n . T h e y are feelings of need
iiij;s, fhe most o b v i o u s e x a n i | l e s a r e t h e s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s that c o m e as
f b r saiisfacdon o r r e l i e f o f s o m e sort. S o m a t i c desires i n c l u d e h u n g e r , diirsi,
l i i l l i l l m e n t s o f d e s i r e s , s u c h as f e e l i n g resied, feelings of having thirst,
f a t i g u e , a n d s e x u a l u r g e s ; t l i e y p r o m p i p i u ' s u i i o f o b j e c t s d i a l w i l l y i e l d saiis
h i i i i f ; e r , a u d s e x u a l u r g e s sateci, a n d f e e l i n g s o f r e l i e f of i t c h e s , d i s c o m -
f a c t i o n s . Feelings o f s o i n a u c aversin i n c l u d e p h y s i c a l d i s c o i n f o r t a n d p a i n ,
liiiK. OT- p a i n s . F i k e w i s e , t h e r e a r e f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s that
a n d these cali l o r r e l i e f t h a t involves w i t h c i r a w a i r a t h e r t h a n p u r s u i t . I n l e i i
. M i n e as f u l t i 11 m e n t s t o d e s i r e s , s u c h as t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n s c)f a m b i t i o n s f b r
t i o n a l i"espc)nses t h a t a r e d e s i r e s t b r v a l e s i n c l u d e a m b i i i o n , d e s i r e s I b i
powei or knowledge or respect, lhe natuial pleasures that accompany
w e a l t h , power, k n o w l e d g e , recognition, lespect, and for God. I n t e n t i o n a l
\ l i i u < m s a c t i o n s , as A r i s t o t l e p u t s i i , - " ^ 01 t h e i e e l i n g t h a t accompanies
r e s p o n s e s o f aversin i n c l u d e b e i n g r e p u l s e d by u g l i n e s s , f o r i n s t a n c e by t h r
d h i n e g r a c e ancl fttlFills t h e resttessness o f i h e s o i i l t h a t A u g i i s i i n e i d e n t i -
s i g h t o f a d i s f i g u r e d o r b l o o d i e d body, o r by w i t n e s s i n g a p e r s o n a c t i n g w i i h
lles,-'' l . i k e \ v i s e , t h e r e a r e f ' e e l i n g s o f relief i h a t c o m e to e n d feelings of
c r u e l t y o r m e a n s p i r i t e d n e s s . M o s t p r o f o u n d a m o n g the d e s i r i n g i n t e n t i o n a l
le,11 o r a v e r s i n , as l h e f e e l i n g o f r e l i e f w h e n a v i o l e n i s t o r m h a s passed
responses are the p i t r e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e to k n o w a n d i t s p r o l o n g a t i i m
I I I .1 w a i h a s e n d e d .
1 V<4 P a n 11: W h a i A r e V\ D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Eihical? K i n d s o f Feelings 1 35

T l i e r e ai~e a l s o o i h e r i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s i h a i a r e n o i s o o b v i o u s h ' s a i - d i i l i i u h lo p r o p e r l y a p p r o p r i a t e t h e seveiTil d i l f e r - e n t r-oles l h a t f e e l i n g s p l a y

i s l a c i i o n s o f d e s i r e s . T h e s e i n c l u d e i h e f e e l i n g s o f a[3[3reciaLing s o m e t h i n g in ( i i M e l h i c a l i h i n k i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n d l i v i r r g . I n o t l r e i " \v'Orxls, c l i s c e r - r u n e n t
beaiuJfiil, o r feelings o f a d m i r a i i o n o f a t h l e u c prowess, i n t e l l e c t u a l acliieve- di p e r r d s I m p o r t a n i l y u p o n a d e e p i m d e r s t a n d i r r g a n d a p p r e c i a i i o n o f t h e
n i e m , o r a n e x c e | j t o n a l h ' n o b l e - a c t , f e e l i n g s o f s v i n p a t h y for- s o m e o n e gr-iev- . n i o n s f o i - n i s o f d e s i i - e , a v e r s i n , a l T e c i , a n d m o o d , a n d i h e i r var-ioris r o l e s
i n g , en* f e e l i n g a w e s t r t r c k b e f o i e a n a t u r a l v i s i a . S i i c l i f e e l i n g s d o n o t neces- lll e i l r i c : i l l i v i n c ; .
s a i ' i l y c o m e s o l e l y as r e s p o n s e s t o d e s i r e s . I s h a l l use i h e t e i - m " a l f e c i " i n a . \ h i c h r n o r e c o u l d b e s a i d a b o i u , s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s , a n d al.>cn.rt t h e corr-e-
t e c h n i c a l s e n s e f o r t h i s b r o a d class o f f e e l i n g s that dweii in appreciauorr l.iUons i l r a t o b t a i n a n r o r r g a l l s l x c a t e g o r i e s o f l e e l i n g s a n d t l i e i r uiiderly-
o f vales, w h e t l i e r " o r ' n o t t l i e y arase i n r-esponse t o desir-es o r s e e m t o a r i s e iiif; rieirr-c)logcal pr-ocesses. Flowever-, l h e o b j e c l i v e s i n i l i i s c l i a p i e r w e r e t o
r n o T"e s p o n t a n e o t r s I \'. t l . l l il\ d i e s e l^asic c i i s t i n c i i o n s , e x p l o t - e i l i e r e l a i i o n s l i i p s o f s o m a t i c f ' e e l i n g s
I n a d d i t i o n t o desir*es/a\'ersions a n d a f f e c t s , ther-e ar-e a l s o nic>ods. Desir-es, elhical i h o i i g l n and action, a n d lo prepare tbe c o n t e x t fbr discussion o f
aversions, a n d affects t e n d l o b e l i m i t e d i n s c o p e , w l i i l e m o o d s ar"e rnoT"e dn ( l i i s s o f f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s t h a t i n t e n d vales a n d their- p l a c e i n e t h i c a l
g l o b a l . A m u s c u l a r a c h e is l o c a l i z e d i n a p a r - t i c u l a r p a r ' i o f t b e b o d y , a n d i i s d i o u g h I arrd acon. T h e n e x t c h a p t e r s , t h e r e f b r e , a r e d e v o t e d to t l i e f'tiiler
t - e l i e f is a l s o c e n t r e d d i e r e . B m r e l a x a t i o n is o f l h e w h o l e b o d \ ' , n o i j u s t o f 1 ,plor:iliorr o f s i r c h leelings.
s o m e p a r t . I t is a s o m a i i c n r o o d , F e v e r ' i s b n e s s w o t r l d b e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o l '
a somatic mood.
E x a n r p l e s o f m o o d s t l r a i ar-e i n t e n t i o n a l r-esponses i n c l u d e feehngs of
c o n t e r T t m e n t a n d b e i n g at peace w i t h cjneself a n d w i t h the wor'ld, Like-
w i s e , f e e l i n g s o f d i s c o n i e n t , d e p r - e s s i o n , a n x i e t y , or- o f a d o r . i r o r p e s s i m i s t i c
o t i d o o k a r e a l s o i n i e n i i o n a l - r - e s p o n s e m o o d s , A l l s u c h m o o d s ar-e g l o b a l i n
t h e i r r a n g e . T h e y co n o t r - e s [ j o n d l o j u s t o n e s p e c i h c i m e n t i o n a l o b j e c t , o r
t o a l i m i i e d set o f i i n e n i i o r r a l o b j e c t s ; o n c e t h e y h a v e a r i s e n , t h e i r m o o d i -
ness e x t e n d s t o a l l o b j e c t s t h a t cor r re t o a per-son's c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Tlie whole
w o r l d w i t h i n o n e ' s p u r - v i e w is f e l t t h i s way, M o o d s o c c u r - s i m u l i a n e o u s l y w i l h
d e s i r e s , avei-sic)ns, a n d a f f e c t s , a n c l m o o d s c o l o u r t h e c o n t e x t w i t h i n whclr
t h o s e f e e l i n g s ar-e f e h .
" M o o d " has b e e n i r s e d l o tr*anslate I-leidegger-'s l e r - m Befindchhcil in
Being antl Tinui."'^ Conrmenting on l-leidegger's notion of Befindliclikeil,
R o b e r - t f ! ) o r ; m w r i tes t h a t i t i s ' ' l h e wa\ o n e f i n d s o n e s e l f ... [ l i e d i s p o s i t i o n
o r n u D o d o r s e l f - t a s i e t h a t a c c o m p a n i e s a l l our- i n t e n t i { : ) n a l o p e r ' a t i o n s . " ^ ' '
T h i s m e a n s l h a t o t n - m o o d s a r e f e l l e v a l u a i i o n s o f t h e wc-)rld, w b i c h a r e
s i n i u l i a n e o t r s i V i h e m o o c l s w h i c l i c o n t a i n o i r r f-eli e x ' a l t r a t i o n o f o t r r s e l v e s .
Oui" moods a b o t r t t b e w o r - l d ai-e r - a d i c a l l y r - o o t e d i n o u r m o o d s aboul
ou rselves.
W h i l e llie feelings of'desir-e/aversion, affeci, and m o o d l h a t ar-e i n t e n -
t i o n a l responses i n L o n e i - g a n ' s sense c a n be cora-elated w i i b n e t i r o p l p ' s i -
o l o g i c a l processes, t h e y a r e cpiite d i s t i n c t f r o m s o m a t i c f'eelings. F e l t i n i e n -
i i o n a l responses r e s p o n d to the c o n t e n t s t h a i c o m e lo awareness ihroiigh
o t h e r i m e n t i o n a l a c t s . l ' h e y d o n o t a r i s e d i r e c t l y frc)m s t a t e s o f o m " ner-
v o u s s y s t e m d e r i v e d f r o m s u u e s o f o u r b o d i l y o r g a n s as d o s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s .
A J t h o u g h t h e disncuons a m o n g s o m a t i c versus intenonal r e s p o n s e feel
i n g s o f c l e s i r e / a v e r s i o n , a f f e c t s , a n d m o o d s is f r e q u e n d y o v e r l o o k e c l , i h e y
a r e n o n e i h e l e s s q u i t e i m p o r t a n t d i s i i n c U o n s . W i t h o u t l h i s d i s u n c t i o n , i i is
 heeling.-; as l n i e i u o n ; i l Responses a n d M o r i / o n s o f f e e l i n g s 1 37

6 Feelings as I n t e n t i o n a l ^ .ti h o n o i , etupathy, sympathy, shame, a n d guilt. L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f

Ul I . ,1 ' . n n i l a r l i s t :

Responses and Horizons B . . .luse o f o u r f e e l i n g s , o u r desires a n d o u r fears, o u r h o p e o r

of Feelings l l . .p.iir, o u r j o y s a n d s o r r o w s , o u r e n t h u s i a s m a n d i n d i g n a o n , o u r
. .i.ran a n d c o n t e m p t , o u r i r u s t a n d d i s t r u s t , o u r l<.)ve a n d l i a t r e d ,
..ni i r i i d e r i i e s s a n d w r a t h , o u r a d m i r a u o n , v e n e r a d o n , reverence,
i.m d r c ; i d , h o r r o r , terror, we are o r i e m e d massively a n d d y n a n n c a l l y
jM ,1 w o r l d m e d i a t e d b)' m e a n i n g . '

I l u , l n o a < l class o f l e e l i n g s i n t e n d s a n d reveis l o c o n s c i o u s n e s s a r i c h

l l u . 1 a i \f v a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s . T h e s e d i v e r s e f e e l i n g s a n d t h e i r a r r a y s o f
I O l . l U d vales a n d d i s v a l u e s m a y be g a t b e r e d i n t o very g e n e r a l cat-
>Mii .. siK h as f e e l i n g s o f t h e v a l e s o f c o m f o r t , i i s e f u l n e s s , e f f i c i e n c y ,
.1 i l l h . o i d e r l i n e s s , s o c i a l w o r i , b e i n g c u l i u r e d , r e s p o n s i b i l i i y , h u m a n
i.niu. o r religiosity. T h e e x a c t d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g these categories of
Intermediate behoeen judgments of fact and judgments of valu lie apprehmsiotn f .1. l.ll leelings d e p e n d to a c e r t a i n extent u p o n lhe purposes ofthe
valu. Such apprehensions are given in jeelings. . i d n m . u s i n g t h e r e n i i s a n d m a k i n g these disnctions. ( T h i s , o f c o u r s e ,
- B e n u i r d l . o n e r g a n , Mediod in 't'hivlmw , 1I..1 iiiic ofthe cross-division of feehngs presenied i n ie previons
ll .pU i. )

U n . . - lisis a n d disnctions c a n b e e x t e n d e d i n d e f i n i t e l y . T h e lists a r e

6.1 Introduction , \i 10 p r o v i d e a n e x h a u s v e e n u m e r a o n o f a l l f e e l i n g s t h a t a r e
.ll. iiuoiial responses. They are offered as p o i n t s o f d e p a r t u r e f o r the
Tn l h e p r e v i o u s c l i a p t e r w e b e g a n l o e x p l o i e t h e c o m p l e x i s s u e o f t h e i i i l n i ' . i.l.1 s srll-appiopriation o f her or his o w n feelings of imentional
t i o n a l i t y o f feelings. I n this c h a p t e r we c o n t i n u that e x p l o r a t i o n , this liinfl I ,(. T h e w i d e v a r i e t y o f t e r m s u s e d 10 c l a s s i f y l e e l i n g s s u g g e s t s the
f o c u s i n g in m o r e detail u p o n the feelings t h a i d o i n i e n d vales as i h c l i ... h d i l l r i c n a t i o n a n d d i v e r s i t y o f vales t h a t a r e r e v e a l e d in lhe great
noematic c o n t e m s - w h a i Lcjueigan calletl " i m e n t i o n a l responses to valur .11 MO ' o m r e t e a u d s p e c i l i c f e e l i n g s t h a t p e o p l e h a v e o v e r i h e c o u r s e s o f
Because o f the c o m p l e x i t y o f the intentionalit)' strncture o f f e e l i n g s ,i Un l l h v c s , a n d t h a l c u l u i r e s m a n i f e s t t h r o u g h t h e i r e n d u r i n g h i s t o r i e s .
i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s . t h i s c h a p i e r p r o c e e d s i n s e v e r a l stages. F i r s t , I o t l n II. I j ' j i l e n r d awareness a n d d i s c e r n m e n t o f the diferences a m o n g our
a s e t o f e x a m p l e s o f s u c h f e e l i n g s . T h i s is f o l l o w e d by a s o m e w h a t t e c l m i i al Mitin I r r l i i i g s are indispensable f o r fuller nderstanding o f the inten-
d i s c u s s i o n o f the m u l p l e i n t e n o n a l o b j e c t s o f t h i s k i n d o f f e e l i n g . I i h r n n t . i i . i h U ' . )f l e e l i n g s .
t u r n to illustrate these m o r e abstract discussions with concrete examplr M i l ' l o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e is o f f e r e d i n a i d o f iis p r o c e s s o f d i s c e r n m e n t .
l e a d i n g i n t o the discussion o f the h o r i z o n s o f feelings a u d t h e i r varion 1 . i d ( a l h e e x a m p l e o f two p e o p l e w a t d i i n g a sporng event. B o t h per-
i n t e r n a l tensions. .. h . m o r e o r less t h e v e r y s a m e s e t o f v i s u a l i m a g e s as t h e e v e n t proceeds.
iiildinly one shtits i n e x c i t e m e n i , " D i d y o u see that move! T h a t was
6.2 T h e R i c h F i e l d o f F e e l i n g s as I n t e n t i o n a l Responses o ll'" flir other SLS in b o r e d silence. T h e second spectator d i d i n d e e d
. . ' i l i r m o v e , b u t h a d n o f e e l i n g f o r i t , a n d w i t h o u t t h a t f e e l i n g t h e r e is n o
F e e l i n g s l h a t a r e i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s f o r m a w i d e a n d d i v e r s e class. '\']u\ . . . I I M i o u s i i e s s o f its " g r e a i n e s s " - t h a t is, o f its v a l u . T h e e x c i t e m e n t o f t h e
i n c l u d e f e e l i n g s o f d e l i g h t , ur^ctwcy, joie devivin, anxiet)', anger, r e l i g i o u s awr, h i .1 s p c c i a i o r is a n i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e l h a t i n t e n d s , reveis, a n d makes
hoslity, c o m e n t m e n t , s e l F i e g a i d , d e s p a i r , d i s g u s t , r a g e , c o m p a s s i o n . vww. ll. 1 .iw.ire o f a n a t h l e u c valu. T h e f i r s t s p e c l a t o r is a w a r e o f t h e v a l u i n
h a t r e d , l o v e , ecstasy, d e s i r e s f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f v a r i o u s s o r t s , r e s p e c t , irrioi. >iii| i h i o i i g h t h e i e e l i n g o f e x c i i e m e n t . S h e is a w a r e o f t h e v a l u b y f e e l i n g
IMK I ' ; i r i I I : VVliai A r e VVe O o i i i g VVhen VVe A r e l i e i n g lhical? ("eelings as I i i t e n i i o n a l Kesponses a n d K o r i z n n s o f I-'eelings 139

i t . S h e c o u l d g o o u t o d e s c r i b e t h e f e e h n g , o r t o ex|3lain i u s o m e d e t a i l I m i * W'hii h . t h e n , is l h e noematic o b j e c i o f i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g s - vales, o r

t h a t t n o v e c o m p a r e s w i t h t h e a t h l e t i c a b i l i t i e s o f o t h e r p l a y e r s , o r h>w ii is .t M i e d i i n g o i u o l o g i c a l s u c h as a p e r s o n o r a s i t u a t i o n ?
r e m a n k a b l y i t m o v a t i v e use o f t h e r u l e s , a n d s o o n . B u t t h e v a l u m u s t b e t e l i , 1 h i ' i e is f u r t h e r a m b i g u i t y i n L o n e r g a n ' s p h r a s e ''response /o v a l u . " T h i s
a n d n o a i n o u n i of description or.explanation can substitute for tlie leeliiin iln,e,e s e e m s t o s u g g e s t t h a t vales a r e a l r e a d y o u t l h e r e l y i n g a r o u n d s o r n e -
as t h e e l e m e n t a l s o u r c e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h a i v a l u . \n f a c t , a n y sui h lii M', ;nvaitng f e e l i n g s t h a t w i l l r e s p o n d 10 t h e m . V a l e s w o u l d h e l h e noe-
d e s c r i p u o n s will r e m a i n o b s c i n e to tlic second spectator, uniess I w aKu -ll' u b i < c i s e x i s i i n g ' ' a l r e a d y o n i t h e r e n o w " a n d f e e l i n g s w o u l d b e noetic
c o m e s t o s h a r e i n s o m e w a y t h e s e f e e l i n g s o f e x c i t e m e n t . A s i t is, h o w e \ i , i. di.ii i c a c h o u t t o t h e m ( " i n t e n d " t h e m ) as t h e y a l r e a d y a r e . T h i s xnew
t h e s e c o n d s p e c l a t o r l i a s n o c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h a t valu p r e c i s e l y b e c a u M ' n I\ e n i e r e d i n t o l h e t h i n k i n g o f \'on f l i l d e b r a n d w h e n h e r e m a r k e d
h e h a s n o f e e l i n g f o r it.'-' h >i n n i u i e n u o n a l f e e l i n g s ' ' d o n o t possess t.he c h a r a c t e r o f t r a n s c e n d i n g
O c c u r r e n c e s s u c h as t h e o n e j u s t d e s e r i b e d o c c u r l e g u l a r l y i n ordii,u> l l l H . i l n i o f t h e i n i n d , " ' as was n o t e d i i i the p r e v i o n s c h a p t e r . H e was q u i t e
l i f e . T h e a n a l y s e s p r e s e n t e d n l h e r e s t o f t h i s c h a p t e r a i e i n t e n d e d l o p n i ' 111 e l u e d t o p r o v i d e a p h i l o s o p h i c a l g r o u n d i n g f o r l h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f v a l -
m o t e d i s c e r n m e n t o f t h e m o r e s u b d e d y n a m i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n ihesi * , l l l d o i n g s o , h e l e n d e d t o c o n s t r u e c o n s c i o u s i n i e n t i o n a l i t y i 11 g e n e r a l
regularly r e c u r r i n g feelings o f i n t e n t i o n a l response and their inteuilnl m i l l l i e i n i e n t i o n a l i t y o f vales m o r e s p e c i b c a l l y ) cju l h e m o d e l o f " k n o w -
vales. rn' ,r. 1.1 k i n g a l o o k . " ' ' - A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s m o d e l , t h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f f e e l i n g s as
1. ' l l \ a l u e - c o n s c i o i i s n e s s w o u l d b e g u a r a n t e e d b y t h e i r i m n i e d i a i e c o n t a c t
6.3 I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s t o \\Tiat? il ll d i e o b j e c t i v e , a l r e a d y e x i s i i n g vales.
I hnvevi'r, L o n e r g a n ' s c r i t i c i s m s o f t h e c o u n t e r - p o s i i i o n r e g a r d i n g k n o w -
A l t l i o u g h L o n e r g a n ' s use o f t h e t e r m " i n t e n t i o n a l responses to v a l u " ' w,u M(i I i i i s t i i i e d o n t h e m o d e l of t a k i n g a l o o k closes o f f this a p p r o a c b to
i n f l u e n c e d by his r e a d i n g s o f t h e w o r k s o f v o n h l i l d e b i a n d a n d Scheln, le o h j e c t i v i i y . - ' I t is n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , 10 l e c o n s i d e r m o r e c l o s e l y b o t h
h e g a v e it h i s o w n s p e c i c s e n s e : " I n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s ... a n s w e r t o w h . d l l . t i I . i i i o n s h i p o f i n t e n t i o n a l i t y b e t w e e n f'eelings a n d vales, as w e l l as t h e
is i n t e n d e d , a p p r e b e n d e d , r e p r e s e n i e d , T h e f e e l i n g relates us, n o t j u s i i n |n> l l o n o f \ ' a l i i e o b j e c t i v i t y ( a n d therefore tbe f u r d i e r relations among
a cause o r au e n d , b u t t o a n o b j e c t . " ' I n this sense, intenonality c o n i e i i n Mil i i u o u a l i ' e s p o n s e s , v a l u r e f l e c t i o n , a n d valu j u d g m e n t ) .
the reiaiionship between acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d t h e i r i n t e n d e d o h j e i i I lese pu/.zles r e g a r d i n g \ 7 i l i i e - f e e l i n g s c a n b e r e s o l v e d i f w e i ' e c o g n i z e t h a i
( o r c o n t e n t s ) - t h e c o n s c i o u s i " e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a iioesis\nc\s i n t e u d i d ll- i i i i e n i i o i i a l r e s p o n s e o f t h i s class o f f e e l i n g s is a m l t i p l e i n i e n d o n a l i t y -
noema. L l e n c e , t o s p e a k o f l i u m a n l e e l i n g s as i n t e n d i n g vales m e a i i s i l i . i i ll I l l s l o say, f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s a c t n a l l y d o h a v e m o r e t h a n one
v a l e s ai"e i h e o b j e c t s {uoeinala) of cenain k i n d s o f acts o f c o n s c i o n s n r * .li|i 11. N o t a r e t h e t e e l i n g s o f d i i s k i n d t h e o n l y i n s t a n c e s o f acts o f c o n s c i o t i s -
{noeses). 1- i s t h a l c x h i b i t m l t i p l e i n i e n t i o n a l i t y ; i n s i g h t s , a c i s o f u u d e i ' s i a n d i i i g , l i k e -
There is, h o w e v e r , a n a m b i g i t y n Lonergan's brief remarks regatd ti li.ive l i l i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . j
i n g t h e i n t e n t i o n a l o i ^ j e c t s o f s u c h f ' e e l i n g s . Follo\vng v o n H i l d e b r a n d . l u
c l e a r l ) ' h e l d t h a t vales a r e t h e noematic oh]CC\< o f f e e l i n g s : " F e e l i n g s t h a l a n I I he M l t i p l e I n t e n t i o n a l i t y of Insights'"
i n t e n t i o n a l responses r e g a r d l w o m a i n classes o objects: o n t h e o n e h a n d ,
the agreeable or disagreeable, the saiisfying o r dissatisfying; o n t h e o l l n 1 IM i n i i l i i p l e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f i n s i g h t s is b r o u g h i 10 l i g h t m o s t c l e a r l y i n
h a n d , vales."'' Yet h e a l s o s p e a k s o f t e e l i n g s as h a v i n g v e r y d i f l " e i - e n i kind " M I I j i a u ' s s t u d i e s o f A q n i n a s ' s \ v r i i i n g s al>*nii t h e " i n n e r w o r d " ( l h e Verbum
o f objects. Situaiions, o c c u r r i n g events, t h i n g s , persons, a n d i h e i r q u a l i l l e t lililes). |''.vi:n t h o u g h L o n e r g a n w r o t e lnsiglil\\\r 1.0 e x p a n d u p o n t h e
a r e a l s o s p o k e u C)f as t h e o b j e c t s o f s t i c h feelings: I ll b i e a k i l i r o u g h s d i a t h e a c h i e v e d i n t h o s e e a i l i e r s t u d i e s , s t i l l t h e y c o n -
iiu several n u a n c e d p o i n t s o f analysis t h a t a r e n o t t o be f o u n d i n Insight.
VVe h a v e f e e l i n g s a b o u t o l h e r p e r s o n s , w e f e e l f o r t h e m , w e f e e l w i l h I H le I,(lll e r g a n i r a c e d A q n i n a s ' s a c c o n i u s o f t h e r e l a i i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n the
t h e m . VVe h a v e f e e l i n g s a b o u t o u r r e s p e c t i v e s i t u a t i o n s , a b o u l t h e Ih ai I o l ii/lel/igere ( i n s i g h l / n d e r s t a n d i n g ) a n d its o b j e c t s . H e s h o w s t h a t
past, a b o u t the f u t u r e ... pdn.is l o u n d not j u s t o n e b u l f o u r d i s t i n c t k i n d s o f objects o f the act ot
In general, response t o valu b o t h c a r r i e s us t o w a r d s self- i-ltireie a fact t h a t makes u n d e i s t a n d i n g a l e m a r k a b l e noelictci."
t r a n s c e n d e n c e a n d s e l e c t s a n object f o r r h e s a k e o f w h o m o r o l I ll .! L l i i i e r g ; u i d i s i i n g n i s h e d b e i w e e n w h a t h e c a l i s l h e " a g e n t o b j e c t " (or
w l i i c h we t r a n s c e n d o u r s e l v e s . ' ' M i . n i n g o b j e e i " ) auci tlie t e r m i n a l o b j e c t , ' - C o n c e r n i n g this d i s u n c t i o n he
140 Pai-L I I : VVIiaLAi-t VVe D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Mi h i cal ? Fijeliiigs as I n i e m i o n a l Pesponscs a n d H o r i z o n s o f Feelings I4 1

\vro(.e, " T l h s inl/dUgen; [ i n s i g l n ] can w h a i . i i . is o n l v i f i.here a r e o b j e c i s I n M, ni ili:ii i n s i g l u s h a v e a n o b j e c t i v e i l i a i lies b e y o n d tlieir undersiandings

n i o v e it. as w e l l as i h e o b j e c r s r l i a i ii, p r o d u c e s . " ' : * T h e a g e i u o b j e c i oT iiilrl I dieii piv.ijner i n i e l l i g i b l e o b j e c t s . " f h a i o b j e c t i v e is k n o w l e d g e ofsome-
l/g;>y;h an image ("illuminaied plianiasm") i.hai. s u i n u l a i . e s r h e emergeuii 'iiiMi; leal, a n d u l t h n a t e l y o f a l l realit}', o f being.
o an insighl. Lonergan obser\^'d i h a i we h a v e i l i e " l u i i v e r s a l e x p e r i e n i ! I iM.ilh. while lhe p r o p e r intelligible object o f a n i n s i g h t is n o t b y i t s e l f
l h a i w h e n e v e r w e ii^y l o u n d e r s i a n c l we c o n s i r u c i i n i a g e s , " a n d l h a i d i c s i 1 ui<\\ o f r e a l i t y , d i e r e is n e v e r t h e l e s s o-ne s e n s e i n w h i c h e\'ery proper
move US lo have l h e insighis ihai answer o u r quesiicms.'i in addiiinn 1 I o f e\'ery i n s i g l n possesses a k i n d o f o b j e c t i v i t ; ' . Lonergan calis this
l o l h e a g e m o b j e c i o f a c i s o f i i n d e r s i a n d i n g , " i l i e r e is i l i e l e r m i n a l o l i j i ' i i ll. 'lei se i n l a l l i b i l i t y o f i i n e l l e c i . ' ' - ' * By hs he d o e s n o t at all m e a n i.liai
ofibe i r m e i ' w o r d . T h i s s i l i e c o n c e p i [ o r d e l i n i i i o n ] . " ' ' " * VVTiile l h e agciii H ll . m d e\'er\ i n s i g l n we h a v e is a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t . Railier, he ineans
objeci precedes a n d siimuales i h e e m e r g e n c e o f an a c i o f u n d e r s i a n d i i i H , ll ll <//iiisight.s a r e i n f a l l i b l e " roilJi rsped tn the images\\'\\\c\\e t l i e i r a g e n t
l h e l e r m i n a l o b j e c i f o l l o w s , is p r o d n c e d by, p r o c e e d s f r o r n , a n d expressrn h|i I I s , " N o one r n i s n n d e r s i a n d s t b e t l i i n g s as l i e i m a g i n e s iliem."'" When
lhe nndersianding. . h . n e a n i n s i g h t , i t e m e r g e s f r o m s o m e i m a g e t l i a i . is its a g e n t o b j e c t . This
T l i e r e is a l s o a l h i r d ohjcci u\' /iilelligere, iniermediaie beiween ibe ageiit (. . i n s i h a i l l i e p r o p e r i n i e l l i g i b l e c o i n e n i o f t h e i n s i g l n is c o n n e c i e d t o a n d
objecL a n d ihe t e r m i n a l object. A c c o r d i n g lo Lonergairs r e a r j i n g o f A(|iil I . |MII);S l o d i a l a g e n t o b j e c t ( i m a g e , |"dianiasm) w l i l c l i ii u n d e r s i a i i d s . Tlie
as, t l d s is " t h e p r o p e r a n d p r o x i m a t e o b j e c i o f i n t e l l e c t ... t l i e species /iilil ..i l|;lii i l i e r e b y b e s i o w s its p r o p e r o b j e c t (inielligible conten) upon what
lectri [ i n i e l l i g i b l e I b r m J . " ' * ' 1 d i a t is t o say, a n i n s i g l n . l i a s its o w n p r o p e r a m l oiilil o d i e r w i s e be t h e m e r e l y imaginable conten o f t h e i r n a g e . 1 1 i i s is
distinctive inielligible c o n i e n t ( o b j e c t ) . ' f h i s is t h e i n i e n i i o n a l o b j e c i , dic h.n r. n i i ' a n t b y " i n s i g h t iHo | : ) h a n l a s i n " - n o t l h a t l l i e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t . y (|:)roper
iioeriia of lhe voetic act o f nderstanding i n the strici plienoinenologii.il h|. 11) s s o m e h o w h i d d e n w i i h i n o r b e l i i n d i l i e i m a g e , b u t r a t l i e r t h a t i l i e
sense. T l i i s p r o p e r i n t e l l i g i b l e o b j e c t e m e r g e s s i m i i h a n e o n s l y a l o n g w i i h i l * -ill'jii adds intelligeiu. consciotisness o f the intelligibility proper to t h a t
i n t e n d i n g insight, a n d i t s u p e r v e n e s u p o n t h e l o w e r agent objects (pliait* i'n.if;e o n l o f w l l i c l i il e i n e r g e s .
t a s m s o r i m a g e s ) . ' ^ 1~liis s u p e r v e n l e n c e m e a n s t h a t t h e proper, i n t e l l i g i l i l r I ll m e , l h e p u r e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e p r o p e r c o n t e n o f a n i n s i g l n is always the
c o n t e n o l ' d i e aci o f i n s i g l n is t l i e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y n/"/r//agent i m a g e . B m ilii i-ii. I l i j n b i l i t ) ' o f its a g e n t o b j e c t (image). The dilTiculty, o f course, is t h a t
does nrjt m e a n t h a t t h e i m a g e as i m a g i n e d is i n t e l l i g i b l e , f o r t h e p r o p i ' i MI M i i . i g i i i i n g s c a n h a v e m o r e o r less o r v i r t u a l l y n o t l i i n g a t a l l t o d o wiili
object ofan i n s i g l n is q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i s i i n c i f r o r n iis a g e n i object (illiiml lll. \\.\\s r e a l l y a r e . ' f h i s is w l i y i l i e h m u a i i ca|:>acity f o r r e l l e c i i n g a n d
naied phaniasm). Rather, tlie p r o p e r objeci o f t l i e i n s i g h l is c o n n e c i e d In . I 11 h i n g l h e v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d i n resjDonse t o t p es t i o n s o f f a c t is o n e
a n d b e l o n g s to tlie a g e n i objeci, w l i l c l i is t b e h n a g e , b e c a u s e t b e i n s i g h l I lhe inosi p r o f o u n d d i m e n s i o n s o f l u n n a n sell-transceiidence. Relection
is i n t o i l i a i image. nderstanding ihereby a d d s to a n d b e s t o w s ils p r n p un ues I n n n a n t l n n k i n g b e y o n d d i e l i i n i la t i o n s a n d fasci n a t i o n s o f o u r hnag-
e r l y i n t e l l i g i b l e comc=:rii u p o n w l i a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e be a m e r e l y s e n s i b l e i H' Miiii.ius. R e l e c t i o n a l s o m o v e s us b e y o n d llie merel)' pro\'isional insiglits
i m a g i n a b l e conten in the absence o f the insigln.. I h ll . u e a i t a c h e d l o o u r l i m i t e d i r n a g i n a i i o n s . l t d o e s t l i i s b ) ' r e l e n t l e s s l ) ' pos-
I n a d d i t i o n , i h e r e is a k i n d o f b u r i h o b j e c t o f i n s i g l n - t l i e " r e a l o b j e i I . " M i ; ever f u r t l i e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . I t g o a d s us t o l a k e i n t o a c c o u n t daia
Lonergan a l i n d e s t o t h i s o n l y i n Veii)inn: "Corresponding to tliis a g e n t ol)n i MI ll I o i i i a i i i e d i II o u r s e l f - l n d u l g e n t i m a g i n i n g s . l i p r o m p i s us t o consider
t h e r e is t h e t e r m i n a l o b j e c i o f t h e i n n e r w o r d ; l l i i s is t h e c o n c e p t , avd llie n\t til ) i i : i ( i \ ' c c o t i i n e r e x a i T i ) : ) l e s , a n d lo lake into consideraiion prior insiglus
ofconcepis iseiis [being]."'^ In otlier words, L o n e r g an arges t h a t f o r A(piiii,i iMil |iidgiiiein.s, e v e n those w h i c h m a y n o t c o n f o r m to o u r i m a g i n a i i o n s . So,
l h e u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e o f e a c h l i n i t e a c t o f iiileUigerexs correct undersiandiiin h i l e evm-y I n s i g h t is " I n f a l l i b l e " w i t l i r e g a r d t o ils a g e n t i m a g e , i n a n o i l i e r
o f h o w all t h i n g s r e a l l y a r e . T l i i s is b e c a u s e e a c h l l n i i e , c o r r e c t undersi.md . IIM e\'er\ i n s i g h t is \'er\ f a l l i b l e b e f o r e t h e t r i b u n a l o f i h e f u r t h e r q u e s -
i n g is a c o n t r i b u u o n t o t h e o b j e c t i v e o f k n o w i n g r e a l i t y C o r r e c t u n d e r s i a n d i n n M.iiis l o r ri/llect.ion t h a l press b e y o n d thai image. Lvery Insightdoes imder-
o f c o u r s e is n o t r e a c h e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y j u s t b e c a u s e s o m e o n e h a s a n i n s i g l n ( m d s o i n e i h i n g a b o u t ils i m a g e , b u t t h a t i m a g e ( a n d n d e r s t a n d i n g ) may
An i n s i g h l is n o i c o r r e c t j u s t b e c a u s e s o r n e o n e h a p p e n s lo have liad o u r I II d i v e r g e f r o m reality which is k n o w n hilly only in virtually n i i c o n d i -
Insights are known to be c o r r e c t o n l y w h e n they are k n o w n l o be viiiii n d jiidgnients.
a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d as t h e r e s u l t o f t h e a r d u o n s , s e l f - c o r r e c t i n g p r o c e s s <i| lo simimarize lilis secdon, in his invesiigaiions of Aqninas's wriiings
ellecting a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l t l i e f u r t l i e r p e r i i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . O n l y l h e n i , i i i ll I llu- inner word, Lonergan discovered that nderstanding (insight)
l h e p r o p e r , i n t e l l i g i b l e , ^c^f/^/Z/c o b j e c t o f a n i n s i g h t a l s o b e c o m e k n o w n .i h I , liiiit dilftn-ent i l i o u g h related objecis. Pirsi t h e r e is i l i e p r o [ : ) e r object
a ]"eal o b j e c t d i r o u g h a v i r t u a l l y m i c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t . " ' S t i l l , i b i s d n r ll i m d e r s i a n d i n g , w l i i c h is its p u r e h - i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n . S u c l i i n t e l l i g i b l e
142 P a n I I : V\ha[ A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Ethical? I Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d f l o r i z o n s o f Feelings 143

c o n t e n i s c o m e t o h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n a n c l o n l y i n acts o f u n d e r s t a i u i - ol insights.) A n a f f e c t is i h e noesis a n d t h e v a l u i t f e e l s is i t s i n t e n d e d

i n g . V V i t h o u t acts o f u n c l e i s i a n d i n g , i h e r e c a n b e n o h u m a n a w a r e n e s s n i 'mil. Such feelings make us c o n s c i o u s o f vales ( o r dis\alues). They
intelligibilit)'. Second, t h e r e a r e also t h e a g e n t o b j e c t s o f i n s i g h t s . T h e s r m i l n d vales i m m e d i a t e l y , in t h e v e r y a f f e c i s lhemselves. Aristotle sa)'s
are " i l l t m i i n a t e d " p h a n t a s m s - hnages c o n s t r u c t e d i m d e r t h e inspirati<iM i l e i i w l i e n w e f e e l a n g r y , w e f e e l w h a t s e e i n s 10 b e t h e i n j u s t i c e (disvalue)
o f i r u e l l e c t u a l incpnry. VVhen incpiisitive c o n s t i a i c t i o n hits u p o n a s u i i a h l r ' t l .1 s i i i i a t i o n . ' - ' " V V h e n w e f e e l p r o t i d o f o u r c h i l d r e n a n d f r i e n d s , w e feel
i r n a g i n a t i v e cornjosition, a n insight wiih its p i ' o p e i " i n t e l l i g i b l e corurnl i h e \ a l u e o f w h a t t h e y h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d . VVIien w e w a k e u p i n l h e m o r n -
e m e i g e s a n d supervenes u p o n dus ageni o b j e c t w i i l i its i m a g i n a t i v e c n n m i ; , i i i d feel g r e a t , we feel i h e valu o f b e i n g alive. S u c h feelings reveal
l e n t . T h e e m e r g e n t i n s i g h t b e s t o w s its o w n p r o p e r o b j e c i o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i i \ ' iliies l o o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s e s as t h e i r c o n i e n t s i n t h e v e r y a c t s o f l ' e e l i n g
u p o n t h e i m a g e , s i n c e , s t i i c t l y s p e a k i n g , t h e i m a g e as m e r e l y i m a g i n e d has d n n i , I n f a c t , f e e l i n g s as i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s a r e o u r p r i m o r d i a l a c c e s s
n o i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n t o f i t s o w n . T h i r d , t h e r e is t h e t e r m i n a l o b j e c t w h i i h n . . u n k i n d o f v a l n e w h a t s o e v e r . W e d o n o t h a v e a c c e s s tc^ v a l e s b y m e a n s
is a c o n c e p t o r d e f i n i t i o n , a n d \ v h i c h e x p r e s s e s t h e p r e - c o n c e p t t i a l , i n t e l l l '1 s o m e o t h e r m o d e ofconsciousness t h a t is c o m p l e t e l y disconnected
g i b l e p i ' o p e r o b j e c t o f a n i n s i g h t . F i n a l l y , t h e r e is t h e l e a l o b j e c t . T h e p r o p c i iioiii leelings.
o b j e c t o f a n i n s i g h t i n i t s e l f is o n l y a n i n t e l l i g i b l e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t m a ) ' o r ni;i\ I l i e \'alue t h a t is t h e p r o p e r o b j e c t o f a n a f f e c t is n o t s o m e h o w already
n o t b e a r e a l , o b j e c t i v e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . I f d i e r i g o n i ^ s o f i'election a n d f u r i h c i <nii d i e r e , w a i t i n g t o s t i m u l a i e t l i a t f e e l i n g as a r e s p o n s e t o i t . V-'ah.ies do
incpnry leveal t h e p r o p e r o b j e c t t o b e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , t h e n i l is nol s o i n e h o w a l r e a d y exisi " o n t s i d e " feelings ( " i n ' ' t h e s i i u a t i o n we know
also t h e o b j e c t i v e i n t e l l i g i b i l i i ) ' o f some real object, L a s t , t h e r e is a sense ' . i " i n " l l i e m o r n i n g we see), before feelings arise, c a t c l n r i g a g l i m p s e of
i n w h i c l i t l i e p r o p e r i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n t is a l w a y s " i n f a l l i b l e " r e l a d v e l o d i e diose e x i e r n a l vales, so to s p e a k . A f f e c t s d o n o t a r i s e b y b e i n g s m i i l a t e d
i m a g e t h a t is i i s a g e n t o b j e c t , e v e n t h o u g h t h e i m a g e rnay u l t i r n a t e l y p r o v e l' v.ilues a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e n o w in the exiernal w o r l d (or up lhere iu
to be i r r e l e v a n t o r d i s t r a c t i n g to a t t a i n i n g \'irtually i m c o n d i d o n e d knowl MK- s o r t o f P l a t n i c noetic h e a v e n ) . T h e vales emerge as noematic ohjecis
edge o f intelligible lealitics. Ul o i n - a w a r e n e s s s i m u l t a n e o i i s l y w i t h t h e e m e r g e n c e o f o u r flo^/r f e e l i n g s
T h i s s c h e m e o f analysis o f i n t e n t i o n a l acis a n d objects will p r o v e helpl'ul >'l i l i e i n . T h e e x a m p l e i n t h e p i e v i o u s s e c t i o n i l l u s t r a t e s how^ t h e v a l u o f
as w e n o w t u r n t o t h e t a s k o f s o r u n g o u t t h e c o m p l e x i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' f e e l i u H m . i i h l e t i c f e a t is a v a i l a b l e o n l y 10 s o m e o n e w h o h a s a n a f f e c t t h a t f e e l s
r e s p o n s e s , as w e l l as d i e p r o b l e m o f h o w t h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o l ' v a l e s c a n bc lhe \,ihie.
o b j e c t i v e . T o t h a t lask we n o w return, \ o i does o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f vales Hrst c<jme by r n e a n s o f s o m e o t h e r
i n o d e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , s u c h as [ j e r c e i v i i i g o r r e a s c m i n g . I t i s n o t as t h o u g h
6.5 T h e Mltiple I n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f Affect-Feelings 1.1 irsi h a v e a p e r c e p l u a l o r c o n c e p t u a l r e p r e s e n i a t i c m c d ' a valu i n s o r n e
i i d i e r way, a n d t l i e n a d d f e e l i n g f o r t h a l v a l u . VVe d o n o t first h a v e a p e r -
D i s c u s s i o n o f d e s i r e s , a v e r s i o n s , a n d m o o d s as i n t e n t i o n a l l e s i j o n s e s w i l l he p i i o n o l a v a l u , o r rsi l o g i c a l l y a r g e o u r s e l v e s i n t o a c o n v i c i i o n t h a t
t a k e n t i p i n t h e n e x t s e c o n . T h i s s e c o n f o c u s e s o n a f f e c t s as i n t e n o n a l o i i i e i l u n g is v a l u a b l e , l o r w h i c h w e d o n o t y e t h a v e a n y f e e l i n g . ( A l i n e o f
responses. Recall that affects i n m y l e c h n i c a l sense ai e feelings d i a t d w e l l in M . r . o i i i i i g c a n s e r v e as i h e a g e n t o b j e c t o u t o f w h i c h a f e e l i n g f o r t h e v a l u
a n d a p p r e c i a t e \alues, w h e t h e r t h o s e feelings c o m e i n r e s p o n s e t o d e s i r e s 0 1 d o e s e m e r g e , b u t t h e l i n e o f r e a s o n i n g a l o n e d o e s nc^i y i e l d consciousness
ai'ise s e e t n i u g l y m o r e s p o t i t a n e o u s l ) ' . AffecLs c a n b a v e m t i l t i i j l e c j b j e c t s j u s i as I . 1 l h e \ a l u e b ) ' i t s e l f ) J t i s i as t h e v a l u d o e ^ n o l e x i s i " o u t t h e r e " a w a i i i n g a
i n s i g h t s d o . .Affects as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s a l s o h a v e p r o p e r o b j e c t s , a g e i i i |i 1 I m g r e s p o n s e t o i l , so a l s o t h e v a l u d o e s n o i |">revioiisly e x i s i " i n h e r e "
objects, expressive (or l e r m i n a l ) objects, ancl t r u e objects. In a d d i o n , IIICH- IMI I 1 l i e n e l i c i t a f ' e e l i n g l e s p o n s e 10 i t . VVe d o n o i lia\'e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f any
is s o r n e i l i i n g i n i l i e r e a l m o f a f f e c t i v e f e e l i n g l e s p o n s e s t h a t is c o m p a r a b l e I n ^ i i h i e iio valu p r i o r t o f e e l i n g i i . T h e r e is n o p r i o r noetic a c i i l i a t m a k e s us
the ciuasi-infallibility o f insights with regard to theii" agent iniages. ' i i i i s e i o n s o f t h e v a l u as noenuL f o l l o w e d later by a siibsecpient noetic-ACIO
! e l i i i g l h a i t h e n r e s p o n d s t o a n d t h e r e b y f e e l s t h e v a l u . V a l e s e m e r g e
6.5./ Valne: 'J'he Pm/mNocmaiiC Object of A/fect-feeling ftespovses i(ifjn.ill) a n d p r i m o i d i a l l y w i t h a n d i n feelings themselves. As Lonergan
p u l s i l , " l h e a p p r e h e n s i o n o f vales a n d d i s v a l u e s is t h e m s k n o t o f u n d e r -
As i n t e n t i o n a l , o u r affects d i r e c t l y i n i e n d t h e i r p r o p e r noeuiatic objecis, I I . 11 i d i n g b u t o f i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e . S u c h r e s p o n s e is a l l t h e f u l l e r , a l l t h e
w h i c h a r e e i t h e r v a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s . ( V a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s as t h e p r o j e r noe < <lisci i m i n a t i i i g , t h e b e t t e r ... o n e is, l h e m o r e l e f i n e d o n e ' s s e u s i b i l i t y ,
m w c o b j e c t s o f a f f e c t s c o r i ' e s p o n d t o i n i e l l i g i b i l i u e s as d i e p r o p e r obje< l i llie more: d e l i c a t e o n e ' s feelings."-^
14^1 Pai-L I I : W l i a i A r e Wc D o i i i g W h e n We A r e B e i n g EiJiical? F e e l i n g s as i n i e n t i o n a l Responses a n d H o r i z o n s o f Feelings 145

In m a k i n g these clairns, I a n i I b i l o w i n g n o t o n l v L o n e i ' g a n , b u t also Max di ll iiio\'es a f f e c t s . -Vh:)St o f t e n , o u r a f f e c t s r e s p o n d t o t l i e s e m o r e complex

Scheler who r e m a r k e d i h a t "vales ai'e gi\'en Hrst o f all i n y ' / / v g I h j'im 1 U S , e\'en t l i o t i g b o n e o r a f e w c o n i ] > o r i e m s s t a n d ; i t t h e c e n t r e c i f o u r
conti nued: II. n i i o i i . VOY e x a m p l e , t h e c l i f T e i ' e n t aTective r e s p o n s e s to being tonched
! p e i n l h n p o r t a n t l y \\\ion ; i s s o c i a i e d m e m o r i e s a b o u t b e i n g t o u c l i e d [srevi-
T h e a c t u a l s e a t C)f t b e e n t i r e \'ahie a priori ( i n c l u d i n g the m o r a l a 11 h h\ l h i s s a m e p e r s o n , o r b\ o t h e r p e r s o n s o r t h i n g s .
priori) is t h e value-cognition o r value-ivhiil-i-n t h a t c o m e s to t h e fore iti I h l l l e , a f f e c t s f ' r e q u e i i i h ' i ' e s p o n d t o .O?;;r///;conieni.s o n t h e h r s t l e v e l o f
f e e l i n g ... ' f h i s c o g n i i i o n o c c t u ' s i n ,s-/a,vV//funciions a n d a c t s w h i c h ,1 i o n s n e s s - i.lie le\'el o f s e n s a t i o n , r n e m o r v , a n d i m a g i n a t i o n - as t h e i r
a r e ioo celo d i f f e r e n t I r o m a l l p e i x e p t i o n a n d t l i i n k i n g . T h e s e fue (1 u l o b j e c t s , l - l o w e v e r , u n l i k e i n s i g l i t s , t l i e r a n g e o f a g e n t o b j e c t s l o w l i i c h
t i o n s a n d acis s u p p h ' Me o n l y aossible access t o d i e w o r l d o f \';ilues.^ H. I Is ( a n r e s p o n d e x i e n d s w e l l b e y o n d t h i s l e v e l . F e e l i n g s o f a w e , d r e a d ,
I I i e i \ o r f e a r c a n a r i s e , f b r e x a m p l e , i n res[:)oiise t o o u r n e w c p i c s t i o n s b r
T l i e i n t e n t i o n a l , i/oeinaic obleas o f \'alue o r d i s v a l u e a r e o r i g i n a l l y g i v e n c . i i llig-nce- F e e l i n g s o f d e l i g l i t , s u r p r i s e , e x c i t e m e n t , o r l i o r r o r c a n a r i s e
and r e v e a l e d p r e c i s e h ' as ! e l t , i m i n e d i a t e h ' a n d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n t h e vei \ I M ' s p o n s e t o t i l e n e w i d e a s g r a s p e d in new insighis. Feelings o f trepida-
l e e l i n g s t l i e m s e l v e s . V a l e s a r e t h e p r o p e r u oein a li c oh]ec\.fi o f tliese inlen ''w 1,111 arise i n r e s p o n s e to q u e s t i o n s f o r j u d g m e n l , w h i l e t h e j u d g m e n t s
t i o n a l f e e l i n g s , a n d h u m a n c o n s c i o t i s n e s s o f vales d o e s n o t li;ip[>en a p a i i I f u I l h e m s e l v e s c a n iiio\'e a p e r s o n l o f e e l i n g s o f a d m i r ; i t i o r i , s y m p a i h y ,
f r o m feelings i h a t a r e i n t e n t i o n a l responses, h . i p p o i n t n i e r i t , o r d i s g u s t . I n t l i e mo\'e The. Godj'alherti, Michael Corleone
! ns s o m e t l i i n g t l i a t e i i ; i b l e s h i m t o a n s w e r i n a \ ' i r t u a l l y i m c o n d i t i o n e d
6.^. 2 Movis offfeclive Responses t \n a l l h i s c | i i e s t i o i i s : i b o i i t w h o was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t l i e b e t r a y a ! o f b i s
I l o i h e r , Soiin;'. ble reacis w i t h feelings o f rage a n d \'engeaiice i n response
Like i n s i g l i t s , affecis also lia\'e t l i e i r a g e n t objects, While affects do n<ii dus j i i d g m e r u o f fact. flis f e e l i n g s d o n o t r e s p o n d m e r e l y to t h e s o u n d s
r e s p o n d t o v a l u e - o b j e c t s as i f t h e y w e r e s o i n e l n ^ w a i r e a d ) ' o u t t h e r e , ne\ei di l l h e h e a r s , T h e y respond lo ilie virttially t m c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t , br
t h e l e s s t b c ) ' always d o r e s p o n d t o o t h e r c o n t e n t s a n d acts w h i c h a r e d i l l e i Ini h l h e w o r d s l i e a r d , a n d tbeii" m e a n i n g s , s u p p l i e d the final fulfilling
ent f r o r n v a l t i e - c o i i t e i i t s as s u c h . lll. hl ions.
A s w i t l i i n s i g l i t s , a f f e c i s r e s p o n d l o " p l i a u i a s i u s . " Q u i t e b ' e q n e n t l y afeC hi .idditioii, decisions, once made, can rnove a p e r s o n t o feel regret,
r e s p o n d t o t l i e iu)e!nalic conienxs o f acts o f s e n s a t i o n , m e m o r y , o r i m a g i n i'i I. e , o r l h e w e i g f i t i n e s s o f a n e w r e s p o n s i b i l i u ' o r d e s t i n y . W h e n s u c h f e e l -
t i o n . B e o p l e r e s p o n d \\'iili a w e t o a \'ista s e e n frorn a m o u n i a i n t o p . 'I'hry n i i ; l e s p o n s e s o c c i i r , a p e r s o n feels i h e vales o r d i s \ ' a l u e s o f t h e coiileiilso
r e s p o n d w i i l i revulsin t o t h e s i g l i i . o f a badly wounded animal. They lp<f' ilioM' q u e s t i o n s , insighi^s, j u d g m e n t s , o r d e c i s i o n s , e v e n t l i o u g h these c o n -
calmecl i n response to t h e r b v i . h n h c s o u n d s o f t h e surf, b u t r e s p o n d wlt ( l l l ' . , i r { ' n o t s t r i c y s p e a k i n g i usa r i c e s o f w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n t b)' " p h a n -
feelings o f i r r l i a t i o n to t h e s o t i n d o f I n i g e r n a i l s u p o n a b l a c k b o a r d . O i 4 I 1.111'," i n l i i s Verbum s t u d i e s . 'flus t l i e r a n g e o f m o v e r s o f affects is m u c h
peison m a y b e c o m e a w a i e o f t h e sensations o f h e r o r his o w n m u s c l e s 1 I i.lei iban the range o f movers ofacts o f i m d e r s u i n d i n g .
exercise, a n d t h e n resiDond by f e e l i n g t h e v i t a l i t y ( t h e viial valu) o f d i o Uh'ciive feelings m a y also b e a c t t i a t e d i n r e s p o n s e l o ruielic acts o f c o i i -
s e n s a t i c j r i s . O n e |"jei'soii i n a \ r e s p o n d a f l e c i i o n a i e l v i.o a i . o u c l i t i p o n b i s s U t l i i i r . i K ' s s t l i e i i i s e l v e s , n o less tian b y i h e i i " /fK'/('///V; c o n i e u t s . ' f h e r e are
w h i l e a n o t l i e r m a y f e e l t h e i r p e r s o n a l s p a c e v i o l a t e d , - ' ' L ' p o n r e r n e m b e i iufi t' ' h u g s l h a t r e v e l i n t h e J o y o f s e n s i n g a s ^ s n c h . ' f l i i s is e s p e c i a l l y e\'ideiit
a f a v o u r i t e s o n g , a p e r s o n m a y feel n o s t a l g i a o r g r i e f f o r a lost f r i e n d . ( ) i i N ,1 v ; i c ; i i i o i i e r w h o , f r e e d f r o m t l i e r o u t i n e d e m a i i d s o f w o r k i n g l i t e , c a n
p e r s o n m i g h t b e c o m e c a u g h t u p i n a fantasy a n d r e s p o n d w i t h h t i m o u i tu l i n p h e i i j o y t l i c l i b e r a t i o i i o f b i s o r h e r p o w e r s o f s e n s a t i o n as s u c h . ' f h i s is
a s c e n a r i o slie h e r s e l f has coru j^ osed i n h e r i m a g i n a t i o n . t! " e v i d e n i i n t h e f e e l i n g s o f a p e r s o n w h o r e j o i c e s i n t h e r e s t o r a i i o n ofa
O f c o t i r s e s u c h s e n s a t i o n s , n i e i n o r i e s , a n d i m a g i n a t i o n s d o n o t <ccm lit II t .1 '.eiise o f s e e i n g o r l i e a r i n g o r t o t i c l i . F e e l i n g s m a y a l s o r e s p o n d l o acts o f
i s o l a t i o n ; tliey o c c u r i n s t r e a m s o r p a t t e r n s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . As s u c h , p a i t i t t m i ' l l i ) ' , e i i c e as s u c h . Y o u n g c h i l d r e n l a u g h w i t h d e l igl, a t t h e i r i n s i g l i t s , n o t
t i l a r s e n s a t i o n s , m e m o r i e s , a n d i m a g i n a t i o n s a p p e a i " as r e l a t e d t o o t l m i n jM 1 ,ii l h e c o n t e n t s o f t h o s e i n s i g h t s . ' f h e y d e l i g h t i n t l i e epi|:>liaiiy o f t h e i r
nuilic c o n t e n t s . M o s t o h e n , i n t e n t i o n a l f e e h n g s r e s p o n d n o t j u s t t o isolaH ^ i i i i i mielligences as ( l i e y rise abo\'e uiet\ s e n s a t i o n , c a t c h i n g o n t o inielli-
i m a g e s , b u t r a t h e r t o t l i e s e e x [ 3 e i ' i e i i t i a l coin|:>lexes, r e p l e t e w i t h a l l o l i h e i t I ( b l e ( o m i e c t i o n s , a n d m a k i n g inventix'e consimcons. T h e " F t i r e k a ! " that
concrete i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h e c o n c r e t e i n t e r r e l a t : e d i i e s s o f t h e s e seii,( p a u l e s a n i n s i g l i t , e s p e c i a l l y a n i n s i g h t t h a t c o m e s at^ier a p r o l o n g e d
tions, memoi'ies, a n d imaginatic^ns then becomes the c o m p l e x ageiu ulijit l 111 l l . is a f e e l i n g o f t l i e valu o f t h e a c t o ' n d e r s t a n d i n g i t s e l f , o v e r a n d
146 Pan 11: VVhai A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g E t h i c a l ? I V c l t n g s ; i s I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d 1 l<r/ons o l " Peelings 147

a b o v e a n y o l h e r f e e l i n g s a b o t i t l h e valu o f its i d e a s g r a s p e d i n i h a l .ir l i . i . Iliiv M- < \vhen l l i e y h a v e i n s i g h i s . b u t rn(.)re p r o l o t m d K ' , i l i e y d e l i g h t i n

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n i i s t a k e n l y t a k e n to m e a n a l a c k o f f e e l i n g . Raihei", t h e c o o l f e e l i n g o f i . u i i n l Mi - u - l h e : i g e n t o b j e c t s t o w h i c h o u r f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d . W e m i g h t f e e l die
n a l i t y is i n f a c t a f e l t - r e c o g n i i i o n o f t h e s u b l i m e v a l u o f r a i i o n a l i t y as s u i \\t] I a< l i o n as n i c e o r silly, n o b l e o r d i s g u s n n g , b e a u u f u l o r u g l y VVe
l l is a f e e l i n g o f t h e a u s t e r e i m p o n a n c e o f r e a s o n i n g , a u d o f t h e p f . u # ^ . I In I e e l l h e c o u r s c o f a c d o n as a w o r t l i w b i l e p o s s i b i l i t y f o r s o m e o n e else
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i n g s f e e l t l i e v a l u o f c r i t i c a l r e l l e c i i o n as i t t r a n s c e n d s e v e n t h e d e l i g l n M I (.. i M . e ol lhe needs o f t h e u n i q u e s i t u a t i o n . T h i s m i g h t be because of
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of existence aud truth. Moreover, t h e r e a r e alsc^ f e e l i n g s i h a i f e e l t h e pi> ! t l i o i e i i o u g l i a l t b e m o m e n t l o d o w h a i w e f e e l mus b e d o n e . A l l t h e s e
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t h a t r e s p o n d to t h e p r o f u n c h t y o f t h e h u m a n c a p a c i t y to orignate vahu n i ti 1 n>i 1 l > e l d r e US.
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a c c o m p a n i e d by feelings t h a t i n i e n d t h e p i e c i o t i s n e s s o f h u m a n f r e e d i n n t.. . , I I K ' feeling to emerge, l i is l i k e l y d i a l t h e r e is n o c o n t e n o r a c t o f
i n its m o s t r a d i c a l a p p e a r a n c e . I onsciousness incapabie o f e l i c i t i n g au intenonal response byone
I n l h e n e x t c h a j j i e r , we w i l l ex|'jlore i n d e t a i l h o w f e e l i n g s e i u e r i n U i ilit ... iMoiher f e e l i n g . S t r i c d y s p e a k i n g , t h e n , f e e l i n g s d o n o t r e s p o n d lo vales,
verv f o i ' n i a t i o n o f j u c i g i n e t u s lliemselves. Affects, however, d o also r e s p n n i l I lildehrand h e l d , a n d as e v e n L o n e r g a n ' s p h r a s e s e e m s t o s u g g e s t . ' ^
10 s u c h i u d g m e n i s o f v a l n e . T h i s n i e a n s l h a t c e r t a i n a f f e c t s f i r s t i n f o r m jinlt^ I ' . i h . I , l e e l i n g s r e s p o n d lo a vast r a n g e o f agenl ohjeris. To say t h a t affecLs
m e n t s o valu, w h i c h i n t u r n g i v e rise to still f u r t h e r affects. F o r e x a i u p l ' p . ' i n l lo s u c h objecLs m e a n s i h a t i h e y e m e r g e f r o m a n d s u p e r v e n e u p o n
tile c o u c l t i s i o u that s o m e o n e h a s l i e d is n o t c m l y a j u d g m e n t o f fac it r . . o b j e c t s . When alTecis e m e r g e , d i e y r e v e a l vales t o consciousness.
is a l s o a j u d g m e n t o f v a l u s i n c e l y i n g is a v a l t i e d a d e n c a t e g o r y . O u r o t\ I u . '..iliies a r e t h e p r o p e r noema lie con tenis o f those affects. Because t h o s e
n o t i o n o f l y i n g arises f r o m o u r e a r l i e r a f f e c t s a b o u t t h e k i n d o f d i s v a l u t I I IMI|;S coin i n response to t h e a g e n t objects, t h e affects e n d o w those
t h a t l y i n g is. B u t o n c e w e h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t s o m e o n e has l i e d , w<- i h t ii i . | i . \: u ' i i l i t h e v a l e s as f e l t . ' f h e i n t e n o n a l i t y o f a f f e c t s , t h e n , is n o t t h a t
r e s p o n d w i i h f u r t l i e r a l f e c i s ic^wards t h e p e r s o n c o n c e r i i e d . F b e C[ualily . m d I I . . \.spond t o vales t h a t a r e " a l r e a d y o u l d i e r e ; " r a t h e r , afTects respond
i n t e n s i t ) ' o f o u r a f f e c t i v e r e s p o n s e s vai'ies i n m a n y ways. W e f e e l cfferenih \:iliie a g e n t o b j e c i s . T h e p r o p e r value-objecis are a d d e d to diose
d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e k i n d o f r e i a i i o n s h i p , o r l a c k t h e r e o f , we h a v e w i t h i h t , . n i ..hjecis by l h e r e s p o n d i n g affects. fhe r e s p o n d i n g afTects thereby
p e r s o n . I f t h e l i e was t o l d b y a d e a r f r i e n d o r a m e r e a c q u a i n t a n c e , i i it w , n llu. i h o s e a g e n t o b j e c t s : a f f e c t s e n d o w t h e m w i t l i \ a l u e . V(,ni l - l i l d e b r a n d
d o n e by s o m e o n e l i o l d i n g a n office o f p u b l i c trust, o r someone w e j u s i n a d , l o h a v e o v e r l o o k e d lhis m o r e c c m q j l e x r e l a t i o n s l i i p b e i w e e n tliese
a b o u t i n t h e n e w s p a p e r : a l l t h e s e f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e t a i l e d ways in ' 'I t l i s i i n c i o b i e c i s o f i n t e n t i o n a l feelings.,^
w h i c h w e f e e l a f f e c t i v e l y abi:)Ut t h e l i a r . I n t h i s way, a f f e c i s e n t e r i n g i n i o . m i l
f o l l o w i n g u p o n j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u c o n s d t u i e a s e l f - r e i n f o r c i n g c y c l e o f fi 11 o. V ? Exfmssions as "Tenninai Objects" offfeclive Feeling Responses
i n g d e v e l o p m e n t as i h e a f f e c t s i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e i r a g e n t o b j e c t s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , a f f e c t s m a y r e s p o n d t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e s e l f as a w l n ili *\liii L o n i n g a n calis t h e " l e r m i n a l o b j e c t " o f a n insighl is i t s e x p r e s s i o n
p e r s o n . F a c h o f us is c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g r e v e a l e d t o o u r s e l v e s as a u n i q u e , I I M I I. l i n i i i o n a n d i t s c o u c e p i s . L i k e \ v i s e , a f f e c t i v e responses m a y also be
whole human being through each and every one ofourown numeinit pii ssed in variHis ways, a n d t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s m i g h t be c a l l e d t h e i r ter-
acls o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a l i h o u g h w e s e l d o m a t t e n d t o this fact. F e e l i n g s uj . . i i i . i l o b j e c t s as w e l l . T h e s e e x p r e - s s i o n s e x p r e s s t h e v a l e s l h a t a r e f e l t .
b e i n g a t p e a c e w i t h o n e s e l f o r f e e l i n g s o f s h a m e o r s e l f - l o a t h i n g r e s p o n d 1M M . ll . A p r e s s i o n s c a n b e s p o i i i a n e o u s a n d e m b o d i e d - c r y i n g , o r j u m p i n g
o u r ovvn a w a r e n e s s o f o u r t o t a l s e l f l i o o d . C h i l d r e n d e l i g l n i n t h e v a l n i ' n i e.i l i n < ' x a m p l e . L o n e r g a n o f f e r e d a n e x t e n s i v e r e f l e c u o n o n t h e wa>'S
I4S Pan l i : VVliai A L C We D o i n g W l i e n We A r e l.eing liLhicalr F e e l i n g s as I n t e n o n a l Responses a n d l - l o r i z u n s o f Feelings I 49

i l i a i f e e l i n g s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n s m i l e s : " F i ' o m s m i l e s o n e n i i g l i i . g o o n (.o all WInni we have an nsighl, ilie proper and agent objects of insiglus
lhe f'acial o r l ^ o d i l y m o v e r n e n i s o r p a u s e s , i.o a l i i.lie v a r i a i i o n s o f v o i c e i n bine. T h e I n s i g h t bestows its i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y u p o n l i s a g e n t i m a g e and
t o n e , p i i c h , v o l u i n e a n d i n s i l e n c e , lo a l l d i e ways i n w h i c h O L U ^ f e e l i n g s an m i l <'s i l i n t e l l i g i b l e . S o m e i h i n g s i m i l a r is a l s o t r u e o f afTects as i n t e n t i o n a l
r e v e a l e d o i " b e u ' a y e d by o u r s e h ' e s o r a r e d e p i c r e d b y a c i o r s o n d i e svage."""' 0 ,|)onscs. T h e y also c o m b i n e t l i e i r pro]>er a n d a g e n t objecis. T l i e p r o p e r
AfTective responses can also be expressed s p o n i a n e o u s l y i n s\'nibols. l u ii|i|rci ofan afTect is t l i e v a l u t h a t i t f e e l s . T l i e r e c a n be no consciotis-
f a c , L o n e r g a n g o e s so f a r as t.o d e f i n e s y r n b o l s hy i n e a n s o f l b e i r e x p r s III o f ili;it valu a p a r t f r o m the c o n t r i b n t i o i i made by tbe feehng. Once
si\'e a n d e v o c a i i v e r e l a i i o n s h i p s l o feelings.:*" T l i i s n i e a n s , o f c o u r s e , ihat 1 I r f l i n g responds t o its a g e m o b j e c t , i t f e e l s i t s p r o p e r x ^ a l n e - o b j e c i as
lhe p r o p e r i n i e r p r e i a i i o n o f synibols iiiusi aiiencl lo lhe vales revealed dir v a l u o f d i a l a g e n t o b j e c t . T h e f e e l i n g e n d o w s its a g e n t o b j e c t w i i h i h e
b}' l h e f e e f i n g s l l i e y e x p r e s s . F e l l \'alues c a n a l s o b e e x p r e s s e d i n o r d i n a r y , i.iluc il feels. T h e f ' e e l i n g a n d its v a l u a r e " i n f a l l i b l e " w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
c o i n n i o n s e n s e l a n g u a g e w l i e n a f e e l i n g is d e s e r i b e d , a n d i i s c o r r e s p o n d i n g i C ' i i i ol.)ject i n a l i m i t e d sense, F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n we e e l t l i e d e l i g l n o f
v a l u i l i e r e b y l a c i i h ' i r n p l i e d . F o r e x a r n p l e , " I feel l i k e I a n i w a l k i n g o n e g g I I l i i l d ' s s n i i l e as \\'e p e r c e i v e i t , t l i a i percej/l/on is d e l i g h i f t i l . I t is o u r affect
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P e r h a p s l l i e p u r e s i e x p r e s s i o n s o f f e l l v a l e s a r e a r i i s i i c . T l i i s is s u g g e s i e d I. l l l h e \'ahie, a n d recognize i t as i h e v a l u o f i l i e i r a g e n t o b j e c i . B u l i f
by L o n e r g a n ' s c o r n m e n i , " P o e i r y , a c c o r d i n g l o V V o i ' d s w o r i l i , is e n i o i i c ^ n r e c - I look m o r e closely, t h e p a t t e r n o f m y e x p e r i e n c i n g m i g h t b e c o m e more
o l l e c i e d i n irancpiilii)'."'^' A r i i s i i c e x p r e s s i o n m a \ l i a \ ' e i l s o r i g i n n s e n s e d i i i i . m c e d , I miyTii n o t i c e the trace o f a menclacious sniirk i n t b a t s n i i l e . II l
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a l o n c e , L Lakes l i m e s o f i r a n q i h l i i y a n d d e i a c l i i i i e i i i , as w e l l as a r i i s i i c s k i l l , p ' i I <'\'e l h e c h i l d ' s s n h l e .
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modes o f expression d i a l I . , o n e r g a n a i i r i b u i e d l o l h e n i a i u r e sciences.:^:* dic s a m e p e r s o n , a n d n o h > n g e r a d m i r e h i m as g e n e r o u s . M y o r i g i n a l feel-
W'liile l h e piu'esiexpressions o f feehngs n i i g l i i be i n w o r k s o f ai'i, i l i e m o s i l o i ; o f a d n h r a t i o n was "infallible" with respeci to the l i m i t e d knowledge
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and d e e d s . V a l e s a r e i n o s i b i l l y ex|:)ressed i l i r o n g l i l h e full commiimeTU I n o w l e c l g e was n o t k n o w l e d g e o f t h e w l i o l e p e r s o n , o n h ' o f s c n i i e limited
10 i l i e i i i b y h u m a n b e i n g s w h o i n c a r n a i e i h o s e v a l e s i n i h e i r a c i i o n s a n d .11 l i o n s . a n d i i i y a f f e c t o f a d m i r a i i o n was i i o i i n f a l l i b l e w i t l i r e s p e c t l o t h e
i n l h e ways i l i e \ Uve i l i e i r l i v e s . I n a p r o l b m i d s e n s e , l h e n , h u m a n acuon u h o l e o t h e p e r s o n ' s r e a l i i ) ' .
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probund expression o f l e e l i n g s . P l i s i o r y is i h e p e n u h i m a i e e x ] > r e s s i o n of o h j e c i i v i i . v . ] u s i as t b e i n f a l l i b i l i t y o f i n s i g h t s is o n h ' [ j a r i . i a l , s o t h e infal-
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s o m e s c e n a r i o we lia\'e c o n s t r u c t e d i n o u r i m a g i n a t i o n , b u l t h a i v a l u c a n
True Vakies and llu; Qiiasi-hiftdlibd/ly ofAffiicls and Vales l i . o c 1 i tile o r n o t l i i n g l o d o w i l h realit)'. O u r p e r c e f j i i o n o f t h e cIiilcTs s m l l e
i i h g l i i n i i s s a s u b t l e t x ' . f i a d wc p e r c e i v e d t l i i s i n i a i i c e m o r e a t t e i n . i \ ' e l y , o u r
C o r r e s p o n d i n g l o i l i e real objecis o f insighis, l h e r e are l h e i r u e objecis o f leelings w o u l d n o t have r e s p o n d e d w i t h d e l i g h t , T l i e d i v e r g e n c e between
f e l l v a l e s . T l i i s b r i n g s us b a c k l o i h e q u e s i i o n o f l h e o b j e c i i x ' i i y o f v a l e s . iimiges a n d r e a l i t y also occiu's i n i h e p r o p a g a n d a and rlieioric of com-
VViili a f f e c i s , j u s i as w i d i i n s i g l u s , i h e c o i ' r e s p o n d e n c e between llie proper i m n c i a l a d v e r i i s e i i i e n t s , p o l i t l c s , a n d war. D u r i n g e l e c t l o n c a i i i p a i g i i s , we
and l r u e o b j e c t s s o\\\y e s i a b l i s b e d b y l h e w o r k o f r e n e c i i o n a n d j u d g n i e m . ,ne lold that candidates a r e soft o n c r i n i e , bate w o r k e r s , are addictive
W h i l e t h e r e c a n be n o c o n s c i c j u s n e s s o f v a l e s w i t h o u t f e e l i n g s , feelings s p t m d e r s o f p u b l i c b i i d s , o r are insensitive lo the p l i g h t o f t h e poor, a n d
a l o n e d o ncn a u t o m a i i c a l l v y i e l d consciousness o f t r u e vales, .frue v a l e s so ( m .I b the e x t e n t iliai such slogans go uncritlclzed, they iiie\'itably
are o n l y k n o w n i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d udgiiieni.s ofA'alue. f l e r e Loner- elicii affects ot" a n t i p a t h y l o w a r d s t h e c a n d i d a t e . M o r e o m i n o t i s l y , p r i o r
gan's discussion o f t h e infallibility o f insights can sbed some light. lo and during ilie Rwandan genocide, Tuisis were called cockroaches.
In Pan. I I : W h a i A r e We D o i n g V\'hen V\'e A r e B e i n g F.ihical? Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d Florizons o" Feelings 1.51

w'liich c o r i j i i r e d u p i m a g e s a n d a s s o c i a i i o n s i l n i i l e d l o affecis o nunT.lri (i (i D e s i r e s , A v e r s i o n s , a n d M o o d s as I n t e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s

o u s l i a l i ' e d , D u r i n g i h e N a z i |-Ioh_)causL. )e\vs w e r e p o r l r a y e d as d w a r v e s
i'esernlling i h e ireachei*ous i-Iagen i n W a g n e r ' s CdUeiildiiivieriiiig.'^^ Ex;ig l l l l h e r e a l m o f f e e l i n g resf>onses l h a t i n t e n d v a l e s , d e s i r e s / a v e r s l o n s a n d
g e i ' a i i o n s , d i s i o r l i o n s , lies, a n d i l r e i r associaied i m a g e s can be i n o v e r s ol Hioi ids : i r e l i k e a f f e c t s i n t l i a t i l i e \ a l l r e s p t m c l t o acts, c o n t e n t s , o r s t i b j e c t s
a T e c i s u s i as much as n u a n c e d , balancee! u n c l e r s i a n d i n g s and iriuhs, o l I ( M i s c i o n s n e s s . L i k e a f f e c t s , t h e y a l s o i n i e n d v a l e s , b u t t h e ) ' d o so i n ways
Were disroriecl narraiives i r u e a c c o u m s o f tacis, d i e n d i e alTecis Avonld d i . i i d i l f e r n-oin l h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f affects. C l a r i n c a t i o n o f t l i e i n i e n i i o n a l -
reveal a c c u r a i e ex'alnaiions o f r e a l p e o p l e . A l f e c i s are i n h i l l i b l e o i d y rea i h o (fesires/aversions a n d m o o d s , t h e r e f o r e , can best be a p p r o a c l i e d by
l i v e 10 l l i e i r a g e m o b j e c i s . G r e a i I n j u s i i c e s a n d h o r r o r s o c c m - b e c a u s e i h i ' liM u s i n g o n t h e ways t l i a t t h e y d i f f e r f r o m affects.
real objecis i n n o way c o r r e s p o n d lo llie i m a g i n e d objecls lhai eliciied
l h e affects. i n s u c h cases, t h e f e h v a l u a t i o n s ha\'e i i o t l i i i i t i - \_o d o w i t h dir (i.. I Desiras arii A-iJersio'iis
r e a l i t i e s , o n h ' w i l h t h e false a j s p e a r a n c e s p u i f o n h . i f i.lie r l i e i o r i c is false,
l h e n l l i e f e h v a l u a t i o n s m a y b e i n f a l l i b l e , b u t i.lie r e s p c u i d i n g f e e l i n g s are \ o i i c r e i e e x a m p l e w i l l |>rove a u s e f u l p o l n i Cf d e f j a r i t i r e fc)r a n a h ' s i s o l
n o t l e e l i n t i ' n - u e x'alties, di Mies as i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s . C o n s i d e r w h a t l i a j ) e i i s w l i e n w e h a v e a
o
>|i , i i < ' f o r a m e a l . O u r b o d i e s m a y n e e d i u ; ) u r i s l i i i i e i i t b e f o r e w e become
True vales (tlie true objects o f feelings), thei'efore, are the propei
I i>nsci<msly awai-e o f i b i s i n s o t m i i i c d e s i r e s o f l i u n g e r . S o m a t i c hunger
objects of properly ordered affects felt in response to true jndgmenis
I ineigcs in some p a t t e r n o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , a n d preocciipaticii w i i h o i l i e r
o f fac, W h e n j u d g m e n t s o f fac are based u p o n a g r a s p o f t h e v i r i u a l l v
i i n i e e n i s can defer f e e l i n g s o m a u c l i u n g e r for cpiite s o m e t i m e . Many
u n c o n d i t i o n e d , r e a c h e d i l i r o u g h t b e r e l e n t l e s s r e l l e c i i x ' e p r o c e s s e s o f ask
l.ll l o r s a r e r n ' o l v e d i n i h e p a t i e r n i n g t l i a t e v e n t u a l l y d o e s a l l w somatic
i n g and a n s w e r i n g all [ j e r t i n e n t ciuestions, p r o p e r l y o r d e r e d feelings will
l> e l i n g s o f h u n g e r i n t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s . : ^ ' A m o n g t h e s e m a y b e a c t u a l s e r i -
spontaneously feel tlie t r u e \'alues o f t h e realities k n o w n t l i r o u g h tliese
..ilioiis o f tlie c o l o u r s a n d smells o f f o o d i t e m s , b m i h e y c a n also i n c l u d e
true jiiclgnients. W h e n properly o r d e r e d h u m a n feelings respond to whai
M i e m o r i e s o r p i c u i r e s o f I b o d o r e\'en reading a m e n or a recipe. Each
is k n o w n i n t r u e j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t , t h e s e f e e l i n g s a p j j r e l i e n d i n i e v a l e s
o l d i e s e is a p o s s i b l e a g e i i i o b j e c t I b r o t l i e r f e e l i n g s that change ilie pai-
objectively.
ii I iiiiig cjf e x p e r i e n c e s .
|-Iowe\'er, l i l i s is t h e case c m l y w h e n feelings ai^c p i ^ o p e r h ' o r d e r e d . VVe
I hese a g e n t o b j e c t s d o m o r e i h a n o f j e n c<:niscoiisiiess l o t h e e m e r g e n c e
h e a r o f s l i o c k i n g cases o f c o l d - b l o o d e d m u r d e r , a n d o f d e l i g l n t l i a i a b e r r a lU
o l SI l i n a t i c l i u n g e r d e s i r e s . ' f h e y a l s o e l i c i t a c l d i i i o n a l d e s i r e s i l i a i a r e i n l e n -
l"jeo|:)le l i a v e l a k e n i n l o n u r i n g o t h e r p e o p l e . ' f l i r o u g l i i l i e s e ancl o t h e r h e i
i l o i i a l res|30iises p r o f j e r . S o m a i i c l i u n g e r s c a n b e n o n - s p e c i n c . Researcliers
noLis cases, w e k n o w t h a i n o t o n l v i m a g i n a t i o n s a n d j n d g m e n t s o f a c t c a n
Inpoihesize iliai somatic himgers ma)' be l i m i i e d lo d e s i r i n g o n e o f ilie
be d i s t o r t e d , b u l t h a t feelings t h e m s e l v e s can also be d i s t o r t e d , W h i l e these
h.isii (aste g r o u p s : s w e e i , s o i i r , b i i t e r , o r salt\'. B u l t l i e d e s i r e f o r spagheiii
a r e j ^ e r h a p s t h e m o s t e.xti'eme cases, d i s t o r t i o n s o f a l e s s e r degi^ee i n f e c i h e
\Mi l l m a r i n a r a s a u c e , o r f o r l e n i o i i i i i e r i i i g i i e p i e , a d d s d e s i r e s o f h i t e n t i o n a l
a l f e c t i v i t y o f a g r e a i m a n ) ' p e o p l e . C e r t a i n l y , t l i e s e d i s t c n a e d affects c a n n o i
0 s p o i i s e t o s o m a d c d e s i r e s a n d i r a n s f o r m s t l i e r n i m o a r i c h e r c o m p l e x cf
b e r e l i e d u p o n l o i n i e n d t r u e v a l e s , e\'en i f a p e r s o n ' s j u c l g i n e n t s o f t a c i
d i s i l i n g . W h a t is d e s i r e d is n o t j u s t b i o l o g i c a l n m . r i i i o n o r e\'eii t h e sensa-
are hiijjeccable.'*''
l i o n s o f l a s t e t h a t i l i e b o d y uses as iis I n s i r u m e n t t o a t t a i n n u i r i t i o n . W h a t is
T h e p o s s i b i l i i \ o f f u l l y o b j e c t i v e k n o w l e d g e o t r u e v a l e s , t h e r e f o r e , lies
d e s i r e d is a m e a l r e p l e t e w i t h f e e l i n g s o f i i s r i c h e r \'ahies - o f l i e a h i i y e a t l n g ,
in p a n in o u r capacit)' to reflect a n d reach virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d k n o w l
1 i e . n i ( \ o f l h e p r e s e n t a i i o n o f t l i e f o o d , a n d t h e f e l l o w s h i p o f a c o m n i u n al
e d g e o f tlie way iliiiigs are, a n d in p a r t in oui" a b i l i h ' to i n t e n d t h e i r vales
i ; a d i e r i n g . ' f l i e a g e n t objects e l i c i t desires o n several d i f f e r e n t levis ihai
lll responses o f w e l l - o r d e r e d affects. I n o r d e r l o a p ] > r o a c l i t h e l a r g e r issues
m r i f . ; e i n i o a desire f o r a h o l i s t i c e x p e r i e n c e suffused w i t h alTectix'e a3pre-
r e g a r d i n g t l i e p r o p e r o r d e r i n g o l l e e l i n g s , i l is n e c e s s a r y l o e n l a r g e lhe
Ial i( m s o f t l i e c o m p l e x i i ) ' o f i l i e v a l u o f t h e m e a l . Yei n e i t h e r t h o s e \'alues
a c c o m i i o f feelings as r u e n t i o n a l responses. First, l h e r e l a t i o n o f valm's
MI II ( h e a f f e c t i v e a3preciatioiis a r e g i v e n d i r e c t l y i n d e s i r i n g as i m e n t i o n a l
to desires, a\'ersons, a n d m o o d s as feelings o f i n t e n t i c m a l response will
M s p i nisi:, n o m a t t e r l i o w cc^iiiplex. T h e v a l e s a n d t h e i r alTective apprecia-
be c o n s i d e r e d . T h i s will be f o l l o w e d by m o r e c o n c r e t e phenonienologi
ili IUS ;ir<' f e l l c m l y i n d i r e c t h ' - o n l y as s o i i i e i l i i i i g a b s e m y e t d e s i r e d .
cal d e s c r i p t i o n s o f s o m e c o n i [ o l e x e x a m p l e s o f f e e l i n g s a n d \'aliies. Fimilh;
I b i s siiii|:ile e x a m p l e l i i g h i i g h t s several feaiures t h a t are t b i m d in m a n y
t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g a n d t h e i r p r o p e r o r d e r i n g w i i l he
o l h e r desires that are i n t e n t i o n a l responses. S u c h desires a r e feelings of
discussed.
 152 P a n If: V\'haL A r e Wc D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g F j j i i c a l ? Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d [-l(.iri/.ons o f Feelings 15.3

aLi.racon L o w a r d s vales oi~ d l s x ' a l u e s . l)' a v e i ' s l o n s , o n Lhe oLhei~ h a n d , wv i .1 I H I e r o l i c a g e n t o b j e c t s t h a t g i v e r i s e l o t b e f u l l i n i e n s i t y o f f u m i a n s e x u a l

a r e i " e p e l l e d b\ v a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s . U i d i k e aflecLs, d e s i r e s a n d a v e r s i o n s do ( I . ,11 e s as f e e l i n g s o f i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e . M o s t o f t e n i t is i h e v i s u a l a p p e a r -
noL f e e l \'alues d i r e c L l y ; Lhey f e e l v a l e s i n d i r e c L l y . j u s L as a q u e s i i o n d o e * n i . e o f l h e o t h e r to w l i i c h e r o l i c desires r e s p o n d i n an i n t e n t i o n a l fashion.
noL d i r e c d y i u L e n d a n answei", b u L o n l y i n d i r e c L b ' i n r e n c l s L by desiiuH i'>ni sonieiimes il will be tlie volee, o r a p a r t i c u l a r act o f k i n d n e s s , wiii.i-
I O d i r e c d y u n d e r s L a n d L, SC) a l s o d e s i r e s as i n i . e n L i o n a l i ' e s p o n s e s d o uoi iH i n i e l l e c i u a l b r a l l i a n c e , or* e x e r c i s e o f p o w e r t h a t w i l l e l i c i t t b e inten-
d i r e c L l y i n r e n d vales b u l o n l y d e s i r e ihem.'^^ T h e y y e a r n foi* a f f e c i i v e feel K . t M . i l rcs|:)orise o f e r - o i i c desir-e l h a t i n c o r p o r a l e s s o m a i i c s e x u a l u r g e s i n t o
ings i l i a i feel i h o s e vales d i i ' e c i l y . B y \va\ o f c o n u ' a s i , a f f e c i s a r e nei(hn n i i i i e n i i o n a l d e s i r i i r g - c o m p l e x . L i k e w i s e , rrcis o f s e x u a l I n i e r - c o i r r s e l e a d
aLLi"acied L o w a r d s o r i - e p e l l e d a w a y f r o m vales o r d i s \ ' a l u e s . . A f f e c i s sirnph i>i . i l i e r a i i o n s l u n e u r a l p r o c e s s e s a n d b i o c l r e m i s i r y , g i v i n g i'ise t o i n i e n s i -
a b i d e i n f e e l i n g i h e v a l i r e s o" d i s v a h r e s d i r e c d y . A f f e c i s ar"e c o n i e m p l a i i o n H IM d somatic sexual feefings t h a l lasi w e l l b e v ' O n d i n t e r c o u r s e i t s e l f Idiese
o f vahres a n d dis\ah.res. i.in.iii feelings, liowex'er, are n o t i l i e e n i i r e i y o f sexual feelings, as t h e y
C o n s i d e r as a s e c o n d example a desirve l o w i n a n a i h l e i i c compeiidou ll . o I u i n b i n e w i l h a c l d i i i o n a l feef i n g i * e s p o n s e s t h a t i n t e n d v a l e s . W h a t w e
S i r c h a desir-e a r i s e s i n i - e s p o n s e l o a c o m p l e x c o n d D n a i i o n ofageniobjecls l l l s e x u a l d e s i r e is n o t m e r e l y a s o m a t i c f e e l i n g ; i t is a c o m p l e x o f s o m a t i c
T i r e p e r s o n d e s i r i n g c o m p e i i i i v e sirccess w i l l l i a v e m e m o r i e s o f s e e i n g s i n h I.. h n g s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t l i f e e l i n g s t h a t are botli d e s i r i n g a n d affective
c o m p e i i i i o n s b y o i h e r a i h l e i e s i n l h e pasL, h e a r i n g p e o p l e l a l k a b o u l i h i - Inieniional r e s p o n s e s . ' f l i e c o m p l e x i t y o f s e x u a l f e e l i n g s is w e l l - k n o w ^ n , a n d
w i n n e r s , a n d p e r h a p s \'isions o f p a s l a w a r d c e r e m o r n e s anii inierviews wilh dus i n i e r t w i n i n g o f somatic feelings witli i n i e n t i o n a l lesponses is p a r t o f
l h e vicLors. As ihese various c o m p o n e n i s are fasliioned imo a comphA i l i . n I om|.ilexit\'.
i m a g e , a d e s i r e a r i s e s a n d y e a r n s f o r i h e valu o f b e i n g L h a i k i n d o f a wiu D e s i r e s a r e u s u a l l y i h o u g h t o f as d e s i r e s f b r p o s s e s s i o n - p o s s e s s i n g the
nei; T h e a g e m o b j e c i o f iliis d e s i r e rnay i n c l u d e a p r i o r a t f e c i i h a i firsi feeb ih|eei o f o n e ' s s e x u a l d e s i r e , fbi- e x a m p l e , o r t b r p o s s e s s i n g m o n e y o r a c a r
Lhe a i h l e i i c \ ' a l u e a c h i e v e d b\ o L b e r s , b u l l h e d e s i r e i i s e l f c o u l d a l s o b e i h r -I ,1 h o i i s e o r a t i l l e o f a c c o m p l i s l i i i i e n t . Y e i m o r e basic t h a n desires for
vei'y fu'si t e h a p p i ' e l i e n s i o n o f i h a i v a l u , " f h e valu f e l l b y l h e d e s i r e i i s e l l pM'.session are desii'es fbi" a t i a i n m e i i t , desires fbr self-iranscendence and
l h e v a l u of''hfhigliluahoAe v i c i o i ' s , " a n d i l is f e l l i n r e s p o n s e l o i h e c o m p l e x . II l i a n s f b r m a t i o n . " f h a t is l o say i i s u a l h ' w h a t s e e m s s u p e r f i c i a l l y t o b e a
a s s e m b l y o f i h e a g e i u . obJecL - l h a i is l o sa\', l h e d e s i r e is n o i jusL a f e e l i n g o l d i ' . l i e l o possess o r o w n s o m e o b j e c i is o f t e n m o r e f u n c t a m e n t a l l y a c l e s i r e
l h e valu o f i l i i s k i n d o f v i c i o r y as i l a c i u a i f y h a p p e n s l o s o m e ] 3 e o p l e s o m e )o b e c o m e s o m e t h i n g t l i a i o n e w i l l valu alotit o n e s e l f Ftdl\ h u m a n sexual
w h e r e i n i h e w o r l d , b u l a f e e l i n g f b r i h e valu o f i l i e p e r s o n h i m s e l f o r h e i di siie is n o t s i i n | . i l ) ' t l i e d e s i r e f b r b i o l o g i c a l i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h t h e o t h e r - w h o
s e l f a c l h e x ' i n g i l i a i v i c i o i ' y . h is a d e s i r e f o r b e i n g o n e s e l f l h e i n c a r n a u o u o l h r, e\elied l h a i d e s i r e : i i . is s i m i i h a n e o n s l y a d e s i r e t o l i e v a l u e d as s e x u a l l y
l h a i v a l u . I i is s i m n l i a n e o u s l y a f b e l i n g o f l h e a b s e n c e o f i l i a i valu, o f u o i d. M L i b l e by t h e o t h e r as w e l l . I t is a d e s i r e t o I s e c o r n e v a l u e d by t h e o t h e r
yei possessing i l i e valu o n e s e l f D e s i r e s ai*e f e e l i r i g s o f i h e valu i h r o u g h l u i h ; i i w a y a n d m o s t o f t e n i t is a d e s i r e t o b e v : i l i i e d f b r m o r e t h a n o n e ' s
i l i e f e e l i n g o f i i s l a c k , w h e r e a s a l T e c i s a r e f e e l i n g s o f i l i e v a l u i h r o u g h feel ' s i i . i l performance. W i t h o u t aiiainiiig those riclier and m o r e complete
i n g s o f i i s p r e s e n c e . ' f l i e d e s i r e i i s e l f m a y g r o w a n d c c m i p l e x i f y n s i a g e s , . i s h veis o f v a l n e , t h e s e x u a l d e s i r e as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e is t r u s t r a l e d a n d n o t
lhe d e s i r i n g persc)n grows in u n d e r s i a n c l i n g o f lhe s p o r l , begins lo exercisi 1 o i i i p l e i i . ' h ' satisfied. Likewise, desires t b r m a i e r i a l possessions are almost
and a c q u i r e i h e pli\'sical ancl i n i e l l e c i u a l skills n e e d e d I b r snccess i n d u ^ ihv.ns p a r t o f l a r g e r d e s i r e s :is i m e n t i o n a l res3onses - d e s i r e s leu- c o m f o r t ,
a i h l e i i c h e l d , a n d so o n . B U L w l i a i e v e r i i s s i a g e , i h e c l e s i r e i i s e l f is a f e l l lol be;iiiiy I b r r e c o g n i t i o n a n d a d m i r a i i o n by o i l i e r s - a n d b e l i i n d these,
a p [ j r e l i e n s i o u o f l h e valu i l i r o n g i i f e e l i n g i i as a b s e n i i n o n e ' s c^iwn l i l e . ( e broadly, he desires l o b e woriJiy o f s u c h a d n i i r a t i o n s . I i . is a perver-
S o m e i h i n g a n a l o g o u s can be said t b r o i h e r k i n d s o f i n i e n i i o n a l respousi's lon .111(1 a s t i i n t i n g o f d e s i r e l o t r y t o f o r c t l i e f u l l d e s i r e d v a l u V (e.g.,
l h a i are desires. One also c a n clesire f o r a n o i h e r l o be v i c t o r i o u s i u i h e Iiiieiiilonal response as d e s i r e t b r s e x u a l i n i i m a c y ) i n i o t h e l e s s e r f b r m V
aihleiic c o m p e i i i i o n , a n d d i e n feel as d e s i r a b l e i h e valu o f i h a l vicion I . o i i i a i i c d e s i r e f b r s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e ) i n a n e l b r t t o a v o i d t h e c a l i l o self-
t h r o u g h I e e l i n g i i s a b s e n c e i n t l i e o t h e r , O i - o n e c a n f e e l d e s l i ' e t b r suacss i i a n s e e i i d e i i c e . ' f h i s is n o l r e a l s e x u a l d e s i r e , b u t t h e a i t e m p t l o repress
in i n t e l l e c t u a l , pr'ofessic^mal, legal, ariisiic, business, p o h i i c a l , militar)', oi i h ' . i i e as i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e . I t is a p e r x ' e r s i o n of c l e s i r e as i n t e n t i o n a l
o r - d i n a r y f a n i i l ) ' m a t t e i ' s , a n d so o n . II ',p( n i s e ,

O f cour'se, sorne o f t h e m o s t i n t e n s e a n d a l l - c o n s i i m i n g desirves occm I l i , i ( s a i d , d e s i r e s c a n t h e m s e l v e s a l s o b e [3er\'erse. I t is p o s s i b l e l o d e s i r e

in lhe di'amatic b e l d o f hirnran sexuality. flere the differentiaied somatii iioi o n l y v;ilues b u t also disvalues. P e o p l e c a n a n d d o bave desiderave
d e s i r e s o f s e x u a l t u g e s b e c o m e d e f u i e d a n d f b c u s e d as t l i e y j o i n w i l h lhe o sponsirs lo t h i n g s t h a t are o b j e c u v e l y l o a t h s o m e . ' f h i s is b e c a u s e w h i l e
 Pan I I : W h a i Ave Wc D o i n g W h e n We A i c B e i n g E l h i c a l ? Feelings as I n t e n i i n n a l Responses a n d Hor/,ons o f Feelings 155

d e s i r e s as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n d t o a g e m o b j e c t s , l l i e y d o so o n l y w i t h i n , i J i e h e r s e l f , w h o is cast w i t h t h e n e g a u v e e v a l u a d o n f e l t i n d e p r e s s i o n - h e r
l a r g e r , c o m p r e h e n d i n g h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d v a l e s . VVe w i l l r e t u r n lo i i h . t l e w o r l d is f e l l as d e p r e s s i n g . A m o o d l i k e d e p r e s s i o n c a n a l s o a r i s e i n
this in section 6.7. M .p.iiise 10 s e a s o n a l c l i a n g e s as i n t h e " w i n i e r b i n e s . " B u t i l is n o t j u s t t h e
Avei"sions a r e s i m i l a r to desires i n t h a t t h e y feel vales a n d disvalues . IM n i l h a t is e x p e r i e n c e d as d e p r e s s i n g . V e r y l i t i l e a t a l l s e e m s w o r t h w h i l e
indirectly ratlier than dii'ectly T h e y are o f course o p p o s i i e t o d e s i r e s n ! h e n :i p e r s o n is i n a n u : ) o d o f d e p r e s s i o n . A f f e c t s a n d d e s i r e s t h a t w o u l d
t h e i r fell d i r e c t i o n a l i t \ ' . h i k e desires a n d affects, llie\ r e s p o n d to a varieiv ol i . i h e i wise f'eel t h e p o s i t i v e vales a r e s o u r e d o r b l i m t e d b y i b i s d e p r e s s i o n ' s
a g e n t o b j e c t s o f g r e a t e r o r lesser c o m p l e x i t y BiH w l i e r e tlesires i-espond I n I. ll \ ; i h i a i i o n t h a t i h e s e a r e n o t v e r y i m p o r t a n t x'alues a f i e r a l l .
l h e a g e n t objects by f e e l i n g a t t r a c i i o n t o w a r d s d i e i i i , aversions r e s p o n d l u F.ven w h e n i n o o d s l i k e d e p r e s s i o n h a v e a s i g n i n c a n t n e t i r o p l i \ ' s i o l o g i c a l
l l i e i r a g e n t o b j e c l s as s o i n e d i i n g r e p u l s i v e a n d t o b e a v o i d e d . "Repulsive" h. ras, as t h e y f r e c p i e n d y d o , t h e y a r e n o i r n e r e l y s o m a t i c f e e l i n g s . Unlike
h e r e ames t h e f e l i - d i r e c t i o n o f a f e e l i n g o f a\'ersion. W l i i l e an affect may .ini,iii<- feelings, m o o d s b e s t o w v a l u o r d i s v a l u e u p o n a p e r s o n ' s vv'orld,
f e e l t h e a g e n l o b j e c t as a n e g a t i v e \ ' a l t i e (a d i s v a l u e ) , a f e e l i n g o f a v e r s i n u i d d i a l f e l t v a l u a t i o n c a n last a v e r y l o n g l i m e .
a d d s l h e f e l t sense o f t h e dis\'altie o f b e i n g n e a i o r b e i n g i n c o n t a c t w i i l i
t h e d i s v a l u e , w h e t h e r i n a l i t e r a l , p h y s i c a l sense, o r i n a n a n a l o g o u s sense 6.6.5 Qtieslioning as intentional Response
(i.e., w a n t i n g t o a v o i d s o m e t h i n g t h a t w o u l d " i n f e c " o n e ' s valu h o r i z o n ) .
A f e e l i n g o f a v e r s i n is n o t t h e s a m e as a m o v e m e n t o f b o d i l y t u r n i n g away, lhe l e n s i o n s o f i n c p i i r y a r e t h e m s e l v e s f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l responses.
a l i h o u g h f e l t a v e r s i o n s c a n b e so s i r o n g as t o e l i c i t s u c h m o v e m e n t s a l m o s i I h e v a r e d e s i r e s f b r noetic a c t s a n c l noematic contents thal are absent f r o m
a u i o m a i i c a i i y , L i k e d e s l e s , a v e r s i o n s c a n a l s o b e p e r v e r s o , i n t h a t i t is p o iie's c o n s c i o u s n e s s . I n c p i i r i e s a r i s e I n r e s p o n s e t o s o m e noenniticcovMcnins
s i b l e 10 f e e l aversin n o t o n l y i u response to d i s v a l u e s b u t also towaid d n i i ; i g e n t objects - cp,iestions o f i n t e l l i g e n c e r e s p o n d t o c o n t e n t s o f e x p e -
vales. I l e i i i i n g , o r C| lies t i o n s f o r r e f l e c i i o n r e s p o n d 1.0 I b r m u l a t i o n s o f i n s i g h i s , f o r
. s , i m p l e . I n q n i r i e s s o m e i i m e s e v e n r e s p o n d t o noeticncia ( a s w l i e n we desire
6.6.2 Moods as alei'il/oiial Responses h l n n d e r s t a n d vvhat u u d e r s i a n d i u g i s ) .
' h i e s t i o n s o f v a l n e a r e a l s o e x a m p l e s o f d e s i r e s as intenti.inal res|.>orises.
People speak o f b e i n g i n a g o o d m o o d o r in a b a d m o o d . G o o d mootls ; i i < h i e s i i o n s s u c h as " I s i t w o r t h w l i i l e ? " o r " S h o u l d 1 d o i t ? " r e s p o n d l o t b e
i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s i n c l u d e f e e l i n g s s u c h :S joie de vivie, confidence, hap l e i s i o o d c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as t h e i r a g e n t o b j e c t s . T h e y d e s i r e t l i e v a l u e -
p i n e s s . j o y , h o p e f u l n e s s , c a l m , c o n s o l a u o n , a n d ecstasy. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d I u o w l e d g e to he k n o w n i n j u d g m e n t s o f valu o r t h e a c t u a l valu be real-
a n x i e t y , d e p r e s s i o n , stress, n o s t a l g i a , g r i e f , d e s o l a u o n , a n d r a g e a r e e x a n i ized i n a u i h e n t i c d e c i s i o n s . Yet t r a n s c e n d i n g all desires as intentional
p i e s o f b a d m o o d s . M o o d s t e n d tc^ b e f a i r l y l o u g - l a s t i n g f e e l i n g s , a n d i n d i le-.p.Mises, i n c l u d i n g all l i m i i e d quesdons o f valu, t h e r e is t h e u n r e -
viduals can even b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m o o d s t h a t last v i r t u a l l y t h e i r e n t i r e i i K l e d d e s i r e f b r t h e g o o d . Jt is a d e s i r e m a n i f e s t i n e v e r y one ofour
l i v e s . . M o o d s a r e l i k e afTects i n t h a t t h e y f e e l vales d i r e c t l y , a n d therefoie p i e s i i n i i s a b o u t w h a t is g o o d , w h a t is o f v a l n e . I t d e s i r e s t l i e g o o d n e s s a n d
u n l i k e d e s i r e s a u d a v e r s i o n s i l i a i f e e l vales i n d i r e c t l y . B u t u n l i k e affecis. ' . i h i e i n i e n d e d i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r cpiesti(.)n o f v a l n e , b u t goes beyond to
w h i c h t e n d to c o n f e r t h e vales t l i e y f e e l u p o n a specific object, inoods 1.1 .ibiMii still f u r t h e r vales. It u n d e r f j l n s a n d e m b r a c e s a l l e l h i c a l qiies-
r a n g e a c r o s s a w i d e vaiety o f o b j e c t s . W l i i l e m o o d s c a n a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e Uiin.s : d ) o i i t w l i a i o n e s l i o u l d d o . It i n c l u d e s e t h i c a l cpiestions, b u t goes
10 a p a r t i c u l a r a g e n t o b j e c i , i h e i r f e l t v a l t i a i i o n s w i l l t e n d 1.0 S[3read acros^t hevntid cpicstions a b o t i t the g o o d d i a l eme can make o r d o o n e s e l f It
t l i e w h o l e o f a p e r s o n ' s w o i ' l d . P a i a i c n l a r a f f e c t s , d e s i r e s , a n d a\'ersions r u . n 1 ' l e n d s l o e l i c i t i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o m i l i e g o o d n e s s o f w h a t is b e y o n d o n e ' s
c o m e a n d g o w i t h o u t s i g i h f l c a n t h ' a l t e r i i i g a m o o d . T b e mc^od c o l o u r s i h c <\\- b o t h t h e g o o d n e s s o f w h a t o t h e r h n m a n s h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d
w'iiy in w h i c h these m o r e specibc f'eelings evalale t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r agent I l e l i n e o n e a r r i v e d o n t h e s c e n e , as w e l l as t h e g o o d n e s s o f n a t u r a l events
objects. m d 1 l i i n g s t h a t w e r e n o L p r o d n c e d by a n y h u m a n a c i i o n ai a l l . l l ex t e n d s ,
A pei"Son n i i g h t b e c o m e J o y f u l i n l e a r n i n g t h a t h i s b e l o v e d l o v e s h i m i n iheic t o i c , l o all q u e s u o n s a b o u i ihe gooclness, i h e valu, o f t h e e i u i r e
r e t u r n , b u t l i i s j o y is n o t l i m i t e d tc^ h i s b e l o v e d . H i s w h o l e w o r l d a n d evet^' universe a n d o f a l l h u m a n beings a n d t h e i r activides w i t h i n the u n f o l d i n g
t h i n g i n i t s e x p e r i e n c e d as h e a r i n g t h e valu o f b e i n g f i l l e d w i t h j o y . ( ) i i. l n . i i u i a l a n d h u m a n history. It even e x i e n d s to questions a b o u t goocL
a n o t h e r p e r s o n m a y b e c o m e d i s c o u r a g e d a n d d e p r e s s e d w h e n s h e loses h e i ness d i a l l u i g h i t r a n s c e n d t h e h u m a n a n d n a t u r a l o r d e r s . VVe w i l l return
J o b . Yet i t is n o t j u s t t h e J o b o r t h e e m p l o y e r w h o l e r n i i n a t e d h e r , o r e v e n t o i l i e s c issues i n c h a p t e r i 3 .
156 P a n 11: V V h a i A r e VVe D o i n g W h e n VVe A r e B e i n g E i h i c a l ?
6.7 Concrete lllustrations
T l i e p i ' e c e c h n g s e c i i o u s h a v e o" n e c e s s i i ) ' b e e n c o r n | > a r a i i v e l y a b s i r a c i . l l is
n o w l i m e 10 o f f e r s o n i e c o n c r e i c i n u s i r a i l o n s i h a i re\'eal l h e u L i h i v o f i h e s e
a b s i r a c u o n s foi" i h e p u r p o s e s o f t n s c e r n n i e n i ancl self-apprcj|Diiaiion i n i h e
lelcl o f e i l i i c s .
As a H r s i e x a r n j j l e ; 1 r e l u r n \a i h e s c e n a r i o p r e s e n i e d i n s e c i i o n 6,1 o f l w o
s p e c i a i o r s w a i c h i n g a s p o n i n g e v e n i . T l i e r e I said d i a l l h e ; ' perceive more
o r less l h e \'ery s a m e s e l o f v i s u a l i m a g e s . B u l i n f a c l h e v i s u a l i m a g e s o f d i e
aihleie's m o v e m e n i s w o u l d n o i be e x a c i l y l h e same for ihese i w o speciaiors,
" f h e v i s u a l i m a g e s o f i l i e a i l i l e i e ' s m o v e m e n i s a r e p a u e r n e d by a c e n a i n
b a c k g r o u n d f a r n i l i a r i i ; - w i i h i h e s p o n i n t h e case o f t h e l l r s i s p e c i a i o n H e i
b a c k g r o u n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d u d g m e n t s o f f a c t help her noiice subde
lies - ancl t h e c o n i b i n a o n o f t h o s e s u b t l e i i e s a n d i l i e b a c k g r o u n d c o n t e n l s
gi\'e hei* a d i f f e r e n t a g e n t o b j e c t b - o m t h a t o f h e r p a r t n e r . W h i l e d i e r e m i g h l
be litile d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n w l i a i s l i e a n d h e r aari.iier a c i n a l l } ' see, these
s l i g h t diferences i n t h e visual c o m p o n e n i s o f h e r a g e n t o b j e c t are made
s i g n i l l c a n i h ' d i f e r e n t b\ h e r a c c u m u l a t e d k n o w l e d g e o f t b e s p o r t . T h e s e
s i g n i n c a n t d i f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n d i e t o t a l a g e n t o b j e c i f o r t l i e t w o S|3ectauus
e l i c i t s i g n i n c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s w i t h corres|>oiidiigly dif'ei
e n t v a l u a t i o n s , T h e " g r e a i n e s s " f e l t i n t h e e x c i i e m e n t o f t h e irst spectat(.)r is
l l i e p r o p e r , i n t e n t i o n a l o b j e c i l h a t l i e r f e e l i n g feels. i n t l i i s f e e f i i i g r e s p o n s e ,
l l i e f i r s t s p e c l a t o r b e c o m e s a w a r e o f l h e a t h l e t i c mo\'e w i i l i its sidtleiies as
i i a v i n g a v e r y concbete, p e r h a p s e v e n u n i q u e v a l u : ' " ' f l i a t was g r e a t ! " H e i
feeling of excitement acknowledges i h e \'aliie o f g r e a t n e s s in ihe athlelic
m o v e r n e i u as s l i e saw, u n d e r s i o o d , a n c l j u d g e d i i . O n t l i e o t h e r l i a n d , h c i
p a r t n e r was a w a r e n e i t h e r o f t h e s a m e a g e n t o b j e c t o r l.e:lt t h e valu o f i l s
oreatness.
o
As a s e c o n d e x a r n p l e , c o n s i d e r a p a r e n t w h o is f u r i o u s a t a t w o - y e a r - o l d
c l i i l d for t a k i n g bis a u n t ' s expensi\'e c o s m e t i c s a n d s r n e a r i n g t l i e m all ovei
bis bod)'. ' f h e d o t i n g a i m t s i r n p h ' l a n g l i s w i t l i d e l i g h t , i n t h e p a r e n t ' s fuiy,
Ttistration, a n d e m b a r r a s s m e n t , t l i e r e a r e f e l l a p p r e b e n s i o n s o f d i s v a l u e s ;
t h e w a s t e o f ex[:)ensi\'e c o s m e t i c s , t b e n i i n a t i o n o f g o o d c l o t l i e s , t h e loss o l
v a l u a b l e l i m e n o w n e e d e d t o c l e a i i u p t b e mess, a n d p e r h a p s d e e p e r d o w n ,
a clesire t o l i e a goc^d p a r e n t , a w o r r y o f f a i l i n g ai i.liat g o a l , w o r r i e s a b < i u l
h o w t h e a u n t is j u d g i n g t h e p a r e n i , o r u n d e r l y i n g m o o d s o f a n x i e t y o r l a c k
o f s e l f - w o r t h , 'l~lie a u n t , b y c o n t r a s t , i i i l i e r f e e l i n g s o f d e l i g h t , feels vales;
t h e c o i n i c v a l u o f t h e c l i i l c f s a r t i s t r y , t h e m a r v e l o f t h e s u r p r i s i n g crea(i\'itv
i n a r n i n d so ) O t m g , i l i e u n c o n d i t i o n a l w o r t l i i n t h i s i i e p l i e w as a m a r v e l I o u s
a n d i n i i q u e l u n n a n b e i n g , a n d p e r h a p s a t i n g e o f f e e l i n g s o f s n p e r i o r i l ) ' 01
r e l i e f that she d o e s n o t have to h e a r t h e b u r d e n o f [aarenial r e s p o i i s i b i l i p
f o r the c h i l d ' s mess.
Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d Ffoi"izons o l Feelings 15/
f l i e s e d e s c r i p t i o n s c a n b e u s e d 10 c o m n i t n h c a i e i h e d i s v a l u e s a n d v a l -
n. s i l n i t t h e eelirms i n t e n d . B u l s u c h w o r d s c a n c o m n i u n i c a t e e l T e c t i v e l y
Miih 10 s o r n e o n e w h o h a s l i a d s u c h f e e l i n g s . I t is n o t a s t h o u g h i e p a r e n t
m d a u n t h r s t k n o w t l i e s e vales by m e a n s o f c o n c e p t s o r r e a s o n i n g , a n d
l h e n s o m e l i o w r e s p o n d t o t h e c o n c e p t n a l l y gras[3ed o r r e a s o n a b l ) ' a f f i r m e d
* , i l i i e s b y h a v i n g f e e l i n g s f b r t h e m o n l y a f t e i " l h e act. o r d o t h e p a r e n t
m d a u n t h r s i h a v e t h e f e e l i n g s as e x p e r i e n c e s , a n d t h e n h a v e i n s i g h i s i n i o
ilieiii - a n d o n l y t l i e n , by nderstanding tliese feelings, b e c o m e conscious
o \ . i h i e s b r d i e frst t i m e i l i r o u g h t h e i n s i g i i i s i n t o l h e f e e l i n g s . ' f h e \'alues
,11 e ; i l r e a d \ i h e noemaiic p r o p e r c o n i e u t s o f t l i e i r f e e l i n g s , even betbre tliere
is , i i i \ u n d e r s i a n d i n g o f t h e t e e l i n g s . I d e a s ( i i i t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s ) a r e t l i e iioemalic
uaiis o f insighis ( u n d e r s t a n d i n g s ) , n o t t h e c o n t e n t s o f teelings. Acts o f
i i n d e r s t a n d i n g can a d d f u r t h e r I n i e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n l s to l h e v a l u e - c o n i e n i s
,r. l e l i . T h o s e i n s i g l i t s i n t o t l i e f e e f i n g s c a n l l i e m s e l v e s b e t l i e a g e n t objecls
o l s n b s e q u e n i a d d i i i o n a l f e e l i n g s ( I i a t l e a d 10 r e b i i e i i i e n t s o f f b e l i n g s a n d
n i i . i n e e d f e e l i n g s br v a l e s . B n t l l i e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e n t s o f t h o s e i n s i g l u s
I . i n i i o i s u b s t i t u t e f o r t l i e a w a r e n e s s o f vales a n d d i s v a l u e s i l i a t c(.>iiies p r i -
i i i o i d i a l l v in feelings.
I n a s e n s e , o f c o i i r s e , l^oti t h e p a r e n i a n d t h e a u n i a r e ' h a g h t " i r i i l i e i r
leelings. 'fhere are b o t h disvalues a n d vales to be d i s c e r n e d in this
o t d i n a r \ y e i c o m p l e x s i i i i a i i o n . ' f h e p a r e n t is m o r e a t i e n t i v e 1.0 c e n a i n
p a l is o f l h e s c e n e , t h e a u n t 10 s o m e w h a t d i l T e r e n i | i a r i s . ' f h e i r i r i d i \ ' i d i i a l
.uieiiiiveness and tlieir individual ].)atterning o f tlieir experiences con-
,Ulule differeru agent objects, wliicli in t u r n c o n d i t i o n lhe emergence
o l d i l f e r e m . f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s , ' f h i s jliiralii.y o f l e e l i n g s ; i i i d v a l e s t h a t
pe u i i n t o a s i n g l e s i t u a t i o n r a i s e s f u r t h e r c p i e s t i o n s . ' f h e c p i c s t i o n s as 10
w h i c h f e e h n g s a n d vales o u g h t to p r e v a i l :ire n o t , h o w e v e r , aiiswerable
h\s a l o n e , ' f h e y a r e C|uesiioiis ftn" j u d g m e n i s o f c o m p a r a t i v e \'ahie,
uhi h g o b e y o n d t h e v a l e s as f e h . a n d h e a d t o w a r d s t r u e v a l u o b j e c t s .
I ven so, t h o s e f u r t h e r t p i e s t i o n s a n d f u r t l i e r j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e
i . i h i e p r e s u p p o s e , a n d c a n n o t r e p l a c e , i l i e l e e l i n g s t h a i r n a k e i l i e vales
I onscioiis.:^-'
As a i l i i r d e x a m p l e . I o f T e r i h e c o n t r a s t i ^ e t w e e n i l i e g r e a i i h i n k e r a b o u t
I ll les, j a n e Jacobs, a n d h e r 11 e m e s i s , t h e c z a r o f .New Y o r k C i t y u r b a n r e n e w a i ,
l'-i i b e r i M o s e s . I n h e r b o o k Tlie Dealh anil Ufe of Creal Aitierica-n Ciies.yACobs
,eis b e f b r e t h e r e a d e r r i c h d e s c r i p t i o n s o f u r b a n s o c i a l l i t e a t its b e s t . S h e
uses l h e t e r m ' " l i v e l ) ' " t o s i g n i l y t h e r i c h p a n o p l y o f s o c i a l vales t h a l s h e
d e i s so i n i e i i s e l y i n h e r lo\'e br t h e g o o d o f u r b a n l i t e ( w l i e n a n d w h e r e i t
r, i ' . o o d ) , S h e a l s o ex|>laiiis h o w i l l - c o n c e i v e d d e c i s i o n s d e s t r o y d i e s e s o c i a l
\1 l i l e s a n d le.ave i 11 t h e i r w a k e "111111, g r e \ ' " u r b a n r e g i o i i s , B y c o n t r a s t , w h e r e
| , n o l i s " s a w " s o c i a l \'alues, R o b e n Moses "saw" o i d y chaos a n d rnessiness
dial i n t e r f e r e d with t h e etTicient m o v e m e n t o f traffic a n d c o m m e r c e , I le
IS P a n I I : V\'hai, A r e W'e D o i n g W h e n We Ai-e B e i n g E i l i i c a l r
oversavv i h e cU=si.ruci.ion o f c l o s e l y - k n i L n e i g l i b o i n ' h o o d s i n N'ew Y o r k a n d
i h e i r r e p l a c e n i e n t b y vasi, m u l i i - l a n e , Hmiied-access highwaysd"
T o be m o r e pi'ecise, o f c o n r s e n e i U i e r J a c o b s no?* M o s e s 'saw" vales m
d i s v a l u e s . T h e y saw m a n y o f l h e s a n i e v i s u a l f e a i u r e s o f b u i l d i u g s a n d l o a d s ,
as w e l l as a u i o m o b i l e a n d p e d e s i r i a n p a i i e r n s o f i n i e r a c i i o u . B u l i h e y a c i i i
ally e n i e r i a i n e d s i g n i f i c a n i h ' d i f f e r e n i a g e n l objecls, b e c a u s e o f i h e back
g r o u n d s l h e y h r o u g h i l o i h e i r acis o f s e e i n g . T h e i r d i f f e r e n t images, i i n d e i
siandings a n d J u d g m e n t s a b o u l u r b a n life were the d i f f e r e n t agent objecls
o f tlieir i n t e n i i o n a l feelings. Consequently, they respoiifled d i i f e i e n d y a m l
f e l t d i f f e r e n d y a b o u t w h a t t h e y saw, u n d e r s t o o d , a n d j u d g e d . B m . t h e i r affei
t i v e f e e l i n g esponses t o c i t y l i f e as t h e y saw a n d u n d e r s t o o d i t w e r e a l s n
a c c o m p a n i e d b y v e r y d i T e r e n t d e s i r e s a n d m o o d s . A l i h o u g h J a c o b s was a h l c
to face sobei'ly a n d w i l h d e i a c h m e n t t h e evils o f h u m a n ihouglnlessness,
c a r e l e s s n e s s , a n d i n j u s t i c e t h a t a r e u n d e n i a b l e pars o f u r b a n l i f e , s h e n o n e
theless e m b o d i e d m o o d s o f h u n i o u r a n d h o p e f u l n e s s t h r o u g h o u t most ot
h e r life. Moses, by contrast, c a r r i e d cpiite d i f f e r e n t desires a n d m o o d s aud
attiiudes a b o u l p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t his career In those different feelings.
t h e s e t w o p e o p l e i n i e n d e d d i f f e r e n t vales. T h e i r f e e l i n g s b e h e l d d r a m a l i
c a l l y diTerent vales i n t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s o f u r b a n l i f e . W h a t carne t o c o n
sciousness i n t h e i r f e e l i n g s wei'e t h e p r c j p e r , i n t e n t i o n a l o b j e c t s - t h e v a l u
o r d i s v a l u e s - o f t h e a g e n t o b j e c t o f u r b a n l i l e as t h e y p e r c e i \ ' e d a n d i m d r i
s t o o d i t . h l t u r n , as i h e y g r e w w i t h i n J a c o b s a n d M o s e s , t h e s e f e l t v a l u a t i o i i s
o f c i i y l i i e l^irther [ j a i t e r n e d t h e i r selective e x p e r i e n c i n g , occasioneci llieii
f ' u r d i e r q u e s d o n s , i n s i g h t s , a n d j u d g m e n t s o f fact, T h e i r cycles o f i n t e l l e i
mal l e a r n i n g a n d f ' e e l i n g f o r vales i n t e r t w i n e d a n d r e i n f o r c e d e a c h o l h c i ,
l u a l l i l i r e e c a s e s , f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s c o n s t i i n i e a c o m p o s i t r
c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f v a l e s by t h e i r u u i l i c a d o n o f t h e a g e n t a n c l p r o p e r o b j e < l N .
I n t e n o n a l f e e l i n g s b o t h r e s p o n d t o s o m e t l i i n g (/V, a c o m p l e x a g e n t o b j e c t I
a n c i i n i e n d s o m e c o n c r e t e valu V. I n d o i n g so, i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g s f e e l \ ms.iiislacior)' r e s p o n s e t o l h e p r o b l e m o f t h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f f e e l i n g s a n d v a l -
as h a v i n g v a l u V. T h e p r o p e r o b j e c t o f a n i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g is t h e v a l m
K t h a t i t i n t e n d s ( f e e l s ) . T h e a g e n t o b j e c t A' is t h a t t o w h i c h t h e feeling
responds,
Because t h e t h r e e e x a m p l e s are c o n c r e i e , ihe)' also i l l u s i r a t e t h e com
plexity o f the a g e n t objects to w h i c h i n t e n t i o n a l feelings r e s p o n d . T h i s \s
also t r u e even for seemiugly s i m p l e symbolic iniages because they c a i i y
with diem rich r e d i m e s o f associaiions that may reach back m a n y yeai.
o f i e n m a n y g e n e r a i i o n s . T h e s i m p l e s y n i h o l m a y h a v e a f o c a l i m a g e (a l i a n i l
wave, a r i n g , a cross, a veil) but t h a t i i n a g e does uot exist i n a v a c u u m . T l i r
e n t i r e a g e n t o b j e c t c a n i n c l u d e s i o r i e s , i u t e r p r e t a t i o n s , a n d t r a d i t i o n s nt
t h e s y m b o l i c i m a g e t h a t e x p a n d a n d e n r i c h its m e a n i n g s . T h e v i v i d s e n s i h h
appearance ofa s y m b o l c a n m i s l e a d us i n t o o v e r l o o k i n g t h e f u l l c ( H i c i e i i
h i s t o r i c i i y o f its a s s o c i a i i o n s a n d m e a n i n g s t h a t c o n s t i t t i t e t h e f u l l n e s s o l i l
Feelings as l i i i e n i i i m a l Responses a n d H o r i / o n s o f Feelings 1.59
r, ,111 a g e n t o b j e c i . I - i k e w i s e , t h e i n i e m i o n a l r e s p o n s e s lo c o m p l e x o r even
liiiple a g e n t objects c a n theiuselves be c o m p o u n d f e e l i n g responses. The
p.iieni a n d the a u n t each have n o t j u s t o n e f e e l i n g response, b u l m a n y to
l l i e i h i l d ' s a n d e s . T h e s a m e w a s c e r t a i n l y t r u e o f J a c o b s a n d M o s e s as w e l l .
I b i s e c o m p l e x c o i n p o s i t i o n s o f f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s also i m p l y c o r r e s p o n d -
tiit'Jv i - o i n p l e x e v a l u a d o n s o f d i e a g e n t o b j e c L s . C o n c r e t e s i t u a d o n s d o not
h.ive j u s t o n e c o n c e p t u a l l y s i m p l e v a l u . T h e i r raines are c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y
ele and complex. The concreieness ofour feelings as i n t e n i i o n a l
0 . p o i i s e s reveis t h e i n t r i c a c y o o u r f e e l i n g s a n d v a l u a o n s - a f a c t d i a l
11 e.isily a n d c o m m o n l y o v e r l o o k e d , u n i e s s s p e c i a l e f f o r t is m a d e t o d i s c e r n
1^ h . i i we a r e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e f e e l i n g . ' f h e n e x t s e c i i o n w i l l e n d e a v o u r lo
Ix I o r n e sll m o r e c o n c r e t e in aid of discerning the complexity a n d con-
- leieiiess o f o u r feelings a n d vahiadons.
1 h e p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e s a l s o d o m o r e i a n Ilstrate t h i s g e n e r a l , s i r u c -
n i i , i l r r h u i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e p r o p e r a n d a g e n t o b j e c t s o f f e e l i n g s as i n i e n -
m m . i l r e s p o n s e s . B e c a u s e o f t h e i r c o n c r e i e n e s s . l h e e x a m p l e s a l s o i l lstrale
l h e d i v e r g e n c e o f f e e l i n g s a n d vales i n r e s p o n s e t o a g e m o b j e c t s . l u e a c h
s , i m p l e , l w o diTerent p e o p l e r e s p o n d e d w i t h diTerent feelings a n d differ-
1 u l e v a l u a d o n s to t h e s a m e s i i u a i i o n . C l o s e r analysis revealed thai subde
dilteoaices between the two people in their sensauons, imaginations, m e m -
b a c k g r o u n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s , a n d j u d g m e n t s about. the s i t u a t i o n s c o n -
i i i u i e d s i g n i f i c a n t ly d i T e r e n t a g e n t o b j e c l s . I n a s e n s e , t h e n , e a c h inember
ol l h e i h r e e p a i r s was " o b j e c t i v e " i n h e r o r h i s v a l u a u o n o f d i e a g e n t object-
l l . . .uise l h e a g e n t o b j e c L s themselves were d i f f e r e n t .
I he differences i n valu perspecuves in the three examples m i g h t seem
10 p i < )\ide f u r t h e r j u s t i l l c a i i o n 'or t h e p r e \ ' a i l i n g v i e w , w l i i c l i says t h a i e v e r y -
I i : i s d i f f e r e n t l e e l i n g s a n d d i f e r e u i v a l e s , a n d t h a t t h e r e is n o s u c h
d i i i i | ; a s o b j e c v i i y r e g a r d i n g vales. Y e i t h i s is a f m i i t e d a n d u h . i i n a i e l y
m s .IS r e s p o n s e s t o a g e n t o b j e c t s . A l m o s t e v e r y o n e w h o c l a i m s l o b e a c o m -
m i i U ' d valu r e l a d v i s i i n e v i t a b l y sttrfaces p a s s i o n a t e c o i n m i i m e n t s a b o u l at
I. , i s i .1 t e w vales. A m o n g o i h e r t h i n g s , t h e y t e n d t o b e p e o p l e w h o a r e pas-
l o n . i i e l h a t e v e r y o n e l i a s a r i g h t t o valu i t l a i i v i s i n . T l i a i ]>assioii a n d s e n s e
M | l i f . J u is i n c t n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i r p r o f e s s e d reladvism. These incoiisistent
11 l . u i v i s i s s p o n t a n e o u s l y e x p e c t o d i e r s l o a g r e e w i t h t h e i r v a l u a u o i i s , a n d
< Ul be( ( l i n e q u i t e i n d i g n a n i w i l h p e o p l e w h o d o n o t s h a r e t h e i r v a l u a o n s .
lll diese passionate c o m m i t m e n t s t h e y a r e p e r f o r m a t l v e l y f e e l i n g a n d acdng
I , i h o i i g l i d i e s e select vales a r e a b s o l u t e a n d n o t a t a l l r e l a d v e .
1 his suggests l h a t w h i l e h u m a n felt responses t o c o n c r e t e s i t u a d o n s d i f f e r
l i l i o i n p l e x ways, i t d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t t h e r e is n o s u c h t h i n g as o b j e c u v i t y
l l l l h e r e a l m o f l e e l i n g s as i n i e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s a n d vales. W h a t d o e s f o h
l o w , h o w e v e r , is t h a t w b a i e v e r k i n d o f o b j e c d v i t y is t o b e h a d i n t h i s r e a l m ,
 liln l'.iii II: WIKII A I C VVe D o i n g VVHien VVe A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ? Feelings as I n i e n i i n n a ! Responses a n d H o r i z o n s o f Feelings 161

il i n i i s i he r a t h e r c o m p l e x . The p r o b l e m a t i c o f v-altie o b j e c t i v i t y w i l l I h . c !< a c o n s c i o u s s u b j e c t . T h e s c e n e o f sky, c l o u d s , g i o u n d , t r e e s , a n d

a d d r e s s e d a g a i n i n c h a p i e r 8. I n o r d e r t o p r e p a r e f o r l h a t d i s c u s s i o n , we M U affects h o w t h e d e e r i n i h e f o r e g r o u n d a p p e a r s visually. T h e same
tin-n in the n e x t s e c d o n to sull m o r e c o n c r e t e p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l descrip- r l l . 1 a p p e a r s q u i t e d i f e r e n d y , h o w e v e r , i f i t is w a l k i n g d o w n a c i t y s i r e e t .
u o n s o f f e e l i n g s a n d vales, t h i s l i m e i n t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f t h e c l u s t e r i i i K I l l . wise, i n Uie r e a l m o f i i i t e n n o n a l f e e l i n g s t h e r e is also a b a c k g r o u n d
o f feelings to f o r m valne horizons. M . u\<.rk o f a c c o m p a n y i n g f e e l i n g s , always p r e s e n t b u t p e r h a p s less n o t i c e d ,
d i . i i m o d u l a i e s a n d c o n s i i u i t . e s t h e ways t h a t e v e n o u r m o s t v i v i d feelings
6.8 H o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s as [ n i e n t i o n a l R e s p o n s e s ni l e h . H o r i z o n s o f s u b d e b a c k g r o u n d feelings give i h e m o r e p r o i n i n e n i
l . . i . f ; i o i m d feelings their special, concrete valences. These s u r r o u n d i n g
I n i d a l l y I t r e a t e d f e e l i n g responses s o m e w h a t abstracdy. T h e tirst e x a m p l e h . . n / . . i i s a f f e c t liowwe feel s o r r o w o r j o y o r fear, f b r e x a m p l e .
i n t h e p r e v i o n s s e c t i o n t r e a t e d t h e f e e l i n g o f e x c i t e i n e n t as t h o u g h i t w e t r lll d o i n g so. d i e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s also m o d u l a t e s a n d n u a n c e s the
isolaied frotn o t h e r feelings, in o r d e r to d r a w a t t e n t i o n to t h e reiaiionship . iliic-s l h a t a r e f e l t . T h e c o n c r e t e v a l e s i n t e n d e d i n t h e f e e l i n g s a r e c o m -
between its p r o p e r o b j e c t ( v a l u ) a n d its a g e n t o b j e c t (athletic move). p l . \s b e c a u s e the feelings diemselves are made more c o m p l e x by
W h i l e die emphasis in that example was a n e c e s s a r y s t e p i n t b e a n a l y s i s . dirii horizons. The feeling of disappoinunent over losing a c o m p e u u o n
i t c a n leave t h e m i s l e a d i n g i m p r e s s i o n i h a t feeiings o c c u r independenily .,111 be e l e v a i e d by f e e l i n g g e n u i n e j o y I'or a f r i e n d ' s v i c t o r y , T b e loss,
ofone another. We m a y t e n d t o t h i n k o f j o y o r s a d n e s s o r f e a r as f o r c c n d n a e b r e . is n o t f e l l as so g r e a t a d i s v a l u e as i t w o u l d b e w i t h o u t i h e j o y
b u r s t i n g u p o n the scene i n d e p e n d e n d y , p u s h i n g aside p r i o r leelings lo IIMI t h e valu o f t b e f r i e n d ' s a c h i e v e m e n t . O r again, one's feeling for
m a k e r o o m f o r t h e m s e l v e s . VVe m a y t e n d t o t h i n k o f s u c h f e e l i n g s as a l i e n
d i r valu o f a n a r c l i i t e c i u r a l m a s t e r p i e c e c a n be c o r r u p t e d by f e e l i n g t h e
i n t r u d e r s c o m i n g f r o m o u t s i d e o f us ( o r f r o m o u r n e r v o u s system inside
I . . i i i r m p i f b r its g r e e d y a n d a r r o g a n i d e s i g n e r . O r o n e ' s i n t e n s e a n g e r a t
b u t sll a l i e n ) , as s e p a r a t e d f r o m i h e i n l u e n c e a n d i - e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f o u ^
i^hai s e e m e d l i k e a n i n e x c u s a b l y u n j u s t a c t i o n m a y f l e c m e moderated
selves as w h o l e p e i s o n s , as e x i s t e n t i a l s u b j e c t s . T h e s e w o u l d b e m i s l e a d i n g
a-, m - w f e e l i n g s e m e r g e w h e n o n e l e a r u s m o r e a b o u t t h e b a c k g i o u n d a n d
impressions.
i l r i a i l s o f t h e case.
I n Iact, i n t e n o n a l feelings always o c c u r i n c o n t e x i s o f o t h e r associated I h t r i z o n s o f feelings are c o m p l e x c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f a great m a n y teelings.
a n d i n t e r c o n n e c t e d l ' e e l i n g s , T h a t c o n t e x t is e s t a b l i s h e d b y i h e c h a r a c i e i I ,M ll f e e l i n g i n d i e c o n s i e l l a u o n is a l T e c i e d a n d m o d i f i e d by i h e o t h e r f e e l -
o the whole person herself or h i m s e l f Because feelings are diverse a n d ings. ' f h e radiating influence of die whole h o r i z o n consiiuites an o r i e u -
s u b d e , we n o t i c e p e r h a p s o n l y t h e m o s i d r a m a i i c a n d i i n p e r i o u s o f om M i i o n i n t o t h e r e a l m o f vales t h a i goes b e y o n d any s i n g l e f e e l i n g itself.
f e e l i n g s as t h e y r i s e t o t h e f o r e o f o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s . N ' e v e r d i e l e s s , e v e n t h e I his h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a l s o p e r m e a i e s a n d g u i d e s o u r o t h e r acts o f c o n -
m o s L i n t e n s e f e e l i n g s a r i s e as a l w a y s ah^eady p a n o f a c o n n e c i e d n e i w o r k o t .1 i o u s n e s s s u c h as i e c o g n i u o n a l a c d v i t i e s a n d p a i t e n i s o f e x p e r i e n c i n g ,
feelings. ( T h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d e x a m p l e s i n t h e p r e v i o u s secon b e g i n to u u p i i r i n g . i n s i g h t , r e f l e c t i n g , a n d m a k i n g J u d g i n e n t s o f fact. O u r h o r i z o n
m a k e this a p p a i e n t . ) A n g e i may be t e m p e r e d by niercy, a n d compassion ul I e e l i n g m o s t especially i n f l n e n c e s o u r valu i n q n i r i e s , valu refiecdons,
t i n g e d w i l h f r u s t r a t i o n , a n n o y a n c e , a n d g i i e f T h e passion o f f a l l i n g i n love d e l i b e r a u o n s , iKlgmenis o f v a l n e , a n d choices, w h i c h will be e x p l o r e d i n
c a n b e t i n g e d w i t h g u i l t a b o u t o t h e r felt-values o n e also h o l d s d e a r a n d that I hapter 7 .
m a y ha\'e t o b e f o r s a k e n f o r o n e ' s b e l o v e d . T h e f e l t - v a l t i a t i o n o f d i e nolil- In a d d i u o n to t h e visual m e t a p h o r o f j i o r i z o n , o i h e r m e t a p h o r s can
ity o f courage is e l e v a i e d precisely because i t is f e l t a l o n g w i t h t h e f e a r o l ,ilsi) s e r v e t o i l l u m i n a i e t h e c o n s t e l l a i i o n s o f o n r feelings as i n t e n o n a l
d e a l h w h i c h ii overcomes. I n i h i s s e c t i o n w e b e c o m e e v e n m o r e c o n c r e t e by l e s p o n s e s , A h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s m a y also b e l i k e n e d to a n a r c h e r ' s t a r g e t ,
d e s c r i b i n g t h e m a u n e r s i n w l n c h l e e l i n g s a n d i h e i r i n i e n d e d vales i n t e r a i ' i w i l h s o m e o n e f e e l i n g m o s t v i v i d a t l h e p r e s e n t m o m e n t c o n s U i t i n g its
in complex ways. I e n t r e , j u s t as t h e ' p e i i p h e r a l r i n g s o f a n a r c h e r ' s t a r g e t b i g b l i g h t a n d
A n y i d e n d l a b l e f e e l i n g is n act a l w a y s f e l t i n t h e c o m p a n y o f o t h e r e<'l- l i . e u s h o w a l a r g e i ' s b u l T s - e y e is p e r c e i v e d , so a l s o o t h e r f e e l i n g s t h a t a r e
ings. I will a d o p t a t e r m c o m m o n l y used i n p h e n o m e n o l o g ) ' - " h o i i z o n " - in l e h as m o r e o r less p e r i p h e r a l a f f e c t h o w a c e n t r a l f e e l i n g is f e l t . Con-
o r d e r t o c h a r a c i e r i z e t h e a s s e m b l e d , i n i e r r e l a t e d t o i a l i t y o f f e e l i n g s as c o n - sider fbr example a person filled with e x c i t e m e n t u p o n l e a r n i n g that he
c r e i e l y e x p e r i e n c e d b y a n i n d i v i d u a l . ' ' " H o i i z o n " is i f s e l f a v i s u a l m e t a p h o r . h a s r e c e i v e d a j o h o f f e r . A i t h e c e n t r e o f t h i s t a r g e t is t h e f e e l i n g o f t h e
suggesung the spaual surroundings o f au object oracuvity. Those sm-romuf .11 ( ( n n p l i s h u i e n t - f e e l i n g t h e v a l u o f a c h i e v i n g t h i s p r o f e s s i o u a l goal.
i n g s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e de /acto concrGie, visual appearance that sometliing Al l h e same t i m e , a n d closely associated, is t h e f e e h n g the person has
 Ii< ' l ' . i i II W l i u \ i . \ \ D u i i i g W h e n V\ A r e R e i i i g E l h i c a l ? f e e l i n g s as I n i e n t i o n a l Responses a n d H o r i z o n s o f Feelings 163

ll I. M H I I I I I I S C M AS c s i e e i i i e c l b\ i l i e o n e w i i o h i r e d l i i n i . S l i g i i i l j ' l a i ' i l i e r h ' o i i i I . i i i p o i a r i h ' leaving a p a i i e r n o n i h e o | j e r a i i n g lable in o r d e r to m a k e a

l h e ((nn<' aie n u m e r o u s feehngs o f j o y , d i s a p p o i n t m e n i , a n d i n d i g n a t i i m ll inl.uig iransaction. I '
[li.ii a c c o m p a n i e d i l i e m a n y p i e p a r a i o r y siages o f a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d sri I hese [preferences are iitil p r i m a r i k matiers C)f choice - d i a l is t o say,
backs l h a i led u p l o lhis n i o m e n i . Pei'haps m o r e c e n t r a l o r perliaps moo l l u ',e p r e f e r e n c e s a r e n o t chosini as I i i g i i e r o r l o w e r ( e v e n t h o u g h t h e h i s t o r y
p e r i j D h e r a l a r e f e e l i n g s o f g r a l i i u d e f o r a l l i h e a c t s o f k i n d n e s s b y thcisi -ll .1 p e r s o n ' s c h o i c e s w i l l p i ' o l o u u d h ' a t f e c i h o w t h i s s c a l e b e c o m e s orga-
w h o a s s i s i e d a n d s u p p o r t e d h i m a l o n g b i s way. F i n a l l y , p e r h a p s a t t h e vrw iii/ed). Rather, diese are primarily/V/ preferences a m l p r i o r i t i e s o f vales.
p e r i p h e r y are feelings of anxiety a n d self-doubt aboiu the great respoii I lili ( bolees b o t h p r e c e d e a n d follow f r o m o u r feltscales o f preference, bul
sibilities that lie a h e a d . a n d i h e possibiliiy d i a t he m a y n o t really be ahh
h o i c e s d o n o i c o n s t i t u i e i l i e s e s c a l e s o f \'alues as s u c h . T h e s c a l e s a i e
to p e r f o r m lhe role well. Al! o f l h e s e feelings reinforce. undermine, aml
I i i s i i i m e d by p r e f e r e n c e s a n t l p r i o i i e s as f e l t .
m o d u l a i e the c e n i i a l feeling a b o u t i h e offer o f lhis professioual role, f i n
\ i i a h e r n a i e s p a i i a l m e i a ] j h o r , e x a c i h ' r e v e r s e c l , c a n also i l l u m i n a t e scales
p e r s o n d o e s n o t j u s t f e e l t h a t l h i s is a g o o d ( v a l u a b l e ) J o b . M e f e e l s i i a-
ol I e e l i n g p r e f e r e n c e . Wliere i h e l a t l d e r m e i a p l i o r s u g g e s t s as a c o n i r a s t
a \'ery c o m p l e x v a l u n u a n c e d b y t h e ways l h a t t h e s u r r o u n d i n g " t a i g e i
h e h v e e i i " h i g h e r " a n d " l o w e r " vales, a n o i h e r m e t a p h o r c a n b e i i i v o k e d t o
c i i x l e s " o f vales i"einloi'ce oi" t e m p e i " t h e " b u l l ' s - e y e " I e e l i n g o f a c c o i u
1 m i I a s i ' ' d e e | j e r " a n d " s u r f a c e " o r " s u p e r l l c i a l " f e e l i n g s l o w a r d s \'alues. T h e
p l i s h i n e n t . E a c h o f these s u r r o u n d i n g feelings affects t h e c e n t r a l feeliiiH
p o i n i o f i b e m e i a p h o r s is r h a i s o m e vales a r e i n fac b e i n g fril as greaier
a c c o r d i n g t o h o w " c l o s e l y " o r " l e m o i e l y " i l is f e h i n l e l a i i o n l o t h a t c e n l i a l
01 w r i g h i i e r i b a n o i l i e i ' s . . V l o r e o v e r . w h e t h e r t l i e p r i o r i t y is d e s c r i b e t l as
f e e l i n g . l u d o i n g so, i h e s e s u r r o u n d i n g f e e l i n g s c o m b i n e w i i h t h e c e n t i a l
l i i g h e i ' o r deeper, i l i e \'ertical (.uxiering o f feelings n e e d n o t c o r r e s p o n d 10
f e e l i n g l o give t h e v e r y p e r s o n a l , c o n c r e t e , m o d u l a t e d valu t h a t t h i s new
d i e h o r i z o n i a l o r d e r i n g s u g g e s i e d b\ i l i e l a r g e i m e i a p l u j r T h e f e e l i n g s l h a t
J o b will have for h i m .
011 i i p ) ' t h e m o s t c e n t r a l [ i l a c e a i a gi\'eii m o m e n i i n a p e i ' s o i i ' s h o r i z o n a r e
A g a i n , s o m e o n e m i g l u feel a n a n n o y a n c e a i the weakness of anotliei i i ' i i n e c e s s a r i h ' i l i e s a m e as t h e i r l i i g h e s i ( o r d e e p e s t ) f e e l i n g s . -A f e e l i n g o f
peison's repeaied f a i l i u " e t o k e e p h i s p r o m i s e as c e n t r a l i n i h e buU's-eyr. ,Hi\iel)' a b o u t e c o n o m i c securil)' m i g l u be t h e c e n t r a l feeling al a specilic
Y e t t h a l a n n o y a n c e c a n b e m o d e r a t e d b y f e e l i n g s o f c o m p a s s c n . patienc-, l u o i n e n i i n a p e r s o n ' s l i f e , e\'eii i h o n g l i i l i e a f f e c t o l a p p r e c i a i i o n Wtv t h e
a n d even sorrow, d e v e l o p e d perhaps by k n o w l e d g e o f l h e seiious t r a u m a \,ilue o f g r e a t a r i i s i i c c r e a i . i \ ' i i y p e r s i s i s as a p e r s o n ' s h i g h e s i (or deepest)
l h a t is t h e s o u r c e o f l h i s c h a i a c t e r f l a w . T h e a n n o y a n c e d o e s f e e l t h e d i s leh p l i u r i l \ ' .
v a l u o f t h e r e p e a t e d f a i l u r e ; b u t i i f e e l s i l s d i s v a l u e i n a s p e c i H c way, as .1 I l o i i z o n , t a r g e t , l a d d e r , a n d d e p i l i are all s p a t i a l inelaplioi\s. Each meia-
negaiive valu m a d e less s e v e r e b y t h e e x c u l p a i i n g v a l e s t h a t a i e f e l l A> p l i o r h a s l h e s i r e n g d i o f l i i g l i l i g l i i i i i g a d i s i i n c i as]>eci o f t h e i n i e r r e l a h o n -
connecied 10 i l . sliips a m o n g o n r leelings. A l l four, however, s u f f e r f r o m b e i n g iiiei'elv siaiic,
The i n t e r c o n n e c l i o n a m o n g i n t e n t i o n a l feelings ma)' be f u r t h e r l i k e n e d sp.uial m e t a p h o r s , f o r o u r leelings are dv'uamic, Soine o f o u i " feelings are
t o a v e r t i c a l s c a l e o r l a d d e r . F o r as L o n e r g a n , S c h e l e r . a n d v o n f l i l d e b r a n d Mi'eling, O t h e r s e n d u r e f o r a l o n g t i m e a n d u r i d e r p i i i c o r n m i l i i i e n t s we
ha\'e s a i d , i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s a r e a l s o f e l t as r e l a t e d i n s o m e o i d r i i i i . i k e f o r o u r e n t i r e a d u l i l i v e s . ..-Vs L o n e r g a n observes,
o f preference'" - as c o m p a i a i i v e l y " l u g h e i " OT" " l o w e r " \'aliies, f o l l o w i n g
t h e suggesiion o f this spadal m e i a p l i o r . O n e perscm m a y feel compassion p 1 mus a d d t h a t [ f e e l i n g s as i n i e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s ] a r e n o t meiely
as " b i g l i e i , " i n p r e f e r e n c e t o r e v e n g e as " l o w e r , " w h i l e a n o t h e r person's i r a n s i e n i , l i m i i e d 10 i h e t i m e i h a i w e ^ a r e a p p r e l i e n d i i i g a v a l u o" i i s
felt-preferences m a y be exactly i n v e r i e d . T h i s f e l t - o r d e r i n g o f feelings ca o p p o s i i e , a n d \ a n i s l u n g i h e m o m e n t o u r atienii<.)ii slhfis. T h e r e are,
ries a u d esiablishes a h i e r a r c h y o f valu p r i o r i d e s , l a n g i n g f r o m higliesi o f c o n r s e , f e e l i n g s t h a t e a s i l y a r e a r o u s e d a n d e a s i l y pass away. Tliere
( i n o s t valued a n d e s t e e m e d ) 1 0 lowest (least valued, m o s t despised). When a r e t o o t h e f e e l i n g s t h a t h a v e b e e n s n a p p e d o f f bv r e p i e s s i o n t o l e a d
compassion is f e l t as h i g h e r i h a n r e v e n g e , t h e v a l u o f l h e o l h e r p e r s o n t h e r e a f i e r a n u n h a p p y s u b t e r r a i i e a n l i f e . B u t t h e r e a r e i n f'ull c o n -
repentance is f e l l as i n o r e v a l u a b l e i b a n t h e valu o f r e p a y i i i g a n i n j u s i i c e $ s c i o u s n e s s f e e l i n g s so d e e p a n d s l i o i i g , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n deliberately
o r d e f e n d i n g h o n o u r . O n i h e o t h e r h a n d , w h e n h o n o u r is f e l t as h i g h e i . L r e i n f o r c e d , that they c h a n n e l a i t e n t i o n , shape one's h o r i z o n , d i r e c t
r e p e n i a n c e is f e l t as p e r h a p s m e r e w e a k n e s s . O r a g a i n o n e d o c i o i m a ) ' feel t u i e ' s life,'-'
t h e l i e a l t h o f h e r p a t i e n l s as s n r p a s s i n g a l l o t h e r vales, a n d s a c r i f i c e liriK-
w i t h h e r o w n f a m i l y o r even h e r o w n h e a l t h f o r t h e sake o f h e r patienls. A m o n g t h e feelings t h a t a r e d e e p , s t r o n g , a n d e n d u r e t h r o u g h a w h o l e life-
A n o t h e r d o c t o r m a y c o n c r e i e l y f e e l m o n e t a i y r e w a r d a b o v e a l l e l s e , e\'eii l i i i i e a r e l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e f'or a l l v a l u , a u d t h e f e e l i n g o f b e i n g - i n - l o v e
16'1 P;tri I I : W'hai A i e VVtr D o i n g VVhen V\'e A r e B e i n g F i h i c a l ? Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l Responses a n d FIor-i/on,s o f F e e l i n g s Ifi.^

i n a n u n r e s u i c t e d f a s h i o n . VVe w i l l r e l u r n l o a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e a n d V p a r t i c u l a r f e e l i n g s u c h as a n g e r , d e l i g h t , s o r r o v v , o r w o r r y m a y b e t o n c h e d
t h e i r r o l e s i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s i n c h a p t e r S. (ifl hy s o m e e v e n t . Vei t b e f e h r e s p o n s e is n o i j u s t a n g e r b u t a n g e r as ct~>n-
I n a d d i t i o n t o f e e l i n g s t h a t i n t e n d v a l e s as s u c h , t h e r e a r e a l s o feelings I reiely r e s o n a u n g with t h e felt preferences a n d p r o x i m i u e s that c o n s u t u t e
t h a t i n t e n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g x ' a l u e s . VVe feel n o t o n l y t h e d i s v a l u e o f dial pei"son's actual w e b o f f e e l i n g life. T h e way i n w h i c h the w h o l e n e t w o r k
s o m e t h i n g u g l y , b u l a l s o t h e r e l a t i o n o f u g l i n e s s l o b e a u t y . VVe f e e l n o t o n l y 1)1 l e e l i n g s i ' e s o n a i e s m a k e s t b e p e r s o n c o n s c i o u s o f l h e v a l u o f t h e agent
l h e valu o f a g e n t h n e l y c o u r a g e o u s d e e d , b i u its i ' e l a t i o n s t o t h e o r d i n a r i - (ihject.wiih all i l i e specihc c o n c r e t e i i e s s w i l h w l n c h he o r she a c t n a l l y does
ness o i ' m o s i d e e d s , as w e l l as i i s r e l a i i o n t o t i i e c o w a i c l i c e o f o t l i e r d e e d s . feel its v a l u . T h a l v a l u n e e d n o t b e e i t l i e r t h e c e n t i T i l or- d i e h i g h e s t v a l u
iVln.x Scheler- n o t e s t h a l c e n a i n k i n d s o f p e i s o n s ( w h o m l i e c a l i s " c o n i i i i o i i " ) irr i l i e s t i b j e c t ' s h o r i z o n o f v a h r e s . Yet l l i o s e c e n i r ' a l a n d h i g h e s t vales w i l l
a r e o n l y a b l e t o f e e l t h e valu o f s o m e t h i n g b\ m e a n s o f f e e l i n g c o m p a r i - (ilay t h e k e ) ' rciles i n d e i e r a i i i n i n g how t h e v a l u o f t h e a g e n t o b j e c t is f e l l .
s o n s a n d c o n t r a s i s . O t h e r s , w h o m h e c a l i s " n o l l e , " S c h e l e r says l i r s i feel linii that. vilue is f e l t d e t e r r r r i r r e s uihal t h a t v a l u is f o r i l i e s n b j e c i wlii:) feels
l h e vales t h e m s e l v e s d i r e c t l y , a n d t l i e i i c o m e t o feel t h e i i - i-elaticnis t o o n e il i n t h a t way. H e n e e , t a k e n as a w h o l e , a n y i n c l i v i d n a l p e r s o i T s concrete
a n o t l i e r . T h i s , h e says, is b e c a n s e t h e n o b l e p e r s o n f e e l s " h i s o w n valu horizon o f feelings i i o i o n l y d e t e r m i n e s ho^v e a c h particular constituent
a n d t h e fullness o f his b e i n g , an o b s c u r e con\'iction t h a t e n r i c h e s eveiy I e e l i n g is f e l t , b u l a l s o d e t e i m i n e s t h e c o n c r e t e raines that are bestowed
c o n s c i o u s m o m e n t o f b i s e x i s t e n c e , as i f h e w e r e r o o t e d i n t h e universe."'-'^ u p o n p a r t i c u l a r agent objects.
V A ' h e i h e r o n e Eii"st f e e l s t h e vales o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m c j u g vales, t h e s e f.ach o f t h e spatial m e t a p h o r s - horizcii, t a r g e t , s c a l e , l a d d e r , d e p t h -
r e l a u o n s a m o n g vales c o m e t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s in other kinds of feelings draws a t t e n t i o n to c e r t a i n d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e c o m p l e x interconnecuons
t h e m s e l v e s , n o t i n i n s i g h i s o i " c o n c e p t s ov j u d g m e n t s . V V h e t l i e r o n e has a w i i h i n a l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s as w e l l as i l i e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e i r i n t e n d e d
n o b l e o r c o m m o n oi^ a n o t h e r k i n d o f c l i a r - a c i e r ; ever'v p e r s o n ' s l i o i - i z o n o f vales. S t i l l t l i e v ; n ' i a t i o n s i n d t r r a i i o n , a n d t h e d y n a m i c s h i f t i n g o f l e n s i o n s
f e e l i n g s w i t l i n c l t r d e f e e l i n g s o f r e l a i i c j n s a r n o n g v a l i r e s , as w e l l as f o r t h e . i i n m i g o u r f e e l i n g s as i n t e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , p o i n t us t o w a r d s a f i n a l m e t a -
vales lliemselves. p h o r - t h a l o f coiii|3osiiioii, as i n t l i e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a p i e c e o f i i i u s i c , a
A m o n g t h e r e l a t i o n s d i a l we f e e l , t h e r e c a n be a n d u s u a l l y ai'e p e r - s i s d n g , p : i i i i l i n g , o r a w o r k o f I i i e r a i u r e . C o m p o s i t i o n s a m u c h m o r e complete
l u i r e s o l v e d felt lensioirs w i t h i n o u r constellaiicjns o f feelings - felt tensions meiaplior fbr ilie concrete constellation o f a person's actual feelings. .or
between dieir- I r o r i z o n i a l l a i ' g e i - l i k e o r d e i ' i n g s a n d t h e i r v e n i c a l s c a l e - l i k c is l h i s c o m p a r i s o n a c c i d e n t a l ; g r e a t w o r k s o f a n e x p r e s s i h e c o m p l e x i t i e s o f
c j r d e r i n g s , f o r e x a m p l e . A p e r s o n m a y w e l l f e e l t h a t g e n e i o s i i y is a h i g h e r fell e x p e r i e n c e s o f vales i n a l l t h e i r p e r s o n a l c o n c r e i e n e s s . In a painting
v a l u t h a n f i n a n c i a l a c c p i i s i t i o n , e v e n t h o u g h f e e l i n g s a b o u t f i n a n c i a l snc- the elements o f colour, line, a n d shape, o r again in music lhe elements of
cess s e e m t o b e c o n s t a n t l y a t t h e f c u e f r o n t o f h e r or h i s a t t e n t i o n . I t is n o i Kiiic, intensity, a n d r h y t h m , are p u t together i n t o c o m p l e x a n d nuanced
a c | u e s t i o i i t h a t i h e p e i s o n says h e v a l e s o n e t h i n g ( g e n e i o s i t y ) , b u t really visual o r a u d i t o r y r e l a u o n s w i l h o n e a n o t h e r T h e s e c o m p o s i u o n s relate
vales a n o i h e r ( f i n a n c i a l success). R a i h e i ; t h e [ j e r s o n r e a l l y x'ahies b o d i l h e e l e m e n t s t o g e t h e r l o pi-c")cluce a n o v e r a l l w h o l e , w h i l e t h e w h o l e g i v e s
g e n e r o s i t } ' a n d f u u u i c i a l success t h r o u g h f e e l i n g t h e m , b i u . d o e s so i n ways s p e c i a l s t i b d e i y a n c l | o i g n a n c y t o p a r t i c u l a r v i s u a l or sonoroirs elements.
t h a t a r e i n c o n l l i c t a n c l r'eally a r e f e l t i n t e n s i n w i t l i o n e a n o t h e r . I''.a(-li p a r t i c u l a r - c o l o u r - o i " u > r i e is l i k e a p a r i i c i i l a r f e e l i n g i n t e n t i o n ofsome
A n o i h e i " m e t a p h o r , d i a l o f a w e b o r i i e t , c a n be hel>nil i n i l l t i s l r a t i n g yei parcular valu.
a n o t h e r as[3eci o f t b e c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g s . A s p i d e r ' s w e b . l''.acli p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n of f e e l i n g s s l i k e t h e w h o l e o f a n a i - t i s i i c c o m p o
f o i " e x a r i i [ 3 l e , is a n e t w o r - k o f i n t e r c o n n e c t e d n o d e s a n d t h r e a d s . V V l i e n a par- s i i i i n i . By i n e a n s o f t h e c o n c r e t e h ' c o m p o s e d arrangement o f leelings, a
t i c u l a r n o d e i n t h a t n e i w o r k is s t i m u l a t e d , i l i e w h o l e n e i w o r k r e s o n a t e s w i d i p i - r s o n f e e l s vales n o i i n a v a c u m n b u t as r e l a i e d a n d m o d u l a t e d . B y m e a n s
a f r e c p i e n c y a n d p a t t e r n t h a t is c l i a r a c i e r i s t i c o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a i - s t i n i u l a t i o i i . o f lhat. c o m p o s i i i o n o f f e e l i n g s , a p e r s o n situai.es h e r s e l f o r h i m s e l f w i t h i n a
T h e v i b r a t i o n p a i i e r n o f i l i e w h o l e w e b is d e t e r m i n e c l b o i l i b y l h e s p e c i f i c w o r l d o f vales, w i t h c o n c r e t e i n i e i i s i t i e s , e m p h a s e s , p r e f e r e n c e s , nuances,
s t i n i u l u s a t s o i n e s p e c i f i c p o i n t , as w e l l as b y t h e w h o l e w e b ' s n e t w o r k w h i c h aud ainbigiiilies.
sitales l h a i s p e c i f i c p o i n t . ( S p i d e r e a r e a b l e l o i d e n i i f y t h e l o c a t i o n ofa l l l o r d e r t o f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e h o w t h e s e v a r i o u s m e t a p h o r s assist i n d i s -
t r a p p e d insect by m e a n s o f t h e d i l T e r e n i resonances o f t h e w h o l e web.) l u a c e r n i n g t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f feelings in a h o r i z o n , consider ihe e x a m p l e of
s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d t o p a r c u l a r c o n s c i o u s a c t s o r c o n t e n t s as a p e r s o n f o r w h o m r e c e i v i n g h o n o u r f r o m " i m p o r t a m " p e o p l e is b o t h t h e
t h e i r a g e n t o b j e c t s . B u t f e e l i n g s d o n o t r e s p o n d as s e p r a t e , i s o l a t e d acts of c e i i i r a l a n d t h e h i g h e s t v a l u , T h e p e r s o n is w o r k i n g o n a s p e e c l i fb?- a n
c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; r a t h e r , i t is t h e p e r s o n ' s w h o l e w e b o f f e e l i n g s t h a t resionds, i m p o r t a n t a u d i e n c e . A n " u n i m p o r t a n t " n e i g h b o u r c o m e s b y a n c l asks f o r a
 T
166 P a n I I : W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e l i e i n g E i i c a l ? Feelings as i n i e n t i o n a l Responses a n d |-iorizons o!" Feelings 1 67

l a v o u i - i l i a i realK' c a n n o i b f d e f e r r e d - b e r car w o n ' i s i a n a n d she u r g e n i l y In \u-\- ov h i s l i f e cvevy i p e r s o n has s o m e p a r t i c u l a r a n c l c o n c r e t e horizon,

needs a iide. I h e p e r s o n ' s f e e h n g h o r i z o n as a w h o l e w i l l i e s | > o n d l o l h e -oine c o n s t e l l a i i o n o r c o m [;)Osilion o f f e e l i n g s . T l i a t c o n s i e l l a i i o n l'cuaiis t h e
r e q n e s l . P r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e h o n o u r b y i n i p o i ' i a n i p e o p l e Is p a r - a n i o m i i , i l i e h o l i / o n f o r a l m o s t every tli i n g else t h a t o c c u r s i n a s u b j e c i s consciousness.
f e e l i n g i^espoirse w i l l a i l e a s i b e i l n g e d w i l h a n n o y a n c e . T l i e m o i ' e precise 1 h e s e r n e t a p l i o r s a l s o s u g g e s t ways of tu n k i n g a b o u l t l i e w e l l - k n o w n j ) l i e -
feeling lesponse ( a n d ilierefore ihe precise feh-evaluaiion) will d e p e n d in n o n l e i i o n t h a t f e e l i n g s d o n o t s e e m to o b e y t h e laws o f l o g i c . P e o p l e e x p e -
complex ways o n h o w o i h e r feelings are f e l l i n relaiicu l o o n e anoihei' iieiice c o n l i c i i n g ancl e v e n c o n t r a d i c i o r y feelings about the same tliing
in l l i e persorrs f e e l i n g h o i a z o n . W h i c l i feelings are r n o r e c e n i r a l o r m o r e . i i n u l i a i i e o u s l y , a n d i l i i s s e e r n s l o c l e l y l o g i c . Yc=:i f r o r n a n o i l i e r p o i m o f v i e w ,
perapheral? V V l i i c h a r e l i i g i i e r a n d l o w e r , d e e p e r o r s h a l l o w e r ? A n d so o n . 11 l e i e is n o \ a o l a t i o i i o f l o g i c l i e r e n i a l l . C o n 11 le ti n g f e e l i n g s a r e i n d e e d felt
P e r h a p s i n i h e p a s l s o m e a c i i o n by l h e n e i g h b o u r has e l i c i i e d s p e c i l i c f e e l - .1', I o n f l i c t i n g , ' f h e f e e l i n g - c o i i f l i c t is p r e c i s e l y l i o w t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e r e l a t e d
ings o f coiupassion, o r o f anger, o r p e r h a p s lhe person's p a r e n i s i n c u l c a l e d In ,1 p e r s o n 's l i o r i z o n . 'I'o l h e e x i e i i t t l i a t a p e r s o n ' s hc>rzoii o f i n t e n t i o n a l
f e e l i n g s o f d u i y l o h e l p n e i g h b o m s . P e r h a p s i h e person e s p e c i a l h ' admires II e l i n g s c o i i i i j r i s e s c o n f l i c i i n g f e e l i n g s , i h a i l i C ) r i z o i i m a y w e l l r e s p o n d lo
i h o s e p a r e m s , o r D e r h a p s is a l l e n a i e d f r o m M i e r n . A l l i l i e s e c o n c r e i e l y i n i e r - . m n e p a r t i c u l a r a g e n i o b j e c t w i i l i f e l i - c o n f l i c i . I n s u c h cases i l i e v a l u a t i o n o f
r e l a i e d feelings e n i e r i n i o i h e overall f e e l i n g resonances lo l h e n e i g h b o u r ' s i h . i i o b j e c t w i l l i n d e e d b e f e l t as a \ ' a l i i e - c o n f l c i . A s i l i i s s u g g e s i s , l i o r i z c n i s o f
i ' e c p i e s i . A s a w l i o l e , d i e y d e i e r r n i n e l i o w i l i e v a l u o f d i a l [ " e i j u e s i is f e l l . T h i s liniirin feelings f V e q n e n t l v , |:>erliaps always, l i a v e i n i e r n a l t e n s i o n s embed-
e x a r n p l e i l l u s i r a i e s h o w a l ari\ p a r i i c u l a r nu:>nieiit i n l i m e a p e r s o n ' s h o r i - d e d within tiiem,
z o n o f l e e l i n g s d e i e r m i n e s h o w i h e y i n i e n d v'alues i n i l i e i r f e l l r e s p o n s e s .
A c o n c r e t e h c ^ r i z o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g r e s j o n s e s as a w l i o l e a l s o c o n - li.i) Summarv
s t i l u t e s t h e l'eeWng-onentaoii o f t h a t i n d i v i d u a l , e x i s i i n g i ^ e r s o n - t h a t is l o
say, a |>erson s f e e l i n g h o r i z o n p u t s h e r o r h i m o n a l i l e t r a j e c t o r y , a ' ' p r o III l i l i s c h a p t e r I lia\'e e x p l o r e d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e b r o a d class o f feelings
j e c t " f o r life, I n d o i n g so, t h a t l i o r i z o n massively d i r e c t s t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s dial Lonergan r e i e r r e d t o as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , A l t l i o u g h b i s t e r n i i n o l -
o f ils subject. I t d i r e c t s t b e subjeci's a t t e n t i o n t o w a r d s e x p e r i e n c e s , towards iij',\g t l i : i i o f v o u h l i l c l e b r a i i c l ) s e e m s t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s
s i g h t s a n c l s o i m d s a n d m e m o r i e s , l o w a r d s C|uestions, l o w a r d s t h e s e a r c h f o i ii'.pond t o \'alties as f i l i e \ w e r e " a l r e a d y o u t tliei^e,' I liave a r g u e d lhat
i n s i g l i t s , l o w a r d s r e l l e c i i o n s f o r t h e s a k e o f r e a c l i i n g j u d g m e n i s a n d deci- l h e r e a r e f o u r d i s t i n g i i i s h a b l e o b j e c l s o f s u c h f e e l i n g s . T h e s e f e e l i n g s c>iily
sions. For example, feelings of compassion have an o r i e n t a i i c m to t l i e m . t i i i h ' " r e s p o n d " to t h e i r a g e n l objects - w h e t h e r to images in sensations,
In g e n e r a l , c o m p a s s i o n feels t l i e v a l u ( o r d i s v a l u e ) o f a n o t l i e r person's l i n a g i n a i i o n s o r i i i e i i i o r i e s , o r t o i d e a s f r o r n i n s i g h i s , o r l o facts as k n o w n
p l i g h t . I t o r i e n t s o r d i r e c t s a t l e n t i o n t o t b e .lerscm, l o l i e r circumstances, lll \ ' i r i i i a l l v u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e r u s , o r t o d e e d s , o r t o acis o conscious-
t o t h e q u e s t i o n s to be c o n s i d e r e d , to i n s i g h t s i n t o the possible means ol ness o r t o p e r s o n s . VViih r e s p e c t t o v a l e s , i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s d o n o t so
rerneclv. 1diis feelin^- also e x c l i i d e s all sorts o f c o n s i d e r a t i c u i s i r r e l e v a n l l o iniK h >('s)oud t o l l i e m as bing[\\cvn to consciousness. Valiies e m e r g e i n o u r
compassion. But compassion never occurs i n general. I l o c c u r s o n l y in die i oiiseioiisiiesses s i m u l i a n e o u s h ' wiili a n d t h r o u g l i lhe ageiicy o f feelings as
consciotisness o f s o m e i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t . A s s u c h , c o m p : i s s i o n is c o u c r e U ' l y m i e m i o n a l r e s p o n s e s . I lia\'e : i r g i . i e d i.liat f e e l i n g s d o n o t r e s p o n d t o v a l e s
s i t u a t e d in a h o r i z o n o f o t h e r feelings t l i a t feel t h e dis\'alue o f s o m e o n e ' s ih.ii Iirst carne to consciotisness i n s o m e o t h e r w a y , s u c l i as t i u ' o u g l i rea-
p l i g l i i . i n a m o r e c o m p l e x way. I t is t h i s c o m p l e x manner of feehng com 'loning. Reasoning a b o u t i e e l i n g s a n d v a l e s is o f t h e u t i n o s t i i i i D o r l a n c e .
passicu lhat directs the a u e n i i o n o f the conscious subject. T h e niaimei However, such reasoning presupposes lhe kincl o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f vales
in which compassion is s u r r o u n d e d b y o i l i e r l e e l i n g s n n e - i n n e s i h e d i r e i i h . i i c a n c n i l y ccnne Hrst i n l e e l i n g s , T h e n e x t c l i a p i e r w i l l e x p l o r e i n d e t a i l
tion o f compassion's o r i e n t a t i o n . U n c o n d i t i o n a l compassion will attend lo p o icesses o f r e a s o n i n g a b o u t \'alues a n d t h e i r r e s u l t a n t j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l u .
slighdy different sensations, niemc^ries, q u e s t i o n s , etc., t h a n w i i l comps I h i s c l i a p i e r a l s o s i t a lecl f e e l i n g s o r v a l u e s i n i h e i r c o n c r e t e c o n t e x i s , w h a t
sion t i n g e d w i i l i a t o u c l i o f pricle in o n e ' s capacity for c o m p a s s i o n . I h , i v e l e r i n e d " h o r i z o n s o f feelings." Sucli l i o r i z o n s liave been d e s e r i b e d i n
A n y given p e r s o n ' s affective h o r i z o n , h e r o r his c o n c r e t e c o n s t e l l a t i o n ol .oine ( l e i a i l , T l u s anah'sis l e d t o t h e c l a i m t h a t we feel v a l e s w i t l i a k i n d o f
feelings, can c h a n g e g r a d u a l l y a n d i n c r e m e n t a l l y , o r s u d d e n l y a n d radicalh', l i i l , i l l i b i l t y , a l/iiIedA'ovm o f o b j e c t i v i t y reUiUvelo the concrete coinpositions
C l i a n g e s i n feelings can f o r m secpiences t h a t result i n g r o w i n g serisiiivil\ o l o n r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , a n d a l s o reave t o c o n c r e t e a g e n t o b j e c t s tliat
a n d n o b i l i t y , o r t l i e y c a n f o r m c f o w n w a r d s p i r a l s i n t o a p a t h y oi~ b r u t i s i m e s s iiio\ o u r f e e l i n g r e s | j o n s e s . T h e anal)'sis e n d e d w i t h i l i e o b s e r v a t i o n that
o r b i t t e n i e s s o i - ressenlivieiit. Y e t , n o m a t t e r w h a t t h e t r a j e c t o r y , a t e a c h siage iheie are lensions witliin o u r l i o r i z o n s o f feelings. These tensions t e n d to
 ll.M l ' . n i ri W h . u A l l - WV D n i i i g W l i c n We A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ?

(hst.ihih/.c- i m i - l i o r i z o n s o f feelings. h i c h a p i e r 8, we w i l l r e t u r n l o a f u l l e r
cxploraon oflhese l e n s i o n s as w e l l as l o i h e p r o b l e i n a i i c o f v a l n e objeciiv- 7 Feelings a n d Valu Reflection
ily. I t w i l l b e a r g u e d l h e r e t h a t e v e r y p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n s o f l e e l i n g s h a s d e e p
a n d p e r t n a n e n t sources o f tensions, w h i c h can o n l y be resolved by whai
l . o n e r g a n t e r i n e d " c o n v e r s i n . " T h a t c h a p t e r w i l l also a r g e t h a t r e s o l u h o n
o f those tensions i h r o i i g l i convei-sion h o l d s t h e key to w h a t n i i g h t be mea ni
by b i l l ( n o i m e r e l y r e l a d v e ) o b j e c u v i t y o f j u d g m e n t s o f valu i n g e n e r a l a n d
J u d g m e m s o f e t h i c a l v a l u n p a r d c u l a r .

7. r Introduction

I h a p t e r 4 o f f e r e d a n o v e r v i e w c^f t h e s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . T h a t
ai l u i u r e b e g i n s t o o p r a t e w h e n cpicstions arise a b o u t w h a t we s h o u l d d o .
flese q u e s i i o n s arise o u l o f o u r e x p e r i e n c e s and our prior understand-
ings a n d j u d g m e n t s o f fact. T h e y iniuaie the dynamism o f the structure
MI elhical intentionality. T h a t structure begins with quesuons seeking to
i t h j i ' c i i v e l y u n d e r s t a u d t h e f a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h o n e nds o n e s e l f . I t
llien progresses t.o c p i e s i i o n s s e e k i n g p r a c t i c a l i n s i g l u s i n t o p o s s i b l e intel-
lij'Jblc ecjurses o f a c t i o n . l l c o n t i n e s ihroiigi valu r e n e c i i o n , t h e g r a s p o f
MMually u n c o n d i t i o n e d valu, a u d consecjtient j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . It ends
(\iili d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h o s e j u d g m e n t s , a n d a c t i o n s t h a t i m p l e m e n t
lliDse d e c i s i o n s .
J i u l g i n e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu a u d h o w we a r r i v e a t t h e m a r e t h e r e f o r e of
Miiiral importance in the structure o f e t h i c a l intentionality. These j u d g -
l u e i i i s lia\'e t h e f o r m , " I n t e l l i g i b l e , possil^le c o u r s e o f a c i i o n / h a s v a l u V"
\e / is s u p p l i e d by a p r a c u c a l i n s i g h l a n d l''is s u | 3 p l i e d b y a p e r s o n ' s h o r i -
.-Mii o f feelings. Because o f i h e c o m p l e x i t i e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e intenonality
l l l l e e l i n g s , t h e i r r o l e i n a r r i v i n g a l j u d g m e r i i s o f e t h i c a l valu c o u l d o n l y b e
' . k e i e l i e d e a r l i e r i n t h e c h a p t e r z[. S i n c e d i o s e c o m p l e x i t i e s w e r e e x p l o r e d i n
M i m e d e t a l l i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g c h a p t e r s , i i is n o w p o s s i b l e t o e x p a n d u p o n
1 h.ii a b b r e v i a t e d sketch.
| u d g u i e i i t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u a b o u t a c o u r s e o f a c d o n as w o r t h w h i l e o r
(ihligatory make u p only a p a r t o f tbe m u c h b r o a d e r range ofjudgments
i>l \alu<- i u g e n e r a l . W e d o n o t j u d g e o n l y t h e v a l e s o r d i s v a l u e s o f a c t i o n s
we c d i i t e m p l a i e t i n d e r t a k i n g . VVe a l s o m a k e u c l g m e n t s a b o u l \'ahies t h a t
 17(1 l ' . i i t I I : \Mi.ii Ai< WV D n i i i g W h e n We A r e B e i n g EUiical?
u r h : i \ h;i<l n o p a n . i n r e a h z i n g , VVe m a k e j u d g n i e n i . s a b u u i . i.he vah.ies n i
I h e n a i n r a l w i l d e r n e s s a n d i.he nairal b e h a v i o u r s o f a n i m i s , a b o n l the
m e d i c i n a l v a h i e o f p h a r r n a c e u u c a i s , a i X ) u L d i e a e s U i e u c vales o f w o r k s o l
a r L m u s i c , a n d I i i e r a i u r e , a b o u u i h e f r u i t f u i n e s s o f c o m p e u n g l i n e s o f s<i
e n i i f i c r e s e a r c h , a b o u i g o v e r n m e n i a i p r o g r a m s , a n d a b o u t i h e p l a t f o r m s ot
p o l i d c a l p a r u e s a n d c a n d i d a i e s . VVe a i s o m a k e j u d g m e m s a b o u i i h e v a l u <il
d a i l y events, a b o u t t h e [ ) e o p i e we e n c o u n t e r , a n d t h e i r c h a i a c t e r i s t i c s a n d
flaws. T h e s e j u d g m e n t s o f valu d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e x i e n d i n t o decisions
a n d acons. M a n y piocesses o f v a l n e r e t l e c i i o n are c o n t e n to resi o n c e du'v
r e a c h v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d j u d g m e m s a b o u l t h e valu o f s o m e t h i n g o t
someone.
A s k i n g a u d a n s w e r i n g f u r t h e r p e r n e n t c p i e s o n s is c e n t r a l t o a l l p r o -
cesses o f v a l u i - e f l e c d o n . A s I p r o p o s e d i n c h a p t e r 4 , f e e i i n g s detemiinr
w h a t f u r d i e r q u e s d o n s w i l l b e l e g a r d e d as p e r n e n t . F e e l i n g s p l a y t h i s r o l e
n o t o n l y as w e e n d e a v o u r t o r e a c h j u d g m e n t s o f e d i i c a l v a l u , b u l also i n
o i i i ' e f f o r i s t o r e a c h t r u e j u d g m e m s o f \'alue i n g e n e r a l .
T h i s c h a p t e r w i l l e x p l o r e l h e ways i h a t l e e l i n g s f u n c i i o n i n t h e p r o c e s s o l
a r r i v i n g a t valu j u d g m e n t s i n g e n e r a l , a n d l h e n t u r n t o w h a t is s p e c i l i c t o
j u d g m e n t s o f e i h i c a l v a l u . F i r s t , we w i l l e x p l o r e h o w q u e s u o n s o f v a l n e a n d
o f e t h i c a l valu arise i n l h e first p l a c e , a n d ie roles p l a y e d b y f e e i i n g s i n
t h e i r e m e r g e n c e . T h e n we will c o n s i d e r h o w t h e piocesses o f valu reflrc
ou p r o c e e d o n c e s u c l i q u e s i i o n s h a v e a t a s e n . F o l l o w i n g t h e d i s c u s s i o n <il
valu relecoii a n d valu J u d g m e n t i n g e n e r a l , we will u i r n t o l o o k m o n -
closely at t h e process o f e d i i c a l r e t l e c i i o n a n d j i i d g i n e n i . T h e c h a p t e r t h e n
t u r n s l o l h e ways i n w h i c h proces.ses o f v a l n e reflecdon determine which
quesons are selecied for serious pursuit, a u d the role played by feelings
as n i e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s o s i n d i e s e p r o c e s s e s . T h e s e a n a l y s e s w i l i s u r f a c e i h e
p r o b l e m o f o r d e r a n d d i s o r c l e r i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . /Vs I w i l l a r g t u '
i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r , t h e p r o b l e m o f i h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f vales ( i n c l u d i n g i h r
p r o b l e i u o f o b j e c v e e i h i c a l v a l e s ) is i n n i a t e l y c o n n e c i e d w i t h t h e p r o b
l e m o f tensions a n d o r d e r in o u r horizons o f feelings.
7.2 Habitual Valuing a n d Questions of Valu
W e m o v e t h r o u g h o u r d a i l y li\'es w i t h g r e a t e r o r lesser a w a r e n e s s o f a b r o a d
r a n g e o f vales. M o s t o f t h e m e , o u r v a l u a w a r e n e s s oprales w i d i o u l
b e i n g d i s t u r b e d b y n e w q u e s t i o n s o f v a l n e . V e i q u e s d o n s o f v a l n e d o aris<' al
v a r i o u s times , a n d w i t h o u t i l i e i i i we w o u l d n o t r e a c h t h e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n i l i
l i o n e d j n d g m e m s i n w h i c h vales a r e k n o w n i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e . S o we ask.
u n d e r w h a t c i r c u m s t a n c e s d o q u e s t i o n s o f v a l u arse?
I n his intenonality analysis o f a s i m p l e j u d g m e n t o f f a c t , L o n e r g a n h i m
s e l f n o t e d t h a t o u r k n o w l e d g e o f facts is l a r g e l y h a b i t u a l . T h i s h a b i t u a l i i y is
Feelings a n d Valu R e f l e c d o n 171
Miih I ) c c a s i o n a l l y p t i n e m a t e d b y n e w q u e s i i o n s a b o u t f a c i s . L o n e r g a n o t t e r e d
i h r r x a m p l e o f s o m e o n e r e t u r n i n g h o m e , l l n d i n g b i s b o u s e i n disari-ay, a n d
r.l i n g t h e n i u n d a n e q u e s u o n o f w h e i h e r s o m e t h i n g b a d h a p p e n e d , Loner-
i'.au i i b s e r v e d i a t U i e " q u e s u o n is a s k e d , n o t i n its t u l l g e n e r a l i t y b u t w i t h
M s p e c i 10 c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n s t h a t d i v e r g e f r o m o u r expeciations a n d by
lll,11 d i v e r g e n c e s e t us a p r o b l e m . " ' f-le c o n u n i i e d h i s a n a l y s i s , n o u n g t h a t
HUI 1 o m m o n s e n s e k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t is t o b e e x p e c t e d is c o n s u t u t e d b y a
Imsi i>f p r e v i o u s l y a c q u i r e d i n s i g h t s a n d j u d g m e n t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , as l o n g
MUI )>rior u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d j u d g m e n t s o f facts c < : i n t i n u e t.o m a k e s e n s e o l
m u l l o w o f s e n s i b l e e x p e r i e n c e s , n e w q u e s o n s f o r j u d g m e n t o f fac d o n o t
,11 IM'. l h e a b s e n c e o f t h o s e b i r t h e r q u e s o n s is t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e o b j e c -
m u y o f o u r h a b i t u a l , factual k n t w l e d g e o f l h e s e new experiences that we
I i i c n u n i e r B u l w h e n we e n c o u n t e r s o m e i h i n g t h a t d o e s d i v e r g e f r o m o u r
h.ihiiual k n o w l e d g e , o r n o c e s o m e t h i n g we p r e v i o u s l y o v e r l o o k e d , ques-
inms for i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e l e c d o n arise s p o n i a u e o u s l y O n c e diese ques-
III MIS ( k l a r i s e , t h e r e s u l i i n g p r o c e s s e s o f t a c t u a l r e f l e c t i o n s w i l l n o t b e |:>ut 1.0
I I sl unl w e r e a c h sasfaciory a n s w e r s t o a l l i h e f u r t h e r p e r n e n t q u e s o n s
i l r i i e n s u e , a n d r e a c h n e w v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d acts o f m i d e r s i a n d i n g
m d judgments offact.
Soineihing similar happens with r e s p e c t 10 o u r k n o w l e d g e o f vales.
Most o f t h e t i m e o u r v a l u i n g is h a b i t u a l a n d n e w q u e s t i o n s o f v a l n e d o n o t
i i i s e , - VVe l a k e f o r g r a n l e d t h e v a l e s ( a n d d i s v a l u e s ) t h a t w e h a v e c(_uue
lo k n o w r e g a r d i n g t h e b r o a d r a n g e o f images, s i t u a t i o n s , events, t h i n g s ,
md persons t h a l we e n c o i m i e r r e g u l a r l y VVe c a n become complacent
ihoiii a l t o g e t h e r too inan\ o f l h e s e vales. VVe l e n c i 10 f o r g e i . t h e l u s i r o u s
i i i o m r n t s w h e n f i r s t we e x p e r i e n c e d f e e h n g s f o r t h o s e vales. VVe s e l d o m
MI all t h e c a r e f u l m e n t a l processes t h a l we w e n t iroiigh o n d i e way to
i i e a s u r e d j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u a b o u t t h e m . VVe t e n d t o f o r g e t a l s o h o w
l u a n y \'altie j u d g i n e n t s w e i i a v e l a k e i i 011 as o u r o w n i h r o u g h t h o u g h t f u l
. m d i h o u g l i t l e s s d e c i s i o n s 10 b e l i e v e . B i i i . e \ ' e i i i f w e ha\'e b e c o m e c o n i p l a -
l a i i a b o n t t h e v a l e s w e h a v e e m b r a c e d n p r e v i o u s f e e l i n g s , j n d g i n e m s ,
.uid heliets, t h a i e m b r a c e persists i n tbe f o r m o f a h a b i t u a l m e n i a l i i y a b o n l
0111 vales.
V l o r e o v e r , j u s t as o u r e x p e r i e n c e s can a n d d o diverge f r o m o u r h a b i t u a l
l,i< m a l k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t t o e x p e c t , so a l s o o u r e n c o u n i e r s w i t h n o v e l e x p e -
i i e n i c s . ideas, facts, a n d p e r s o n s c a n d i v e r g e from o u r habiuial valuing.
W h e n s o i n e d i i n g diverges f r o m o u r habitual v a l u i n g , new feelings respond
. m i l n e w q u e s t i c u i s f o r j u d g m e n t s o f valu a r i s e s p o n t a n e o u s l y VVlien a n e w
al na l i o n d i \ ' e r g e s f r o r n o u r h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g , 1 p r o v o k e s i n us n e w q u e s i i o n s
l o i p i a < i i c a l i n s i g h t s - h o w a r e w e 10 r e s p o n d ? A n d i f w e c o m e u p w i t h a n e w
pi.K l i r a l i n s i g h t nto w h a t w o u l d b e a n e w p o t e n u a l c o u r s e o f a c d o n f o r us,
s| i ; i i i e o i i s l y w e r e s p o n d 10 b o t h t h e i n s i g h t a n d t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h new
 l'ai-L II: W h a i A r e We D o i n g VVhen \e A r e B e i n g Elhical? ^ Feelings a n d V a l u R e f l e c i i o n
leelings a n d new q u e s i i o n s f o r valne j n d g n i e n i i h a i d e p a r i frorn i h e haliili
o f v a l u i n g i l i a i h a \ b e e n i n i^lace u p l o now.
E x a c y w b a i , d i e n , is l h i s h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g ? F o r i e m o s t p a n , t h i s h a b i l u
a l i i y is a c o m p l e x s y m h e s i s o f o u r - p r e v i o u s n d g n i e m s o f v a l u , b e l i e f s , a n r l
o u r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . O u r h a b i t u a l e m b r a c e o f vales d e v e l o p s o v e r i r r a m
yeai-s t h r - o u g h o i r r a c q u i s i u o n o f pr-evious f e e l i n g s o f i n i e n u o n a l r-espon.si ,
p r - i o r j n d g m e n i s o f v a l u , a n d ear-lier- d e c i s i o n s to believe asseruons abnui
vales, j i i s i as o u r a c c u m u l a i i o n o f i n s i g h t s a n d j u d g m e m s o f f a c t a s s e i i r h i .
into habiural knowledge o f o u r w o r l d , so a l s o o u r a c c u r n u l a u o n o f v a l m
j u d g m e n t s , beliefs, arrd t h e i r associaied feelings Ibi'ins i n t o habits o f valiiitif;
t h e t l i i n g s , e v e n t s , a n d |:)ersons d i a i w e encourTter-,
T h e i n t e r - c o n r r e c t i o n s a n d r-oles p l a y e d b y t b e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s i n o m
h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g , a n d c i r c u m s i a n c e s t h a i l e a d t o n e w q u e s o n s o f v a l n e , can
be r n a d e cleai-er by a n e x a m p l e l a k e n IVorn J a n e A u s t e n ' s n o v e l Prile aiiil
Prejudice. A u s t e n ' s p r o t a g o n i s t , F l i z a b e i h B e n n e t , rises a b o v e a l m o s t a l l I I M
o t h e r c h a r a c t e i - s o f t h e n o v e l i n t e r m s o f h e r i n i e l l i g e n c e a n d h e r e d i i i al
siature. f h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y t i - u e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o o i h e r m e n i b e i v s o f her
h u n i l v , c o n s i s u n g o f her- p a r e m s a n d f o u r sister-s. E l i z a b e t h ' s i n o t h e r speaks
rasid}' i n p u b l i c a n d m a k e s b a d decisions, t o t h e p o i n t o f e n d a r i g e r i n g orn'
o f h e r d a u g h i e r ' s h e a l t h a n d a n o t h e r ' s r - e p u t a t i o n . H e r f a t h e r has t i r e d n i
his wife's f o o l i s h n e s s , a n d has a b d i c a i e d n r u c h o f h i s farnily r e s p o n s i b i l i i y
He w i t h d r - a w s t o l i i s libr'ar-y, a n d m o s t o f l i i s i n t e r - a c i i o n s w i t h liis f a m l h
have b e e n r-educed t o o c c a s i o n a l sarcastic c o m n i e n i s . T l i r e e o f F l i z a b e l h ' s
sisters a r e i m m o d r a t e o r s o c i a l l y a w k w a r d . O n l y h e r sister j a n e has a n h o n
o i i r a b l e characu^r, a l i h o u g h s h e lacks F l i z a b e t h ' s i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d shr-ewd
j r r d g m e n t o f p e o p l e , a n d h e r s o n i e w h a i e x c e s s i v e m o d e s t y e v e n i u a l l y leads
10 r n i s u n d e r s t a n d i r r g s . F o r t h e bi-si h a l f o f t h e n o v e l , o n l y E l i z a b e t h ' s f i - i e i i d
C h a r l o t t e appears lo have qualiiies c o m p a r a b l e to those o f E l i z a b e i h .
G r a d u a l l y w e l e a r n t h a t u n d e r s i a i r d a b l e a n x i e t y lies b e h i n d Elizabeih's
m o t h e r ' s l a c k o f m o d e r - a t i o n . T h e hnrrily's h o m e a n d i n c o n i e d e p e n d upon
a behesi, w h i c h will l e r r n i n a t e u p o n i h e d e a t b o f Mr, Bennet. Given ilie
social a n d e c o n o m i c \ ' u l i i e r a b i l i t y o f w o m e n o f lier- class i n E n g l a n d a t i h a l
u m e , M r s . B e n n e t knows full well i h a i t h e well-beirrg o f her-daughter-s - aud
indeed h e r o w n w e l h b e i n g irr h e r eider- y e a r s - d e p e n d s u p o n i h e n i in;n
i-ying w e l l . A l i o u g h o t h e r s i n s i m i l a r s i i i i a t i o n s d i d n o t always a c t w i t h d i e
i m p r u d e n c e d i s p l a y e d b y M r s . B e n n e i , A u s t e n r-eveals t h e d i f n c u l e s t h a l
w o m e n h a d t o f a c e a n d i.o n e g o a t e i n d n : ) s e s o c i a l a n d h i s i o r i c a l c o n d i i i o r r s .
E l i z a b e t h is a l s o w e l l a w a r e o f i h e h n a n c i a l a n d s o c i a l v u l n e r a b i l i d e s o l
t h e f a n i i l y ' s s i t u a t i o n . S t i l l , b e c a u s e o f h e r n o b i l i t y s h e is u n w i l l i n g t o a c c e ] ) i
d i e p r o p o s a l f r o m a M r C o l l i n s . A l i h o u g h m a r r i a g e to M r C o l l i n s worrld
h a v e s e c u r e d h e r niancial a n d social f u u r r e , E l i z a b e t h j u d g e s h i s char-acier
n e g a d v e l y : ''.Mr C o l l i n s was n o t a sensible m a n , " a m o n g o t h e r ihings.'* ' f h i s .
1 /3
, >. n m o i e r l r a n h e r l a c k o f r-omanc l o v e f o r h i m , is re r-eason s h e r-efuses
t I | i o . p o s ; i l . W e l l awar-e o f w h a t s h e is r i s k i n g w i t h t h i s r - e j e c t i o n , s h e n e v -
. i h . less is u n w a l h n g l o c o r n p r - o r n i s e t b e valu o f h e r o w n char-acter-, w h i c h
h. m.mmiins r u i f l i n c h i n g l y She c o u l d n o t " h a v e s a c r i l i c e d ever-y beuer
1 1 l i u i ; l o w o r l d h ' advantage.''"'
I h / . i h e i h is d i e r - e f o r e qrriie u p s e i w h e n Char-loue accepis M r . Collins's
|...,p.isal o f m a r r i a g e o n d r e r - e b o u n d o n l y n-ee d a y s l a t e r . C h a r - l o i t e h e l d
, lhe same judgments o f M r . C o l l i n s ' s c h a r - a c t e r as d i d E l i z a b e i h .
ti. II F.lizabeih t r i e s t o l a l k h e r o u t o f h e r decisin, C h a r l o u e p o i n t s o u t
.IMI .he h i c k s d r e p h y s i c a l a i t r a c i i o n s a n d s o c i a l g r a c e s o f E l i z a b e t h , a n d h a s
. 1 . . I . l o r e m u c h r n o i - e t o r i s k i n i - e b i s i n g Mr". C o l l i n s ' s p r o p o s a l ,
lll l h e meannie, FJizabeih has b e e n approached b y i w o oier- y o u n g
I n i / . w l l l i a m D:rr-cy ; n i d G e o r g e V V i c k h a r n . E l i z a b e d i j u d g e s Mr-. D a r c y
tM h. h . m g h t y a n d q u i c k l y I b r m s a n o v e r - a l l n e g a u v e v a l i i a d o n o f h i m . W i c k -
, u n t h e o t h e r h a n d , is a s o l d i e r w h o is mor-e I r a n d s o r n e , i n t e l l i g e n t ,
m d w i i i v t h a n C o l l i n s , a n d less a l o o l ' i a n Dar-cy W i c k h a r n t e l l s E l i z a b e t h
i h n D a r c y h a s t r - e a t e d h i m u n l a i r - l y , p r e v e m i i i g h i m Ir-orn r e c e i v i n g a p e n -
i. Mi p i o r n i s e d b y Dar-cy's d e c e a s e d l a i h e r . E l i z a b e t h b e l i e v e s h i m , a n d d i i s
i i K I I s i s e s her- iien-ati\'e e v a l u a i i o n o f D a r c y ,
I I i s i h e r e t b r - e a s h o c k l o E l i z a b e t h w h e n M r Dar-cy h i m s e l f a r r i v e s w i i h a n
>lli I o f n i a n - i a g e . Dar-cv h i n r s e l f c a n h a r d l y b e l i e v e w b a i h e is d o i n g , a n d h e
|.lilis n o p u n c h e s i n s i a t i n g h i s u n d i p l o m a l i e p r o p o s a l : " I n v a i n h a v e I s l r u g -
,(li l l , l l w i l l n o i d o . M y f e e l i n g s w i l l n o t b e r-epressed. Y o u m u s t a l l o w m e t o
I. II v o u h o w a r - d e n d y I a d m i r - e a n d l o v e y o u , " A u s t e n ' s nara-aon c o n u n u e s :
I l e was n o t m o r e e l o q u e n i o n t b e s u b j e c t o f l e n d e r n e s s d i a n o f p r i d e .
I lis sense o f h e r i t i f e r i o r i i y - o f i t s b e i n g a d e g r a d a l i o n - o f t h e f a m i l y
o b s i a c l e s w h i c h j u d g m e n t h a d a l w a y s o p p o s e d t o i n c l i n a u o n wer-e
d w e l l o n w i l h a w:ir-niili w h l c l i s e e m e d d u e t o i b e c o r i s e q t r e n c e l i e was
w o u n d i n g , b u t was v e r y u n l i k e l y l o r - e c o m m e n d h i s suli.-^
fhai E l i z a b e t h refuses h i s p r o p o s a l c o m e s as n o s u r p r i s e , l l is p e r f e c i l y
I o n s i s i e n t w i t h h e r s e t o f vales t h u s f a r . S h e e x p l a i n s t o h i m t h e p a r u c u l a r s
ol h e r refusal, i n c l u d i n g his a l l e g e d rnistr-eaiment o f W i c k h a r n .
f h i s is t h e b a c k g r o u n d f o r t h e p o i n t s I w i s h l o Ilstrate. T h e foregoing
descripiion summarizes t h e state o f E l i z a b e t h ' s h a b i u i a l v a l u i n g . S h e h a s
loi i i K ' d an e x c e p i i o n a l l y iiiatur-e set o f j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e , a n d has a r r i v e d
n linnn a c c o r d i n g to h e r o w n insights in rneeung t h e requir-ements of h e r
OUII iu'iher q u e s u o n s . She has b e l i e v e d o n l y s o m e o f w h a i s h e has b e e n
l i > l d . arrrl o n l y a f t e r fir-st t h n k i n g c a r - e f u l l y a b o u t t b e c o n d i o n s l h a t n e e d
l o he f u f f i l l e r i b e f b r - e d e c d n g l o b e h e v e . S h e a l s o h a d a n o b l y b a l a n c e d a n d
p i r r n i p l e d h o r i z o n o f feelings, w h e r e h e r feelings or pleasnre a n d security
I 74 Pan II: W h a i A r e VVe D o i n g VVhen V\'c A r e B e i n g Elhical? Feelings a n t l Valu Rellectii.iii 1 /.")

\vei-e l e h . as o c o n s i d e r a b l y less \':ilne i h a n h e r l e e l i n g s a b o m h e i " p e r s o n a l a b i l i t i e s ! W h o lia\'e o'ien d i s d a i n e d t h e g e n e r o u s c a n d o r o f m y s i s i e r ,

i n i e g r i i y a n d liei" Feelings a b o i u ihe characier of oilier people. T h i s s)'in ; i n d g r a i l H e d m y vanil.y i n u s e l e s s o r b l a i n e a b l e d i s t r n s i ... ' f i l l this
b i o s i s o f J n d g m e m ^ , b e l i e f s , a n d f e e l i n g s is i h e h b i l b y m e a n s o f w h i c h sin iiioiiient I never knew m y s e l f "'
e\'aluaies l h e dail}' evenis i n h e r lile. T h e m a i m y o f h e r h a b i i n a l vahiinf-
is h e i " s o u r c e o f v i n . u o u s >rde, a n o b j e c i o f e x p l o r a t i o n a n n o i n i c e d i n d n I his s u m m a r y o f t h e s e e v e m s d o e s n o t d o j u s u c e t o t h e r i c h n e s s o f A i i s -
no\'el's l i i l e . ' ' I. i l ' . r e m a r k a b l e n a r r a t i o n o f t l i e c o m p l e x i t y o f v a l n e relection, For that
l l . is o u l o f l h i s h b i l o f v a l u i n g i h a i n e w c p i e s i i o n s o f \'ahie a r i s e for El i/a o . i d e i s s h o u l d n.irn to d i e novel itself I hope t h a i t h i s s u i i i i n ; t r y has a t
b e i h , ' T l i e n e x i da\'she receives a leiiei" b - o m D a r r y I n i l he d e f e n d s h i m s c l l h . o l ci>ii\'eyed basic [oinis o f i m p o n a n c e . E l i z a b e t b ' s j u d g m e n t l h a t s l i e
a g a i n s i l h e c o m p l a i n u s she e n u r n e r a i e d i n h e r refusal, i n c l u d i n g i h e accn n> o-i k n e w h e r s e l f i n l h i s case o f c o n r s e refers to v a l i i e - k n o w l e d g e (.if h e r
saiion l h a i he h a d ii-eaied W i c k l i a m u i d a i r h ' . ' f h e l e i i e r enumei-aies fach . II i M i r t h . M e r n e w q u e s i i o n s a n d n e w r e a l i z a t i o n s b e a r s t r i k i n g s i m i l a r i t y
i n c o m p a i i b l e w i l h E l i z a b e i b ' s l i a b i l u a l v a l u i n g , i n c l u d i n g i l i e d e l a i i s o f how V i i g u s i i n e ' s ; i d r n i s s i o n , " I iave b e c o m e a C|tiesiion t o m y s e l f " ' - ' Augns-
VVickhairi l i a d r n a n i p u l a i e d t b e a f f e c i i o n s o f D a r c y ' s n f i e e n - y e a r - o l d sisici o i K 's i l i d g i i i e n t s a b o u i his o w n s e l f - w o r t h e v e n t u a l l y l e d h i m t o p r o b u n d
a n c l l a l k e c l h e i " i n i o e l o p i n g , i n c-)rder l o g a i n a c c e s s l o h e r f o r i u n e . ( h o i i c s t h a t b r o u g i i i a b o u t his c o n v e r s i o n s . S o m e t l i i n g s i m i l a r also liap-
A n s i e n n r r a l e s l h a i E l i z a b e i h i n i d a l l y l i a s cliflcully a c c o r n i i i o d a i i n g all [lens i n [ h e r e m a i n d e r o' Fti/le aiu Frejudice for b o t l i Eliz:ibeih a n d Darcy.
l l i e i m p l i c a i i o n s o f D a r c y ' s l e i i e r , a n d lias l o r e a d i l a s e c o n d l i m e . As s l i r I lowe\'er, I l l a v e c h o s e n t h i s e p i s o d e t o i t l u s t r a i : e n o t a d e c i s i n i l i a t issues
does, she realizes i h a i h e r d e c i s i n l o belie\'e W i c k l i a m was b a s e d u[)oii In 1 o n v ' c r s i o n , b i u s i m p l y i h e k i n d s o ' c i r c u m s K u i c e s w h e n h a b i t u a l \ ' ; i h i i n g
n a w e d \ ' a l u e j u d g m e m s ancl d i s i o r i e d f e e l i n g s : "VVhen she r e a d w i i h s o i n r in\es way t o n e w q u e s t i o n s o f v a l n e a n d n e w p r o c e s s e s o f valu r e H e c t i o n
w h a i c l e a r e r a u e n i i o n a r e l a i i o n o f e\'em.s w b i c h , i f l r u e , r n u s t overilirow md judgment.
ever)' cherislied o p i i n o n o f [Wickham's] worih ... lier feelings w e r e yei
m o r e a c i u e l y p a i n f u l a n d m o r e d i n i c i i h o f d e n n i i i o n . " ^ A b * i e n d l i a d pre\'i Valu R e f l e c t i o n a n d t h e H o r i z o n o f Feelings
o u s l y l o l d l i e r i h a i Darc}' l i a d g o o d reasons f o r liis i r e a i m e n i o f VVickli;nM,
bul E l i z a b e i l i c h o s e l o b e l i e v e V V i c k h a m r a i h e r i l i a i i h e f r i e n d . - * Darc)''^ I h i c e n e w q u e s t i o n s o f valu d o a i i s e , l l i e y i n i t i a t e p r o c e s s e s o f v a l n e i-edec-
l e i i e r c o n f r o m s h e r n o l o n l y w i l h n e w facis b m also new f e e l i n g s , a u d i h c o o i i . Processes o f v a l n e relection can be q u i c k o r p r o l o n g e d . ' f h e y c;ui
r e l a t i o n s l i i p s a m o n g l i e r f e e l i n g s b e g i n l o s b i f i draniacally. ( o i i i p r i s e r e l a i i v e l y l e w acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s or they can comprise thoti-
T l i e n e w c p . i e s i i o i i a b o u l W i c k l i a r n ' s w o r i . l i o p e n s u p a n i n i e n s e p e r i t i d o! .,nids o f sLicli a c i s . I n a l l cases, h o w e v e r , valu r e f l e c i i o n s - ;is w i t h relec-
valu r e l l e c i i o n , w h e r e m a n y f u r i l i e r p e n i n e n l cpiesiions arise u n d e r ihc iions o n i h e i r way t o w a r d s j u d g m e n t s o f fact - i n v o l v e t h e ; i s k i n g o f fu n i lei'
guidance o f h e r n e w l e e l i n g s o f " a s i o n i s h m e n i , a p p r e h e n s i o n , ancl eveu p e r i i n e n t ciuestions u n t i l all o f t l i e m have been adequately answered. In
h o r r o r . " amono- olhers. adi l i i i o n , \'alue r e l e c t i o n Is a l s o s u l T u s e d w i t h f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s i h a t i n t e n d
o
( , i l i i e s . O f c o t i i - s e , q u e s t i o n s o f v a l u a r e t l i e m s e l v e s l e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l
T b e n e w cpiesiions a n d feelings begin lo f o r m a new "concern" i l i a i iraus
lesponses.'I B u l o t h e r k i n d s ob'alue-iniencllng desires, affects, a n d moods
f o r m s b e r p a i i e r n o f e x p e r i e n c e . S h e b e g i n s l o b e c o m e awat-e o f i b i n g s l h a t
al s o a c c o m p a n y q u e s t i o n s o f \'alue i n r e s p o n s e t o n e w s i m a t i o n s . ' f l i e s e new
had previously eludeci l i e r n o i i c e : "Slie p e r f e c i h ' r e m e m b e r e c i ex'eryihing
l e e l i n g s e n t e r i n i o a p e r s o n ' s l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . As l l i e y d o so, t h e e e l -
i l i a i l i a d p a s s e d i n c o n v e r s a i i o n b e i w e e n W i c k l i a m a n d h e r s e l f i n i l i e i r fii.si
iii)i,s a u d t h e x'alues t h e v i n i e n d a r e m o d u l a t e d b\ t h e h o r i z o n . I n t u r n , t h e y
evening ... S h e was noru s t r u c k w i l h i h e i m p r o p r i e i y o f [ b i s ] communica
modilv llie h o r i z o n iiself
lions lo a siranger, a n d w o n d e r e d i l liad escaped lier before.""
Fach i j e r s o n ' s valu r e f l e c t i o n takes place w i t l h n this c o m p l e x c o n t e x t o f
P l e r p e r i o d o f v a l n e r e n e c i i o n l e a d s h e r ic) a r r i v e a i a n o b j e c i i v e , negaiivi
leelings a n d q u e s t i o n s . ' f h e r n o d i f i e d h o r i z o n o f feehngs b o t h elicits b i r t h e r
j u d g m e n l o f v a l n e a b o u l W i c k l i a m . She begins lo believe Darcy. C r a c l u a l h
i i i - w (|uestons, a n d e s i a b l i s h e s tlie criterion o f t h e i > e r t i n e n c e o f i.lie new
h e r e v a l u a i i o n o f Darcy l u i r i s posiiive. Bm. i n o s i s i g r h n c a n d y o f a l l , new feri
i | i i e s i i t ) i i s o f v a l n e . V a l u r e l l e c o n s a r e s t r i i c t u r e d by t b e i n i i m a t e i n t e r p l a y s
ings, n e w cpiesiions, a n d n e w j u d g m e n t s o f h e r o w n s e l f - w o n h e m e r g e lin
. i m o i i g questic^ns o f v a l n e a n d feelings t h a t i n t e n d \'alues. ' f b e s e concrete
Elizabeih f r o m om. o f lier previous liabiis o f valuing:
n u e r p h i y s s e l e c t , c a l i nto plav-, a n d g u i d e i h e r e - p a t i e r i n g s o f s e n s a t i o n s , as
"T-Iow c l e s p i c a b l y I l u u ' e a c i e d ! " s h e c r i e d [ l o hei-self. " 1 , w h o have w e l l :is l h e a d d i i i o n a l m e m o r i e s , i m a g i i i a t i \ ' e a n t i c i p a t i o n s , i n s i g h t s , e x p r e s -
p r i d e d myself o n m y d i s c e r n m e n t ! - I w h o have v a l u e d rnyself o u u p sions, a n d j n d g i n e n t s o f f a c t t h a t fill o u t processes o f valu rellecon.
 176 l-'ai-i I I : VVhai.Ai-e W'c D o i n g VVhen VVe A r e B e i n g EUhcal? l-'eeliiigs a u d V^'alue K e f l e c i i n i i f77

Ausien's nairativc o f t h e episode from Prkle and Prejiidke \s f i l l e d w i l h I II.MIS by r e a d i n g a b o u t this d i e l , a n d a b o u t s l i m p e o p l e w h o w a n t lo

delaiis o f l h e d y n a m i c s o f o n e s u c h process o f raliie reflection - many mut i ' u e i g l i i . a u d so o n .

delaiis t h a n w e i e provided i n the previous section. Raiher i h a n elahor.ih l l l I fe<liigs l e a d h e r 10 ask a n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t q u e s t i o n s o f valu,
f u r i h e r o n t h a t e p i s o d e , 1 w i l l o f f e r - s o m e d i f f e r e n t cases t h a i i l l u s t r a t e i h i liMi h n present purposes l e t us f o c u s s i m p l y o n t h e q u e s t i o n | j e r t a i n i n g
complex inierrelaiionships between cpiesdons o f valu, feelings as i i H e n |M d i e v i i a l valu - Is h e h e a l t h y ? A l l s o r t s o f f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s m i g h t be
t i o n a l r e s p c m s e s , a n d o t b e i " acLs o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a i t h e y s t r u c t u r e o n ih< I d .ibiMii this s o n o f cliet. S o m e (e.g., "Is i t e x p e n s i v e ? " ) w i l l be remote
way t o w a r d s d i f f e r e n t types o f j u d g m e n t s o f valu. md h.ive liiile o r n o resonance w i t h t h e wav' s h e is f e e l i n g the disvalue of

tiiilii . i l i h i i K s s , O l h e r questions p e r t i n e n t lo this j u d g m e n l o f v a l n e vvill noi

7.5../ A Qjiesf ion of Vital Valu ni,t fin h e r because she h a s already r e l l e c i e d a n d a n s w e r e d ihein in t h e
l< I I 'iiill other cpiestions will be feh as c p i i t e a l i v e a n d r e l e v a n t . Regarding
T h i s fu-st i l l t i s t r a t i o n is o f a v a l u r e f l e c t i o n h e a d i n g t o w a r d s a j u d g m r n l du .e l.iiier cjuestic-nis, she m a y f i n d s o m e answers i n t h e r e p o r i s o f b i o l o -
r e g a r d i n g a v i t a l valu. S u p p o s e s o m e o n e m e i s a f r i e n d whc^m s h e has n m Di^its a m l m e d i c a l s c i e n t i s t s w l i o h a v e i n v e s t i g a t e d m e a t d i e t s a n c l l h e v a r i o u s
s e e n i n s i x m o n i h s . T h e r e is s c " ) m e t h i n g a b o u t h i s c h a n g e d a p p e a r a n c e dial h p i . m d s t a g e s o f h u m a n p h y s i o l o g ) ' . H e r i n q u i r ) ' m a v l e a d h e r t o d i s c o v e r
n i o v e s h e r t o f e e l i t s u n h e a l t h i ness. T h i s f e e l i n g d o e s n o t o c c u r i n i s o l a t i < i i i , lll ll M i c h d i e i s u n d e r cise supervisin s u s i a i n n o r m a l biolc)gcal f i m c i i o n -
i t o c c u r s i n c o n j i u i c u o n w i t h h e r f e e l i n g s o f a f f e c i i o n f o r h e r f r i e n d , so th.it tM|;, b u l d i a l a s i g u i f i c a n i n u m b e r o f p e o p l e i n i s u n d e r s i a i i d t h e d i e t a n d
t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f s i c k l i n e s s is i n t c n s i f l e d i n t o a c o n c e r n b r h i s g e n e r a l w e l l ) H I I U s e i i i n ways t h a t l e a d t o m e t a b o l i c d y s f u n c i i o n s . H e r q u e s t i o n s may
b e i n g o n m a n y levis. -IIMI lead her to l o o k i n t o the m e d i c a l I i i e r a i u r e cni e a i i n g d i s o r d e r s , a n d

So f a r h e r f e e l i n g s h a v e a k i n d o f i n f a l l i b i l i t y . T h e c o m p l e x w a y t h a l l i e t II , i d h e r l o c o r r e c t h e r p i e v i o u s b e l i e f t h a t t h e y a r e l i m i t e d t o females.
feelings r e s p o n d to his a p p e a r a n c e brings lo her consciousness lhe disvaliir Noiiie lhat mosi o f these are cpiesiions ancl answers about biological
o f n n h e a l t h i n e s s i l i a i s e e m s t o h a v e b e f a l l e n h i n i . T h e r e is a n a t u r a l t r u s t (ti I . . r r e c p i e n i l ) ' , t l i e f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s p e r t i n e n t t o a q u e s t i o n o f v a l n e are
w o r t i u n e s s 10 h e r f e e l i n g s as f a r as h i s a p p e a r a n c e s go. B u t o f c o n r s e then u i d e e d ( p i e s t i o n s o fact. W h i l e k n o w l e d g e o f facts a l o n e n e v e r s i i p p l i e s a l l
is m o r e t o cc")nsider t h a n a p p e a r a n c e s alone. H e r l e e l i n g s a b o u t his a p p e a i dn I o n d i i i o n s n e e d e d i n o r d e r to fully answer quesiions o f v a l n e , arriv-
a n e e p r o m p t h e r t o ask c p i e s t i o n s , a n d t h e q u e s t i o n s a r e p i u s u e d w i t h .1 iiij; .11 k n o w l e d g e a b o u l f a c t s is a l m o s t a l w a ) ' s e s s e n t i a l i n m o s t p r o c e s s e s o f
certain urgency p r o m p t e d b>' h e r f e e l i n g responses a b o u t how he looks (iliie icnecticm. True judginenis ofvalne a r e reastic. G e n u i n e j u d g m e n t s
S h e w o n d e i " s w h a t c h a n g e s i u h i s a p p e a r a n c e a r e m a k i n g h e r f e e l t h i s wa\ <'i v . i l i i e a r e n o t a b o u t v a l e s o n e m i g h t w i s h w e r e a c t u a l ; l a t h e r , a u i h e n t i c
S h e l h e n r e a l i z e s t h a t i t is b e c a u s e h i s f a c e s e e i n s s l i g h d ) ' a s h e n a n d iiioii' .iliir I e l l e c t i o n s f a c e questic")ns o f f a c t o b j e c t i v e l y a n d a r r i v e a t n n b i a s e d , v i r -
gaiiui. His bodily movements s e e m a l i t i l e a w k w a r d . S o o n s h e asks h e r s e l l , i u a l l v u u c j i i d i t i o n e d j u d g m e m s a b o u i t b e u n e vales o r d i s v a l u e s o f t h o s e
is h e a l l r i g h t ? I I I is,

H e r q u e s i i o n s f b r n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d j u d g m e n t o f fact a b o u t h i s a p p e a i I bus, w h i l e not sufficient, answers tct q u e s d o n s of fact are necessary

anee are, t h e r e f o r e , soon t b l l o w e f l by q u e s t i o n s o f v a l u . S h e is s e e k i n g a lol knowledge o f h e r f r i e n d ' s n e w c h e i a r y p r a c t i c e s as g o o d o r i ! l f o r h i s

j u d g m e n t o f v i t a l valu - a j u d g m e n t a b o u t w h e t h e r h e is i n g o o d h e a l t h 0 1 III .ilih. Scientists' investigations can stipply some factual k n o w l e d g e about
1101. .Also e n t e r i n g i n t o h e r p r o c e s s e s o f v a l u r e f l e c u o n a r e f e e l i n g s a h o i i i l h e h i o ( h e m i s t r y a n d p h y s i o l o g ) ' o f i h i s k i n d o f d i e t , a n d so o n . W i i h o u t
s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a ! vales. S h e w o u l d l i k e 10 say, "Yc^u l o o k h o r r i b l e . VVhal dn liMiher, c o n s t i t u l i v e c o n i r i b u i i o n s p l a y e d h\ f e e i i n g s t h a t i n i e n d vales,
is w i ' o n g ? " B u l h e d o e s n o t l o o k so h o n i b l e as t o j u s t i f y so g r e a t a d e p a i hi.wevii. lhis factual knowledge w i l l n o t yet be k n o w l e d g e o f those facts
u n e froin acceptable s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l vales r e g a r d i n g c a s u a l c o u v e i s . i fi\l t o t h e valueo h e a l d i . T h o s e quesiions o f a n d answers about
U o i i s . S o i n s t e a d s h e asks t h e m o r e i n i i C ) c u o u s , " H o w a r e y o u d o i n g ? " H i - 1,11 is I a n b e g i v e n a n e w s t a t u s as ) > e r t i i i e n i ( o r as i r r e l e v a n t ) 10 m a t t e r s o f
responds, "Tve made a b i g life change. I am on the Atkiiis diet." Nrvn v . i l u c . h y t h e m a n n e r n w h i c h h e a l t h is f e l t as a v a l u . T h e f e l t v a l u a u o n o f
h a v i n g h e a r d o f t h i s d i e t b e f o r e , s h e b e g i n s t o ask h i m q u e s t i o n s a l x m t i l . h e a l d i w i l l d e t e r m i n e r e l e v a n c e a n d p e r t i n e n c e o f l h e s e facts f o r t h e valu
H e t e l l s l i e r i t is a n a l l - n i e a l d i e t 10 h e l p l o s e w e i g l i t . "1 was b e g i n n i n g t u ol liealih. O n c e t l i e r e a r e n o f u n h e r q u e s t i o n s of f a c t o r valu l h a t a r e
feel fat, so 1 d e c i d e d to lose s o m e w e i g h i . " H e r f e e l i n g s s h i f t a n d i n i e n s i f y i n p e i h n e n i t o t h i s v a l u as f e l t , o n l y t h e n w i l l s h e b e a b l e t o m a k e t h e v i r t u -
r e s p o n s e t o his r e m a r k , b e c a u s e h e r f r i e n d has always b e e n q u i t e s l i m . She .ilh u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t , " M y f r i e n d is n o l h e a l t h y , " w h e r e "healthy"
asks h i m f u r d i e i " q u e s t i o n s , a n d l a t e r s h e b e g i n s to seek answers l o o t h t a _ d e l i v i - s i t s m e a n i n g f r o m h o w s h e f e e l s t h e valu o f h e a l t h . I n o t l i e r w o r d s .
 17S l ' a n 11: W h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g l l r h i c a l ? f e e l i n g s a n d Valne R e l l e c i i o n 179

l h i s j u d g m e n t is v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d r e l a t i v e l o v a l u o f h e a l i h n i d<i S O I lal i n i e r a c i i o n s a n d c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e ihe furiher

m a n n e r i n w h i c h s h e feels i. uoiis and researclies they u n d e r i o o k . T h o s e feelings detennine ihe
AI l h i s p o i n t , she w i l l h k e l y s l d f t f r o m i h e p r o c e s s o f releciing a h o n t i . d i u o i i s d i a l m u s b e f u l f i l l e d i f s o m e i h i n g is t o b e j u d g e d t r u l y c o n t r i b t i -
a j u d g m e n t o f h e a l i h v a l u t o e t h i c a l r e f l e c i i o n a b o u t w h a t t o d o l m ht i I l l l d i e s e s o c i a l v a l e s as f e l t .
f r i e n d . T h i s q u e s i i o n a n d h e r f e e l i n g s f o r h e r f r i e n d w i l l issue f o n h i n a ii> > \d i l l i i s i r a o n p e r i a i n s t o j u d g i n e n i s a b o u l a r d s t i c v a l u . T h e realm
s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s s e e k i n g j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u . S h e w i l l consd<a h< >' I I. s i h e i i i j u d g m e n l is vast a n d c a n i n n o w a y b e t r e a t e d a d e q u a t e l y i n t h i s
l o c o n v i n c e h i m l o c n s u l t w i i a r e l i a b l e h e a l t h c a r e p r o f e s s i o u a l , B u l \\\i < ,11.111. I h n - e 1 l i i n i i m y s e l f 1.0 a n e x a m p l e w h e r e a s o p h i s i i c a i e d c r i d e is
c o n s u i u t e s " r e l i a b l e " is i t s e l f a q u e s u o n f o r a s u l l f u r i h e r j u d g m e n l o l \ . i l u . l l . . i i i i g u p o n w h a t s h e o r h e b e g i n s t o f e e l is a n e x c e p u o n a l masterpiece,
I n s e c t i o n 7.4, we will a t t e n d m o r e closely to processes o f v a l n e r e l l n il>'i> M.l 1,1 s w h e t h e r i i s v a l u is i r u l y e x c e p u o n a l , T h e c r i d e w i l l r e a d o r v i e w o r
w h e r e j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l u a r e s o u g h t f o r t h e s a k e o f m a k i n g e i h i i ii I. II l h e a i i i s t i c c o m p o s i t i o n a g a i n s i t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d
decisions. . . . d , i . p h i s i l c a t e d h a b i i a o n f b r n o t i c i n g a n d v a l u i n g s u b d e i . i e s i n t h e ways
lll u . o m p o s i u o n a l e l e m e n t s relate a u d interact. fhis h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g will
7. j . 2 Questions of Social and Ariisiic Valne 1. e i been d e v c l o p e d o v e r m a n y p r e v i o u s years o f r e a d i n g , v i e w i n g , l i s t e n -
1.1,1. . m i l e x p l o r i n g m a n y o t h e r a n i s u c w o r k s . .As t h e c r i d e b e g i n s 10 e x p l o r e
For a second i l l u s t r a i i o n , tliis t i m e I b c u s i n g o n j u d g m e i u s o f social valm .1.. new c o m p o s i u o n , n e w a u d e v e r m o r e s u b d e f e e h n g s w i l l a d d l o the i n i -
w e r e t u r n t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f J a n e J a c o b s . S h e c l e a r l y r e g a r d e d "\\\t h 1. l l l e e l i n g s a b o u t t h e a r t w o r k , y i e l d i n g a m o r e r e f l n e d o v e r a l l f e l t i m p r e s -
city n e i g h b o r h o o d s " l o be o f g r e a t valu i n t h e m s e l v e s . I n l i g h t o f h e i h li 1..11 (iradually, a n d perhaps impercepiibly, lhe effbrt devoted 10 f e e l i n g
v a l u a u o n o f g o o d u r b a n n e i g h b o u r h o c ) d s , she asked q u e s d o n s regaidiii|i i.id .ippreciaung l h e w o r k will shift towards uudei-sianding a n d c r i u q u i n g
t h e c o n d i o n s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o i h e i n . W h a t a r e t b e i n e a n s t o s u c h s u . 1.1 lll work. 'fhe critic will e n i e n a i n quesons a b o u t l e c h n i q u e , c o m p o s i t i o n ,
vales? W h a t is u s e f u l 10 t h e p r o m o u o n a n d s u s t a i n i n g o f l h e s e v a l u e d p , i i . l i d l o i i i i , S h e o r h e w i l l c o n s i d e r p r e v i o u s a r u s d c i n l u e n c e s a n d ask w h a t
t e n i s o f s o c i a l i n i e r a c i i o u ? A n d so o n , u b i le i n o d i f l c a t i o n s a n d i n n o v a i i o n s l h e a r s i b r o u g h t t b r i b i n d i i s p a n i c i i -
S h e c a m e t o t h e c o n c h i s i c ^ n t h a t " d i v e r s i t y " ts t h e k e y c o n i r i b u l i i i g la> III woik, a n d h o w i h e y alter sensory impressions a n d the cousequent feli
t o r . S h e g a v e d e i a i l e d a r g u m e n i s as 10 w h a t s o r t s o f d i v e r s i t y w e r e v a l n a h h 1. . p o i i s e s . ' f h e c r i d e m a y c o n s i d e r t h e b i o g r a p h y a n d h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x i of
f o r g o o d c i t y l i f e , a n d w h y t h a t is so. D i v e r s i t y g i v e s p e o p l e m a n y d i l f e i c n i dn .11 l i s i - f i n d i n g l h a t s o m e q u e s i i o n s a b o u l t h e a r u s i ' s l i f e a n d l i m e s l e a d
reasons f o r i n i e r a c t i n g witli o n e a n o i h e r . Tliese i n i e r a c i i o n s lead to \'ariiiih UMv.uds a d e e p e r nderstanding o f d i e work's greatness, w h i l e others are
k i n d s o f p e i s o n a l r e l a i i o n s , w h i c h facitate i n i b r m a l p a t t e r n s o f p u b l i ( s i n lili oiise(pienal, r e d u c u v e , o r p o t e n t i a l i n i e r f e r e n c e s w i d i a sober critical
veillance a n d dissemination o f i n f o r m a t i o n . Mer investigations, h e r (pie', IHilgiiieni. T h r o u g h all diis, the cridc's g r o w i n g k n o w l e d g e a b o u l die ariist's
tions, h e r a t t e n t i o n lo details, l i e r readings, h e r insights, were all g u i d e d h I h i n q u e s a n d h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t e d n e s s is d e e m e d as p e r t i n e n t o r i r r e l e v a n t
by h e r feelings f o r i l i e s o c i a l \-alues o f u e i g l i b o u r b o o d s as l i v e l y L i k e w i s i . l o j i i d g n i e n t s a b o u t t h e i r c o n t r i b u i i o n t o t h e w o r k by d i e s i a n d a r d o f l h e
h e r a b i l i t y 10 i d e n i i f y f a c t o r s t h a t l e a d 10 w h a t s h e c a l l e d " d u l l , g r a y " i i e i g l i . \Uu- o f l h e m a s t e r p i e c e as it h a s c o m e t o b e f e l t by t h e c r i d e w i t h i n lhe
b o u r l i o o d s was n i o t i v a i e d b\ l i e r l e e l i n g s f o r t h e d i s v a l u e s o f t h o s e k i n d s n i .11| i h i s i i c a i e d h o r i z o n o f l i e r o r l i i s a e s t l i e t i c feelings.
social setiings. 1 h a l h o n z o n o f f e e l i n g s w1ll s i t a l e t h e c r i t i c s a e s i h e c f e e l i n g s i n f e l t
H e r a r g u m e n t was n o t t l i a i d i v e r s i t y is a g o o d i n i t s e l f ; r a t h e r , h e r j u d g lelaiions lo Olher vales as f e l l . T h r o u g l i diese feelings, the critic will
m e n t r e g a r d e d t h e v a l u o f d i v e r s i t y as a m e a n s t o t h e v a l u o f a g o o d u r b a n he .nvaie o f h o w t h e m a s t e r p i e c e relates to the vitality o f n a t u r e a n d t h e
s o c i a l l i f e . f u l i g h t o f l i e r v a l u i n g o f u r b a n s o c i a l l i l e , |acobs g a v e c o u v i u c i i i g r,oodiiess o f h u m a n life, to t h e g l o r i e s a n d miseries o f h u m a n insUional
arguiuents that various fbrms ol d i v e r s i t y ( e c o n o m i c , eihiiic, racial, are l i i in.mgemenis, t o l h e vales a n d d i s v a l u e o f h u m a n d e c i s i o n s , a n d 10 i h e
t e c t u r a l ) a r e c o n t r i b u t i n g i n e a n s , w h i c h are t h e r e f b r e to be v a l u e d preciseh- . i h s o l n i e valu o f i r a n s c e n d e n c e . A s o p h i s i i c a i e d c r i d e w i l l b e considering
f o r t h e i r c o n t r i b u u o n t o d i e e n d - v a l u e o f g o o d u r b a n life. Jacobs shai<-s dns work o f a n n o t o n l y as a n i s o l a t e d p r o d u c t o f c i i l u i r a l v a l u , b u t as a
b o i l i t h e s e f e e l i n g s f o r t h e s o c i a l vales o f c o m m u n i t y as w e l l as j u d g i n c n i s I u l i n r a l valu s i t u a t e d i n a b r o a d e r f e l t c o n t e x t o f v i t a l , s o c i a l , h i s t o r i c a l ,
a b o u t t h e vales o f c o n d i t i o n s f o r s u c h f o r m s o f s o c i a l life w i t h a i r a d i i i o n u n n a l , a u d r e l i g i o u s vales.
t h a t i n c l u d e s s u c h t h i n k e r s as A l e x i s d e T o c q u e v i l l e , Roben Bellah, aud As w i l h v i t a l a n d s o c i a l vales, j u d g m e n t s o f a e s t h e d c valu r e q u i r e t h e
R o b e n P u t n a m . ' ^ T h i n k e r s i n t h i s t i a d i u o n h a v e f e e l i n g s f b r t h e vales o l .iskiug and a n s w e r i n g o f a wide range o f further p e n i n e n l quesuons. The
ISO Part I I : W h a t A r e V\'e D o i n g W'lien We A r e B e i n g Piical? f e e l i n g s ; n i d Valne RcfIccLion ISI

p e i t i n e n c e o f i J i o s e q n e s t i o n s , i n L n r n , is clei.errnned b\ ic r e f i n e c l h o r i z < i n ll is n o t e n o u g h t o sa\ t l i a i i l i e c o n d i o n s a r e f u l l l e d w h e n n o

o f f e e l i n g s i.iiaL r h e c r i n e has d e v e l o p e d o v e r n i a n y )'ears o f s i n d v i n g , i^eflect-
i n g , a n d c o n s i d e r i n g i h e a e s i h e i i c uclgments o f o t h e r s .
By vvay o f c o n i r a s i , i h e l e r i n " a e s i l i e i e " has b e e n nsed lo c h a r a c i e r i z e a
person f o i " w b o r n a e s i h e i i c \'alues h a v e b e c o m e l h e i i l i i i n a i e vales. The
f e e l i n g s o f a n aesiliet.e r e s p o n d l o h i m s e l f o" h e r s e l f a n d l o e v e r y i h i n g elsc
a l m o s i e x c l u s i v e l y w i i h i n a h o r i z o n o f a e s i l i e i i c vales. A n a e s i h e i e is n o t
c a p a b l e o f f e e l i n g aesihec vales w l i l i i n i h e l a r g e r c o m p i e h e n d i n g hoi'i-
z o n o f v a l e s as a w h o l e . ' ' ' .All h u m : u i a n d n a i u r a l a c i i o n s ai^e \ ' a l u a i e d e x c l u -
sively i n l e r m s o f aesihec e x c e l l e n c e . W l i a l is o f g r e a i e s i i m p o n a n c e lo
mosL p e o p l e i n i h e i r " o r d i n a r y " h u m a n a i f a i r s w i l l a l m o s t always b e f e l l as
trivial a n d b o r i n g to s o m e o n e w l i o lias the f e e l i n g h o r i z o n o f a n aesthete.
s i n c e c ) r d i n a r v wa\'s o f l i l e a l r n o s t a l w a v s f a i l l o r i s e t o l l i e l i e i y h i s o f a r t i s t i c
m a s i e r p i e c e s . O n t h e o t l i e r h a n d , t l i e \'alue j n d g m e n t s o f a n a e s t h e t e will
l i i n l i e r q u e s t i o n s o c c u r to m e . T l i e rnere absence o f q u e s t i o n s i n m y
n h n d c a n h a v e o t h e r causes, M y i n t e l l e c t u a l c n r i o s i t y m a y b e s t i f l e d
b\ o d i e r i r n . e r e s t s . .\'1\ e a g e r n e s s t o satisfy o t h e r d r i x ' e s m a ) ' r e f u s e t h e
f u r i h e r c p i e s t l o n s a c h a n c e 10 e m e r g e . ' "
llu.: cases j u s t c o n s i d e r e d , l i o w e \ ' e r , d i d n o t t h e i r l e e l i n g s f o r \'alues
I m n t i o n as o t l i e r i n t e r e s t s o r d r i x e s , w l i i c l i sllecl i n t e l l e c t u a l c u r i o s i t y a n c l
i . .uicieci w l i a t q u e s t i c m s c o u l d be c l e e m e d :is jeri.inent? I t m i g h t s e e m ,
i l i e u ' l d r e , t l i a i f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p c m s e s w i l l a l w a y s \ ' i t i a t e t h e p o s -
) l i i l i i \ (.)f a t t a i n i n g L o n e r g a n ' s h i g h s i a n d a r d I b r o b j e c t i v e , v i r t u a l l y u n c o n -
d i i i i i n e d J L i d g u i e n t s o f \ a l i i e . h r n a ) ' s e e m t h a t a l l j u d g m e n t s o f v'aliie a r e
i n e i e h ' r e l a t i v e t o t b e ways i n w l i i c l i a g i v e n i n d i v i d u a l l i a [ j p e u s 1.0 I e e l t h o s e
V .ti I les.

s e e m t r u n c a t : e d a n d d i s t u r b i n g tc) a s o p h i s t i c a t e d a r t c r i t i c , w h o s e j u d g m e n t s B e c a n s e l i l i s is a c o m p l e x p r o b l e m , p a r t o l ' i l i e r e s p o n s e is o f f e r e d liere,

a b o u t w o r k s o f a r t a r e s i t u a t e d i n a w i d e r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s f o r vales. I n i e l h e h i l l e r res|3onse m u s b e d e f e r r e d 10 i h e n e x t c h a p t e r . F i r s i , t h e n ,
I n i e m i o n a l f e e l i n g s f b r vales a r e n o i n e c e s s a r i l y " o i l i e r i n t e r e s t s o r d r i v e s "
7.5.^ fcdhigs and iidginenls of Vaha; I I L I I s i i l l e i n t e l l e c t u a l c n r i o s i t y , sirn]>ly b e c a u s e they are feelings. T h e y do
n o l iiecessai'ily i m e r f e r e w i t h t l i e a s k i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g o f a l l f u r t l i e r ques-
T h e s e t l i r e e e x a m p l e s o f f e r b u t a s m a l l g l i m p s e i n t o t l i e i n m i n i e r a b l e ways iions mereh' because t l i e y are feelings. Ratlier, because t b e f'urther ques-
t h a t we r e a c h j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e a b o u t t l i i n g s , e\'ents, p e r s o n s , a n d s i t u - i i o n s are precisely a b o u t . s o m e valu, s o m e f b r m o f value-conscic)usiiess s
a t i o n s t l i a t a l r e a d y e x i s t . I n t b e H r s t , we c o n s i d e r e d how a woman miglil n q i i i r e d in o r d e r to d e t e n i h n e wiiicli f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s w o u l d be peni-
s e e k a n t m c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t a b o u t a v i t a l v a l u i-n //,V;//concerning l h e n e n l 10 i h a t \ ' a l u e . I n p r e v i o u s s e c l i o n s I l i a v e a r g u e d t h a t , i n its m o s t b a s i c
c u r r e n t state o f h e a l t h o f a b a e n d . In the second, we c o n s i d e r e d liowjacobs I , consciousness o f v a l n e c o m e s i n t l i e f b n n o f f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l
a r r i v e d a t j u d g m e n t s a b o u i c e n a i n k i n d s o f d i \ ' e r s i i y as vales aii-xHiary in 0 spinises. f l e n c e s u c h feelings a c i u a l U ' f b r m i h e necessary c o n d i t i o n s f b r
t h e \'ah,ie o l t l i e u r b a n n e i g l i b o i u ' h o o d c o m n i u n i t i e s t h a t s h e i d e n t i f i e d as d i e l a i s i n g o f t h e f u n h e r c p i c s t i o n s p e r t i n e m . t o vales. S u c h l e e l i n g s are
well-fm i c t i o i n i i g . She had p r e v i o u s l y a r r i v e d at j u c l g m e n t s a b o u t t l i e i r social iioi iH'cessarily a m i i l i e t i c a l , i l i e n , to t h e a s k i n g all fiu-:her p e r t i n e n t ques-
\'alues i n t h e m s e h ' e s , a n d p r o c e e d e d t o r e l l e c t u p o n t h e a u x i l i a r y vales i i o n s s i m p l y because tlie)' are leeli ngs.
l h a t c o n i r i b r n . e d 10 t h o s e s o c i a l vales. I n i l i e i l i i r c l c a s e , w e c o n s i d e r e d l i o w Second, w h a t does, however, i m e r f e r e w i d i ilie o p e n u e s s ofvalne ques-
a s o p l i i s t i c a t e d c r i t i c m i g l u c o m e t o a j u c l g i n e n t o f compara Uve VIMC i u i h e 1 ll n i i n g a n d r e n e c t i c ) n is /lom vales a r e f e l t . Vales c a n b e f e l t obsessively
r e a l m o f c t d i u r a l vales. T h e j u d g m e u L c o n c e r i i e d an alreadv compleied iM o p e n l ) ' . ' f h e y c a n b e f e l t jossessively en- i n a h o s p i t a b l e m a n n e r . feelings
w o i k o f a r t a n d its valu i n c o m p a r i s o n t o o l h e r w o r k s - w h e t h e r i t s t o o d |i n \:ihies c a n b e r e l a x e d o r s t r e s s f u l . T l i e y c a n b e f e l t i n wavs t h a t o i : ) e n l v
above most a n d i n ilie small assembly o f g e n u i n e masierpieces. In all three \ e l e o n i e f u r t l i e r q u e s o n s f b r t b e s a k e o f v a l n e , o r d e f e n s i v e l y i n ways t h a t
cases, l e e l i n g s f o r a [:)arcular i h o t i g i i c o m p l e x valu g n i d e d lhe asking I I )',,ii(l f u n h e r q u e s i i o n s as d i r e a t e n i n g t o t h e vales. T h u s inierference
and a n s w e r i n g of the furtlier p e r t i n e n t questions needed t o r e a c l i t h e acls \l c u r i o s i t y a n c l valu r e f l e c t i o n ai'ises n o t j u s t f r o m i e e l i n g s as
o f r e l l e c i i v e n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d l o g r o u n d s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f valu m i e i i m i a l r e s p o n s e s as s u c h , b u t I V o m i l i e m a n n e r i i i w b i c l i s u c h feelings
j u d g m e n t s as v i n u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d . I n i e n d l l i e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g vales.
I n a l l t h r e e cases, p e o p l e a r r i v e d a i j t i d g m e n t s o f v a l n e o f t h e f o r m , "'Plus 1 I l i r d , l l i e o p e n ness o r i n i e r f e r e n c e o f f e e l i n g s is a i i m c t i o n o f t h e feeling
is ( o r is n o t ) a v a l u { h e a l t h , s o c i a l u t i l i t y , o i ' a c u l t u r a l m a s t e r p i e c e ) , " Mou horizons w i i h i n w h i c h they occur. In all three o f tlie p r e c e d i n g examples,
ever, t h e i r j u d g m e m s m i g h i n o t e x a c t l j ' q u a l i f y as " v i r t u a l l y i m c o n d i t i o n e d " . l U e t i i i o n was d r a w n 10 a l a r g e r h o r i z o n t h a t s i t u a t e d l h e [ : ) r i n c i p a l vales
i n L o n e r g a n ' s m o s t b a s i c s e n s e . W h e n h e a n a l y s e d i h e p h e n o n i e n a of n\'iil b\ f e e l i n g i l i e m i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r vales, f t is t h e s e l a r g e r h o r i z o n s of
n e r a b l e insigbi.s, he w r o t e , l e e l i n g s t h a t d e t e r m i n e hoiv l h e v a l u is a c t n a l l y f e l t , w h e d i e r t h e valu is
 182 P a n I I : V V h a i A r e VVe D o i n g VVhen VVe A r e B e i n g E i h i c a l ? Feelings a n d Valu R e t l e c i i o n 1S3

fell in an o p e n o r closed, i n a noiniave o r a d i s i o r t e d fashion. T h i s large <iilil . i h c a c K ba\'e a s k e d a n c i a n s w e r e d a l l t h e f u r t h e r q u e s d o n s p e r t i n e n t

h o r i z o n m a y be f e l t w i t h g r e a t e r o r lesser i n t e n s i t y a n d awareness. b u t i t 1 1 d i r perspeclive o f o u r horizons o f feelings.
always f e l t . T h e fact t h a t f e e l i n g s f o r raines always o c c u r w i t h i n t h i s co I h iwrver. i t is e x t r e m e l ) ' r a r e l h a t l w o s e i s o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e
p r e h e n d i n g h o r i z o n , a n d that this h o r i z o n d e t e r m i n e s what will c o u n t MI 1 lili Stales o f o u r o w n bodies, k n o w l e d g e , skills. w i s d o i i i ) w o u l d be i d e n -
f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t questions, p o i n i - s t o f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s that m u s t bv I I - ll F,\cn w h e n c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e f a i r l v f a m i l i a r a n d d i l f e r o n l y s l i g h t i y
addressed b e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g to t h e relativity o r objectivity o f j u d g m e n t s ol I l h e r o u t i n e , f r e q u e n t l y we will t u i d ourselves p r e s e n i e d w i t h q u e s t i o n s
v a l u . T h e s e issues w i l l b e t a k e n u p i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r . u.iiii l i o w to r e s p o n d i n t e l l i g e n t l y , r e a s o n a b l y , sensitively, a n d r e s p o n s i b l y
L e t m e c o n c l u d e lhis s e c t i o n by c o n n e c t i n g these observations w i t h the 1.11 vrii s l i g h t c h a n g e s i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s . W h e n w e d o ask b a s i c e t h i c a l q i i e s -
theme o f discernment. In the context ofjudgments ofvalne, discernment IIMIIS s u c h as t h e s e , i l i e y i n t u r n s e t i n n i o t i o n p r o c e s s e s o f e t i u c a l v a l u
n i e a n s , frst o f a l l , e x p a n d i n g o u r a w a r e n e s s o f h o w n i a n y j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u 0 lll I l i o n . T h e s e r e f i e c t i v e processes also w i l ! i n c l u d e t h e f e e l i n g s we have
w e a c t n a l l y d o t i i a k e . I n a c t d t u r e t h a t c o n t i n u a l l y t e l l s us, i n c o n s i s t e n t l y . lll o m i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e s t o t b e s l i g h t i y c h a n g e d s i t u a d o n , w i t h a l l its n a i u r a l
t h a t it is b a d t o m a k e v a l u e j u d g m e n t s , w e m a y h a v e d e l u d e d cmrselves into i i h | r i is a n d l i u m a n nieanings.
t h i n k i n g t h a t w e h a v e s u c c e s s f u l l y a v o i d e d m a k i n g s u c h j t i d g t i i e n t s . B u t pay- I h i i (piestions seek new insights i n t o h o w t o a d a p t otn" previous under-
i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h WG d o , a n d i n d e e d n m s t , a s k a n d I i i i d i n g s C f lic^w t o a c l i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h these c h a n g e d circumstances.
a t t e m p t t o ansvver cpicstions o f v a l n e is a c o r r e c l i v e to this cultural clece>- 1 I n s c n e w i n s i g l i t s b r i n g us i d e a s a b o u t a m o d i f i e d c o u r s e o f a c t i o n . VVe
t i o n . D i s c e r n m e n t also involves l e a r n i n g t o n o u c e t h e s o n i e d m e s s u b t l e fur- M i i | d u use t h e s e n e w i n s i g h t s 10 c o n s t r u c t i n o u r i m a g i n a t i o n s h o w t h i n g s
t h e r p e r t i n e n t questions t h a t await o u r responses as w e a t t e m p t t o reach i i ' i i l d g o i f w e a c i e d 011 these insights. O u r feelings will r e s p o n d freshiy to
u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f valu. I t also entaiis increasingly c o m m i t t i n I l l l ncvv'ly c o n c e i v e d a n d i m a g i n e d c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n . VVe m a y r e s p o n d w i t h
ourselves to r e f r a i n i n g f r o m m a k i n g j t i d g m e n t s o f v a l n e u n t i l all the f u r t h e II I l i u g s t h a t v a l u t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n p c i s i t i v e l y . I t m a y b e f e l t as h a r m o n i -
p e r t i n e n t cpiestions have b e e n answered adequately. In addition, discern- i i i i s w i l h t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n a u d o i i e u i a t i o u c i f o u r h o r i z o n cf f e e l i n g s . B u t i t
m e n t also involves a t t e n d i n g to a u d c o r r e c t l y nderstanding o u r feelings, M i i g h i ;ilso b e f e l t as a s i l i ) ' o r r i d i c u l o i i s o r e n d ^ a r r a s s i n g cr w i c k e d c o u r s e o f
both somatic feelings and feeling responses t h a t i n t e n d vales. F u r t h e r - i. U o n , ' f l i e s e f e e l i n g s w i l l a r i s e i n t e n s i n w i t h t h e o l h e r f e e l i n g s a n c l vales
m o r e , d i s c e r n m e n t involves n o t o n l y a t t e n d i n g t o i n d i v i d u a l feelings, btil >\r l i o r i z o n . ' f h e u n s e i i l e d feeiings will |jrompi, asking f u r t l i e r p e r i i n e n t
also n o t i c i n g o u r e n c o m p a s s i n g h o r i z o n s o f feelings, a n d especially notic- i | u i s i o n s , s u c h as " W h y a m I f e e l i n g t h i s w a v " a n d " W h a t d o d i e s e feelings
i n g t h e i r v a r i o n s tensions. Finally, cliscernment nieans u n d e r s i a n d i n g b o t h i i i r . m ? " These feelings I n f l u e n c e w h e t h e r we piirsue f u r t h e r questions. O u r
the feelings ancl t h e l e n s i o n s a m o n g t h e m c o r r e c t l y , a n d b e c o m i n g aware ll i l i i i g s c o n i r i b u t e LO w h e t h e r w e w i l l p i i r s u e l i l i s possille c o u r s e o f a c t i o n
ofthe Cjuesdons f o r d e c i s i o n s t h a t arise from a n e \ e r d e e p e r nderstanding ol l i i i i h c r. o r s e e k f u r t h e r i n s i g h t s i n t o o t i i e r p o s s i b l e c i p t i o n s t h a t w i l l not
these l e n s i o n s . VVe w i l l r e i m a i t o i b i s issue also i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r . l i . n r o u t c o m e s w i t h s u c h u n s e t d i n g f e l t v a l e s . O u r f e e l i n g s n i a y e l i c i t cpies-
i l o i i s l h a t lead u s b a c k l o r e c o i i s i d e r c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n we i n i t i a l l y rejected.
7.4 R e f l e c t i o n a b o u l Q u e s t i o n s o f E t h i c a l Valu W'r m a \ a s k w - h e t h e r vve r e a l h ' w a n i t o g i v e p r i o r i i y t o i h e f e e l i n g s t i i a i l e d
lis l o r e j e c t t h e m , i n f a \ o u r o f vales w e f e e l d e s e r v e t o b e g i v e n priority.
In the previous seclions w e explored t h e ways in which judgments aie 1 he feelings anci f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s together will lead us l o seek new
reached regarding vales o f t h i n g s , events, situations, o r persons that m.ij^lus i m o o t h e r possible courses o f a(?iion. f h e s e , t o o , w i l l be played
a l r e a d y e x i s t . B y w a y o f c o n t r a s t , C | u e s i i o n s o f e t h i c a l vales a l w a y s h a v e t n oiii iu o u r i m a g i n a i i o n s , raising f u r t h e r pernent quesons a n d f u r t h e r
ck-> w i t h p o s s i b l e c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n t h a i h a v e y e t l o b e r e a l i z e d . As w a s t h e ll i l i n g r e s p o n s e s t h a t i i u e n d o t l i e r v a l e s . VVe w i l l a s k s u c l i f u r t h e r q u e s -
case w i t h k n o w i n g t h e v a l u o f a c t u a l i t i e s , s o m e p o r t i o n o f o u r knowledge u o n s ;is " W h a t a r e i h e l i k e l y o u t c o m e s ? " " W i l l t h e y b e a g r e e a b l e ? " " W i l l t h e y
o f e t h i c a l v a l e s is h a b i t u a l . W e r e w e t o e n c o u n t e r a s i t u a d o n e x a c t l y t h r I l o t e o r d e i r a c t \'alues s u c h as h e a l t h , s o c i a l w e l f a r e , o r n o b i l i t y ? " " W i i l
s a m e i n a l l r e s p e c t s as o n e w e e n c o i i i i t e i e d b e f o r e , w e w o u l d n o t h a v e l u .Hi\cme be o f f e n d e c i o r l i i i r t ? " ".Are t h e r e o v e r r i d i i i g c o n c e r n s that make
raise q u e s t i o n s s u c h as " W h a t c a n I d o ? " o r " S h o u l d 1 d o i t ? " I f i l i e c i r c i i m llu'se potential h a r m s acceptable o r e v e n o b l i g a t o r y ? " " S h o u l d 1 d o it?" "Is
staiices w e r e t r u l y i d e n t i c a l , o u r responses a n d value-reasoiis f o r r e s p o n d i n g 11 w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e t o d o it?"'**
i n t h o s e ways w o u l d a i r e a d ) ' b e a v a i l a b l e i n o u r h a b i t u a l k n o w l e d g e ( j l val I his i u i e r p l a y o f insights i n t o possible conrses o f a c t i o n , i m a g i n a t i o n ,
ues, W e w o u l d n o t d e l i b e i ' a t e a n e w a b o u t w h a t t o ci o r w h e t h e r 10 d o i t . VVr I r l l i n t e i i t i o n s o l vales, a n d f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s f o r m a s e l f - c o r r e c t i n g cycle
184 P-.ui [[: V V h a i A r e We D o i n g W h e n Wc A r e B e i n g ELJiical? Feelings a n d Valne R e l l e c i i o n IS5

sirnihii" l o w h a i lakes phice i n l e i l e c i i o n s h e a d e d l o w a r d s iiilginenis offaci.'-* .111(1 d i m i n i s h e d t h e i n t e n s i t y o f o t l i e r s , I n | ) a r t i c i i l a r , A u s t e n reveis h o w

H e r e , h o w e v e r , eli i n i e n i i o n s o r v a h i e s p l a y i l i e l e a d i n g r o l e . S u c h feelings f'.,ii l( l i f f e ' s novis l i a v e h i l h i e n e e d C a t h e r i n e ' s i m a g e o f h e r s e l f as a h e r o i n e ,
reveal i h e \'akies o r d i s v a l n e s o f i l i e v a r i o u s a l i e r n a i i v e c o u r s e s o f acdon. nol 11 a n e n t i r e l y s a h i i a r y way. ' f h i s e l e \ ' a i i o i i o f s o m e feelings over oili-
' f h e s e l ' e e l i n g s a n d i h e i r leli-iensh<:>ns w i i h o i h e r - c o r n p o n e i u s i n o u r h o i - i z o n I r . has h a d a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t u p o n t h e t l i i n g s C a t l i e r i n e n o t i c e s a n d t h e
o f f e e l i n g s d e i e r n i i n e w h i c h q u e s i i o n s a n d i n s i g l u s w i l l be j3in-sued f i n - i b e r , i l n n g s she ignores, e s p e c i a l h ' l i e r liiigeriig questions a b o u t ] o l i n 'l'horpe's
a n d w l n c h o n e s w i l l be i t r n o r e d . I n d i e s e i n u - i c a i e a n d c o n c r e i e wavs, o m - p l o p ( )sal.
horizons o f feelings determine i l i e |>ei-iineiice o f fi.n-ihei- q u e s i i o n s as w e Vil h o L i g h s l i e is n o w i n t r g u e d , C a i l i e r l n e s t i l l o b j e c l s t h a t s h e m u s wat
h e a d l o w a i x l s j u d g m e r u s o f e d i i c a l \'alue, a n d i h e s u b s e q u e n i d e c i s i o n s a n t l <i\e ' f i i e y s . I n r e p l y , | o l i i i ' f h o r p e l i e s t o l i e r , s a y i n g t h a t h e saw i h e r n
actions i l i a i c a n be liased u p o n t h e m , , d I ivl n g a wav f r c n i i l o w n o n b i s wa}' l o \'isit b e r . C a t l i e r i n e is b o l h e r e d t o h e a r
h l o r d e r to i l l u s i r a i e iiiot-e c o n c r e t e l v t h e ways l h a t c i u e s t i o n s , leelings, (i( l h i s , b u t s h e I g n o r e s f u r t l i e r c p . i e s i i o n s s h e s h o u l d l i a v e a s k e d , b e c a u s e o f
a n d o i b e i " acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ai-e s i r u c t u r e d i n t o p i o c e s s e s o l ' e i h i c a l l n a f(.;eliiigs o f f a s c i n a i i o n w i t l i t l i e c a s t i e a n d t l i e e x i i e c i e d p l e a s u r e s o f s e e -
r e n e c i i o n i h a t a r i s e fi-oin s u c h c p i c s t i o n s , I a g a i n o f f e r a s e r i e s o f examples. i n g l h e c o u n t r j ' s i d e i n live!)' c o m p a n y , S h e gives i n ancl a g r e e s t o a c c o m p a n y
i h e i n w i t h o u t lea\'iiig a n y iiiessage f o r t l i e l i l n e y s .
7-;/. / TIu; Ethics of Ordinary Ufe in N o r t h a n g e r A b b e y
C a t l i e r i n e ' s f e e l i n g s . as s l i e gcji i n t o i h e c a r r i a g e , w e r e i n a v e r y
T h e n r s t is l a k e n f r o m a c h a p t e r o f a n o t h e r [ a i i e A u s t e n n o v e l , NorJianger m i s e t t l e d s t a t e ; d i \ i c l e c l b e t w e e n r e g r e t f o r t h e loss o f o n e great
Abbey.'" h i tiiis episode, t l i e p r o t a g o n i s t , C a t l i e r i n e M o r l a n d , is s i a \ ' i n g i u |:ileasure, a n d t b e hi:)pe o f s o o n e n j o i n i n g a n o t h e r , a l m o s t e q u a l i n
B a f h , a n d has p r o m i s e d to go I b r a w a l k w i t h E l e a n o r " f i l n e y a n d h e r b r o t b e r d e g r e e , liowe\'er u n l i k e in k i n d . She c o u l d n o i t h i n k i h e ' f i l n e y s had
l - I e i i r y . AlthcLigh a b r i e f r a i n s h o w e r has p i - e v e i i t e c l t h e s i s t e r a n d brotber a c i e d q u i t e w e l l Ij)' l i e r , i n so r e a d i l y g i v i n g u p t h e i r engagement,
f r o m a r r i v i n g a t t h e a g r e e d u p o n l i m e , C a i h e r i n e w a i t s k n o w i n g i l i a t i l is w i t h o u t s e n c l i n g l i e r a n y r n e s s a g e o f e x c u s e ... t o f e e l h e r s e l f s l i g h t e d
l i k e l y l h e y w i l l s i i l l c o m e f o r t h e a g r e e d u p o n w a l k . A s s h e \\'aits, l i e r i r i e n c i b\ t h e r n was v e r y p a i n f u l . O n t h e o i h e r h a n d , t h e d e l i g h t o f e x | j l o r -
I s a b e l l a ' f l i o r ) > e a r r i v e s w i t h h e r b r o t h e r , | o h n . H e is a n i m p e i t i o u s , b o o r - i n g a n e d i h c e l i k e U d o l p h o , as l i e r f a n c y r e p r e s e n i e d Blaize Castie to
ish, a n d r i c h c u l o u s y o u n g m a n , ancl a c o n i p u l s i v e p r e v a r i c a i o r , oblix'iotis to b e , was s n c l i a c o u u i e r p o i s e o f g o o d as r n i g i i t c o n s o l b e r f o i - a l m o s t
a l m o s t e v e r y t l i i n g b u t l i i s i n i m e c l i a i e iiii|>iilses. -At i b i s p o i n t h i t i m e , h o w - anylliing.-'
ever, C a i l i e r i n e h e r s e l f has n o i y e t a r r i v e d a t t h e s e v a l u j u c l g m e n t s . | o l i n
insists t h a t C a t l i e r i n e a c c o n i p a i i ) ' t h e m o n a c a r r i a g e d r i v e l o B r i s t o l , a n d A l i s t e n d e s c r i b e s s o m e o f t h e soiu-ces o f t h e l u i s e t t l e n i e n t i n C a t l i e r i n e ' s
tells h e r t h e g r a n d i o s e plaiis i l i a t lie a n d Isabella liave f o r tliis r i d e . Isabella l e < ' l i n g h o r i z o n . A i t l i i s p o i n t , h e r h o r i z o n is l a r g e l y f b c u s e d o n t h e s u p e r -
tells h e r t h a t t h i s s c h e i n e " c l a r t e d i n i o o u r h e a d s a t b r e a k f a s t - t i m e . " l l c i a l p l e a s u r e s t h a i p r e o c c u p i e d m e n i l i e r s o f h e r s o c i a l c l a s s . S l i e is s t i l l a
C a t l i e r i n e r a i s e s q u e s t i o n s as t o w l i e i h e r so r n u c l i C(.iuld be d o n e in a e l l - c c n t r e d y o u n g w o i n a i i , a l t l i o u g l i n o t n e a r l y as m u c l i as i l i e Thorpes.
s i n g l e day, a n c l a l s o e x p l a i n s t h a t s h e has r n a d e a p r i o r c o m m i t r n e n t t o l h e In l h e c o n t e x t o f a d i f T e r e n t f e e l i n g h o r i z o n , she w o u l d h a v e p a i d a u e n -
' f i l n e y s . J o h n cllsmisses C a t l i e r i n e ' s s o c i a l c o n m h t n i e m a n d b o a s i s aboul iion lo and retlecied about her own questions c o n c e r n i n g [oliii's repon
h o w m u c h g r o u n d l i e c a n c o v e r w i t h h i s c a r r i a g e i n a s i n g l e clay. H e lhen . i b o i i i t h e ' f i l n e y s . Is i l i i s r e a l l y c o n s i s t e n i w i t l i w h a t s h e k n o w s a b o u t t h e
mentions t h a t diey c o u l d visit Blaize Castie. S u d d e n l y Catlierine's com- f il n e y s - t h a l t h e y a r e p e o p l e o f t l i e i r w o r c i ? Is i t p o s s i b l e | o l i n is n o t b e i n g
monsense j u d g m e n t s and feelings sliift a n d iiiteiisib'. In tlie b a c k g r o u n d o f II u l h f u f , as h e l i a d a l r e a d y e x a g g e r a t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s i n j u s t a l e w r n i n u t e s ?
t h i s e p i s o d e a r e t h e novis t h a t C a t l i e r i n e a n d I s a b e l l a lia\'e b e e n reading l u a i l c h t i o n , t h e e x c i t e m e n t s h e f e e l s a b c n i t t h e c a s t i e is i n t e n s i n with
a n d d i s c u s s i n g together, T h e s e a r e t h e g o t h i c r o m a n c e s by A u n e Raclcliffcr, h e r very real, t h o u g h n o t very strcmg, feelings a b o u t t h e valu o f keeping
es|:iecially The Mysteries ofUdolplw. ' f b e s e novis l i a v e h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e influ- p n n n i s e s , H e r e x a g g e r a t e d f e e l i n g o f b e i n g h m - i b y w h a t s h e i m a g i n e s as
ence u p o n y o u n g w o m e n o f d i e t i m e , a n d A n s i e n shows this i n f l u e n c e in ,1 s n u b b y t h e T i l n e y s is c o v e r i n g o v e r t h e s e d e e p e r c l i s t u r b a n c e s i n h e r
C a t h e i - i n e ' s h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . c l o l p h o is a g l o o m y c a s t i e w h e r e i n t r i g u e s I e e l i n g h o r i z o n . T h e f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o i i s s h e e o u n t s as r e l e v a n t - a n d t h o s e
t a k e p l a c e , a n d t h e ineiitiii o f B l a i z e C a s t i e n i o v e s a r e s p o n s e i n i l i e f e e l - ,lie i g m j r e s as i r r e l e v a n l - a r e d i c t a t e d b y t h e s e l i - c e n i r e d c o n s t i t u t i o n o f
i n g h o r i z o n t l i a t C a t l i e r i n e has b e e n d e v e l o p i n g i l i r o u g l i h e r a b s o r p t i o n i n h e r I n n - i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d t h e t i t i l l a t i n g f e e l i n g s s h e h a s af^cui t h e image
t h e s e n o v i s . T h e s e novis h a v e i n i e n s i f i e d c e r t a i n o f C a t h e i n e ' s feeiings. o l a g o i l i i c castie.
186 Part 11: V V h a i A r e VVe D o i n g When VVe A r e B e i n g E l h i c a l ? Feelings a n d Valne Relleciion IS7

AJrnosL as s o o n as i l i e y s e l o n i , o I ' c o m i s e , l l i e y see lhe Tihieys walking I . i k e C a i h e r i n e M o r l a n d , we are t h e a g e n i s o f o u r o w n d e \ ' e l o p m e n t i n t o

lowarcis C a i h e r i n e ' s l o d g i n g l o n i e e i her. A n i n t e n s e anci c l i l e r e n i set o l lhe k i n d s o f persons we b e c o m e t l i r o n g h the ver\'ordinary Judgments o f
leelings n o w cotn^se t h r o i i g l i C a t l i e r i n e ' s c o n s c i o u s n e s s . S h e realizes t h a l i . i l u e a n d d e c i s i o n s w e m a k e da\ i n a n d d a y o u l . I d e l i b e r a t e l y c l i o s e tliis
j o l i n ' s r e p o n was not only mistaken b i n . a l i e . S l i e i i n m e c l i i t e l v feels the I pisiide becanse o f A u s t e n ' s astiiie a i t e n t i o n to t h e h i g h e t h i c a l stakes o f
s h a m e o f h a v i n g bi-oken h e r p r o i n i s e to the Tilneys a n d leaving no message. u n m n n d a n e . o r d i n a r y decisions. A siudeni of mine once coinplained
She Insisis d i ai J o h n l e t h e r o u l o f t h e c a n i a g e . H e i g n o r e s h e r rec|uest a i u i ih.ii Austen's novis are suiDerllcial because t h e y a r e o n l y c o n c e r n e d about
s p e e d s o f f S h e feels b e U " a y e d , b t u . m o r e d e e p l y a s h a m e c l o f a l l o w i n g l i e r s e l l u i i i n e i i g a i n i n g l i u s b a n d s . ' f o t l i e c c n i t r a r \ ' , A n s i e n is | . i r o l b i i r i c l l y o b s e r \ ' a i i t
10 b e b e t r a v e d . ' f h e s e f e e l i n o s s t a v w i i l i h e r f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e time - wliilc md i r o n i c a b o u t the f r e q n e n t pettiness a n d superficialities o f tlie social
such leelings are c o m p l e t e l y be\'oncl the ' f h o r p e s ' horizons. Prediciably, ,1 e n e a n d c o i i r l s h i p p r : u : . l i c e s o f h e r s o c i e t y . B u l s l i e a l s o lav'S o u t f o r t h e
l h e tri3 l u r n s o u t t o b e cp.iite d i s a p p o i n t i n g , s i n c e i n d e e d t h e y d i d n o t h a v e m ( a i i i \ ' e r e a d e r i h e d e e p \'ahie consecp.ieiices i l i a t are a i s t a k e e v e n i n s e e m -
nearly e n o t i g l i tirne to reach B r i s t o l , l e t a l o n e B l a i z e C a s i l e . ' f l i e n e x ' i clay m ] ; h ' I V i v o l o u s , o r d i n a r y d e c i s i o n s , s u c l i as t h e o n e i n t l i i s episode,
she seeks o u t t h e T i l n e y s ancl w i t h s o m e a w k w a r c i n e s s nianages to make
a s o n o f a p o l o g y - a l i h o u g h she cloes hi)' all t h e b l a n i e o n | o h n T h o r p e , 7._/.2 Elhical Rf.fhclion injury Oebcra.liim
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are s e t o n a n e w f o o t i n g a n d g r a d u a l l y develo3 to r e a c h c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p t i i s l h e s e c o n d i l l u s t r a i i o n c o m e s f r o m o n e o f m y o w n e x p e r i e n c e s as a j u r o r . I n
d u r i n g l h e r e t n a i n d e r o f t h e m^vel. d n s ( : i s e , I was e r n p a n e l l e d t o s e r v e o i i a c l o t i b l e - l i o m i c i d e t r i a l . T h r e e \ ' o u n g
)usi b e f o r e l i e r d e c i s i n lo r i d e w i t h t h e " f h o r p e s , C a t l i e r i n e makes a juclg- penple w h o lived in liie apartinern w h e r e inurders took place were present
m e n t o f v a l n e a u d c o u s e q u e n t d e c i s i n o n t h e basis o f t h e state o f l i e r l i o r i z o n ,ii l h e t i m e o f t h e c r i m e . O n e o f t h e v i c t i m s was a t m a l e c o l l e g e siudent,
o f f e e l i n g s a t t h a i p o i n t . G i v e n d i e v a l e s as felt i l i r o u g h l i e r f e e l i n g h o r i z o n . 1 h e m o l h e r o f a s m a l l c h i l d . A n o t l i e r \ - i c t i i i i was a m a l e o f t h e s a m e age. 'fhe
t h e few h m l i e r p e r i i n e n t c j u e s t i o n s t h a t a c t n a l l y d o o c c u r t o h e r a r e b r u s l i e d i h i i d [ j e r s o n was a l s o a y o u n g m a l e w h o s t i r v i \ ' e c i t h e a i t a c k .
a s i d e . ' f h e d i f n c u h : y , o f c o n r s e , is t h a t h e r s is n o t a \'eiy m a t u r e o r s i a b l e h o r i z o n . f h e surx'ivor t e s t i t l e d at l h e trial. F r o m h i m we h e a r d t h a t t h e two n n i r -
' f h e l e e l i n g s t h a t a r e m o s t f o r c e f u l l y a t l h e c e n t r e o f i.liai h o r i z o n c l e i e r m i u c d e i e d victims h a d b e e n s l i o t w h e n uvo i n t r u d e r s b r o k e i n t o i h e a p a r t m e n t
t h e v a l e s a b o u t w h i c h slie w i l l r e l l e c t , w l i a t m e a n s s h e w i l l iise t o r e a l i z e t h o s e u e a r l n g m a s k s a n d w i e l d i n g a g n u . ' f h e i n u r d e r e d ) ' o i i n g m a n was a d r i i g
\'alues, a n c l w h a t w i l l c o u n t as p e r t i n e n t c p i c s t i o n s . B u t t h e e p i s o d e also s h o w s d e , l i e r , a n d l l i e i n t r u d e r s c a m e l o r o b h i m o f his s u p p l y o f d r u g s a n d bis
bcTw she c o m e s l o d i s c e r n s o m e t h i n g a l x i u t l i e r f e e l i n g s . S l i e s l i i f t s to g i v e c e i inoii<'\'. 'fhe crime t o o k a deadly turn wlieri llie \'oiiiig w o m a n recognized
t a i n ( e e l i n g s g r e a t e r p r e f e r e n c e i n l i e r h o r i z o n , ancl t l i i n k s a n c l acts s o m e w i i a l o n e o f t h e i n t r u d e r s d e s p i i e liis niask. S h e appealed l o h i m ancl sfjoke his
c l i f f e r e n t l y as a r e s u l t o f l h e s e realizations and revaluations. O f c o n r s e , she hisi a m e . A p p a r e n t l y based on iheir previous surveillance, the intrud-
is o n l y tist b e g i n n i n g t o d i s c e r n t l i e d e e p e r feh t e n s i o n s i l i a i . s u n x > u n c l l i e i e i s (lid not expeci auyone b u t l h e c l r u g c l e a l e r t o be : ) r e s e n t . VVhen they
s u p e r f i c i a l v a l e s , a n d to m a k e j u c l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s t l i a t t a k e i n t o a c c o i m l e i K o i u i t e r e d tlie o t h e r two people unexpeciedly Llie\ b o u n d a n c l blinci-
t h e d e e p e r v a l u i m e r i i . i o n a l i t i e s . A l d i o u g h she has a long w a y l o g o , h e r feel l o l d c d all t l i r e e . liiecause slie r e c o g n i z e d h i m , t h e y o u n g w o m a n was s h o i
i n g h o r i z o n s h i l i s a n d m a t u r e s i n a s r n a l l way t h r o u g l i l i e r d i s c e r n m e n t o f h e i l o d e a t l i b ) ' o n e o" t h e i n t r u d e r s , w h c i i h e n a l s o s l i o t a n d k i l l e d t h e d r u g
f e e l i n g s i n t l i i s e p i s o d e . F o r o n e t h i n g , s h e is m u c h m o r e c i r c u m s p e c t a b ( ) i i i d e , l i e r , ' f h e i n t r u d e r i h e n a t t e m p t e d to s h o o i the i h i r d v i c u r n , b u i h a d r u n
| o h n T h o r p e ancl m o r e h r m i n h e r c o m m i u n e n t s to h e r social v a l e s , w h i c h o o i o f b u l l i s , ' f h e s n r v i v o r c o u l d n o t i d e n ti fy i l i e m a s k e d p e r p e t r a i o r s , b u t
b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t i n i h e way A n s i e n n r r a l e s h e r prcjgress. h e rel;i\'ed the w o r d s o f i l i e m u r d e r e d y o u n g w o m a n .
T h i s e p i s o d e is a n I m p o r t a n t m o m e n t i n t h e e t h i c a l m a t u r a t i o n o f C a i h ( ) m : e 1 realized 1 w o u l d be s e r v i n g o n t h i s jm*y, m ) ' f e e l i n g s about lhe
c r i n e i V ' l o r l a n d , b u l n o t t h e o n l y o n e . T h e i " e ai"e f u r t h e r e p i s o d e s , a n c l l h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f i b e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i m e n s i n e d . I n a d d i i i o n , 1 s o o n f e l i a w e d by
p o w e r f u l h o l d t h a t Radclilfe's novis have over C a i h e r i n e ' s horizon offeel l h e wa)'s m y f e l l o w j u r o r s , w i t h o u t e x c e > i . i o n , a l s o t o o k t l i e i r responsibilides
ings shows u p later in even m o r e e m b a r r a s s i n g w a y s . C a i h e r i n e is n o t l l i < ' s e i ioiislv, a n d these feelints f u r t h e r i n t e n s i n e d m y o w n sense o f i l i e serious-
s t r o n g o r c o m > l e x c l i a r a c i e r t l i a l w e see in otlier A u s t e n novis (such as ness < i f w h a t I was b e i n g c a l l e d t o d o . . A l l o f us u n d e r w e n t s h i f t s i n o u r f e e l -
Elizabetli B e n n e t , E l i n o r Dashwoocl, o r A i m e E l l i o t ) , a l t h o u g h each o f I I K - I I I m g h o r i z o n s , p l a c i u g seriousness a b o u t t h e trial ai t h e c e n t r e , w l u l e n i o v i n g
also tmdergc^es s i g n i n c a n t e t l i c a ! c!evelo3ment m a r k e d by m a j o r sliifis iu nn i r e l o t h e m a r g i n s t l i e o t l i e r c o n c e r n s w e bacl f r o m o u r very diverse back-
t h e i r h o r i z o n s o f feelings. f u m i i i d s , E v e n b e t b r e w e w e r e a b l e t o p u t i t i n w o r d s , we b l t t h e i m p o r t a n c e
 I8S Pan. I I : W'hai A r e W'e D o i n g W h e n W'e A r e B e i n g Erliical? f e e l i n g s a n d VaUie R e l l e c i i o n 189

o f Lhe vales a i s i a k e . W e e l i h o n o r ar t h e b r u i a h t y o f t h e c r i m e s . W e feh .1111}; i i i r i i a c c u s e d o f t h e c r i m e . who h a d b e e n read t h e i r r i g h t s against

l l i e valu o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e p u b h c f r o m poteuLia f n i n r e v i o l e n c e , b u t a K n I II U H I i i i i i i i a t i o n , a n d t o l e g a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . h i i u a l l y , e v e r y p i e c e o f e v i -
w e f e l l l h e i m p o r t a n c e o f n o t s e n d i u g i n n o c e n i p e o p l e to j a i l , a n d so o u , i|> l l l r s r r m e d l o m e p c i i e n t i a l l y r e l e v a n t t o t h e \ e r d i c t . I a s k e d m y s e l f cpies-
l l is s o m e t i m e s said ilial a j u r r jnsi d e t e r m i n e s t h e f a c t s o f i h e ca.sc I '. , i n d i h o u g h t a b o u t e a c h piece o f e v i d e n c e o r testimony. I t r i e d to
w h e i h e r o r n o t a c r i m e has b e e n c o m m i u e d , for example. Ilowevei'. tn\ iiMlrisiaiKl its r e l e v a n c e a n d f o r m e d several Inpotheses. 1 had lo refine,
rellections o u this irial revealed to m e i h a i w h i l e service o n a j u r y does 0 M - , i ' , o r r e j e c t m o s t o f m v l u ' p o t l i e s e s . S o m e t i m e s t h i s was b e c a u s e a l a t e r
recpiiie objective j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t , it is m o i e p r o f o u n d i y a u e t l i i c a l p r a i |.i< I r I l C v i d e n c e c o u l d n o t b e r e c o i i c i l e d w i t h m y i n i d a l h t i n c h , S o m e t i m e s
tice t h a i goes b e y o n d m e r e l y j u d g i n g t h e iacts. U l t i r n a t e l y , j u r o r s liave to g n 1 1 . i i i f ; l i i m y s e l f a l l o w i n g s o m e t h i i i g p r e j u d i c i a l tc> i n f l t r a t e i h e f o r m a i i o n o f
f i " o i u j u d g m e n t s o f facLs t o j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e , t o d e c i s i o n s , a u d t o a c t i o n s I I M h v p o i l i e s i s . G r a d u a l l y 1 c a m e l o r e a l i z e t h a t i n u c h o f w h a t was presenied
V o t i n g "guilly'' o r " u o t guilt)'" are a c i i o n s that follow u p o n decisions. Thcw I M I v i d e n c e was n o t r e l e v a n t f o t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t n e e d e d t o b e f u l f i l l e d l o
votes express j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e that are b o r n o f a special k i n d o f valur H IC l l o n e o r a n o t h e r o f t h e m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e a l t e n l a u v c j u d g m e n t s (i.e.,
r e n e c i i o n . People can a n d do f o r m v a l u e j u d g m e n t s a b o u t p e o p l e accuscil Hiiiliv o r n o i g u i l t y ) .
o f c r i m e s based u p o t i news r e p o r t s a l o n e . M a n y p e t i p l e express t h e i r o p i n - ( h i r p i e c e o f physical e v i d e n c e c a m e to l i g l i t t h a t p u t an e n d l o any fur-
i o n s based o n s u c h r e p o r t s . B u t u l t i n i a i e l y a j u r y has t h e u n i q u e status thal i l n 1 p r n i u e n i c p i e s t i o n s as t o w l i e i h e r o n e ofthe defendanls w a s at t h e
its p u b l i c e x p r e s s i o n o f its j u d g m e n t o f v a l n e w i l l h a v e s e r i o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s . I K o f i b e c r i m e . I n (act, h i s o w n a t i o r n e ) ' s i i p u l a t e d t h a t h e was t h e r e , a n d
f o r t h e a c c u s e d as w e l l as f o r s o c i e t y a t l a r g e - a n d f o r t h e i r o w n conscienccs | . M ' . r n i e d a d i f f e r e n t l i n e ctf d e f e n c e o n l i i s c l i e n i ' s b e l i a l f . B a s e d merely
as w e l l . V V h e n t h e j u d g e asks. " H a s t h e j u r y r e a c h e d a v e r d i c t ? . " t h e a c t i o n . . I I i h r l e s l i n i o n y o f l h e s i u v i v o r . h o w e v e r , it was p o s s i b l e t h a i i b i s defen-
o f t h e p u b l i c l y s p o k e u a n s w e r is m o r e ihan intellectual, Thejiiry's answri d . u i i was n o t t h e s h o o t e r S t i l l , n o />/fy,v/ra/evidence p i ' o v i d e d t h e c o n c l u s i v e ,
m a k e s e f f e c t i v e i n t h e social o r d e r a n e w valu i n a way t h a t a l m o s t n o o n r liiHilling condition j u d g e t h a t t h e o d i e r d e f e n c l a n t was t h e r e - a n d he
else's j u d g m e n t s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s c a n . ' \ I u r o r s a l s o h a v e t h e responsihlit\ l i i m s r l l s e e m e d l o be q u i t e asstired a b o u t lhis. T h e physical e v i d e n c e a n d
O e n t e r i n t o m u t u a l d e l i b e r a i i o n , tC) b e o p e n t o t h e a r g t u i i e n i s f r o m fellow ll . i i u i o i i ) ' p r e s e n t e d a n s w e r e d a g r e a i m a n ) ' p e n i n e n l q u e s t i o n s a b o u t his
j u r o r s , a n d to present c o u n t e r - a r g u m e n t s to t h e m . L'ltimately, however, t h r iiMidves a n d likely i n v o l v e m e i u . I relecied a great deal a b o u t w h e t h e r each
q u e s t i o n a t s t a k e f o r e a c h j i u o r is a c p i e s t i o n f o r a d e c i s i n : ' S h o u l d 1 v o t e 0 1 l h e wiinesses s h o u l d be believed, a n d r e a c h e d j u d g m e n t s by U i k i n g seri-
t o c o n d e i m i o r e x o n r a l e d i e a c c u s e d cf t h i s c r i m e ? " W h a t m a k e s j u r y d u h i i i i s l ) m y cpiestioiis a b o u l t h e i r c r e d i b i l i t y . B u t t h e r e r e m a i u e t l s o m e f u r i h e r
a n e t h i c a l m a t t e r is n o t j u s t l h a i t h e c r i m e s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a i i o n a r e e t h i c a l ipirstions that prevented me froin reacliing a viriually unconditioned judg-
m a t t e r s . h i a d d i t i o n , j u i y d u t y is a l s o a n e l h i c a l m a t t e r b e c a u s e j u r o r s h a v r iiii'iii ;iboiit lhe involvement o l the second defendaiu. l i i a n o i h e r context,
to make decisions a b o u t the crimes, a n d ilieii" decisions are themselves eth i 1 i t i i g l u h a v e b r u s h e d s u c h c p i e s t i o n s a s i d e a n d j u s t f i i e d cff a n u n s i i b s t a n t i -
c a l i n a t t e r s o f g r e a t v a l u . In o r d e r t o m a k e s u c h d e c i s i o n s e t l i i c a l l y , j u r < ) i s ,tU-d o p i n i n . B u t m y f e e l i n g s a b o u t t h e s e r i o u s vales a t s i a k e w e r e g u i d i n g
have l o arrive at a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d g r o u n d f o r m a k i n g each o f thesr u n ( p i e s i i o i i i n g a n d i n t e n s i f i e d my awareness t h a t these q u e s u o n s remained
decisions. A n d this means thai i h e y liave to answer a host o f questions thal uu.uiswered.
a r e p e n i n e n l t o t h e vales o f j u s t i c e as f e l t . I lowever, as I l i s t e n e d t o t h e C D o f t h e s e c c m d d e f e n d a n t ' s interrogation,
VV^e w e r e c o n s c i o u s o f a l l t h i s , t h o u g h n o t e x p l i c i t h ' i n t h e s e t e r m s , as w r i i d r l r i i l y o n e s t a t e m e u t h i t i i i e . T h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n was a l o n g , c i r c n i i o u s cat-
b e g a n o u r j i i r y service o n this p a r t i c u l a r t r i a l . O u r s h a r e d a n d iniensird .111(1 l u o i i s e g a m e b e t w e e n the plice detectives a n d t h e s e c o n d defendani.
feeling h o r i z o n s p a t t e r n e d h o w we listened, l o o k e d at, a n d i h o u g h t about I h r defendant knew they l i a d no physical evidence and that the survivor
t h e e v i d e n c e b r o u g h t b e f o i e us d u r i n g t h e t r i a l . A l i h o u g h T b e l i e v e m y f r l I o i d d u o t i d e n t i l y h i m , a n d was c o c k y i n h i s responses. A f i e r a very long
low jurors had similar exjieriences to m y own d u r i n g this trial, my accotini iiinr. one o f t h e detectives said to t h e d e f e n d a n t , " W h a t i f 1 t o l d y o u t h a t
i n w h a t i o l l o w s is l i m i t e d t o m y o w n experiences. o i i i r o u e i d e n t i f i e d y o u by ame at l h e scene o f t h e c r i m e ? " I remembered
We h e a r d t e s t i n i o n y f r o m t h e s u r v i v o r a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f oth- I h . u l h e s u r v i v o r h a d t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e w o m a n v i c t i m h a d s p o k e u a frst a m e
ers: f a m i l y a n d associaies o f t h e a c c u s e d a n d t h e v i c t i m s , l a w - e n f o r c e i i i e i i l w h i c h was t h e s a m e as t l i e frst a m e of t h e s e c o n d d e f e n d a n t . l u response
o f f i c e r s , c r i n i e - l a b s p e c i a l i s i s , s t o r e c l e r k s , a n d so o n . W e w e r e s h o w n vide<is II I l h e detective's q u e s t i o n , the d e f e n d a n t q u i c k l y shot back a response. He
a n d p h o t o s o f t h e c r i m e s c e n e a n d t h e v i c t i m s as w e l l as o t h e r pliysic ; i l . i s k r d l h e d e t e c t i v e , " D i d s h e say .?" s p e a k i n g b o t h h i s f i r s t a n d
i t e m s . VVe a l s o h e a r d C D r e c o r d i n g s o f t h e p l i c e i n t e r r o g a o n s o f t h e u y u ^ lii.s) n a n i c , w i t h e m p h a t i c v e r b a l stress o n h i s l a s t a m e . I n r a p i d s u c c e s s i o n
 190 PaiL I I : W h a t A r e V\ D o i n g Whcu W'e A r e B e i n g EUiicai;-
I h a d a n i n s i g h t , a n d r e a l i z e d I h a d n o f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . T h i s \v.ti
f o l l o w e d i n n i i e d i a c e l y by a ndgineni o f fac a n d t h e n a j u d g m e n t o f vahu
a n d a decisin, I w o u l d vote h i m g n i l l y o f i h e c i i m e .
O n l y a f t e n v a r d s w o u l d I be able t o p a r t i a l l y f o r n u i l a t e f o r m y s e l f a m l l m
m y fellow j u r o r s t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e i'eflection a n d j u d g m e n t o f valiu- ih.ii
g r o u n d e d m y d e c i s i n . T h e w o m a n x i c t i m h a d n o t s p o k e u h i s l a s t iiain<
H e k n e w t h a t . H e k n e w t h e r e w e r e m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e w h o s h a r e d his tus)
a m e , b u t v e r y f e w w h o l i a d t h e u n u s u a l c o n d : ) i n a u o n c t f h i s i n s t a n d l.isi
a m e . I f s h e h a d s p o k e u b o t h h i s a m e s , h e kne\\ l h a t t h i s , c o i n b i n e d w i d i
the o t h e r p a r t i c u l a r characteristics a n d circumstances revealed i n the olhei
e v i d e n c e a n d t e s t i m o n y , v v o i i l d s i n g l e h i m o u l u n i q u e l y , So h e was c o n f i d e n i
t h a t k n o w i n g o i d y bis firsi ame i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h l h e o t h e r e v i d e m i
w o u l d fall s h o r t o f a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d - w o u l d n o t b e " b e y o n d a re.i
s o n a b l e d o u b t , " as t h e j u r i d i c a l t e r m i n o l o g ) ' p i i i s i l .
B u t his s i a t e m e n t levealed that he k n e w the w o m a n v i c t i m had spokeu
h i s a m e , b u t h a d n o t s p o k e n h i s l a s t a m e . H e c o u l d c^nly h a v e k n o w n l h i s
h a d he been t h e r e at t h e me. M y h o r i z o n o f feelings h a d h e i g h i e n e d m\
a t t e n t i v e n e s s , a n d m a d e i t p o s s i b l e f o r m e t o n o c e t h i s s l i g h t sii|>-up hy .1
v e r y c l e v e r d e f e n d a n t . F o r m e , t h i s was t h e last c o n d i t i o n i n a l o n g series
o f fulfilling c o n d i t i r t n s needed to reach the virtually u n c o n d i t i c i n e d j u d g
m e n t o f fact t h a t h e h a d b e e n t h e r e a n d h a d s h o t t w o p e o p l e t o d e a t h . M v
j u d g m e n t o f fact a b o u t w h a t he d i d , a n d j u d g T u e n t o f valu a b o u t his guilt.
in t u r n , provided the condions for m y f u r t h e r j u d g m e n t o f v a l n e that I
sht'>uld v o t e h i m g u i l t y - a n d l u r t h e r t h a t I s h o u l d e x p l a i n t o m y fellow
jurors how l came to myjudgtuenLs.
The foregoing narrati\ oidy partially captures all o f t h e c o t i d i t i o n s thal
were ftdfilled a n d l h a t f o r m e d the g r o u n d s for my j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t and
\'alue. M a n y o f t h e o d i e r c o n d i t i o n s w e r e t h e resulLs ctf e v i d e n c e a n d les
t i m o n y l h e a r d , w h a i I n o t i c e d , t h e n i a u y q u e s t i o n s t h a t arse for me, the
m a n y liypotheses I f o r m e d a n d r e j e c t e d . Sctme c o n d i t i o n s w e r e s u p p l i e d
l o n g ago t h r o u g h t h e experiences, i n s i g h t s , j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t a n d valu,
a n d feelings a b o u t j u s t i c e l h a t w e r e i n i p a r t e d d u r i n g m y u p b r i n g i u g in the
c u l t i u e o f t h e L ' n i t e d S i a i e s . I t is e x c e e d i n g l y d i f f i c u h , p r o b a b l y i m p o s s i b l e .
t o p u t i m o w o r d s //of w h a t w e k n o w t h a t has h e a r i n g - is a f u l f i l l i n g c o i u l i -
t i o n - f b r t h e c o m p l e x j n d g m e n t s o f f a c t a n d valu t h a t w e m a k e i n c o n c r e t e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I t is d i e i r v e r y c o n c r e t e n e s s , their complex i n t e r t w i n i n g o
f a c t o r s ( t h e i r concrescere), that makes i t virtually impossible to p u t into words
a l l t h a t is p e r t i n e n t a n d t h a t w e d r a w u p o n w h e n w e m a k e s u c h j u d g m e n l . i
as v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d .
W h e i h e r o r n o t l c a m e t o v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s i n t h i s case
is c e r t a i n l y o p e n t o q u e s t i o n b y t h e r e a d e r T h a t I p e i i i a p s d i d so m a y b i "
g i v e n f u r t h e r c r e d i b i l i t y by w h a t h a p p e n e d n e x t . A s is t h e p r a c u c e , w e w e r c ^
f e e l i n g s a n d Valu KcfleciioLi
M, u u< l e d n o t t o l a l k a b o u t t h e c a s e w i l h a n y o n e , n o t e v e n o i u " f e l l o w j u r o r s ,
n i u l , i l l K s t i i n o n y a n d f i n a l s t a t e m e n t s w e r e c o m p l e t e d a n d we w e r e sent
ilrlihcraie logethei. The p r u d e n c e o f this becaine e v i d e n t as t h e case
I c<l(<l. H a d I v e i i t u r e d m y v u l n e r a b l e h y p o t h e s e s at a n y e a r l i e r stage, I
tMi)-.lii i K u e b e c o m e d e f e n s i v o a n d h e l d o n t o t h e m u n r e a s o n a b l y . O r I m i g l u
It m p l l i n a t u r e l y i n f l u e n c e d o t h e i s i n ways l h a t i n t e r f e r e d w i t h t h e i r a t t e n -
i t ' I i i i s s o r i h e i i " p u r s u i t ctf ans^vers l o f u r i h e r c p i e s o n s . B u t o n c e t h e c l o s -
i n i ; . i . i i e m e n t s w e r e p r e s e n i e d , w e w e r e i n s i r u c i e d tcj d e l i b r a t e together
I In H ' w e r e a c t n a l l y m u l p l e c h a r g e s i n a d d i o n t o t h e h o m i c i d e s , a n d w e
1 r I e < p i i r e d 1 0 d e l i b r a t e a b o u t a l l o f t h e m . T h i s t o o k us m a n y d a y s . O u r
loMperson was u n c o m n i o n l y s k i l l e d i n d i s e n t a n g l i i i g t h e c o m p l e x issues
m d Ul m a k i n g s u r e e v e r y o n e was h e a r d . W h e t h e r o r n o t it is t h e case l o r
t o I V j u r y , o u r s was p e r v a d e d w i t h a r e m a r k a b l e a t m o s p h e r e o f r e s p e c t for
11 h o l h e r d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d o f d e l i b e r a u o n . W e w e n t b a c k over
I M i l c i M (. a n d t e s t i m o n y i n c ; u e f u l c t r d e r , a n d m a n v j u r o r s e x p r e s s e d v a r i i t u s
i m i Cl U t i n i i e s . T h r o u g h o u r c o i i v e r s a i i o n s i t g r a d u a l l j ' b e c a m e e v i d e n t i l r a t
nol i-\(i-voiie h a d n o t i c e d i h e c r u c i a l s t a i e m e i i i i n t h e i n i e r r c t g a t i o n o l t h e
.1 I o i i d d e f e n d a n t . T o g e t h e r i n t h e j u r y r o o m w e e v e n t u a l l y l i s t e n e d o n c e
ii-,,im l o t h e r e c o r d i n g s o f b o t h i n t e r r o g a o n s . W h e n w e h e a r d f o r t h e sec-
t i m e t h e q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e s e c o n d d e f e n d a n t p o s e d 10 t l i e p l i c e o f f i -
I 1. t h e p o s t i n e s a n d f a c i a l e x p r e s s i o n s o f m o s t o f m y f e l l o w j u r o r s c h a n g e d
d i . i i i i a i i c a l l y . A l t h o u g h t h e y w o u l d n o t have used these w o r d s , everyone
M I o g i i i z e d l h a t t h i s was i b e c r u c i a l r e m a i n i n g c o n d i t i o n d i a l n e e d e d t o b e
h i l l i l l e d i n o r d e r IVn- t h e m t o l e a c h v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d i u d g m e n t s o f
l.ll I a i i f l v a l u a b c t i u d i e g u i l t o f i l i e s e c o n d c l e f e n d a m , O n e o f i h e j u r o i s
n o i i c c f l s t m e t h i n g I h a d i i d s s e d . f l u s j i i r c r s a i d , " H e s a i d ' D i d she say
I he nterrogaiiug o f l i c e r h a d n o l disclosed t h e g e n d e r o f tbe p e r s o n vvho
i d e n t i f i e d h i m b\ a m e . H c t w d i d t h e d e f e n d a n t k n o w i t was a f e n i a l e ? This
h.id esca|ied m y n o t i c e . F o r m e , t h i s b e c a i n e f u r t h e r c o n f i r m a i c i r } ' e v i d e n c e ,
hu I O J - i i i y f e l l o w J L i r o i s , i t b e c a m e t h e c o n d i i i o n t h a t p u i a n e n d t o f u r t l i e r
pe t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s .
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'|uesions t h a t o c c u n e d t o u s c o n c e r n i n g t h e g r e a t a m o u n i c > f e v i d e n c e a n d
l e s i i i n o n y t h a i was p r e s e n i e d d u r i n g i h e t r i a l . W e v v o n d e r e d a b o n t l h e b a c k -
g i o i i n d s o f s o m e o f t h e wiinesses i l i a i ap|5eared, a b o u t h o w t h e f a m i l y m e m -
h e i s f e l t , a b o u t w h y i t t o o k so l o n g f o r i h i s c a s e t o c o m e 10 t r i a l , a u d so 011.
B u l o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s a b o u t t h e d e c i s i o n s b e f o r e us - h o w s h o u l d we
\oie a b o u l l h e c r i m e s vviih w h i c h these m e n w e r e c l i a r g e d - d e i e r m i i i e d f b r
i r . l h a t d i e s e o i h e r q u e s i i o n s w e r e n o t p e r i i n e n t 10 i h e j u d g m e n L s a n d d e c i -
sions at h a n d . D u r i n g o u r d e l i b e r a t i o n s we h e l p e d o n e a n o i h e r r e c o g n i z e
l h a t s o m e o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s w e r e i r r e l e v a n l , a n d t h i s was a c c o m p l i s h e d by
. i p p r a l i i i g t o t h e vales (i.e., f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s ) a t s t a k e .
 l'IV l',n I I I : U l i a t A r e V\ D o i n g VVhen Wc A r e l i e i n g Ethical?
y.^-j Sunniiin
h l o f F e i i n g i h e s e u v o e x a m p l e s , I h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d l o b r i n g i.o l i g h i s e v e
t h i n g s t h a t a r e illustrative o f t h e g e n e r a l process o f a r r i v i n g at j u d g m e n t s
e t h i c a l valu t h a r g r o u n d e t h i c a l d e c i s i o n s . First, e t h i c a l relection begi
w i t h a q u e s u o n - " W h a t s h o u l d 1 d o ? " - a n d ends w i t h a decisin a n d aco
t h a t a r e t h e u h i r u a t e answei's t o t h a t q u e s t i o n .
S e c o n d , a l t h o u g h i h e r e f l e c u o n b e g i n s w i t h d i e q u e s t i o n , i t has a l r e a d y
b o r i ' o w e d s o m e o f its r n e a n i n g c o n t e n t s b - o n i p r i o r s t a g e s . T l i e a n s w e r t u
t h e " w l i a t " p a n is a n i n t e l l i g i b l e , p o s s i b l e c o u r ' s e o f a c t i o n t h a t c o m e s t o c o
s c i o u s n e s s i n a p r i o r - a c t o f i n s i g h t , - " ^ I n i h e t w o cases a b o v e , t h e c o t i r s e s
a c t i o n wei-e w h e t h e r o i " n o l l o g o f o r a i ' i d e w i t h i h e T h o r p e s , a n d w h e t h e
o r n o t to vote a g u i l t y v e i d i c t . B u t t h e " w h a t " i n t h e q u e s t i o n for decisin i l
n o i j t i s t t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e a r r a n g e m e n t o f a series o f a c t i o n s . T h o s e i n t e l l i g i h l r
a r r a n g e m e n t s also m o v e feelings to l e s p o n d , t h e i e b y e n d o w i n g t h e m wilh
c e r t a i n valuaons. T b e " w h a t " a n d t h e " s h o u l d " in this q u e s t i o n coTiibim
t o y i e l d a u o b j e c t f o r c h o i c e t h a t is a c o m p o u n d o f t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f . i
p o s s i b l e c o m - s e o f a c t i o n as u n d e r s t o o d a l o n g w i t h i t s p o t e n t i a l valu as f e l t ,
l u t h e case o f C a t h e t - i n e . V l o i ' l a n d , i l i e v a l t r e o f g o i r r g f o r a r i d e i n c l u d e d tire
pleasur-e a n d e x c i t e m e n t o f e n c o i n i i e r i n g a g o t h i c c a s t i e s e t t i n g , b t t t i l i c
a c t u a l g o v e r u i n g v a l u as felt was t i n g e d w i t h a n n o y a n c e a t t h e T i l n e y s a u d
a d e e p e r - u n s e t t l e m e n t a b o u l n o t b e i n g ir-ue t o h e r o w n s o c i a l v a h r e s . I n i l r r
case o f t h e t r i a l , t h e c o t i r s e o f a c t i o n t o v o t e was g i v e n a c o m p l e x v a l u a t i o n
b y s o n t ) w o v e r y o u n g lives e n t s h o r t , h o r r o i a t t h e b r u t a l i t y o f t h e m t n d e i s ,
a n d f e e l i n g s a b o u t p u b l i c safety as w e l l as a b o u t t h e d e f e n d a n t s as p e r s o n s
o f v a l n e i n t h e m s e l v e s a n d as d e s e r v i n g f a i r n e s s i n o u r d e l i b e i a o n s .
T h i r d , lhe deliberauons leading u p lo the judgnient.s o f e t h i c a l valur
i n v o l v e d a i t e n d o n t o sensations, m e n i o r i e s , ideas, p r e v i o u s j u d g m e n t s , a u d
feelings, b n t es|)ecially to l h e f u r t h e r " cpiestions a n d t o f e e l i n g s d i a t ai'is<',
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o u s l y O u r h o i i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s c a n e l i c i t c|rrestions a b o n l t h o s e f e e l i n g s i u
t h e i r o w n r i g h t , b u t t h e y also select a m o n g o t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h o s e l h a t will
b e t a k e n i n i o c o n s i d e r a i i o n d u r i n g e v a l u a i i o n a n d d e l i b e r a i i o n . O u i " iioi1i>
l e e l i n g s " m o d e l " f o r us, so t o s p e a k , t h e v a l e s {uoemalic conienLs) ahoiii
w h i c h vve r e f l e c t . O u r f e e l i n g s ai"e t h e s o u r c e s o f o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s ofthe
vales t h a t w e c o n t m p l a t e c^urselves as r e a l i z i n g . D u r i n g o u r c o n t e m p l a
tions, those feelings i n i e n d t h e vales u n d e r c o n s i d e r a i i o n a n d i n c l u d e
u n r e s o l v e d t e n s i o n s . T h e r e f o r e we w i l l feel these x a l u e c o n f l i c t s i n o u i " ( < i u
t e i n p l a u o u s . T h o s e t e n s i o n s m a y s h i f t a n d l e s o l v e d u r i n g o u r e t h i c a l r-eflei
t i o n s , b u t t h e y m i g h t r r o t . ' i I f t h e y d o n o t , we m a y i n d e e d e n d u p a c t u a l i / i u g
c o n f l i c t i n g vales t h r o i r g h o u r d e c i s i o n s . B u t i f we d o a r i " i v e at l h e p o i r r i
w h e r e l h e r e a r e n o fmtlrer- p e r t i n e n t q u e s i i o n s lo be a n s w e r e d , we liavi
Teelings a n d Vahic K e r i e c t i o n 19-
i M U e d at ; i r e f i e c t i v e gr-asp o f a n e t h i c a l v a l u as v i r L u a l i y u n c o n d i t i o n e d -
ll n \: l o say, w e h a v e c o m e l o i i i i d e i " s i a u d t h a t t h i s c o u c i e i e . p a r t i c u l a r
. i r u . e o f a c t i o n has t h e v a l u as w e f e e l i i , a n d t h a t i t s h o u l d b c realized.
lo t h e o r d i n a i y c o u i s e , a decisin a n d a p p i o p r i a t e a c i i o n s w i l l follow -
l i l i o u g . h ;ts l p o i n t e d o u t i n c h a p t e r .|, s o m e p e o p l e have chaiacterisucs
< I M I iiUerfere with the sponiarieous m o v e m e n t bom a vii-iually u n c o n d i -
UMiied rrdgrrrent o f \ a h r e t o l h e c o u s e q u e n t d e c i s i n . However". b a r r n g t h e
c n p e d i r r r e n i s l h a t arise f r o m vices o f i n d e c i s i v e n e s s , w h e n we c l i o o s e , our
I h r ' i n g s a b o u t a n i n t e l l i g i b l e i ' e a l i t y w i t h i t s c o r r e l a t e d v a l u as j u d g e d
lid I I I l o s e n .
/ I, l h e D o u b l e Intentionality of Ethical Refleciion,
|udgnient, and Decisin
I i l u i al l e f l e c i i o n a n d j u c l g m e n t s d i f f e r frc^ni o i h e r f o r m s o f v a l u reflec-
1 . m d j u d g m e n t i n se\eral ways. We h a v e a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d o n e o f t h o s e
. l i l l i i e n c e s - n a m e l y , l h a t w e reflect a n d m a k e j u d g m e n t s o f e i h i c a l valu
.1 1 e v e n t s l h a i d o n o t y e t e x i s t , p o t e n t i a l cour-ses o f a c t i o n t h a t . w e c o u l d
I l i o i i s e a n d p u l i m o e f e c i . Bv' way o f c o n t r a s t , o t l i e r f o r m s o f v a l n e reflec-
m d j n d g m e i u are a b o u t a i r e a d } ' e x i s i i n g persons, items, o r sitirations.
W h i h ' d i e s e o t h e r for'ms o f v a l n e relection r e a c h t h e i r p r o p e r t e r m s i n vir-
n i a l h i m c m d i l i o i r e d udgrrrenis o" valu, e t h i c a l r e t l e c t i o n d o e s n o t c o m e
10 l e s i w i t h e t h i c a l j u c t g m e n i s a l o n e . S i n c e e i h i c a l j u d g m e n t s h a v e i l i e f o r m
\ i - . ( o r . \ o ) , t h i s is ( n o t . ) w o r t h w h i l e I b r m e t o c/o," o r "Yes ( o r . \ o ) , 1 s h o u l d
uioi) /f) t h i s , " t h e y h a v e a n i n t r i n s i c o r i e n t a t i o n b e y o n d the judgments
p h e i i i s e l v e s towii-ds d e c i s i c ^ n s a n d a c t i o n s . W e m a y have a n s w e r e d "Yes, I
h o l l i d d o t h i s , " b u l we h a v e n o t yet a n s w e r e d " S h a l l 1 d o i l ? " u n t i l w e decide
m i l ,i( I . T h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f e t h i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d r e f l e c u n g e x t e n d s a l l U i e
iv.n t h r o u g h t h i s l a s t q u e s t i o n t o w a r d s t h e s e a c t s o f c o m p l e t i o i i .
I l i m e is a l s o a n o t l i e r d i f f e r e n c e b e i w e e n j n d g m e r u s cjf e i l i i c a l v L i l i i e a n c l
i i i h e i k i n d s o f v a l n e j u d g m e n i s . In c h a p t e r 6 we e x p l o r e d t h e i i i i e n i i o n a l i i . ) '
o l a l l e c i s t l i a t a r e i n t e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , A l i h o u g l i i h i s b r o a d class o f f e e l -
ings has mltiple o b j e c t s , o n l y o n e o f t h o s e ( t h e valu i n t e n d e d i n l h e feel-
i n i ; ) is l h e p r o p e r iiooiialicobjcci in the standard p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l sense.
I l o w < v e r , e t h i c a l l e l e c u o n s a n d t h e i r i n i e n d e d acts o f d e c i d i n g always have
h\ s i i n u l i a i i e o u s /mc//'; o b j e c t s t h a t a r e i n e x u i c a b l y i n t e r t w i n e d . O n t h e
o i i e h a n d , we b e g i n o u r processes of e t h i c a l r e f l e c u o n w h e n we ask a b o u t
l h e v ; d u e o f d i e e x t e r n a l c o u r s e cjf a c t i o n t h a t w o u l d b e c o m e a r e a l i t y a n d
11 i r i r l o r e a n a c t u a l v a l u i f w e w e r e t o d e c i d e a n d c a r r y o u t l h e a c u o n . W e
isl. w h r t i i e r o n r a c i i o n w o u l d p i " o d u c e t h e v a l u as w e i n i e n d i t - a v a l u
an l l as a h c r a h l i y o u t c o m e , a n i n t e l l e c t u a l a c h i e v e m e n t , ilie justice some
p r i s o u desei"ves, s o m e t l i i n g i l i a t w i l l b e n e i i or- b r i n g j o y t o a n o t l i e i " p e r s o n ,
 194 P a n I I : W I r a i A r e W e D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Ethical? F e e l i n g s a n d Valu R e d e c i i o n 195

i\k o f a r l i s L i c e x c e l l e n c e , a n i i n p i - < j v e n i e n ( . i n a n i n s i . i u i n o n ' s f n n c o n - < I i i i s c q u e n c e s i n r e l a t i o n t o a w i d e r r a n g e o f \'ahies, b o d i t h o s e i l i a t w o u l d

i i i g , a n e w b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a i i o n , o r a p l e a s a n i . m e a l , M o s i , o f t e n o n r valu hr' r e a l i z e d as a c o n s e q u e n c e o f m y p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e a c i i o n , ancl those
r e f l e c t i o n s ai'e f o c u s e d a l m o s t e x c i t i s i v e l y u p o n t h e vales o f t h e s e e x t e r n a l i h . i i w o u l d b e s a c r i f i c e d b y a d o p n g i t . I t is a q u e s t i o n d i a l seeks k n o w l e d g e
outcomes."-^ M h o w t h e v a l u o f a p o s s i b l e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n i n l h e c o n c r e t e circumstances
These, however, are never the only o u t c o m e s o f o u r decisions. W h e n we l l l t h e h e r e a n d n o w is s i t u a t e d w i d u n o n e ' s c n v n w i d e r f e e l i n g h o r i z o n of
d e c i d e , w e a l s o s i m i d t a n e o u s l y p r o d u c e o u i - s e l v e s as t h e p e r s o n w h o m a d e \.\iiv p r i o r i d e s a n d p r e f e i e n c e s . A s a q u e s d o u o f p c i s o n a l v a l u , i i sitales
t h i s d e c i s i n . - ' ' I n d e c i d i n g , we m a k e l h e v a l u o f o u i ' s e l v e s a t t h e s a m e t i m e lhe \:ilue o f d i a t c o u r s e o f a c i i o n i n r e l a t i o n l o i h e valu t h a t t b e subject
as w e p r o d t i c e s o m e i h i n g o f v a l n e i n t h e w o r l d , heiself or liimself would b e c o m e i h r o u g h ihe choice.
T h i s is a r e s t u e n i e n t i n t h e c o n t e x t o l ' i n t e luJonhit}' a n a l y s i s o f t h e a n c l e n t f o r t h e i n o s i p a n , d i e ways d i a l i h o s e q u e s i i o n s o f c o m p a r a t i v e and per-
G r e e k d i s u n c t i o n b e t w e e n poesisand /;rr/A'/.s"given p r o n d n e n c e i n t h e e t h i c a l M mal valu are resolved ( w h i c h q u e s t i o n s are p e r i i n e n t a n d i n u s i be faced)
w r i t i n g s o f A r i s t o t l e . A c c o i d i n g t o h i m , poesis has t o d o w i t h o u i c o i n e s ihat ,iie d e i e r m i u e d by o n e ' s h o r i z o n o f fbefings a n d one's habitual valuing,
a r e a p a r t f r o m t h e d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g p e r s o n . Praxis o n the othei" hand lh<- feelings and preferences in o u r h o r i z o n o f feelings e n t e r inio and
is t h e r e a l i t y t h a t is i d e n t i c a l w i t h a n d c o m e s a b o u l n t h e p e r s o n b y h i s o r mfoitn the udgments a n d decisions a h o u i i h e vales t h a t t b e c o u r s e of
h e r actions,-^ ,n l i o n w o u l d r e a l i z e i n t h e w o i l d d i s u u c t f r o m o u r s e l v e s . In a d d i u o n , how
Ethical reflection tliei'elbie extends ineviuibh' into sell-knowledfe and wr f e e l a b o u t t h e valu o f o u r s e l v e s w i l l a l s o e n t e r n i o l h e determinauon
self-evaluiu.ion. We n u g h t ask t h e c p i e s t i o n "Would this course of aciion o l w h a i q u e s i i o n s we c o u n t as p e r n e n t , a n d i l i e v a l u w e m a k e ourselves
b e w o r t h w h i l e f b r s o i n e ( . ) n e t o p t i r s u e ? , " b u t t h a i is d i f e r e i i i f r o m asking l o be t h r o u g h o u r d e c i s i o n s a n d a c u o n s . O u r f e e l i n g s g u i d e us as w e ask,
" S h o u l d /do ii?" l o r e-xample, " S h o u l d I uike this new Job, i h o u g h i l w o u l d m e a n leaving my
The a s k i n g a n d a n s w e i i n g o f a l l f u r t h e r |ei-|ineni q u e s t i o n s may lead neighbours behind?" fhe way i n w h i c h o n e ' s h o r i z o n feels d i e vales o f
t o a reHective nderstanding t h a t i t w o u l d be u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y w o n h w h i l e i i M o i n e a n d j o b status i n r e l a u o n to h o w o n e feels a b o u t o n e ' s neighbours
and v a l u a b l e i f t h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n weve u n d e r t a k e n b y s o m e o n e . T h i s is w i l l d e t e r m i n e w h i c h f u r t h e r q u e s d o n s c o u n t as p e i U n e n t . A t i h e centre
a n e c e s s a r y , b u l n o t a s u f f i c i e n t , basis f b r a f l i r m i n g t h a t / s h o u l d d o i i . T h e ofall this reflecdon a b o u l w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o , t h e r e stands the m a n n e r i n
" s h o u l d " q u e s t i c m is l l i e c p i e s t i o n o f p e r s c m a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d o b l i g a t i o n . w h i c h o n e t h i n k s a n d feefs a b o u t l h e valu o f o n e ' s o w n l i f e - s t o n ' i n r e l a t i o n
I t s e e k s l o k n o w w h e t l i e i - i l i e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n is o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l valu f o r l o o l h e r f e l t vales. T b e v a l u o f o n e ' s l i f e r n a y b e f e l t as s t r o n g l y connecied
viy c l i o i c e a n d a c t i o n . B e y o n d t h e a f f l r m a i i o n o f t h e \'aliie o f t h e c o u r s e of w i l h h a v i n g b m , w i t h l i a v i n g w e a l l h , p o w e r , w i s d o r n , w i t h lia\'ng s i a t u s ( i n
a c u o n i n g e n e r a l , t h e " s h o u l d V q u e s i i o n e l i c i t s s u l l a d d i i i o n a l q u e s u o n s as l h e e v e s o f p a n i c u l a r o t h e r s f e l l as e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ) , o r w i t h a m i s s i o n
p e r t i n e n t . F o r t h e m o s i p a n these a d d i i i o n a l questions d e m a n d a n iniense l o w h i c h o n e feels c a l l e d l o c o n t r i b u t e . E a c h o f i h e s e d i l f e r e m f e l t p r i o r i -
d e g i e e o f s e l f - k n o w l e d g e a n d s e l f - e v a l u a t i o n . W o u l d i t b e w o r t h w h i l e f o r 7iif ties e s i a b l i s h e s h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g a n d b a b i L s o f v a h t i i l g t h a t a p p r e h e n d the
t o t a k e t h e steps n e e d e d t o m a k e t h e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n a reality? W h a t steps \.iliie o f one's o w n life.
w o u l d be n e e d e d ? D o 1 h a v e t b e p l i y s i c a l s l a m i n a f b r t h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n ? f h e f e e l i n g for o n e ' s o w n l i f e affects h o w o n e arrives a l a \1rtiialh- u n c o n -
("fhe answer to t h i s q u e s i i o n d e p e n d s u p o n k n o w l e d g e t l i a i derives -om diii(med basis tbr a f f i r m i n g (or denying) thai i t is o n e ' s o w n personal
c o r r e c t l y u n d e r s i a n d i n g one's o w n s o m a d c feelings.) Do I have tlie abilities, Ies[ionsiblity a n d o b l i g a t i o n l o c o i m n i i o n e s e l f to a course of action. In
t a l e u L s , a n d g i f i s n e e d e d t o i m p l e m e n i i h o s e steps? N o t o n l y rny t a l e n t s , e l f e e l , a h i e r a r c h y o f v a l e s is a l r e a d y e s t a l s l i s h e d b y o n e ' s h o r i z o n o f feel-
b u t e v e n m y p e r s o n a l flaws a u d v i c e s a r e c a l l e d i n t o c o n s i d e r a o n a n d u l i i - i n g , a n d o n e s f e e l i n g s a b o u l o n e s e l f - o n e ' s p e r s o n a l valu - p l a y a p r o m i -
n i a t e l y i n t o q u e s U o n . I f I d o n o i p r e s e n t l y possess t h e r e q u i s i t e a b i l i u e s , c a n u e i i t r o l e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t h i e i a r c h y . T h e q u e s t i o n s f o r valu reflecuon
1 a c q u i r e t h e m ? |-low l o n g w o u l d i t t a k e ? C a n 1 a n d s h o u l d 1 e n l i s t l h e c o o p - .isk how the concrete, p a r d c u l a r i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f l h e possible course of
e r a n o n o f o t h e r s , a n d h o w ? W h a t o t h e r possibilities will I have to a b a n d o n . i c i i o n is s i t u a t e d w i d i r e s p e c t t o t h a t f e l i v a l u h i e r a r c h y , a n d especially
i n f o l l o w i n g this c o u r s e ? S h o u l d 1 sacrifice those? I f I c h o o s e this course (or I I K ' valu o f o n e s e l f w i t h i n t h a l hierarchy. Clearly, t h e n , the m o r e personal,
r e f u s e ) , h o w w i l l t h a t c o n s u t u t e ie v a l u d i a l I t h e r e b y m a k e m y s e l f t o be? exisiential quesuon a b o u t w h e i h e r i t is w o r t h c o m i n i i n g o n e ' s o w n self
As l h i s series o f q u e s t i o n s makes clear, t h e " s h o u l d " q u e s t i o n is b o i l i ; i l o i l i : u c o u r s e is a l s o d e t e r n i i n e d by i h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h o n e is operaung
q u e s i i o n o f c o m p a r a t i \ ' e v a l u a n d a q u e s t i o n o f p e r s o n a l v a l u . /Vs a q u e s - out ofa l i m i t e d o r a n u n r e s t r i c i e d h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g t h a l feels t b e valu
t i o n o f c o m p a r a v e v a l u , i t s i m a l e s t h e v a l u o f t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n a n d its ol b e i n g oneself.
 196 'in I I : W h a t A r e VVe D o i n g VVhen V\ A r e l i e i n g E i h i c a l r Feelings a n d Valu R e f l e c i i o n 197

' I b i-eileral.e, a n v i n g a l a j u c l g n i e i u l i i a t i l w o u l d b e g o o d f o r a c o i u s e i>i fune l o be l h e realities o f o i u ' v a l u e - i d e n i i i i e s . T h e s e t e n s i o n s c a n be t h e

a c i i o n l o be u n d e r t a k e n d o e s n o t a u t c t n i a t i c a l l y m e a n b a i I s l i o u l d u u d r i <s ot j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d d e c i s i o n s i h a i p r o f o u n d l y t r a n s f b r m o u r
t a k e i t myself. I n o r d e r to answei' t h e l a t t e r c|uestion, I w o u l d Iirst have lo I.Mii/Dus o f l e e l i n g s l o w a r d s a m o r e normative aligument. O r again, lhey
answei" f u r i h e i " p e r t i n e n t q u e s d o n s a b o m myself Quesiions peninenl tu . liuld lead to f u n h e r d i s t o r t i o n s i n o u r feeling h o r i z o n s that protect our
t h i s iT-ajecioi'y in elhical refleciion i n c l u d e sober assessmenis o f my own il ii'.ile s e n s e o f v a l u e - i d e n t i t y f r o m t h e r e p r o a c h e s o f t h e n o r m a U v e ethical
t a l e n t s a n d l i m i t a i i o n s , as w e l l as m y v i r t u e s a n d biases. " f h e y w i l l i n c l i i d r ' n i i e n i i o n a l i i y ancl o b j e c i i v e valu p r e f e r e n c e .
questions a b o u t m y ability to r e c r u i i others w h o w o u l d be n e e d e d to undci
l a k e cotiises o f a c u o n b e ) ' o n d m y o w n l i m i i a t i o n s a n d a b o u t ni\ abilities lo jM I labitual D e c i d i n g and A c t i n g within H o r z o n s o f Feelings
m e a u i n g f u l k c o n i r i b t i i e l o c o o p e r a t i x e e f f o n s aheach' nndewax'. Siill fui
i h e r q u e s i i o n s w i l l e x i e n d b e y o n d t h o s e h a v i n g to d o w i t h m y o w n physical
I h e i e is a f u r t h e r m a t l e r t o b e c o n s i d e r e d - n a m e l y t h e h a b i t u a l d i m e n s i n
a n d iniellectual abiliues to consider also m y willingness a n d capaciiies fui
M I h u m a n d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i c m . [ u s t as o u r v a l u i n g is l a r g e h ' h a b i t u a l a n c l
c o m m i t m e n t . A n d i f those are f o u n d w a n t i n g , t h e n e t h i c a l relection hrin^s
' I l l h s p o r a d i c a l l y p u n c t u a t e d w i t h n e w q u e s t i o n s f o r J u d g i u e n t s o f v a l u , so
f o r t h q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t I s h o u l d d o t o m a k e u p t h e d f i c i t s . I w o u l d havi
il.o o u r d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g are o v e r w h e l m i n g l y h a b i t u a l . ' - " VVe r i s e i u t h e
t o ask w h e t h e r I h a v e t i m e t o d o l h i s m y s e l f o r e v e n t o w o r k w i t h o t h e r s n
m o l I l i n g , p r e p a r e f o r o u r day, g o a b e n i l o u r day's w o r k a n d o u r i n i e r a c i i o n s
c o o p e r a u v e c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , I w o u l d h a v e t o ask, o f t l u *
uidi tamil)' members, f r i e n d s , a n d associaies l a r g e l y i n rciiit.iiies a n d pal-
m a n y things o f valu l h a t 1 c o u l d d o , to w h i c h ones s h o u l d I dedcale lhe
II MIS l h a t w e h a v e c o m e l o p e r f o r m h a b i i u a l l v ' . VVe d o n o t h a v e to s t o p a n d
l i m e t h a t is g i v e n t o me?
I el l e c l ex rlhilo e a c h d m e a b o u l w h a t w e s h o u l d d o o r t h e v a l u o f d o i n g so
f h e s e are n o i s i m p l y q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h i c h e x t e r n a l vales l a i i k highesi l i e n w e grCHinu o u r s e l v e s , kiss o u r l o v e d o n e s g o o d - b y e I b r t h e day, j c j u n i e y
in m y liorizon a n d are therefore most deserving o f ni)' t i m e , f h e y a r e also n> w o r k , p e r f o r m o n r tasks t h e r e , o r c h a i w i t h a s s o c i a i e s . VVe d o n o t n e e d
C|uestions a b o u l w h a i k i n d ( v a l u ) o f p e r s o n I w i l l bec(.)me i n c o u i i r h t t i i i n lo s t o p a n d p e r s u a d e o u r s e l v e s , o r be p e r s u a d e d b y o l h e r s , w h a t o r l i o w to
m y s e l f a n d m y t i m e t o these varicnis vales. .Moral valu has t o d o w i t h i h c dei i d e a n d act i n e a c h o f t h e s e i n n t m i e r a b l e d a i l y s i t u a d o n s . F o r t h e most
vales d i a l we m a k e oin"seh'es t o b e as w e s i m n l l a n e o u s h ' m a k e a n i m p a c i p . u t w e j u s t d o so h a b i i u a l l y .
u p o n the world. N'evertheless, these h a b i i s o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c i i n g w e r e o r i g i n a l l ) ' i n i i i a t e d
l'ei'ineaiing all o f diese reflections are l h e feelings we lia\'e a b o u t i h r . m d r e t i n e d at l i m e s i n l h e p a s t w h e n we d i d b a v e l o g a i n i n s i g h t s i n t o h o w
\ a h i e o f o u r s e l v e s as p e r s o n s . "fhese c o m b i n e with o t h e r feelings in oui hrst l o p e r f o r m these o p e r a l i o n s , a n d to a r r i v e at j i i d g m e u i s a b o u t wheiher
h o i i z A ^ n s o f v'alues. T h e y c o n t r i b u t e p r o l b u n d l y t o d e t e r m i n i n g w h i c h q u e s i l i e v w e r e vales l o w h i c h w e s h o u l d c o i n m i t o u r s e l v e s n o t j u s i o n c e b u l
t i o n s w e r e g a r d as p e i i i n e u L i u e i l i i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . r V l f e c t i v e responses aud l i . i h i i u a l l v . W i t h regare! l o l h e d o u b l e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y discussed i n i l i e p r e v i -
m o o d s i n t e n d t h e valu o f w h o we are. Desires ancl a v e r s i o n s a m i c i p a t e rai- ous s e c t i o n , l h e valu ( o r dis%alue) tliai we decide, to make o f ourselves
n e s o f w h o w e m i g h l b e c o m e . VVe n o t o n l y r e s p o n c l t o w h o w e h a v e b e c o n u * , m.mifests iisell tiiosi s i g n i t l c a n i l y i n o u r liabiLs o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g t h a t
b u t also to t b e i m a g e s i l i a i we h a v e c o n s t r u c t e d o f o u r s e l v e s . .VIost p r o - ,11 e d i e i n e v i i a b l e c o n s e c p i e n c e s o f o u r d e c i s i o n s a b o u t w l i a i k i n d o f p e r s o n s
l b u n d l y , h o w e v e r , o u r f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d t o o u r e x p e r i e n c e s o f o u r s e l v e s as (v<- w i l l b e c o m e . T h i s m e a n s , o f c o n r s e , d i a t o u r h a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c t -
e n g a g i n g in the activities ofethical i n q u i r i n g , relleciing, j u d g i n g , choosing, i n g r e s u l t f r o m a n d a r e m o d i f i e d h y i n s i g h t s a n d j u d g m e n t s ot act w e h a v e
a n d a c u n g . VVe s p o n t a n e o u s l y f e e l t h e v a l u o f o u r s e l v e s as w h a i Lonergan l o r i u e d , t h e p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s , e t h i c a l j u d g u i e n i s o f valu, a n d t h e c o n s e -
c a l l e d " o r i g i n a u n g v a l u " - l h e v a l e s o f o u i " s e l v e s as t h e b e i n g s w h o make i p i r i i i d e c i s i o n s w e h a v e m a d e o n n u m e r o u s o c c a s i o n s i n t h e p a s t . VVe m a y
a c t u a l t h e v a l u o f o u r s e l v e s as w e l l as o t h e r vales.'^ T h e s e f e e l i n g s a b c i n i ihink o f o u r h a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c u n g as t h e c a p i t a l t h a i h a s accrued
o u r s e h ' e s as o i i g i i u u i n g \ ' a l u e s e n t e r i n t o t h e c o n s i e l l a t i c m o f o i i i ' h o r i z o n o l l o n n t h e h a r d w o r k o f c m r e t l i i c a l d i s c e r n m e n t i n l h e past.
f e e l i n g s . l l m a y w e l l b e t h a t o u r f e l t a p p r e h e n s i o n s o f o u i ' s e l v e s as i n s t a n c e s ( I r . a t l e a s t w e c o u l d t h i n k o f t h e m t h a t way. i f a l l o f o u r d e c i s i o n s and
o f o r i g i n a i i n g vales are b u r i e d i n t h e m i d s t o f o t h e r more intense feel- .11 l i o n s i n t h e p a s t w e r e s c j l i d l y g r o u n d e d i n u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y o b j e c t i v e j u d g -
i n g s . X e x e r i h e l e s s , o i u " f e e l i n g s t b r o u r o w n w o r t h as e n a c t o r s o f ethical i n e i i i s o f f a c t a n d v a l u . B i u t h i s is n o t a l w a y s t h e case. T h u s o u r present
r e G e c t i o n s a n d c h o i c e s vvill b e e x p e r i e n c e d . T h o s e f e e l i n g s f o r t h e valu h.ibiis o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c d n g m a y also b e t h e w o e f u l , d i s t o r t e d b u r d e n s of
o f o u r s e l v e s as o r i g i n a i i n g vales m a y a r i s e o n l y a m i d s t d e e p l e n s i o n s with o u r p a s t d e c i s i o n s a n d a c u o n s . S l . P a u l p u l s i t d r a m a t i c a l l y : " T h e w i l l i n g is
t h e o t h e r f e e l i n g s we have a b o t u w h o we h a v e m a d e o u r s e l v e s , a n d w h a t we i i : a d y at h a n d , b u t d o i n g i h e g o o d is n o t . F o r l d o n o t d o t h e g o o d I w a n t ,
 198 P a n I I : U h a t A r e W'e D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Elhical?
bnt I d o t h e evil I d o n o i w a n i . " ^ " O n r h a b i t s b e c o m e b m d e n s vvhen tlicy
have been f o r m e d a i leasi i n p a i i by d e c i s i o n s a n d a c i i o n s i b a i failed lo
c o n f o i n i 1 0 o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e i u s o l v a l u , a n d t h i s m a y h a p p e n i n t w o ways.
F i r s t , m o s t o f t e n d i e r e a r e unresclved l e n s i o n s w i t h i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f feel-
i n g s . a n d uniess t h e s e t e n s i o n s are rescilved, o u r j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e w i l l lack
n i i c o n d i t i o i i a l objecuvity. Second, there are times when peopte d o n o t do
w h a t l h e y s h o u l d , ei/en w h e n t h e y k n o w w h a t t h e y s h o u l d d o , a n d k n o w t h e
\'alue f o r i l i e sake o f w h i c l i l h e y s h o u l d d o i t . I - I u m a n d e c i s i o n s a r e r a d i c a l l y
and essentially iree. T h e y a r e n o t even d e t e i ' m i n e d b y j u d g m e n t s ofediical
v a l u t h a t p r e c e d e t h e m , as w e saw i n c h a p t e r 4 . VVe c a n c h o o s e a n d a c t i n
c o n f o r m i i y with o u r j u d g m e m s , or nol. Tensions i u o u r h c ) r i z o n s o f feel-
i n g s i n t e r f e r e n o t o n l y w i l h o u r j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . T h e y can also i n t e r f e r e
w i t h the c o n f b r m i t y o f o u r d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g to o u r k n o w l e d g e ofethi-
c a l v a l e s . T h e f e l t o r d e i ' i n g o f f e e l i n g s f o r c e n a i n vales ( o r d i s v a l u e s ) i n
our h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s c a n b e so i n t e n s e t h a t i t o v e r r i d e s c ) u r J u d g m e n t s
of raines. P e o p l e c a n a n d d o c h o o s e v a l e s as f e l t e v e n w h e n t h e s e s t a n d i n
o p p o s i u o n t o e l h i c a l v a l e s as k n o v v n .
A s w e i l as o u r j u d g n i e n i s o f v a l n e , so a i s o o u r c i i o i c e s a u d a c i i o n s always
t a k e t h e i r b e a r i n g s w i t h r e s p e c t t o o u r h o r i z o n s o f feeiings. VVhen we speak
o f " d i f f i c u l t decisions'" o r "ethical d i l e m m a s , " this usually aiiests to conflicts
and tensions a m o n g o u r feelings f o r vales. VVhen we d e c i d e a n d act in
a c c o r d w i t h o b j e c v e J u d g m e n t s o i e t h i c a l v a l u , w e l a k e s i d e s w i t h o n e set
o f f e e l i n g s f o r vales a g a i n s t o l h e r f e e l i n g s f o r x'alues. W e h a v e t o o \ ' e r c o m e
t h e f e l t vales a u d t h e a t t i a c t i ( j n s o f t h e o t h e r c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n . S u c h d e c i -
s i o n s have c o n s e q u e n c e s to w h i c h o u r f e e l i n g s also r e s p o n d , a d d i n g t h e f e l l
vales o f t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f o u r e t h i c a l a c t i o n s to l h e pric)r consiellaoii
o l " f e e l i n g s for- vales. "J'hls t e n d s t o r e i u i ' o r c e d i e f e e l i n g s that ccmformed
w i l h o u r elhical j u d g m e n t s , a n d to l e d t i c e tlie iniensity o f those that were
i u c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e m . T l i i s t r a n s f o r n i a t i o n c^f o u r l i c n i z o n o f f e e l i n g s su|>
p o r t s l h e t r a n s f o r m e d h a b i t of d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g t h a t w a s a l s o m o d i f i e d
b y t h e decisin.
Flowex'er, w h e n d e c i s i o n s d e v i a t e f r o m o b j e c t i v e e l h i c a l j u d g n i e i i i s , t h e y
a i s o h a v e t h e i r i m p a c t s cjn h o r i z o n s o f f e e i i n g s a n d i i a b i t s o f c h o o s i n g a n t l
a c n g . W h a t was i n i t i a l l y q u i t e d i f T i c u l t f o r us t o d o , b e c a u s e w e h a d t o
o v e r e m e I x i i h t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t i t was v v r o u g a n d t h e f e e l i n g s i n s i i p p o r i
o f lhat knowledge, b e c o m e s less d i f F i c t i l l s u b s e q u e n d y . T h e lestilt o f onr
t i n e t b i c a l a c i i o n c a n r e i i i f o r c e t h e f e e l i n g s t h a t a t t r a c t e d i t t o us i n t h e ftrst
p l a c e , f u r t h e r d i s t o r t i n g o u r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d i i i c l i n i n g us t o w a r d s
repeiilions of the action. Where s o m e o f o u r feelings at least s u p p o r t e d
our knowledge o f the ethical course o f a c t i o n , now those feelings become
muffled i n i h e b a c k g r o u n d . Moi-eover, this distortion o f oui" feeling hori-
z o n s b e g i n s t o lay a m o r e p r o m i n e n t r o l e i n o u r f u t u r e r e f i e c d o n s about
Feelings ; n i i l Valne lclleciinn I'.t9
i | u e s i i o i i s o f e t h i c a l vales. D e c i s i o n s t h a t d e x i a t e f r o m o u r j u d g m e n t s of
.ilire, l i r e r e f o r e , hiive p r o f o u n d consec|iiences for the p r o p e r exercise of
i'iii s i i i i c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i u i e n i i o n a l i t y .
WV w i l l r e l u r n t o t h e p r o b l e m s p o s e d b y u n r e s o l v e d t e n s i o n s i n o u r h o r i -
/Miis o f f e e l i n g s i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r T h e r e we w i l ! t a k e u p t i i e felt need
h n ( D i i v e i s i o u , its r e i a i i o n s h i p tcj o u r h o r i z o n s (.)f f e e l i n g s , a n d i l s c o n s e -
i|iiences, b o t h f o r o b j e c i i v i t v o f e t h i c a l j n d g m e n t s . a n d f o r t h e responsiiait)'
f u i i i t l e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s . T h e r e i t w i l l b e a r g u e d l h a t o n l y a t r a u s f o r m a -
i i n i i . a c o n v e r s i n , o f t l i e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g o u r f e e l i n g s f o r vales c a n
l i l i ir n a t e l y o v e r e m e d i s t o r t i o n s i 11 b o t h o u r i u d g m e n t s a b o u t e t h i c a l v a l e s ,
- m i l irr o u r ' d e c i s i o n s a n d a c i i o n s .
7.7 An Altrnate Inteiprelation
M r e h a e l V e r t i n has a r g u e d f o r a d i f f e r e n t i n i e r p r e t a t i o n <.)f i h e r e i a i i o n s h i p
lll i w < e n j u d g m e m s o f v a l n e a n d f e e l i n g s as i n t e n o n a l r e s p o n s e s . F i e d o e s
,i|u<-e w i l h B r i a n C r o n i n a u d i n e t h a l j n d g m e n i s o f v a l n e can be objective
viren t h e r e is a g r a s p o f t l i e j u d g n i e n i as v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , w l i i c l i s
M>mj)arable 1 0 t h e act o f refiective nderstanding that g r o u n d s objective
i n d g r n e n i s of fac. H e a i l o p t e d t h e t e r m " d e l i b e r a t i v e i n s i g h l ' ' l o r d i i s , w h i l e I
li.ixe p r e f e r r e d l o use "gi-;tsp o f v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c - m e d v a l u " ( w h e r e " g i - a s p "
i i i c a u s a v a l u e - r e f l e c i i v e a c i o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , i.e., i n s i g h t ) . ^ '
flie difference beiAveen V e r t i n ' s josition a n d m y o w n , h o w e v e r , is m o r e
ihaii l e r n i i n o i o g i c a l , a u d his t h i n k i n g o n ihe nature o f the dcliberaiive
i n s i g h t has u n d e r g o u e s o m e e v o l u i i o n . I n a 1 9 9 5 r d e l e , he a r g u e d t h a t t h e
l U ' l i h e r a i i v e i i i s i g l i i is a f e e l i n g t h a t is a n i r i i e n i i o m i i r'esponse; " T h e i n s i g l n
\}\ w h i c h I g n i s p l i l i s u n i t y [ o l c c u d i i i o n e d a n d f u l f i l l i n g c o u d i i i o n s j is a u
ici o f y/ec/iJ:cognion."'' M o r e r e c e n t l y , h e p r o p o s e d i n s t e a d t h a t f e e i i n g s
as i n i e n u o n a l r e s p o n s e s f u n c d o n as l h e p r i m a r y f u l f i l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e
delil}erau\ i n s i g h t i l i a t g i a s p s a p r o s p e c t i v e j t i d g i n e n i o f v a l n e as v i r i u a l l y
u n c o n d i t i o n e d , r a t h e r t h a n as i d e n t i c a l w i t l i d i e d e l i b e r a t i v e i n s i g h l i t s e l f
I n b o t h cases, V e r i i n ' s a c c o u n t o f t h e \o\e p l a ) ' e d b y f e e l i n g s i u t l i e g r a s p
ni l h e v i r t u a l l y i i n c o i i d i t i < i i i e d g r o u n d i n g g l j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e d i l f e r s f r o m
m y o w n . A l i h o u g h I agree w i t h lilni that teelings e m e r g e in response to vari-
mis a g e n t o b j e c t s a n d i h e r e b ) ' b e s u n v u p o n t h e m a f e l t s e n s e o f valu,-*' 1
li;i\'e a r g u e d t h a t t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e c o m p o n e n t s i n o u r m o r e encompassing
h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s o f v a l e s . A s s u c h , t h e i r r o l e is t o p r o v i d e t h e c r i i e r i a
a( c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t w i l l r e g a r d f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s as
[>ei t i n e n t t o t h e j u d g m e n t o f \ a i u e . T h i s is t h e c a s e w h e t h e r t h e j u d g n i e u t
o f v a l n e pei-tains to a n already e x i s i i n g reality o r a possible course o f a c t i o n .
I lence t h e feelings are n o t themselves t h e grasp o f virtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d
v a l u , f o r t h a t is t h e p i o v i n c e o f a k i n d o f u i i d e i " s t a n d i n g o r i n s i g h t s e p r a l e
 '^O P a n I I ; W'liHi A r e We D o i n g W h e n We A r e B e i n g Fi.hical?
a n d d i s l i n c i f r o m either d i r e c t o r factual refiective insights. o r are f e e l i n g
l h e f u i n i h u e n i o f c o n d i i i o n s f o r i h e j n d g m e n i o f valu, since l h a t c o m e s o n h
w h e n all o f the fiu'ihei" p e r t i n e m . questions have been p r o p e i l y answered
I n s t e a d , t h e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s d e t e r m i n e s w h a t f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s w i l l hr
f e l t as p e r t i n e n t t o t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f j n d g m e n i s o f l h e vales as f e l t .
VeiM,in l a g h i l y n o t e s i h a t L . o n e r g a n ' s w i ' i t i n g s o n i b i s ( o p i c a r e t e r s e a n d
o p e n to m a n y different interpretadons. T h e correct d e t e r m i n a t i o n cannoi
resi, t h e r e f o r e , u p o n L o n e i g a n ' s w i i i i n g s lhemselves. L'ltimately, the qur>
t i o n o f t h e c o r r e c t r o l e o f f e e l i n g s i n r e a c l i i n g c o r r e c t j u d g m e m s o f vale-
has t o b e s e t l l e d b y a n a p p e a l t o s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f o n e ' s o w n experiences
o f t h e p l i e n o n i e n a t h e m s e h ' e s . ' ' ' B o t h V e i i i n a n d 1 h a v e d o n e o u r best t u
d i s c e r n h o w feelings e n t e r i n t o j u d g m e n t s o f valu. I t r e m a i n s t o t h e read
e r s ' o w n e f f o r t s a t s e l f - a p p r o p r i a u o n t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h , i f e i t h e r o l us,
c o m e s closer to a c o n e c t nderstanding o f these jhenoniena.
F i n a l l y , n s p i t e o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , 1 a g r e e c o m p l e t e l y w i l h V e n i i i (n
t h r e e p o i r i t s . F i r s t , I a g r e e t h a t f e e l i n g s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s contrih
u t e t o t h e o b j e c u v i t y o f j u d g m e n t s o f valu o n l y i f t h e feelings themselves
are self-iranscending.*'' Second, I a g r e e alsc) t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n s provide
t h e d e e p e s t s o u r c e s o f o b j e c d v i t y i n j u d g m e n t s o f valu, a n d t h a t feelings
are c o i i i p l e t e h ' s e l f - u a n s c e n d i u g only in tlie h o r i z o n s o f feelings o f people
w h o are converied.-'^ Finally, i n au u n p u b l i s h e d c o n v e r s a i i o n , V e r t i n com-
m e n t e d that feelings c o m e after decisions to " c o n f i r m " the correctness ol
t b e decisin. Decisions c a n be a m o n g t h e a g e n t objecls t h a t e l i c i t feelings,
a u d c e n a i n l ) ' w h e n w e f e e l s a t i s f i e d , r e l i e v e d , e c s t a t i c , r e g r e i f u l , g u i h y , ele.
a f t e r h a v i n g m a d e a d e c i s i n , s u c h f e e l i n g s r e v e a l vales o f o u r d e c i s i o n s ,
o f t e n vales l o w h i c h o u r t i n c o n v e r t e d h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s vvere i n s e n s i t l v c
to b e i b r e h a n d . flowever. i e e l i n g s also o p r a t e l o g u i d e t h e r e f i e c t i v e p i n
cesses l e a d i n g u p t o t h e d e c i s i o n s , a n d a g e n u i n e l y c o n v e r i e d f e e l i n g h o r i -
z o n w o u l d have l e d t o a n o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n t o f v a l n e a u d decisin befte
l h e c o n f i r i n a t i o n by s u b s e q u e n t feelings.
7.8 Summary
T h i s c h a p i e r has b e e n d e v o i e d to e x p l o r a t i o n s ol" h o w feelings affect the
ways t h a t w e a r r i v e a t j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u i n g e n e r a l a n d o f e t l i i c a l v a h u *
in particular. J u d g m e m s ofvalne presuppose ttie e m e r g e n c e o f cpiestions
o f v a l u . S u c h q u e s o n s o f v a l u d o n o t e m e r g e as l o n g as w e r e l y u p o n
o u r h a b i t s o f e v a l u a i i o n as w e e n c o u n t e r t h e c i r c t i i n s t a n c e s a n d people
t h a t c o m e o u r wa\ d r a w i n g upon the lesources o f oiu- p r e v i o u s j u d g m c n t s .
beliefs, a u d horizons o f feelings. B u t w h e n s o m e new e n c o u n t e r diverges
significandy f r o m the expectations o f t h i s habitual valuing, new questions
o f v a l u d o a r i s e . T h e y s e t i n t o n i o t i o n p r o c e s s e s o" v a l u r e l e c t i o n i a t a r c ^
f e e l i n g s a n d Valu Reflection '201
d i n I l e d h o t h b y a series o f l ' u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s a n d b y f e e l i n g s f o r vales t h a t
.! l l i i i i i i i e t h e r e l e v a n c e a n d u r g e n c y o f t h o s e f t n i t i e r c p i e s t i o n s . Feelings
m i l v . i l i i e i n q n i r i e s e n d o w j u d g m e n t s o f valu w i i l i t l i e i r iincoiidilinna inlen-
li, . I i i d c o u s t i t t n e t h e m p r e c i s e l y a s j u d g m e n t s ofvalne.
I ,iili<a* w e e m p l i a s i z e d t h a t e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t v is s p o n t a n e o u s l y and
ni! II)' o r i e n t e d lowaids decisions that enact true a n d correct j u d g m e m s
lll I d u c a l valu, e v e n t h o u g h p e o p l e d o n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y act i n c o n b r m i t y
i d i ivhai t h e y k n o w t o be t h e r i g h t a u d e t h i c a l l y v a l u a b l e t h i n g l o do.^*
I'< I i p l e d o a c t , l i o w e v e i , i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e i r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , u o m a t t e r
IMHV disioried o r normauve. O u i horizons o f feeling imbue ourjudgments
V, i d i l h e v a l e s , t h e s e n s e o l i m p o n a n c e , e v e n u r g e n c y , t h a t l h e y a f f i r m (or
d i m ). 1 h i s i n l u e n c e e x t e n d s i n t o t h e ways t h a t o u r f e e l i n g - i n f u s e d j u d g -
m e m s niovate o n r decisions a n d t h e decisions w i t h w h i c h we actualize val-
u-., f i l e d e p t i i a n d u r g e n c v ( o r l a c k t h e r e o f ) o f c c n u u i i i m e n t i n o u r d e c i -
*|niis a n d c o n s e q u e n i a c t i o n s d e r i v e s u l t i m a i e l y fi-otn t h e a p p r e h e n s i o n s of
valu c o n t a i n e d i n o t u " h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . | u d g m e n t s d o a f f i r m t h i s is t h e
1 oinse o f a c t i o n we will u n d e n a k e . B u l t h e cpialitv, p r i o r i t y , a n d i n t e n s i t y o f
l h e valu i t s e l l c o m e fi'om o u r feelings.
I h e e x a m p l e s offered i n this c h a p t e r a t t e m p t e d to illustrate h o w the per-
l l i i r i i c e o f f u r i l i e r t p i e s i i o u s is d e t e r n i i n e d b\' l h e h o r i z o n o f f e e i i n g s . It was
lhe i u i e u i i o n o f these i l l u s t r a i i o n s l o a i d t h e r e a d e r in d i s c e r n m e n l - i i i
peisonally a p p r o p r i a d n g l h e processes o f v a l n e a n d e l h i c a l reflection w i i l i
mate?- r l i s c e r n u i e n i . V l a n y o t h e r e x a m p l e s c o u l d h a v e b e e n o f f e r e d , b u t i t
Ik l i o p e d t h a i t h e s e e x a m p l e s h a v e b e e n helpftil.
k O u r j u d g m e n t s o v a l u c a n b e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d ivlalivexo vales
ol o u r l i o r i z o n o f feelings. l u o t h e r words. i f we ask, or e x a m p l e , alout
u h r i h e r w e s l i o u l d c h o o s e 10 e m l ^ a r k u p c m a c(.>urse o f a c i i o n , w e will
he a s k i n g w h e t h e r i i w o u l d b e a r e a l i z a t i o n o f vales i 11 t l i e ways t h a t w e h a v e
l o j i i e t o f e e l t h e m . V V h e n t h e r e a r e no f u r i h e r cpicstions p e r t i n e n t to t h e
I o u c e r n s o f o u r h o r i z o n o l ' f e e l i n g s , t l i e i i we w i l l \'o\\n j n d g i n e n i s cjf v a l u
d i a l are c i b j e c u v e , r e l a d v e l o t h a t c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f l e e l i n g s a n d vales - that
l o say, t h e p e r t i n e n c e o f f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s is d e t e r n i i n e d by o u r l i o r i z o n o f
l e e l i n g s . A t a n y m o m e n t , e a c i i o f u s h a s s o n j e l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . n w i i i c l i
l e i i a i n f e e l i n g s s t a n d a l t h e f o r e a n d feel t h e i r voeiaalic vixlues as l i a v i n g
soine r a n k i n g w i i h i n a eli scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s . Tlie foregrounded
l < - e l i i i g is m o d u l a t e d a n d n u a n c e d b y its r e l a t i o n s w i t h i l i e o t i i e r f e e i i n g s for
v . i h i e s i n t h e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . T h e f o r e g r o u n d e d f e e l i n g w i t h its n u a n c e s
I o n s t i t u i e s w l i a i e o u n t s as o f v a l n e f o r us a t t t i e m o m e n t . P e r t i n e n c e w i l l b e
s e i i l e d ll)- t h i s c o m p l e x o f v a l n e feelings. f t i e s e a r e s i m p l y facis a b o u t t h e
stincinre of ethical intentionalit)'.
rlese facts a b o u t t h e way t h a t a subjeci's f e e l i n g s d e t e r m i n e his o r her
valu r e f l e c t i o n s c l e a r l y r a i s e s a p r o b l e m a b o u t w h a t m a k e s v a l u and
 Krclings ancl V a l n e Kelk't 203
202 Pan. I I : W h a t A r e V\'e D o i n g W h e n V\ A r e I J e i n g Eihical?

Is a l l valu k n o w l e d g e t h e r e f o r e r e l a d v e l o one"s m e r e l y subjecuve hon-

e i l i i c a l i - e l e c i i o n a n i h e n i i c . l a k e b r e x a n i p l e p e r s o n s w h o s e h o r i z o n s :n(
,.,,n o f f e e l i n g s ? T h e a n s w e r is c o n . p l i c a i e d , f o r a l l h u m a n v a l u knowledge
doniinaied by feelings o f vengcance, like Danis in Alexander DuinasN
I , nnleed reladve to one's h o r i z o n offeelings a n d U i e c o n s i e l l a u o n of die
Thii Count of Monte Cristo. T h e i i - a t l e n t i o n l o s e n s a l i o n s a n d m e m o r i e s i-,
^.thu's it i n i e n d s . V a l e s as k n o w n a r e a l T i r m e d i n j u d g m e n t s t h a t h a v e die
directed b)' ihose feelings. T h e i r inierpretative insights a n d j u d g m e n l ' .
, "A'has valu K " w h e r e Vis s u p p l i e d by t h e p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n o f leel-
a b o u l the motives o f olhers are fueled by vengeance. T h e i r intellectual
ings B n t i t is n o t t b e case d i a l a l l h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s m u s t be WW^-subjec-
i n q u i r y a n d efbrts t o a i t a i n i n s i g h t s b e c o m e a b s o r b e d and preoccupied
uve. T l i e r e is a p o s s i b i l i i ) ' , t h o u g h n o l e a s i l y r e a l i z e d , o f n o r m a u v e h o r i z o n s
w i l h s c h e m e s o f r e v e n g e . B u t a r e t h e s e s c h e m e s o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l v a l u ? As
, , l l e e l i n g s l h a t w o u l d g r o u n d a b s o l u t e l y objecve j u d g m e n t s o l valu. I h e
l o n g as v e n g e a n c e h o l d s svvay, s u c h p e r s o n s f e e l as d i s t r a c t i n g a u d i r i e l c
p o s s i b i l i t y o f s u c h h o r i z o n s is t h e t o p i c o f d i e n e x l c h a p i e r
vant any furthei" questions that w o u l d u n d e r m i n e tlieir patli o f vengeance,
s u c h as, " W h o else m i g h t b e h u r ? " " W h a i w i l l h a p p e n t o o n e ' s o w n r e p u t a
t i o n ? " " W ^ i l l 1 l o s e t h e l o v e o f m y l i f e ? " T h e s t r o n g e r t h e v e n g e a n c e , t h e less
will f u r t h e r quesons a b o u t such consequences b e r e g a r d e d as r e a l l y pe
tinent. T h e " t r u l y " p e r t i n e n t cpiesdons w i l l b e t h o s e w h o s e answers niost
e f i c i e n t l y r e a l i z e v e n g e a n c e . T h e s e C|tiestions m a y l e a d t h e v e n g e ' t i l s o u l
to c o n c l u d e t h a t he o r s h e c a n best s u c c e e d t h r o u g h guile - by acdons
t h a t l e a d o t h e r s t o b e l i e v e t h e i n j u r y has b e e n forgotten. They m a y even
lead to d e e p self-decepiion w h e r e t h e p e r s o n c o m e s t o b e l i e v e l i e o i " she
a c t t i a l l y has f o r g i v e n t h e o i T e n c e - a l t h o u g h e p i s o d i c a l l y , c a u s t i c r e m a r k s
a n d spiieiil deeds belie t h e preieiise. T h e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n u n d e r delibera-
d o n w i l l have a valu, a n d i t w i l l be t h e valu o f \'engeance, i n t h e way il
is f e l l t o h a v e t h e h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y i n t h e p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n ol' i e e l i n g s , F o i
sticli p e r s o n s , r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e c o m e s i d e n t i c a l w i t h c a r r y i n g o u t acts o l
vengeance. This p h e n o m e n o n can be generalizecl i n a social g r o u p that
d e v e l o p s a " C o d e o f 1 - I o i i o t u - " o f r e p r i s a l s a n d p a y d ^ a c k s . l i c a n l e a d t o self-
I j e r p e i u a i i n g cycles o f e u d s w l i e r e c h i l d r e n a r e f o r m e d i n t h e vengeful
horizons o f their parenis.

T h e b r e g o i n g e x a m p l e is a d i T e r e n t k i n d o f i l l u s t r a i i o n o f h o w r e l e c t i o n
a r r i v e s a i a j u d g m e n t a b o u t a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n . I t d o e s so u n d e r t h e sway
o f tliese pet'sons' h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . II" real-li'e e x a m p l e s o f s u c h r i i t h l e s s
p e o p l e a r e r e l a t i v e l y few, i n s t a n c e s o f p e o p l e w l i o s e \ ' e n g e a u c e d i s i o r t s t h e i r
better j u d g m e n t are m o r e n u m e r o u s .
C l e a r l y i l i e r e is s o m e t l i i n g d i s t u r b i n g a b o u t t l i e e x a m p l e o f D a n t s , a n d
i t was d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n l o e l i c i t this d i s t u r b i n g sense. T h e i n i e n i o f t h e
e x a m p l e is t o h e i g h i e n a w a r e n e s s t h a t a u i h e n t i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y d e p e n d s p r o -
f b u n d l y u p o n living in an a u i h e n i i c l i o r i z o n o f leelings, Such a realizadon
c a n l e a d t o t o t a l d e s p a i r a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a u t h e n i i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y II
the exercise o f v a l u r e f l e c t i o n is so u t t e r l y d o n i i n a i e d b y t h e l i o r i z o n o f
f e e l i n g s , h o w c a n a n y o n e e v e r a r r i \ ' e a t o b j e c t i ve j u d g m e n t s a b o u t g e n u i n e l ) '
w o r t h w h i l e c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n ? Is n o t o u r c a p a c i t ) ' f o r r e s p o n s i b l e r e f l e c t i o n
i m p r i s o i i e d w i d i i n the c o n f i n e s o f o u r l i o r i z o n s o f feeling? I t s u r e l y seems
t h a t i f v a l u r e f l e c u o n is d e i e r m i n e d b y f e e l i n g s , l h e r e c a n b e n o w a y t o
t h i n k o n e ' s way o u l o f a n i n a u t l i e n t i c h o r i z o n o f i e e l i n g s .
I'AKT THREE

Why Is Doing That Being Ethical?

 8 Horizons ofFeelings,
Conversin, and Objectivity

'-niiiie objecliviiy is the, ri of (lul/ieiitic siihjeclivity.

- B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Method ii> Theology'

H.i Introduction

I n l h i s clia|ji,er w e t n i a i l o l h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e d i e r i h e i ' e a r e obJecii\'ejudg-

n i ( n i i s o f \'alue i n g e n e r a l a n d o f e i h i c a l v a l n e i n p a r t i c u l a r . 1 w i l l propose
d i a l u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e c a n b e o b j e c u \ ' e u n d e r c e r i a l n cciidl t i o n s , a h l i o u g l i
I n l l i l l m e n t o f t l i o s e c o n d i t i o n s is n o easy m a t t e r .
Doubts abom. ilie possibility ol'objectivity in inaiters o f v a l n e have b e e n
widespread f o r q u i t e s o m e l i i n e . " f b e s e d o u b t s d e r i v e i n |>ari f r o m c e r t a i n
.r.siinipiions abotu. what objectivity requires. LonergaiLs criticism o f what lie
I .illcfl a "ccLinter-positiorf r e g a r d i n g objectivity goes t o t h e heari oflhese
d o n h i s . h i s o f a r as k n o w i n g s c o n s t r u e d o n t h e m i s t a k e n m o d e l of''taking
,1 l i i o k , " t l i e n o b j e c t i v i t ) ' is " s e e i n g w h a t is o m . d i e r e t o b e s e e n , " O b \ ' i o u s l y
\ , i l i i c s a r e n o t o u t t h e r e t o be s e e n , so t h e y c o u l d n o i b e o b j e c t i v e h ' k n o w n ,
,11 ( o r d i n g t o t h i s c o u n t e r - | : ) o s i n o i i . i ' h e p h i l o s o p h y o f p o s i i i v i s n i is o n e clear
i l l n s i r a t i o n o f t h i s c o u i u e r - p o s i t i c m , a n d i i rejects t l i e n o t i o n t l i a t i l i e r e c a n
I I C o b j e c t i v e k n o w l e d g e o f vales. A g a i n , a l i h o u g h c e i " t a i i i l ) ' n o t a p o s i t i v i s i ,
M , i \r f a m o u s l y a r t i c u l a i e d a n i n n u e n t i a l versin o f l h e fact/vahie
d i s i i n c i i o n . H e a r g u e d f o r c e f u l l y t l i a t vales h a d n o p l a c e i n t h e r e a l m of
,t iniiinc r e s e a r c h (W/sseiischaft), a n d he also issued g r a v e w a r n i n g s about
m i l ' K l n c i n g m a t t e r s o f valu i n t o l e a c h i n g i n i i n i \ ' e r s i l i e s . ' M i s c o n c e r n s are
nndersiandable in lhe c o n i e x i o f the ideologlcal conflicts iliatwere g r o w i n g
l l l ( i c r n i a n u n i v e r s i t i e s at l h e u m e . .\everilieless, bis p o w e r f t i l a r t i c i i l a i i o n
<il l h e <k;e|> d i v i s i n b e u v e e i i o b j e c t i v i t ) ' lhat p e r t a i n s to faciual knowledge
 208 P a n [ I I : W h y l,s D o i n g T l i a i . l i i i i n g Eiiail? M o l izons o f F e e l i n g s , ( l u n v e r s i o n , a n d O b j e c i i v i l y 20',)

on llie one l i z i i u K a n d c o i n n d i n i e i u s l o v'alnes o n i l i e o i e r , h a s l i a d a n nllii .,1 e d i i c a l v a l u . B u t i f o u r a n a l y s i s s o l a r b a s b e e n c o r r e c t , t h e n w e inescap-

e n c e iJiar. has g r o v v n far b e y o n d i i s o r i g i n a l n n i i e M . . ihh , i s k these q u e s o n s a b o u t l h e h o r i z o n s o n t h e basis o f o u r o w n hori-
N'eiLlier VVebei's a c c o i n i i o f s c i e n i i f i c r e s e a r c h o r p o s i t i v i s m a l i g n s w i l h f.nis o f f e e l i n g s themselves. l l w o u l d seem, t h e n , that we n u i s i presuppose
Lonergan's "posiiicm" on knowledge. Lonergan's "posiuon" holds ih.il d i e 1 e l i a b i l i i v o f o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s i n o r d e r t o j u d g e t h e m as e i t h e r
knowledge is " n n d e r s i a u d i n g cori-ectly'"-' - i l i a i is l o s a y k n o w l e d g e constan I, h.ihle OI u n reliable. Since this w o u l d i n d e e d be a vicious circle, it seems
in j u d g i n g lhe correcmess o f o n e ' s i m d e r s i a n d i n g o n i h e basis o f a gi.iip i h . i i we a r e t r a p p e d w i t h i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . w i i h n o s i a n d a r d s by
of lhe p r o s p e c i i v e j u d g m e n l as \ ' i r i i i a l l y u n c o n d i n o n e d , C o m m o i i b ilih ine.ins o f w h i c h we c o u l d assess t h e m o b j e c u v e l y . This would mean, in
o c c u r s w h e n a n i n s i g h l is r e c o g n i z e d lo be c o r r e d because o f t h e a b s r i n 1, l h a t l h e r e w o n l d u l m a t e l y b e n o s t a n d a r d s b y m e a n s o f w h i c h we
o f a n \ f u r t l i e r p e r t i n e n t c p i e s t i o n s , w h i c h w o u l d c ^ i l i e r w i s e l e a d l o lu l l u i . M i i l d assess t h e o b j e c i i v i l y o f a n y j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u l h a t d e p e n d upon
c o r r e c t i o n s o f t h e i n s i g h t . I f l h e a b s e n c e o f f u r d i e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s l> MUI horizons.
t h e " p o s i t i o n a l " c r i t e r i o n o f o b j e c t i v i t y , i h e n t h e f a c t l h a t vales a r e n o i "< m i Me s i u i a u o n is i n d e e d serious, b u t n o l desperaie. There a r e ways of
l h e r e " t o b e s e e n is n o t a g o o d e n o u g h r e a s o n I b r d e n v i i i g t h a t v a l u j i i d K h o s i k i i i g t h i s v i c i o u s c i r c l e . B u l t b e ways o u t d o u o t c o m e i n t h e f o r m of
m e n t s c a n be objective i n p r i n c i p i e . In p r a c i i c e , however, a c t n a l l y a t i a i i i i i i n xoine sina.of r e a s o n i n g d i a t c a n d e i a c h i t s e l f f r o m , a n d s t a n d o u t s i d e of, o u r
o b j e c t i v i t y i n t h e r e a l m o f v a l u j u d g m e n t s is e N c e p i i o n a l l y c l i a l l e n g i n g , h elmg h o r i z o n s . T h e o p e n i n g , r a i h e r , is a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n horizons
T h e | 3 r e c e d i n g c h a p i e r l e d l o a m o r e c o m p l i c a i e d way o f p o s i n g t h e ( p u s .,1 l e r ' l i u g s t h e m s e l v e s . I n t h i s c h a p i e r a n d t h e n e x t , w e t a k e u p t h e p r o b l e m
t i o n a b o n t t h e o b j e c i i \ ' i t y o f v a l u j u d g m e n t s . T h e r e we e x p l o r e d h o w l e c l ol valuaung h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s by e x a m i n i n g t h e m m o r e closely from
ings e n i e r i n t o o u r processes o f v a l n e a n d e i h i c a l r e l l e c i i o n . 1 a r g u e d ih.it iMiliin. I n d o i n g so, we w i l l d i s c o v e r t h a t i m m a n e n t w i d i i n those horizons
a l l o f C)ur j u d g m e m s o f v a l n e are c o n d i t i o n e d by i h e stale o f o u r h o r i z o i i ' ' dieie are t e n s i o n s w h i c h m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o t r a n s c e n d d i e liinitaons o f t h e
o f leelings. In particular, I a r g u e d that o u r h o r i z o n s o f leelings d e t e n i i i m h o i i / o n s t h e m s e l v e s , t e n s i o n s t h a t o f f e r s i a n d a r d s f o r w h a t w o u l d c o u n t as
w h a t f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s w e w i l l r e g a r d as p e r i i n e n i l o t h e p r o s p e c t i v e j u d g ,1 t i o n i i a v e h o r i z o n offeelings.
m e n t , " A ' h a s valu l ' ' . " S i i l l . l h e f a c t i.hai e a c h p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n a l r e a d y c o n t a i n s s u c h s i a n d a r d s
But d o e s n ' t tliis i i n ' o h ' e m e n i o f f e e l i n g s i n e v i i a b l ; u n d e r m i n e l h e objei does n o l ai a l l m e a n t h a t t h e i r h o r i z o n s a r e a n i o i n a c a l l y e x e r c i s i n g i h e i r
t i v i t y o f o u r valu j u d g m e n t s ? VVe m a y indeed lake the time and (an noimavity i n pracce. I t d o e s m e a n , i n s i e a d , i h a t t h e l e n s i o n s already
r e q u i r e d to answer all cpiesuons p e r t i n e n t icj a j i i d g m e n t o f t l i e f o r m 'V .ineni a n d operaiive within each person's f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s are p o t e n -
d o e s h a v e \'alue V" b u t i l has b e e n t h e b u r d e n o f t b e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r s lo iialiiies inving responses thai w o u l d transform exisung constellations of
s h o w t h a t valu K c o m e s t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s in o u r horizons offeelings, aud l< e l i n g s i n t o a c i u a l i y n o r m a v e h t ^ r i z o n s . '
t h a t t h o s e h o r i z o n s d e t e r m i n e w h a i q u e s o n s w i l l b e r e g a r d e d as p e r i i n e i i i Ideiifving t h e sources o f these lensions is n o i easy. F i n d i n g d i e m is
LO l i l i s v a l t i e j u d g m e n i . T l i e r e f o r e , i f o u r j u d g m e n t s o f \'alue i n g e n e r a l aud l h e w o r k o f d i s c e r n m e n l , a n d d i s c e r n m e n t is a c h a l l e n g i n g u n d e r i a k i n g .
e t h i c a l vales i n p a r t i c u l a r a r e o b j e c t i v e w h e n w e c o n s i d e r a n d a n s w e r . i l l l u i r i l i e r m o r e , e v e n w h e n w e h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e s o u r c e s , o u r w o r k is f a r
f u r t h e r pernent cpiesiions. thev attain o n l y a l i m i i e d f o r m o f objecviu h o i n d o n e . P r o p e r d i s c e r n m e n t o f the sources will r e q u i r e careful u n d e r -
L v e n w h e n o u r j u t l g m e n u s o f v a l n e are i n d e e d v i r t u a l l y m i c o n d i t i o n e d judg st.mding o f the tensions diey produce in their relauonships with other
i n e n t s , t h e y a r e so o n l y r e l a t i v e t o t h e s e n s e o f v a l e s as d e t e r m i n e c l b y i l i e d i m e n s i o n s o f o u r f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s . I f o u r valu a u d e t h i c a l r e f i e c d o n s are
c o n c r e i e c o n s i i u i i i o n s o f o u r h o r i z t j i i s o f f e e l i n g s . T h a t is t o say, v a l e s as we l o be o b j e c v e i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e , t h e n ^ h e s e f e l l t e n s i o n s w i l l h a v e t o b e
j u d g e t l i e m a r e o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i v e t o i l i e wa\'s l h a t o u r i e e l i n g l i o r i z o n s guide- 1 . s o l v e d by b r i n g i n g o u r o t h e r f e e l i n g s i m o h a r m o n y w i t h these sources o f
o u r lines o f q u e s u o n i n g a n d d e t e r m i n e w h i c h quesons are to be regarded iioiiiiavity. T h e s e k i n d s o f c h a n g e s i n feelings are d i f f i c u h . a n d they c a n
as p e r t i n e n t l o t h e v a l e s as f e l t , a n d w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d i r r e l e v a n l . ' i . i k e m a n y y e a r s i f n o t a l i f e t i m e t o a c h i e v e , so t h e n i d a l d i s c e r n m e n t of
T h i s l e a d s t o q u e s t i o n s a b o u l t h o s e h o r i z o n s t h e m s e l v e s . S h o u l d w e rely d i i s e l e n s i o n s a n d sources w i l l c a l i us i n t o a n o n g o i n g r e o r i e n t a o n ofour
u p o n their guidance? A r e t h e y r e l i a b l e s t a n d a r d s f o r j u d g m e n t s o f valu? Ieeling horizons.^
S h o u l d w e n o i s e e k a s i a n d a r d f b r o u r j u c l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s t h a t is m o r e lilis c h a p i e r a n d the next will be devoted to e x p l o r i n g ihese sources,
objective a n d more deiacbecl than o u r horizcms o f feelings? lhe kinds of changes needed, a n d , ulmately, t h e q u e s u o n o f o b j e c t i v i t y
Even i n r a i s i n g such q u e s t i o n s , we seem t o b e c o n f r o n i e d by a vicios < ii o l valu i u d g m e n t s . T h e s e e x p l o r a o n s w i l l m a k e i l p o s s i b l e i n c h a p t e r i o
ele. S i n c e these are q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t we s h o u l d d o , they are quesons l o a d d r e s s t h e s e c o n d e d i i c a l q u e s t i o n : " W h y is d o i n g t h a t b e i n g e l h i c a l ? "
'210 P a n l l l : W h y Is D o i n g T h a l h e i n g Elhical?
8.2 T e n s i o n s i n F e e l i n g H o r i z o n s a n d Valu O b j e c t i x ' i t y
F v e n w h e n i h e l i n h i e d , r e l a v e I b r t n o r o b j e c h v i i y is a c h i e v e d , d i e r e lkeh
r e r n a i i i F i n a h e r s i i l j i l e , u n s e i i l i n g l e n s i o n s w i i h i n o u r I e e l i n g lior/.ons i h c i i i
selves. Becai.ise o f l h e s e l e n s i o n s , l h e r e l a t i v e f o r m o f o b j e c i i v i l y w i l l n o i be
u h i m a t e l y o r deeply satisfying. People r e m e m b e r witli embarrassrneni oi
r e g r e t t b e j u d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s t h e y m a d e a t e a r l i e r siages i n t h e i r o w n
lives w h e n t h e i r f e e l i n g s w e r e i n s e n s i t i v e o r s h a l l o w o r d i s t o n e d . T h e y w o i i
d e r h o w l h e y c o u l d have f a i l e d l o a t t e n d to t h e i n i i m a i i o n s a l r e a d y p r e s e n !
in t h o s e feelinis.
C l e a r l y o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s a r e n o l siac. T h e r e a r e s u b t l e l e n s i o n s i u
OUT- h o r i z o n s o f feelings t h a t a r e i h e d y n a m i c s o u r c e s o f t r a n s i b r i i i a u o n s ol
t h o s e l i o r i z o n s . I n s o r n e cases, t l i o s e i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s l e a d to h o r i z o n s o f feel
i n g s o p e n l o a m o r e c o m p l e i e a p j j r e c i a t i o n o f vales. VVIien tliis d o e s l i a p p e i i ,
il u n d e r p i n s a m o r e p r o f o u n d k i n d o f o b j e c u v i t y i n j u d g m e m s ofvalne.
S u c h t e n s i o n s i l i e r e f o r e p r o m | 3 t us t o w a r d s r e o r i e n i a i i o n s o f o u r feeling
h o r i z o n s t h a t will g e n u i n e l y a n d full)' resolve tliese tensions. R e s o l u i i o n ol
tliese l e n s i o n s can o n l y c o m e u h i m a t e l y frorn w l i a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d " c o n
v e r s i o n s " o f o u r leehns:'- h o r i z o n s .
o i M i L s c e n d e n l a l n o u o n o f v a l n e is o u r d e s i r e f o r e v e r y t l i i n g g o o d t h a t is t h e
A l l h o l i g h L o n e r g a n d i ti n o t d e s c r i b e l i o r i z o n s o f feelings i n t h e m a n n c i
o r d e i a i l o f l h e [ p r e c e d i n g cha|.)ters o f t l i i s b o o k , l i i s w r i t i n g s r e v e a l
h e was j : ) r o b i i n d i ) ' a w a r e o f t h e i r p h e i i o m e n a as w e l l as i l i e d e e p t e n s i o n s
w i t l h n t l i e i n . Me wrote, f o r e x a m p l e , ihat " t l i e r e are in full consciousness
f e e l i n g s so d e e p a n d s t r o n g , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n d e l i b e r a t e l y r e i n f o r c e d , d i a l
t h e y c h a n n e l a u e n i i o n , shaj^e o n e ' s h o r i z o n , d i r e c t o n e ' s l i f e . " ' '
1 bis s e c t i o n will focus o n i w o p r o f o u n d c h ' u a m i c sources o f tensin i n i e i
n a l t o e v e r y [ j e r s o i v s h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s , T h e t l r s t is t h e p u r , u n r e s t r i c i e d
d e s i r e l o k n o w a n c l \'alue e v e r y i h i n g t h a t is g o o d . T h e o t l i e r is w l i a t L o i i e i
g a n r e f e r r e d t o as i h e " b a s i c f u l l i l m e m " o f t h i s d e s i r e , w h i c h b e a l s o s p o k e
o f as " b e i n g i n l o v e ii a n u n r e s t r i c i e d f a s l i i o n . " For LoncigaiL these are the
gemra; fouv/lat/ons of ethics. Mis r n o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n i r i b u i . i o i i s l o t h e analysis
of horizons offeelings a n d i l i e i r l o l e s i n \'aliie i n i e n t i o n a l i t y c o m e s i n bis
i d e n i i f i c a t i o n o f t l i e s e two f u n d a m e n i a l sources o f tensions in o u r feeling
lives. . \ ' e i t b e r o f t h e s e s o u r c e s is a p r o d u c i o f o u r o w n e f f o n s ; b o t l i a r e g i v c u
in a n d l o consciousness, Because b o t l i are u n r e s t r i c i e d , lhey can be deepl)'
unseiiling. Boili t r o u b l e any l i m i t e d h o r i z o n o f feelings a n d goad it towards
u n l i n u t e d n e s s . T h i s is so e v e n f o n e o r b o t h o f i l i e s e n m - e s t r i c t e d f e e l i n g ,
sources is m e r e l y a t t h e m a r g i n s o f a person's feeling horizon. Preciseh
because t h e y are u n r e s t r i c i e d , they are p e r e n n i a l sources o f d i s e c p i i l i b r i u m
i n e v e r y p e r s o n ' s affectix'c h o r i z o n .
T h e s e t w o sources c a n p r o m p t p r o f o u n d c h a n g e s t o o c c u r i n o u r affec
u v e h o r i z o n s . I f t h e y d o , i e v a l s o v i e l d ec|uallv s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s i n e d i i i a l
H o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , C.onversion, : n i d < )l>e(l ivil y '2 1 I
0 l l e c i i o n a n d i l s r e g a r d f o r w h a t c o u n t as c p i c s t i o n s p e r t i n e m l o w i n i i
. onises o f a c u o n are w o n h w h i l e . T h e s e two u n r e s t r i c i e d f e e l i n g sources are
lhe g r o u n d s o f d i e possibility t h a t a person's ediical reflections can escape
n i i p r i s o n m e n t w i i h i n lirniied h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . T h e y are t h e sources i h a i
n i . i k e |)ossible a " c o n v e r s i n " d e c i s i n t o w a r d s a n u n l i m i t e d h o r i z o n t l i a t
1 onsiiiui.es g e n u i n e autlieiiticii.)' a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i i y
S. 2. / Tlu; Transcendeutcl. Notion of Valu
I onergan r e m a r k e d i h a i he carne t o recognize a chsiinci, transcendental
n o i i o n o f v a l n e q u i i e laie i n his career, w e l l a f i e r t h e p u b l i c a u o n o f Insight.
I le l i k e n e d t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o o n o f v a l n e t o t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n
ol b e i n g . ' In fact, h e propo.sed t h a i l h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o u o n o f v a l n e "is
l h e f u l l e r l l o w e r i n g o f t h e s a m e d y n a r n i c p r i n c i p i e [as d i e n o t i o n o f b e i n g ]
lhai k e e p s us m o v i n g t o w a r d e v e r f u l l e r r e a l i z a d o n o f t h e good."'^ Our
l i . i i i s c e n d e m a l n o i i o n o f b e i n g is o u r d e s i r e l o k n o w a l l i l i a i is - l o k n o w
e v e r y d i i n g ; i b o u t e v e r y i h i n g , l l is a n u n r e s t r i c i e d c o g n i d o n a l d e s i r e thai
is m a n i f e s t e d n o u r u n r e s t r i c i e d s t r e a m o f q u e s o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d
t e l l e c u o n iat s e e k m i d e r s i a n d i n g a n d f a c u i a l j n d g i n e n t . ^ * L i k e w i s e , our
source o f o u r q u e s i i o n s fbr valne rellecon, choice, a n d a c u o n .
dial
j u s t as o u r m . n i o i i o f b e l n g is a n o t i o n a n d n o t a c o n c e p t o f b e i n g because
we d o n o t y e t u n d e r s i a u d a n d k n o w e v e r y d i i n g a b o m e v e r y i h i n g that we
d e s i r e t o k n o w , so a l s o o u r n o i i o n o f v a l n e s a n o t i o n a n d n o t a c o n c e p t o f
v . i h i e b e c a u s e w e h a v e n o t yei j u d g e d a n d e m b r a c e d e v e r y i h i n g g o o d , w h i c h
we d e s i r e . As a n o i i o n o f valu, i t is o n l y a n i n i e n u o n a l r e s p o n s e o f d e s i r i n g
v . i l i i e . -As d e s i r e , i i d o e s n o t i t s e l f k n o w vales o r d o e s i t m a k e vales b r m l y
lis o w n , K n o w l e d g e o f vales i n i h e f u l l s e n s e c o m e s o n l y i n o b j e c i i v e v a l u
| i i d g n i e n i s , a n d vales b e c o m e f u l l y o u r o w n o n l y w h e n w e I r e e l y clioose
u h . i i we k n o w o b j e c u v e l y l o b e o f v a l n e . (VVe m a k e v a l e s o u r o w n w h e n w e
tmt
( h o o s e i h e i r g o o c l n e s s , e v e n i f w e d o n o i possess t h e m . F o r e x a m p l e , 1 c a n
i h o o s e t o a c c e p t t h e valu t h a t 1 h a v e c o m e l o k n o w i n a j u d g m e n t r e g a r d -
i n g an a t h l e u c p e r f o n i i : m c e , a w o r k of'*an, an i n t e l l e c t u a l achievement,
O I a n o b l e a c t i o n , e\'eii i f i l Is n o t s o m e t l i i n g I p e r s o n a l l y |50ssess o r d i d . )
S i i l l , ie i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o i i o n o f v a l n e precedes objeciively k n o w i n g a n d
( h o o s i n g vales. L i k e t h e n o o n o f b e i n g , d i e n o o n o f v a l n e is m a n i f e s t
i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d s t r e a m o f q u e s t i o n s - i n i b i s case, q u e s t i o n s f b r e v a l u a -
ii<ni, d e l i b e r a i i o n , a n d c h o i c e . Because j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d choices a r e
.liw.iys r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s i i o n s iat a r i s e f r o r n t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o o n o f
\ a l i i e , i l is t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e i r p o s s i b i l i i ) ' .
L<mergan remarked that lhe noon ofvalne i n t e n d s vales t h r o u g h
" ( p i e s o n s f b r d e l i b e r a u o n , j u s t as l h e i n t e l l i g i b l e is w h a t is i n t e n d e d i n
t
 212 P a n I I I : VVliy ls D o i n g TIiaL B e i n g Faliical? H o r i z o n s o l ' F e e l i n g s , Convi;rson, a n d O b j e c i i v i l y 213

q u e s t i o n s f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n c l j u s t as t r u t h a n d b e i n g a r e w h a t a r e i n t e n d e d Mil I i n d g m e n t s . F o r h u m a n b e i n g s , a l l c o n c e p u o n s o f a n d j u d g m e n t s a b o u t
in questions for reflecuon."'" Agreeing with Lonergan's p o i n t that vahirs i l n g,outl a i e l i m i t e d , w h i l e i l i e d e s i r e f o r l h e g o o d is u n r e s t r i c i e d . T h r o u g h
a r e i n t e n d e d i n q u e s t i o n s f o r d e l i b e r a u o n , i is n e c e s s a r y t o g e n e r a l i z o his ilnn (|uestioiis o f v a l n e , h u m a n beings t r a n s c e n d t h e i r pre\'ious acliieve-
f o r i n u l a u o u a n d say t h a t t h e n o u o n o f valu is m a n i f e s t a l s o i n q u e s u o n s f u i ni< Ills aud concepuons and judgments regarding the good, and head
e v a l u a d o n , as w e l l as q u e s t i o n s f o r d e l i b e r a t i o n . A s w e saw i n l h e previous i i i \ \ , u < l s vales t h a t a r e as y e t u n k n o w n a n d u n c h o s e n . Q u e s u o n s ofvalne,
c h a p t e r , s o m e t i m e s w e d o ask q u e s u o n s a b o u l t h e v a l e s o f q u a l i u e s , e v e n t s . d n i c l o r e , are f u n d a m e n t a l m o d e s o f h u m a n p a r t i c i p a d o n i n t h e quest t b r
t h i n g s , s i t u a t i o n s , a n d p e r s o n s w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l i b e r a i i n g i n o r d e r t o alsn i m l i m i t e d , u n r e s t r i c t e d valu a n d g o o d n e s s .
d e c i d e o r d o a n y d i i n g i n d i r e c t respcinse to t h e s e j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . Sonu- f h e fact thal we bave an u n l i m i t e d d e s i r e for tlie g o o d t h a t goes b e y o n d
o f o u r v a l u q u e s t i o n s a r e s i m p l y f o r t b e s a k e C)f k n o w i n g vales w i t h o u t a n \ u n o f tur c o n c e p t i o i i s o l t h e g o o d p o s e s a p r o b l e m . I f l h i s is t h e case, h o w
i n m i e d i a i e i n i e n i i o n l o m a k e d e c i s i o n s o r u n d e n a k e a c U o n s o n t h e basis o l , i i c w'v t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d ? A l t h o u g h w e n e e d t o e x p r e s s t o ourselves
t h e s e j u d g n i e n i s o f vales. D e l i b e r a i i n g , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a l w a y s c a r r i e s , n i d l o o t h e r s w h a t w e m e a n b\ d i e w o r d " g o o d , " s i i l l w e c a n n o t adequately
the c o n n o t a t i o n o f c o n s i d e r i n g a course o f action to be u n d e r t a k e n . D e l i h i.itk : i b o u t it b ) ' i n e a n s o f a n v o f o u r c o n c e p u o n s o f t h e g o c ) d , b e c a u s e t h e s e
e r a t i n g i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e is w h a t I h a v e b e e n c a l i i n g " e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n " - lll l a l l s h o r i o f ils f u l l m e a n i n g . VVe c a n , h o w e v e r , t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d i i i d i -
the process o f s e e k i n g j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l n e f o r t h e sake o f c h o o s H ( i l \d h e u r i s t i c a l l y . VVe c a n l a l k a b o u l t h e g o o d i n i i s r e l a t i o n l o o u r
i n g a n d a c t i n g o n t h e basis o f t h o s e j u d g m e n t s . T I u i s , w h e n he defines i i i i i e s i r i c t e d d e s i r e f o r t h e g o o d . l l is p c j s s i b l e t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d as t h a t
lhe n o t i o n o f v a l n e solely i n t e r m s o f (jtiestious f o r d e l i b e r a t i o n , Lonergan u h i i i i d i e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e d e s i r e s - t o l a l k a b o u l i h e g o c ) d as i l i e cbjec-
s e e m s u n n e c e s s a r i h ' t o r e s i r i c i t h e n o t i o n o f v a l n e t o t h e vales t h a l a r e t o h e i i \ o l l h i s u n r e s u i c t e d d e s i r e o f w h i c h w e a r e a w a r e . T h a t d e s i r e is e v i d e n t
r e a l i z e d i h i o u g h h u m a n c h o i c e a n d a c t i o n , l l is m o r e a c c u r a t e , therefore, .md available a n d m a n i f e s t i n l h e v a l n e - i n q u i r i n g spirit o f each a u d every
t o say l h a t t b e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e is m a n i f e s t i n a l l q u e s t i o n s fot l i u m a n b e i n g . F l e n c e i t is p o s s i b l e t o t a l k a b o u t t h e g o o d as t h e o b j e c t i v e of
e x a l u a t i o u as w e l l as f o i " d e l i b e r a t i o n - n o t o n l y c p i e s i i o i i s r e g a r c h n g e t h i c a l l h e t o i a l i t y o f a l l t p i e s i i o i i s o f v a l n e - as w h a t is i n t e n d e d n o t i n a n v p : i r i i c u -
vales, b i u a l s o q u e s i i o n s r e g a r d i n g a l l vales i n g e n e r a l . l . u ( | i i e s i i o i i o f v a l n e , b u i i n i h e o v e r a l l , ( m g o i n g , d v n a m i c p r o c e s s o f v;Uue
As a d e s i r e I b r j u d g m e i u s o f v a l n e , d e c i s i o n s , a u d a c t i o n s , l h e i r a n s c e n - iiii|iiir}'. Wc w i l l r e l u r n l o l h i s io|:)ic i n c h a p i e r s i i - i ^ p
d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e is i t s e l f a f e e l i n g o f i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e . L ' n l i k e t h e < i l e a r h ' , t h e n , o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e is a l s o a f e e l i n g w i t h i n o u r
f e e l i n g esponses o f affects, t h i s d e s i r e i n t e n d s vales t h r o u g h its q u e s i i o n i n g - h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . b e c a u s e i t is a u i n i e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e o f d e s i r i n g vales,
t h a t is t o say, i h r o u g l i its d e s i i ' e f o r answers. T h e u^anscendenial notion l ' u i ( h e r m o r e , b e c a u s e iis d e s i r i n g is u n r e s t r i c t e d , l h i s d e s i r e is a p e r m a n e n t
ofvalne r a i s e s q u e s t i o t i s a b o u t w h e i h e i " s o m e i h i n g is " t r u l y o r o n l y a p p a i s o u r c e ot t e n s i o n s i u the horizc)u o f h u m a n feelings. O u r questions Ibr
ently g o o d . " " M c i r e o v e r , b e c a u s e t h e r e is n o l i m i t t o w h a t w e c a n a s k a b o u l deliberation, evaluaiion, and choice leave us d i s c o n t e n i e d w i t h whatever
goodness a n d valne, o u r t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o u o n o f v a l n e is a n u n r e s t r i c t e d l i n i t e g o o d s we h a v e t h u s far k n o w n a n d chosen, a u d eveu less c o n t e n
desiiiiig. T h i s transcendental n o i i o n remains dissaiisfled with any l i m i t e d w i l h t h e wavs t h a t b i a s e s h a v e i n f i l t r a t e d a n d d i s i o r t e d o u r v a l u k n o w i n g
i t u a g e s , i d e a s , j u d g m e n t s , f e e l i n g s , o r a i i a i n m e n t s o f valu, B e c a u s e o f o u r , m d c h o o s i n g . T h e tp.iesi.ions i h a i a r i s e f r o m l h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o i i o n o f
n o t i o n o f v a l n e , we c a n n o t rest u n t i l we have a f f i r n i e d , c h o s e n , a n d accepied v . i l i i e l e a d ns t o m a k e b e t t e r w h a t a l r e a d y is g o o d n l i m i t e d ways, a n d t o
e v e r y t l i i n g t o w a r d s w h i c h t h i s d e s i r e i m p e l s us - n a m e l y , e v c r y t h i n g good. o v e r e m e , h e a l , r e c i i f y , a n d restte w h a t e v e r c o r r u p i s a n d d e s i r o y s valu.
L i k e w i s e , i t i m p e l s ns t o n e g a i e ( i . e . , t o o b j e c t i v e l y judge negatively) aud ' f h e l e n s i o n s i u i . r o d t i c e d by t h e u n l i m i i . e d d e s i r e f o r valu are n o t o n l y
i t j e c t e v e i y t h i n g t h a t is a d i s v a l u e . O u r i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o u o n o f v a l u w i l l ditccted towards e v a l u a i i n g a n d p e r f e c t i n g the exiernal natural a n d h u m a n
be satisfied o n l y i n l h e embt-ace o f ever)'thing g o o d a b o u t eveiy g o o d t h i n g - worlds. O u r transcendental n o t i o n o f v a l n e is a l s o , a n d p e r h a p s m o s t p r i -
a n d only b y w h a t is g o o d . iiiordially, d i r e c t e d towards o u r o w n sellliood. l l is d i r e c t e d especially
U n d e r p i n n i n g e v e r y s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n o f v a l u , t h e r e f o r e , is a d e s i r e t h a t l o w i u d s o u r horizcjns o f leelings because o u r horizons are prcTfoundly coii-
i n t e n d s valu p r i o r to k n o w l e d g e o r c h o i c e o f vales. P r i o r to j u d g m e n i s siii Ulive o f t h e i d e i i d t v ' a n d valu o f w h o we are. Because i i i s u n r e s t r i c t e d ,
a n d c o i i c e p t i o n s o f t h e g o o d , h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s is i n u i n s i c a l l y o r i e n t e d .IS i i l m o s t n o O l h e r f e e l i n g is, t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l u is a s o u r c e
towards l h e good, and indeed towards the u n l i m i t e d , unrestricted good. ' '1 p e r m a n e n t l e n s i o n t o w a r d s s e l f - c o r r e c u o n a n d s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e - w h a t
T h e h u m a n desire for the g o o d precedes all h u m a n c o n c e p t i o i i s a n d j u d g - 1 . o n e r g a n calis " m o r a l self-transcendence."'^ T h i s m e a n s t h a t , u l i i n i a t e l y , we
m e n t s o f t h e g o o d . I t also o u t l a s t s a n d goes b e y o n d a l l sucli c o n c e p o i i s < a u n e v e r r e s t c o n t e n w i l h a n y t l i i i i g less t h a n a f e e l i n g h o r i z o n t h a t is n
 'Z\4 P:ii-L I l i : W i i y l.s O o i n g T h a i l i e i n g l u l i i a i l r fioriz(.>n.s o l ' Feelings, t ' o n v e r s i o n , a n d O b j e c i i v i i v 2 I\

l i a r n i o n y wih i.lie i m e n i i o n a l i i y o f iis n n r e s i . r i c i . e d , i n q n i s v e d e s i r e di n i l h e lives w e l e a d , T h i s p r o c e s s o f v a l u e - q u e s i i o n i n g h a s d i e p o t e n u a l f o r

valne. ^.ilne-objecviiy o n l y i f t h e r e is n o l i r n i i t o its q u e s o n s . l ' h i s is p o s s i b l e o n l y
Henee, wlienever o u r I e e l i n g h o r i z o n f e e l s i J i e v a l u o f a n v i h i n g as i l I I l h e s o u r c e o f i h o s e q u e s i i o n s , l h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o o n o f v a l n e , is t r u l y
does in iis c o n c r e i e and complex w a y i i is a h r a y s p e r m e a i e d by ie l e u .m nnrestriciedes'we f o r g o o d n e s s a n d v a l u , Vei is t h i s r e a l l y so?
s i o n s i l i a i a r i s e Voni o u r u n r e s i r i c i e t i i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o i i o n o f \'alue. T h i s VVe f a c e d a s i m i l a r q u e s t i o n i n c h a p t e r 2 w h e n w e a s k e d a b o u t t h e n o o n
m e a n s , a m o n g o i h e r d i i n g s , d i a i wiiin o u r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s l h e r e always n| h e i I I o - - l h e d e s i r e 10 k n c n v w h a t is. T h e r e 1followed L o n e r g a n in affirm-
i'esides a d e s i r i n g i n i e n i i o n o f v'ahie i h a i c a l i s i m o q u e s u o n a n v i m p e r f e c in|; l h e u i i r e s i . r i c i e d r i e s s o f t h e d e s i r e for knowledge of w h a t is, I a l s o
o n s o f l h a i h o r i z o n i i s e l f VVe n e e d n o i g o o u l s i d e o f o u r o w n h o r i z o n o l e s p l o r e d l h e s p e c i a l dilTicules i n v o l v e d i n a r g u i i i g f o r t h i s a f T i r m a o n . VVe
feelings l o s e e k a c r i i e r i o n f o r a k i n d o f o l i j e c i i v i i y i l i a i is n e i d i e r l i m i i e d I, 11 ( s i m i l a r d i f c n f e s i n m a k i n g t h e c a s e f o r i h e u n r e s i r i e t e d n e s s o f l h e
o r m e r e l y r e l a v e . T h a i c r i i e r i o n is always a l r e a d y e m b e d d e d in o u r own II. msccndental n o i i o n ofvalne.
Ieeling l i o r i z o n s lliemselves. l i is m a i h f e s i i n i l i e l e n s i o n s i h a i a r i s e f V o u i Idrst, t h e n , l i k e t h e n o o n o f b e i n g , d i e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o o n o f valu
l h e u n r e s i r i c i e d n o o n o f v a l n e . T h e o l h e r affecis, desires, a n d m o o d s Uial IS n o l k n o w n a d e q u a t e l y by Uie " m i s l e a d i n g a n a l o g y of other desires."''^^
make u p t h e i n i e n i i o n a l responses in o u r horizons offeelings do combine I his is b e c a u s e " d e s i r e " i n i h e c a s e o f t h e iranscendenial noiion ofvalne
l o f e e l v a l e s i n l i m i i e d ways. B u l b e c a u s e l h e y f e e l i h o s e vales i n i h e c o n means n o m o r e b u t n o less t h a n l h a i w h i c h reveis i i s e l f t h r o u g h q u e s -
lext o f t h e horizon offeelings, t h o s e l i m i t e d feelings o f v a l n e are always f e l l . u o n s a b o n l w h a t is g o o d - q u e s t i o n s f o r d e l i b e r a u o n a n d quesons of
at least p e r i p h e r a l l y , w i d i ie awareness o f t h e i r limitaons. T h e y a r e fell \,ihie. For tliis r e a s o n , l l i e n o t i o n o f v a l n e dilfers n o l rnily Iroin somatic
a l o n g s i d e t h e a s p i r a i i o n t o f e e l t h o s e vales f r o m i h e v i e w p o i n t o f a h o r i z o n desles, b u l also f r o m o d i e r desires t h a t are i n i e n u o n a l responses. Where
offeelings t h a t has n o s u c l i l i m i i a o n s . lhe objects o f l h e s e desirings are i d e n u F i a b l e , t h e noon o f v a l n e desires
The e t h i c s o f d i s c e r n m e n t , i e r e f o r e , ls c e n i r a l l y a m a t t e r o f l e a r n i n g l i i s i a n d f o r e m o s t s o i n e d i i n g u n k n o w n a n d as y e i u n c h o s e n . ' f h e n o t i o n
liow lo a t t e n d lo the tensions i n o u r o w n horizons offeelings tliat arise f r o m o l v a l u reveis i t s d e s i r i n g t h r o u g h t h e c e a s e l e s s f l o w o f q u e s o n s a b o u t
the iranscendenial n o t i o n o f v a l n e , learning h o w to Lindersiand lliose ten \ a l u e - a b o u l w h a t is g o o d a n d w h a i c o u l d b e b e i t e r . I t d e s i r e s to k n o w
sions c o r r e c t l y , a n d l e a r n i n g h o w l o r e s p o n d l o t h e m a u i h e n u c a l l y . Valu ,111(1 to choose e v e r y i h i n g o f v a l n e i n i h e l o t a l l i y o f c o r r e c t valu j u d g -
o b j e c t i v i t y i n i h e n i l l e s t s e n s e d e i ^ e n d s u p o n a c h i e v i n g r e b n e d le\'els o f s u c h i m m i s . O n c e t h e o b j e c t s s o u g h t by t h e o i h e r desires have b e e n ati.ained,
disceiiimeni. l b e i r t e n s i o n s d i s s i p a t e . T h e saiisfacons o f l h e s e desires, h o w e v e r , d o n o t
I n p r i n c i p i e , d i e n , we a r e c a p a b l e o f r a i s i n g e v e r y s o n o f v a l n e question. s a i i s I V i h e m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l t e n s i n o f n o t i o n o f v a l n e . E v e n i h e success-
i n c l u d i n g questions a b o u t t h e iinperfecons o f o u r own honzon offell lul f u i n i l m e n t s o f diese l i m i i e d objecis o f somauc o r intentional-response
valu p r i o r i t i e s a n d q u e s o n s as t o w h a i w e s h o u l d d o a b o u t t h e l i m i t a o n s desires t e n d to be f o l l o w e d s p o n u m e o n s l y b y f u n h e r q u e s o n s o f valu.
o f d i a l h o r i z o n . lffecvely, h o w e v e r , w e a r e o n l y a b l e l o s u s i a i n s u c h i n q u i r y I I I s o m e cases, a f t e r a i i a i n i n g w l i a t w e c n i c e d e s i r e d i n t e n s e l y w e n i i g l i i
i f i h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o o n o f v a l n e p l a y s d i e c e n t r a l r o l e i t s h o i i l d , a n d is n o l I i n d ourselves s u r p r i s i n g l y t r o u b l e d b y f u r t h e r q u e s o n s as 1.0 w h e t h e r
eclipsed by o t h e r feelings t h a t i n t e r f e r e w i t h its efbcacy. T h i s q u e s u o n o l ihese a t u i i n m e n l s w e r e really w o r t h w h i l e after all. W h e d i e r ihe answer
l i o w e f e c t i v e a r o l e c a n b e p k u ' c d b y o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f v a l u is a is " v e s " o r " l i o , " s p o i u a n e o u s l y w e w i l l s t i l l w o n d e r : C o u l d w e l i a v e done
q u e s t i o n a b o t u . w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d "iioral c o i u ' e r s i o n . " VVe r e t u r n t o i h a l s n n e t h i n g b e i t e r ? W h a t m o r e c o u l d w e h a v e d o n e ? ls d i e r e m o r e t h a t w e
quesiion i n section 8 . 3 . ^ below. m i g h t sll b e a b l e l o d o ? W h a t o U i e r pro*ects is i t w o r t h w h i l e f b r us 10 d o ?
f a r f r o m c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f y i n g t h e n o t i o n o f valu, i l i e sasfacon o f a n y
S.2.2 !s iJie Nol'ion of Valne Unrestricted? parcular desire l e n d s to b e c o m e ie o c c a s i o n f b r a f u r t h e r u i a n i f e s u u i o n
(.f l h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n e s s o f t h i s n o n o i T s d e s i r i n g . N o s i n g l e s a s f a c o n , n o
Much depends u p o n i h e c l a i m d i a t i h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l noon o f v a l n e is s i n g l e a n s w e r 10 a c p i e s t i o n o f v a l n e o r d e h l j e r a o n w i l l satisy i l i e n o t i o n
u n r e s t r i c t e d - t h a t is t o say, i t is p o s s i b l e t o e v a l a t e a n d t o t r a n s c e n d l h e o f v a l n e . I t presses b e y o n d parcular j u d g m e m s o f valu, a n d even b e y o n d
i m [ 3 e r f e c o n s o f o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s o n l y i f t h e r e is n o l i m i t t o w h a i i h ' c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s , w i t h ever f u r t h e r quesons a b o u t w h a i we m i g h t yet
we c a n a s k a b o u l g o o d n e . s s a n d v a l u , f u n h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s o n s s e e k d o 10 m a k e t h e w o d d a b e t t e r p l a c e . A s l o n g as w e c o n u n u e t o a s k s u c h
v a l u e - o b j e c v i t y r e g a r d i n g vales i n g e n e r a l , as w e l l as o u r o w n p a r t i < : i i l a i q u e s o n s , w e a r e n o t y e t i n a p o s i u o n 10 i d e n f y w h a t i t is t h a t is d e s i r e d
p r o p o s e d courses o f acon, o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , a n d i n d e e d i h e valu<' I))' o u r n o o n ofvalne.
 216 l ' a n l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a t l i e i n g EUiical? l i o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , (Conversin, a n d O b j e c t i v i t y '21 7

T l u i s w e c a n iclentiy i h e finite objeclives i h a t o u c o t h e r d e s i r e s desti t u i n { h a p t e r , s u c h a i i o b j e c u o n p i v o t s o n a n e q u i v o c a U o n oii the word

However, we w o u l d o n l y be to able ideniif)' w h a t o u r transcendental not ion dt . i n - . " f h o s e w h o o b j e c t t h a t t h e y h a v e n o u n r e s i r i c t e d d e s i r e t o valu
o f v'alue d e s i r e s i f w e a l r e a d y w e r e i n p o s s e s s i o n o f t l i e c o m p l e t e set o f < m Ul by " d e s i r e " a w i l l i n g n e s s t h a t has r e s u l t e d f r o m a p r i o r d e c i s i n lo
r e c t j u d g m e n t s o f valu - i f w e already knew everytliing valuable ahoui t . i o g o c e n a i n i h i n g s o f v a l n e . T h a t d e c i s i n rests u p o n p r i o r j u d g m e n t s ,
e v e r y i l i i n g . T h i s is p a n o l i h e r e a s o n w h y a n a l o g i e s w i i b o t h e r d e s i r e s p r o v t ! ' l i u g s , a n d q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h o s e v a l e s . T h o s e p r i o r q u e s i i o n s a b o u t v a l -
m i s l e a d i n g i n a t t e m p t i n g t o t h i n k a b o u t t h e k i n d o f d e s i r i n g intenti<ii,tl in lhat o n e t u r n s f r o m are manfestaiions o f the m o r e p r i m o r d i a l d e s i r i n g
r e s p o n s e t h a t s c h a r a c t e r i s d c o f i h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o t i o n o f v a l u . ..I d i c I r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e . Prior to the willingness ("desire")
Ai w'hh l h e n o t i o n o f b e i n g , t h e best way t o " k n o w " t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l i l i i i r e s u l t s f r o m l h e d e c i s i n , t h e r e s l h a t p r i o r a n d p r i m o r d i a l d e s i r e t h a t
notion ofvalne is t o g i v e i t f r e e r e i n . l h i s retpires d i s c e r n m e m , - l e a r u i u n t iids f o r t h l h e b e w i l d e r i n g fiow o f q i r e s i o n s o f valu, i n c l u d i n g c p i e s i i o n s
lo b e c o m e ever m o r e attentive lo the siirrings o f o u r q u e s t i o n s a b o u l what i h o u i l h e g o o d s t h a l le b e y o n d one's o w n l i m i t e d choices and commit-
is t r u l y g o o d a n d w h a t g o o d s h o u l d b e a n t h e n i i c a l l y c h o s e n . It a l s o m e a n Mirms. D e s i r i n g i n t h i s p r i m o r d i a l s e n s e is d i f l e r e n t f r o m " d e s i r i n g " i n t h e
d e c i d i n g t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h ts ncptisuve d e s i r i n g , a n d t o u n d e n a k e piiu 1 i m d a r y a n c l c l e r i v a t i \ ' e s e n s e t h a t is l h e r e s u l t o f a s u b s e c p i e n t decisin.
dees t h a t w i l l g i v e t h e d e s i r i n g o f t h e nooii o f v a l n e t h e p l a c e o l p r i o r i t y i n I I c i e ; i g a i n we see l h a i i is m i s l e a d i n g t o i l i i n k a b o u l t h e d e s i r i n g o f the
our horizon ofvalne, in c o n j i m c t i o n with u n c o n d i t i o n a l being-in-love. In K.iii.scendental n o t i o n o f v a l n e by r e l y i n g o n the analog)' w i t h s o m e o t h e r
o t h e r w o r d s , t h e n o t i o n o f v a l u is b e s t k n o w n i n t h e w a k e o f d e c i s i o n s l o i hp<- o i " d e s i r e . " T l i e n o i i o n o f v a l u is u l i i m a i e l y u n l i k e d e s i r e s i h a i a r e
t h e c o n v e r s i o n s . W e w i l l r e t u r n l o a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s i n s e c t i o n H.;p mu.llic f e e l i n g s a n d aiso u n l i k e the "desires" tlial result f r o m decisions.
S u l l , i f w e b e s t " k n o w " o u r n o t i o n o f v a l n e b y a t t e n d i n g t o t a n d pracli So l h e o b j e q t i o n t h a t o n e d o e s n o t h a v e a n u n r e s t r i c i e d " d e s i r e " f o r valu
i n g i t , i t d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t w e k n o w i t as umi'sricled i h r o u g h such alten i n r a n s t h a l o n e has w i l l i n g l y a b a n d o n e d p u r s u i t o f s o m e t l i i n g s that one
don o r p r a c t i c e . o r c a n w e k n o w t h e u n r e s u i c t e d ness o f o u r n o t i o n o l . i h i - a d v k n o w s t o le w o n l i w l i i l e b e c a u s e o n e c a n n o t h e l p b u t d e s i r e l o v a l u
valu i n t h e d i r e c t f a s h i o n o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d j u d g i n g ihciii in lhe priuKuTiiai, i n q u i s i i i v e sense - lhe desire t i i a i is manifesied
T h a t w o u l d agan r e q u i r e us t o h a v e a l r e a d y c o m e to k n o w a n d to have m f|iiestoniiig. F a r f r o m p r o v i r r g e m e c l o e s n o t h a v e o r n e v e r l i a d s u c h a
decisively c o m m i u e d ottrselves t o t h e o b j e c d v e t h a t i t desires t h r o u g h t l u i l c s i n - , " d e s i r e " n t h e d e r i v e d s e i i s e p r e s u p p o s e s t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e f o r
toiality o f j u d g m e n i s o f v a l n e a n d choices that answer to lhe lotaliiy o f a l l v . i h r c n l h e p r i m o r d i a l s e n s e l l i a l is t h e s o u r c e o f l l i e q u e s l i o i i s a n d j n d g -
questions ofvalne. O n l y ifwe liad already atiained the totalitv o f judgnu'iUs mcaris o f v a l n e t h a l o n e has e x p e r i e n c e d a n d chosen not lo "clesire."
o f v a l u ccTuld w e t l i e n c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e was i n d e e d m i r e s t r i c t e d , I liere are o f c o n r s e m a n y o l h e r ways o t r a i s i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h e i h e r
H e n e e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e n o t i o n cf valu as u m - e s t r i c t e d c a n n o t b e o b t a i n e d l h e n o t i o n o f \'alue is t r u l y u n r e s t r i c t e d . O n c e a g a i n , i n d i v i d u a l r e a d e r s w i l i
d i r e c t l y ; w e n m s t find a sutably i n d r e c t a p p r o a c h , as d i d L o n e r g a n i n a i g i i n e e d t o l e s o l v e t l i e i r o w n l i n e s o f ncpiin', a s k i n g a u d a n s \ v e r i i i g a l l t h e i r f u r -
i n g f o r t h e unrestrctedness o f t h e n o u o n o f b e i n g . 1 hi'r pernent questions belbre lhey can arrive al their o w n virtually u n c o n -
As o n e s u c h indrect a p p r o a c h , suppose we w e r e t o ask w h e t h e r t h e i r ditioned j u d g m e m s that the transcendental notion ofvalne, the source of
iiight n o t b e s o i n e i h i n g o f v a l n e b e y o n d i h e d e s i r i n g o f t h e i r a n s c e n d e u i . i l q u e s t i o n s o f v a l n e . is t r u h ' u n r e s t r i c t e d . P u r s u i t s C)f d i e s e al t e r n a t i ve q u e s t i o n s
n o t i o n o f v a l n e . T h e v e r y q u e s t i o n i t s e l f , h o w e v e r , is a m a u i f e s t a t i o n o f t h a l .ihoui tmrx'Siriciedness, however, will all have v e n ' s i m i l a r t b r m s ; the a t t e m p t
n o t i o n , s i n c e by " t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e " s m e a n t t h e d e s i r e thal lo formlate a c p i e s t i o n o r o b j e c i i o n a b o u l l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n e s s w i l l inevita-
manifests itself i n cpiestioiis f o r e v a l u a d o n a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n . T h e very cpirs h h ' r e v e a l t h e v e r ) ' t i i i r e s i r i c t e d n e s s b) b e i n g a s k e d . A n a l y s i s o f l h e v a r i o u s
l i o n i i s e l f m a n i f e s t s t h e d e s i r e t o k n o w a b o u t s o m e t h i n g o f valu w h i c h . i l l o r m u l a t i o n s o f l h e c|iiestions a b o m t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n e s s o f t l i e n o t i o n o f
is p u r p o r t e d , l i e s b e y o n d l h e d e s i r i n g o f t h e n o u o n o f v a l n e . H e n e e l o ask \e w i l l r e v e a l d i e r e f i e x i v e c l i a r a c i e r o l t h i s q u e s i i o n a l j o u t c p i e s l i o n i n g -
w h e t h e r t h e r e s s o m e r e s u i c t i o n t o t h e vales t h a t l h e d e s i r e f o r vales .md t h a i it t h e i e b y f u l l i l i s t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a f f i r m i n g its u n r e s t r i c t e d n e s s .
desires is t o ask w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e vales l h a t i t c a n n o t ask a b o u t . lhis I n c o n c l u s i n , t h e n , j u s t as t h e o u r n o t i o n o f h e i n g ( m a n i f e s t i n que,s-
reveis t h a t i t is n o t a r e s t r i c t e d i n t e n d i n g o f v a l e s a f t e r a l l . l i i i u s t b r i n t e i l i g e n c e a n d refleciicm) a m o u n t s lo an i m m e d i a t e "knowing"
A second indrect a p p r o a c h also parallels a n o t h e r o f L o n e r g a n ' s argu- of a l l t l i a i is ( b e i n g ) b y d e s i r i n g i i , s o a l s o a n u i i r e s u i c l e d n o t i o n ofthe
i i i e n i s . N o d o u b t s o m e p e o p l e w i l l insst t h a t t h e y h a v e n o d e s i r e f o r e v c i y v.iliie r e v e a l e d i n q u e s u o n s f o r e v a l u a d o n a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n is a n i m i i i e d i -
t h i n g o f v a l n e - t h a t t h e y a r e p e r f e c d y c o n t e n w i t h w h a t t h e y h a v e , o r at . i i e " k n o w i n g " o f a n d d e s i r e f o r a l l t h a t is g o o d , a l l t h a t is o f v a l u . B e c a u s e
least t h a t t h e y s c o r n w h a t c e r u n n either p e o p l e find o f valu. B u l as w r ol l h e i m m e d i a c y o f t h e g o o d t h a t is m a d e c o n s c i o u s b y t h e a s p i r a i i c j u o f
 218 Pan l l l : W h y Is D o i n g T h a l B e i n g lhical? H o r i z o n s cjf f e e l i n g s , ( ) ( . n v e r s i n n . anf ()l.)jcciiviy 219

our nouon ofvalne, praclical insights are soughi, praclical refleciion and j e i l i n g o f b a s i c f u l f i l l m e n t . I n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d f a s h i o n i i i n i e n d s a l l vales
d e l i h e i a i i o n are undertaken, viriually uncondidoned grasps o f v a l n e arv n m l u i d i i i o n a l l y in all t h e i r objective valiie-relationships to o n e a n o i h e r . It
reached, J u d g m e n i s ofvalne a n d c h o i c e s are made, a n d h o r i z o n s offeel- il< es s{) b y i n t e n d i n g t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l w h o l e w i t h i n w h i c h a b i d e t h o s e c o n -
ings are c r i i i c i z e d , le-evaliiaied, a n d r e f o m i e d . To i h e e x t e n t t h a t o u r j u d g - d i ti* m e d v a l e s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I t f e e l s e v e r y i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e r \ ' g o o d
m e n t s o f v a l u ai'e a i a i v e d a t u n d e i " t h e sway o f h o r i z o n s o f v a l t i e t h a t a r e d n n g w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a u o n o r limit. Nevertheless, it intends this w h o l e of
in h a i n i o n y with the uni-estricted n o t i o n ofvalne, t h o s e J u d g m e n t s will bc lll vales d i r e c t l y w i t h o u t k n o w i n g i t , j u s t as finite afiects a n d m o o d s i n i e n d
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y a n d n o t j u s t reladvely objective. A n d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t the p.ii ii( u l a r vales w i t h o u t y e t h a v i n g a r r i v e d a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g j u d g m e n t s o f
d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s f o l l o w f r o m t h e s e o b j e c d v e j u d g n i e n t s o f valu, they y a l u e . J u s t as finite f e e l i n g s o f i n i e m i o n a l r e s j s o n s e i n i e n d vales p r i m o r d i -
wll r e a l i z e i n s i a n c e s o f g e n u i n e l y m i c o n d i t i o n a l v a l u a n d g o o d n e s s . .illv b e f b r e vales a t e i n t e n d e d m o r e fuflv- i n j u d g i n e u L s a n d d e c i s i o n s , so
1 h e feef i n g o f basic I u l i d I m c i i t i n t e n d s t h e u n l i m i t e d w h o l e n e s s ofvalne
S.2.y Unresircled Bemg-in-Love . m d g o o d w i i h o u i yet k n c ) w i n g c u d e c i d i n g br t h e w h o l e n e s s o valu.
, \ c c o r c l i n g l o L o n e r g a n , i h i s f e e l i n g o f b a s i c f u l f i l l m e n t is p r i m o i d i a l l y a n
Loneigan i d e n t i f i e d a s e c o n d f e e l i n g , w h i c h is a l s o a p e r e n n i a l s o u i c e ol e x p < ' r i e n c e t h a i is n o t y e i l ' o i a i m l a i e d : " T o say i l i i s d y n a m i c s t a t e is c o n s c i o u s
tensions w i t h i n o u r horizons o f feelings. Like the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n ol \ n u i l o sa\ t h a t it is k n c i w n . Fcn^ c < j n s c i o u s n e s s is j u s t e x p e r i e n c e , b u t k n o w l -
v a l u , t h i s f e e l i n g is a l s o u n r e s t r i c t e d , a n d f o r l h a t r e a s o n i t is e x i r e i n e l y e d g e is a c o m p o u n d o f e x p e r i e n c e , n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d j u d g i n g , " ' ' '
difficuli to find language by w h i c h l o a d e c p i a t e l y d e f i n e o r describe it. In ,Still. s o m e t h i n g m o r e is w a n t e d t h a n j u s t t h e l a n g u a g e t h a l a i t e m p t s t o c h a r -
order lo accommcjdaie this diffictiliy, L o n e r g a n p r o p o s e s t o chai'acteri/.<* ,11 i c r i z e l i l i s fimd;uiiental I e e l i n g b y ii.s r e l a t i o u s h i p l o t h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o i i c m
t h i s f e e l i n g , h o w e v e r i n a d e q n a t e h ' , by its esseniial r e l a t i o u s h i p lo the u n r e - ni valu. L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f i n i e r p r e i e d d i i s e x p e r i e n c e i n l e r m s o f his C l i r i s -
s t r i c t e d desire to k n o w a n d to valu. H e i d e n t i f l e s t h i s f e e l i n g as i h e "lhe li.iii r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n , a n d u s e d t h e p h r a s e s " l x : i n g i n l o v e i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d
basic f t i l f i l t i i e n i " a u d ' ' l h e p r o p e r f u l f i l m e n i " o f a l l o u r q u e s i i o n i n g . ' ' B u l l . i s l i i o n ... w i t h o u t , l i i i i i i s o i " citiaficauons o r c o n d i t i o n s o r r e s e r v n U o n s " and
t h i s f e e l i n g is o n l y a basic, n o t a c o m p l e t e , f u l f i l l m e n t o f o u i ^ n o i i o n o f b e i n g " h e i n g i n love w i t h G o d " ' ' t o c h a r a c i e r i z e this e x p e r i e n c e o f u n r e s t r i c i e d ftil-
a n d v a l u , b e c a u s e i t leaves a l l p a r d c u l a r q u e s d o n s u n a n s w e r e d , especially h l l m e n t . I i v e n t o say t h a t t h e b e i n g - i n is a " b e i n g - i n - l o v e " s t o g o b e y o n d the
a l l o f o u r q u e s t i o n s a b o u l w h a t is g o o d a n d v a l u a b l e . J l is b a s i c i n t h e s e n s e e x p e r i e n c e as e x p e r i e n c e d . a n c l t o a d d v i n d e r s l a n d i n g s ancl j u d g m e n t s d r a w n
t h a t i l is a f e e l i n g o f u n s l i a k e a b l e r e a s s t i r a n e e l h a t a l l o f o u r q u e s t i o n s h a v e specifically fiom t h e C h r i s i i a n r e l i g i o u s c o n t e x t . > V m o i i g o t h e r t h i n g s , t h e use
answers (especially all o f o u r q u e s i i o n s for evaluaiion, deliberation, and u l i l i e t e r m "love" invites t h e q u e s t i o n " W i t l i w h o m a m I i u love?"
c h o i c e ) , b e f o r e we find o u t j u s i w h a t t h o s e answers are. /Vlthough L o n e r g a n d r e w u|Jon h i s o w n r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n l o t a l k a b o u t
Clearly, the i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' o f tliis f e e l i n g o f u n r e s u i c t e d , basic f u l f i l l m e n t lilis s e c o n d p e r e i m i a l source o f tensions w i t h i n o u r horizcms offeelings,
is d i f i e r e n t f r o m t f i a t C)f t h e i n t e n t i o n a l i i y cjf t h e i r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o h e aIscT h e l d t h a l l h e e x p e r i e n c e is u n i v e r s a l a c r o s s al] t r a d i t i o n s , a n d he
v a l u , t o w h i c h i t is i n i i i n a i e l y r e l a t e d . T h e l a t t e r i n t e n d s vales i n d i r e c t l y i ' i i d o r s e d i b e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e m a n y wavs c i f i n t e r p r e t i n g i t w i t h i n d i f f e r -
hy a i u i c i p a i i n g t h e m . T f i r o i i g h its i r r e p r e s s i b l e q u e s u o n i n g , i h e n o t i o n o f ent r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n s . P r i o r to any a i i e m p t to formlate this e x p e r i e n c e ,
x'alue d e s i r e s a l l j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l u , c h o i c e s , a n d a c t i o n s , T h e s e j u d g m e n i s , il is j u s t a b e i n g - i n . l l is f b r i b i s r e a s o n l h a t L o n e r g a n also d e f i i i e d imre-
choices, and actions are particular and pardal fulfilluienis o f what the s i r i c t e d b e i u g - n - l o v e b y m e a n s o f iis i n t r i n s i c , i n i i m a i e r e l a d o n s h i p l o t h e
n o t i t m Cjf v a l u i n t e n d s o n l y b y d e s i r i n g t h e m , By w a y o f c o n t r a s t , t h e i e e l - unrestricted notion ofvalne. *
i n g o f i>asic f u l f i l l m e n t is a " d y n a m i c s t a t e " t l i a t i n i e n d s l h e w h o l e o f vales L o n e r g a n f u r t h e r characterized u n r e s t r i c t e d being-in-love by saying t h a i
d i r e c t l y . I i d o e s n o t i n i e n d j u s t s o m e p a r t i c u l a r vales, as d o p a r t i c u l a r v a h u - il is e x p e r i e n c e d as a " d y n a m i c s t a t e o f l o v e , J o y , p e a c e , t h a t m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f
j u d g m e n t s , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s , o r d o e s i t i n t e n d t h e t o i a l i t y o f vales in acts o f k i n d n e s s , g o o d n e s s , fidelitv', geuileness, and self-control."''* B u l
i j y a n t i c i p a i i n g i t , as d o e s t h e d e s i r i n g o f t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f v a l u , prior lo Chrisiian o r o t h e r interpreiaiions o f t h e experience, there isjust the
l i i n t e n d s t l i e w l i o l e n e s s o f v a l u b y a b a s i c f u l fill m e n i o f t h a t d e s i r i n g . ' ' " ' f)eing-in, where distinctions between l o v e r a n d b e l o v e d a r e n o t yet d r a w n :
H e n e e i h e i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f t h e f e e l i n g o f basic f u l f i l l m e n t i n i e n d s vales
i u a w a y t h a t is s i m i l a r t o o u r m o o d s as i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s - b u t w i i l i o i i i T h i s r e l a t i o u s h i p is n o t s u b j e c t - t o o b j e c t b u t s u b j e c t - t o - s u b j e c t . . .
their finite l i m i i a i i o n s . T i i i s s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s o' l i i i i e t o t a t , a n d so o d i e r w o r d l y , b e i n g - i n - l o v e ... [ w h i c h ] p u t s t h e e x i s t e i n i a l
m o o d s is s u g g e s i e d b y L o n e r g a n ' s use o f p e a c e a n d j o y t o c h a r a c i e r i z e the s u b j e c t i n a p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o u s h i p t o G o d . I t is n o t a r e l a t i o u s h i p t o G o d
 220 P a n I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Ethical?
9 H o r i z o n s of f e e l i n g s , (lonvei^sioii, a n d ()l)jecii\'iiy 22 1

as o b j e c t , f o r i t is p r i o r l o a l l o h j e c t i f i c a i i o n , w h e t l i e r i n j u d g n i e n i s I ii< I U h i s c a r e e r , L o n e r g a n h e l d t h a l u n r e s i r i c t e d being-in-love i n fact

v a l n e ov b e l i e f s , o r d e c i s i o n s o r w o i d s o r d e e d s ... t h i s being-in-love I M '.ide i n t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f e a c i i a n d e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g , a n d forms
determines d i e h o r i z o n o f total self-transcendence by g i o i i n d i n g t h r lll l o u l i l l a t i c m o f e v e r y a u i h e n t i c r e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n . - " E v e n t l i o u g l i L o n e r -
s e l f ancl a l l its s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e i i G e i n t h e d i v i n e lover w h o s e love makc| n . i d .1 l e r m , " l o v e " {figafie), l h a t c a m e f r o m h i s c^wn C l i r i s t i a n r e l i g i o u s
t h o s e h e l o v e s i n l o v e w i l h h i m , a n d so w i d i o n e a n o t l i e r . ' - ' ^ h uliuon, he argued d i a t i.lie r e a l i t y r e f e r e n c e d b y t h a t t e r m transcends
. i p . i c i i y o f a n y h u m a n t r a d i t i o u t o formlate it e x h a u s i i v e l y So other
In itself, t h e r e f o r e , the expei'ience o f nniestricied being-in-love d di. m i c r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s have also i d e n t i f i e d a n d i n t e r p r e t e d diis real-
n o i c o n t a i n i n i d e r s i a n d i n g s oi' e x p i e s s i o n s o r j u d g n i e n t s o r decisions nf t In i n c a i i s o l l a n g u a g e s a n d p r a c t i c e s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t l i o s e e m p l o y e d h y
a c d o n s . B u t i t c a n b e c o m e t h e f o n n d a i i o n " f i o i i i w h i c h l l o w o n e ' s clesitr( > llli'.ii.ins,
a n d feais, o n e ' s j o ) ' s a n d s o r i o w s , o n e ' s d i s c e r n m e n t s o f vales, o n e ' s d r t i i II I o n < - i g a n is r i g h t , d i e n unrestricted being-in-love abides in ilie con-
sions and actions" along with new cpiestions, i n s i g h t s , e x p i e s s i o n s , :illd . loir. l<-<-iiiig h o r i z o n s o f e v e r y o n e . H o w e v e r , s u c h l ) e i i i g - i n - l o \ ' e can only
udgments. S i i l l , i n iLsell, b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n an u n r e s t r i c t e d f a s h i o n does ti(i| i i . i i i i i ' i h l o t l i e e x i e i i i t h a t i t is a t t e n c l c d l o , u n d e r s i o o d , a f l l r m e d , d e l e r -
k n o w w h a t i t l o v e s , o r d o e s it k n o w i t s o w n (rrdn amoris - t h a t is, i t d o e s iiiifl ! h -K ( e | ) i e d , a n d r e i n f o r c e d : " T l i e r e a r e i n f u l l c o n s c i o u s n e s s f e e l i n g s so
k n o w i n d e t a i l l h e o r d e r i n g a m o n g \'alues t h a t it f e e l s . I t d o e s n o t y e t k n u W l II < p . m d s t r o n g , especially w h e n deliberately r e i n f o r c e d , that they c h a n n e l
whai hieraichy a m o n g \alues i t feels o r w h i c h \alties a t e h i g h e r o r wliv
Hit i i i i o u , slia)5e o n e ' s h o r i z o n , d i r e c t o n e ' s l i f e . H e r e t l i e e x t r e m e c a s e is
So t h e e x p e r i e n c e d f e e l i n g o f b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n a u u n r e s t r i c t e d f a s h i o n c.ni
l"> n i | ; . " - '
reside within a n d pernie:ite o u r hoiizons offeelings w i t h o u t being explicith
I mesiricted being-in-love diiecis and chauuels o u r experiencing, ques-
attended to, u n d e r s t o o d , affirnied, o r deliberateh' accepted.
III i i i i i i g , n d e r s t a n d i n g , a u d j t i d g i n g o f facts a n d v a l e s t o a l e s s e r o r g r e a i e r
T h i s bears e m p h a s i s : oddly, we c a n feel u n c o n d i u o u a l being-in-love wilh
i r i i i . d e p e n d i n g u p o n i i o w i t is s i t u a t e d w i i h i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g . If
o u t \et d e l i b e r a t e h ' d e c i d i n g t o lo\ u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . f o a c t n a l l y l o v e evei \
II ls d e l i b e r a t e l y a c c e j i t e d a n d r e i n f o r c e d t h r o u g h a u t h e n i i c s p i r i t u a l e x e i -
i h i u g a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g b y c h o i c e , t o e m b r a c e w i t h o u t c o n d i t i o n s o r resti it
I 1.1 . . m d p r a c t i c e s , t h e n i t w i l l p l a y a m o r e p r c i i i i u e i i t r o l e i n d i r e c u n g a n d
t i o n s o r q u a l n i s o r imsenthuenf a l l t h a t is a n d a l l t h a t s h o u l d b e is a n a c t t l i . i i
1 h.mnehng the operalions o f o u r ethical intentionality. If not, t h e n it will
is aliiKJSt b e y o n d c c j i i i e m p l a t i o n . I t w o u l d m e a n c o n i p i e h e n d i n g anci l o v i t i n
hl l A p e r i e n c e d m o r e as a s o u r c e o f d i s c o n i f b r t a n d a n n o y a n c e r a t h e r t h a n
t h e valu o f a ini\'erse o v e r i'^ tillion y e a r s o d a n c l e v e r y t h i u g i n t e l i i g i h l t
I ivelconie o r i e n t a i i o n i n o u r h o r i z o n offeelings.
l h a t has t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e past a n d p r e s e n t , a n d will t a k e p l a c e i n t h e f u t u n
Lh.ipter 1 explored the notions of discerniuent f o u n d in the wriiings
It w o u l d m e a n d e c i s i x ' e l ) ' l o v i n g t h e x a l u e s o f vast n i i m t e r s cf m i n u s c u l e ,
o l P.iul a n d I g n a t i u s . T h e r e 1 p r o p o s e d thal, for the most part, Lonergan
s t r a n g e e l e m e n i a r > ' p a i t i c i e s a n d o f r e m t e siars a n d g a l a x i e s t h a t s e e m i n
I stended t l i e i r n o t i o n s o f c l i s c e r n m e n t so as l o f o c u s o n d i s c e r n i n g the
have no reievauce wiiatsoever to the r i c h realm o f o u r o w n i n i i m a t e loves
lo\<- o t r u t h a b i d i n g i n a u d d i r e c u n g w h a t t h e y c a l l e d " n a t u r a l pcnvers."
It w o u l d m e a n l o v i n g a s e e m i n g l y w a s t e f u l a n d s e u s e l e s s i y v i o l e n t w o r l d i u
Itouever, with his reflections on attending to, nderstanding, j u d g i n g ,
w i i i c h o\'ei' 9 9 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e l i v i n g c i e a t u r e s t h a t e v e r e x i s t e d becaine
M i d d e l i b e r a t e l y r c i n f b r c i n g t h e e x p e r i e n c e c)f u n r e s i r i c t e d being-in-love,
extinci. l l w o u l d m e a n loving a w o r l d i n w h i c h the glories o f h u m a n heing*
I o n e r g a n j o i n e d Paul a n d I g n a t i u s in t h e i r e n d e a v o u r s to d i s c e r n t h e gifts
so o f t e n s e e m t o b e m a s s i v e l y o \ e r v \ l i e l m e d hy t h e i r s u i p i d i t i e s a n d hideoiis
ol l h e S p i r i i . I n l i g h t oi' h i s C h r i s i i a n t r a d i t i o n , t h i s e x p e r i e n c e o f unre-
aluses o f t h e n i s e l v e s , t l i e i r f e l l o w i i u n i a n s , a n d t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d . A n y d e l i h
.11 i e i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e is t h e p r i n c i p a l m o v e m e y i gi\'eii b\ l h e S p i r i t .
r a t e c h o i c e t o k v e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y w o u l d h a v e t o f a c e a l l o f t h e s e issues a i u l
\ m a t t e r how p e r i p h e r a l that being-in-love is, it i n e v i t a b l y introduces
c o m e nevertheless t o s o m e k i n d o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l k n o w l e d g e o f all xaliirs
leiisinns - "consolations" o r "desolations," i n Ignatius's terminolog}'. Our
a n d a l l t h a t n e e d s t o b e a c c e p i e d a n d f o r g i v e n f o r t h e s a k e o l T h e valu o f t h e
l e e l i n g s c a n a n d d o a r i s e a u d m e r g e i u wa)'s i h a t c r a t e t e n s i o n s w i t h u n r e -
u u c o i i d i u o n a l l y valuable whole tliat u n c o n d i t i o n a l being-iu-love lx:holds.
a i i ( i c ' d b e i n g - i n - l c i v e , e v e n w l i e n i t is n o t s t r o n g o r c e n t r a l o r h i g h e s t i n
A delibrate a c t o f u n c o n d i d o n a l love certainly seems b e y o n d luimaii
oiii h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , b e c a u s e t h a t b e i n g - i n - l o v e is u n r e -
attainment. But unrestricted being-in-love i t s e l f is n o t yet a deliberal'
. u i ( i e c l , its p r e s e n c e c a n n e v e r b c f u l l v r e p r e s s e d . u n r e s t r i c i e d being-in-
c h o i c e o f i m c c i i d i t i o n a l l ) ' i o \ ' i i i g . I t is, r a t h e r , a p r i o r , f e i t a p p r e h e n s i i i i <il
l o v e m a k e s ts p r e s e n c e f e l t t h r o u g h t h e t e n s i o n s i l smulates,
t h e w h o l e n e s s o f a l l t h a t is o f v a l u . W h i l e u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e is i m i
S n n e t h i n k e i - s h a v e h e l d t h a t s e l f p r e s e r \ ' a t o n is t h e n i o . s i b a s i c ofour
y e t a f u l l y d e l i b r a t e a c t o f l o v i n g t h a t w h o l e , i t is, h o w e v e r , l h e c o n d i i i o n o l
leelings. F r e u d a r g u e d t h a t w h a i h e c a l l e d t h e sex d r i v e {eros) is t h e most
t h e possibility t h a t h u m a n beings c o u l d ever make such a choice.
l u n < l a i u e n i a l feeling d r i v e , a n d later i n his career a d d e d the death wish
 222 Pin. I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i l i e i n g t t h i c a l r H o r i z o n s o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d O h j e c i i v i i y 22^i

{ih(iualos) as e q u a l l y f u n d a m e n i a l . X i e t z s c h e a n d h i s f o l l o w e i s h a v e l e g a r d e d I l i l i s i m p l i e s that c o r r e c t l y nierpreling a n d i d e n t i f y i n g t h e experience

b o i h l h e w i l l l o p o w e r , a n d mst-niiment a g a i n s i i i , as t h e n i o s i f i u i d a m e i i l . i l If i M i n s i r i c t e d h e i n g - i n - l o v e is n o t a n e a s y t a s k . i t is p o s s i b l e o n l y t h r o u g h
sources of tensions in o u r feeling h o i i z o n s . T h e r e is n o d o u b t t h a t eai h >n r x i c n s i v e s e l f - c o r r e c t i u g p r o c e s s . I n d i v i d u i s w i l l b e m o r e l i k e l y l o r e a c h
o f t h e s e is i n d e e d a p o w e r f u l d i m e n s i n i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s ; n m in l l o b j e c t i v e j u c l g m e n t s i f i h e y p a r i i c i p a t e i n c o m m u n i i i e s a u d t r a d i t i o n s
is t h e i e d o u b t t h a t e a c h o f d i e s e c a n a n d has b e c o m e b o t h t h e f o c u s a m l dial have d e v e l o p e d iiiveniories o f insighis a n d j u d g m e n t s a n d practices to
the highest preference i n t h e c t j u c r e t e f e e l i n g horizjus o l man\ people n d III s u c h d i s c e r n m e n t s . f h e d i s c u s s i o n o f I g n a t i u s ' s s p i r i t u a l e x e r c i s e s
Certainly Lonergan n e v e r d o u b i e d i l i a t t h e s e p r i m o r d i a l f e e l i n g s d o e\'\s\ h> ( h a j i i e r \d h i s g r e a t c o i i t r i b u t i o u s l o s u c h p r a c t i c e s . I t a l s o
i n p e o p l e ' s h o r i z o n s , o r t h a t l h e y h a v e c o m e t o d o m i n a t e t h e lives o f m a m iripliasized that i n a d d i t i o n t o m e i h o d s , practices, a n d exercises, such
people, b u t he w o u l d n o t agree that they are the m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l o f o m > o n i u i u i i i t i e s will n e e d wise ancl g o o d p e o p l e wlic> c a n c o r r e c t o v e r s i g h t s ,
feelings. Precisely because o u r n o t i o n o f v a l u s a n u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i i r . I linrinate the d o m i n a n c e o f a b e r n u i t feelings, a n d w i n n o w o u t mistaken
i t is t h e s o u r c e t h a t n o t o n l y asks a b o u l i i s e l f (''VVhal g o o f i is i t t o h a v e a u | n i l ) ; r n e n t s a n d b e l i e f s t h a t a i e u s e d n s u c h d i s c e r n m e n t s . I n c h a p t e r s 15
t i n r e s t i ' i c i e d d e s i r e f o i " t h e g o o d ? ' ) b u t a l s o c a l i s i n t o c p i e s t i c j n evei'y o t l i c t md i ( i we will l e u i r n o n c e again to t h e q u e s t i o n o f m e i h o d s a n d pracuces
f e e l i n g - w h e t h e r d e s i r e s f o r se I f - p r e s i v a t i o n o r sex ov p o w e r o r a n y t h i i i K ol d i s c e r n m e n t .
e l s e . T h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l u , t h e r e f o r e , g o e s b e y o n d a n d is m o t e
basic t h a n a n y o t h e r felt v a l u a u o n . L i k e w i s e , because u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n H,'( Conversions and Horzons of Feelings
\o\Q is i n i i m a t e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o u o n o f b e l u g a s its basic a n d
p r o p e i " f u l f i l l m e n t , i t l o o g o e s b e v o n d a l l o i h e r f e e l i n g s o f v a l n e b y its f e e l i n g Ihiacifore unrestricied being-in-love, a l o n g with the u m e s i r i c t e d n o t i o n
f o r l h e w h o l e o f vales b e y o n d l i m i t a t i o n o r c o n d i t i o n . W h a t e v e r m a y h r t'l v.iliie, are p e r m a n e n t sources o f d i s e c p i i l i b r i i u n i n o u r f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s .
i m e about i h e d e p t h o r persistence o f o t h e r feeling-sources o f tensions iu I l i e \e t h e m o s t j j r o f o u n d t e n s i o n s i n t o o u r f e e l i n g s . In dilfei-
o u r h o r i z o n s , t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d u n c o n d i t i o n a l love 1 lll l a s h i o n s l l i e n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d being-in-love cc^nspire to
are p e r m a n e n t a n d i n e l i m i n a b l e f e e l i n g sources o f l e n s i o n i n o u r horizoiiN, p i o m p t US lowards changes in o u r feeling horizons.
flence, ihe transcendental n o u o n o f v a l n e a n d u n c o n d i t i o n a l being-in-lovr In p r i n c i p i e , these c h a n g e s c o u l d be i n s t a n c e s o f w h a t L o n e r g a n calis
are t b c sources o f t h e iensi<ms i h a i a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w h a t e v e r degrees o l ' f l r v e l o p m e u t . " A d e v e l o p m e n t is a s e q u e n c e o f s t a g e s w i t h a n i n t e l l i g i b l e
u n c o n d i t i o n a l v a l u o b j e c t i v i t y we ai'e a b l e t o a t t a i n . I ll i r i l i a t i o n - a n i n t e l l i g i b l y c o n n e c i e d s e c p i e n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e d h o r i z o n s
A l t h o u g h L o n e i g a n himself clearly a f l l r m e d the realily a n d i n d e e d the u n i o l l e e l i n g s i n t h i s case. I n d e v e l o p m e u t a l secpieiices l h e tensicus ofone
v e r s a l i t y o f b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n a n u n r e s u i c t e d f a s h i o n , siJll h e i n u o d u c e d i t m o r e s i a g c l e a d t o its t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o a s u c c e s s o r t h a t p a r t i a l l y r e s o l v e s t h o s e
o r less ;is a h y p o t h e s i s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , h e i n t r o d u c e d t h e i d e a o f a n expeii lensions i n the f o r m o f a m o r e differentiated anri m o r e c o m p l e x . inie-
e n c e , a f e e l i n g , d e f i n e d b y its i n i r i n s i c r e l a t i o u s h i p l o d i e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o j'.iaied s t a g e . l u e i i i b r y o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s , t h e o r g a n i s m at o n e stage
valu as its " b a s i c " a n d " p r o p e r " f u l f i l l m e n t . I t w o n l d be i l i e I e e l i n g t h a i i n t e n d s ( h i u i g e s its c h e m i c a l a n d c e l l u l a r c o n s t i t u e n i s u n t i l t h e f o r m o f o r g a i i i z a -
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y d i e w h o l e o f a l l r a i n e s i n t h e i r o b j e c t i v e scale o f r e l a i i o n s h i p s I n t i o i i a l l h a t s t a g e c a n n o l o n g e r f u n c i i o n as i t l i a d b e e n . I f l h e i r a n s f o n n a -
o n e a n o t h e r . W l i e t h e r o r n o t s u c h a f e e l i n g e.xisis n a n y p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n , a n y t i o u is t r u h ' p a r t o f a d e v e l c i p m e n t a l s e c p i e n c e . l h e n d e m i s e oi' t h e f o r m e r
g r o u p s o f pei"sons, o r a i l h u m a n b e n g s a r e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s t o b e a n s w e r e d si;igi is f o l l o w e d by t h e e m e r g e n c e o f a n e w stage t h a t c a n suceessfull)'
i n v i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i i i o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t . T h i s task b e c o m e s c o m p l i c a i e d i n i e g r a i e t h e c h a n g e d c h e m i c a l a n d celliiltr c o m p o i i e i i i s i n t o a m o r e d i f -
because the experience as s u c h is p r i o r t o , a n d i h e g r c m n c l o f , expressions. len-ntiated organism.
People can u n d e i ' s t a n d a n d uieipret this experience accnraiely or inaccu VVhen o u r h o r i z o n s d e v e l o p i n this sense, t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t feelings
rately. P e o p l e c a n use L o n e r g a n ' s l a n g u a g e t o say l h a t t h e e x p e r i e n c e t h e y are h e c o i n e i n o r e refinecl. A l a n e a r l i e r stage we m i g h t have b e e n i n c a p a b i e o f
h a v i n g is I n d e e d t h e p r o p e r a n d basc f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o l h . i v i i i g feelings f o r m o r e s u b t l e kincls o f vales o r s u b t l e d i f f e r e n c e s among
valu, b u t t h e y c a n b e m i s t a k e n i n d i i s i n i e i p r e t a t i o n . P e o p l e c a n say d i e y h a v e v.ilues, w h e r e a s i n a l a t e r stage o f d e v e l o p m e n t o u r feelings m a k e i t possible
ne\er liad such a n e x p e r i e n c e , a n d also Ix; m i s i a k e n . S o m e p e o p l e can u s r h u us t o d i s c e r n s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s . F o r e x a m p l e , al a n e a r l y stage we m i g h t
languages o l lhe various religious l o give accurate a n d a u t h e n i i c expressions have b e e n i n c a p a b i e o f d i s t i n g u i s l i i n g a i i i o n g d i l f e r e m kincls o f wroiigs
o f u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , w h i l e o t h e r s m i g h t a p p l y a l m o s t e x a c d y t h e .same a n d m i g h t have o n l y b e e n able to r e s p o n d w i t h t h e same i n t e n s i t y o f a n g e r
e x p r e s s i o n s t o dif^erent, a n d p o s s i b l y c o m p l e t e l y i n c o m p a t i b l e , e x p e i iencirs. lo a w i d e range o f w r o n g s . Later, however, o u r feelings o f a n g e r become
 22A P a n l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Elhical? ^ H o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . Conversin, a n d O b j e c d v i t y

d i f T e r e n t i a i e d so as t o d i s c r i n i i n a t e d i f l e r e n t d e g r e e s o f w r o n g . W e m a y e\'fii > .nveisions begin processes o f f u n d a m e n i a l reorganization of o u r hori-

be a b l e l o r e s p o n d w i i l i l a i i g h i e r a i i h e f o o l i s h n e s s o f c e r t a i n w r o n g s - sin l i I m . of f e e l i n g s . C o n v e r s i o n s m o v e us t o w a r d s p r o p e r l y o r d e r e d h o r i z o n s o f
as J o h n T h o r p e ' s r i c h c u l o u s b r a g g i n g i n Northanger Abbey. However, becauM ti i l i u g s . S t i l l , d e c i s i o n s o f c o n v e r s i n a r e o n l y l h e b e g i n n i n g p o i n t s f o r siis-
the unrestricted n o i i o n o f v a l n e anci u n r e s i r i c t e d being-in-love are u u n i d resohitions o f the fundamental tensions in o u r horizons offeelings.'""
s t r i c t e c i , l l i e t e n s i o n s l h e y i n t r o d u c e m o t i v a t e a s e r i e s o f s i a g e s t o w a r d s evci I I n n ' c r s i o n i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e is n o i t h e s a m e as c o n v e r s i n i n t h e m o r e
fnnher refinements offeelings. I HMili.u' s e n s e - conversic">n t o a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i z e d religious g r o u p t u to
I n m o s t cases, i i o w e v e r , t h e c h a n g e s i n o u r f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s a r e n o t a l o i i K I p o l i d c a l c a u s e , fc^r e x a m p l e . C o n v e r s i n i n h i s s p e c i a l s e n s e c o u l d e v e n t u -
pur l i n e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t ; i n m o s t cases o m ' l u j r i z o n s i n c l u d e c o m m i t j n e n L s l u ili l e . i d t o c i n i n g s o m e s u c h g r c j u p . b u t t h a t is n o i h i s b a s i c n i e a n i n g o f
f e e l i n g s t h a l a i e u n d a m e m a i i v op|>osed t o i h e g u i d a n c e o f t h e n o t i o n o f v a l m v e r s i n . C o n v e r s i n n t h e m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l s e n s e b e g i n s w i t h a n act
a n d u n c o n d i t i o n a l Ijeing-in-love. Because i x ) t h o f l h e s e feeiings m a k e i n f m i l i .-I I h o i c e . I t is a d e c i s i n t o f o l l o w t h e l e a d o f d i e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o u o n o f
d e m a n d s t h a t d e f y o m " finite u n d e i - s t a n d i n g , we c a n r e s p o n d w i t h fear, d r e a d , a n d being-in-love i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d f a s t i i o u . O f t e n e n o u g h t h e dec-
h o r i o i " , d i s g u s t , c^i' d e s i r e s foi" p o v v e r a n d c o n t r o l . O u r h c ) r i z o n s o f f e e i i n g s niu l o i i f o r t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d valu a n d love c o m e s i n i h e l o n n o f a decisin
i n c l u d e t e n s i o n s a n d c o n f l i c t s so d e e p t h a i t h e v c a n n o t l i e l e s o h e d mereh M'.iinsi s o m e t h i n g t h a t s t a n d s i n o p p o s i i i o n 10 them. Renouncing one's
by d e v e i o p u i e i u a l tiansformaons. T h e changes i n i i o i i z o n s l h a t r e s p o n d lo o w n h i i t e r n e s s a b o u t a jast d e e d c a n b e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a d e c i s i n l o l i v e
these c o n s t e l i a d o n s o i ' f e e i i n g s s i m p l y r e d i s t i i b u i e t h e s e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n f i i ( h ti I o i d i n g l o l h e i r a u . s c e n d e n i a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d unresu"ictecl being-in-
w i i h o u t r e a l l y r e s o l r i n g t h e m . L o n e r g a n c a l i s die.se k i n d s o f c h a n g e s d i a l e c t i c a l : li t\e. T l i e a c i o t l e n u n c i a t i o u is iLself a c c o m p a n i e d by f e e l i n g s f o r t h e valu
1-1 ' a i c h a n a c l , a n c l t h e s e l e a d t o f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s n o n e ' s f e e l i n g h o r i -
L e t US say t i i a t a d i a i e c t i c is a c o n c r e t e u n f o l d i n g o f T m k e d b u t '.iM. f l i e s e new l'eelings i n t r o d u c e n e w t e n s i o n s c a l l i i i g e v e n t u a l l y f o r still
o p p o s e d p i i n c i p l e s of c h a n g e . T l i u s ttere w i i l b e a ciialeciic i f (i) l i l i i l i e i d e c i s i o n s . C o n v e r s i n is a d e c i s i n w e h a v e l o k e e p 011 making.^"
d i e r e is a n a g g r e g a i e o f e v e n t s o f a d e t e r m i n a t e c h a r a c t e r , ( l i ) t h e l.onergan i d e n i i f i e d t h r e e k i n d s o f con\'ersous: i n i e H e c i n a l , n u j i - a i , a n d
e v e m s m a y b e t r a c e d l o e i t h e r en" b o t h o f i w o p r i n c i p i e s , ( 3 ) t l i e 1 eligious.-'"^ R o b e n D o r a n i d e n i i f i e d a f o u r i l i t h a l l i e t e r m e d " s y c h i c c o n -
p r i n c i p i e s a r e o p p o s e d y e t I j c n n i d togediei", ancl ( 4 ) ihe\ a i e m o d i - oisiou," which Lonergan also a c k n o w l e d g e d . - " Of Lonergan's three coii-
fied hy l l i e c h a n g e s t h a t s u c c e s s i v e l y restili f r o m tliem.1 ^ \ei s i o n s , b i s acecen I l l s o f i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d r e l i g i o u s a r e f a i r l y s t r a i g h t o r w a r d ,
b u l m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is t h e l e a s t c l e a r .
Feeling responses are o n e s n c l i series of e v e n t s b o u n d t o g e t h e r i n .1
l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . VVhen a h o r i z o n c o n t a i n s d e e p f e e l i n g s t l i a t a r e f i n i d a ^ iS'.j. / Intellectnal Conversin
m e n i a l l y , a l i j e i t i m p e r c e p t i b l y , o p j ) C ) s e d 10 t l i e c a l i s o f l h e n o i i o n o f valu
a n d u m e s i i i c i e d being-in-o\e, o u r f e e l i n g t e s p o i i s e s may shift the cpialih liiuilectual convexin begins with self-affirmation o f the knower,^" the
o f l h a t oppC)Suon w i i l i o m i r i d ) ' r e s o l v i n g t h e c o n f i i c t . C h a n g e s i n f e e l i i i K i | u d g i n e n i l h a t c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e is t h e c o r r e c t acccunt o f how we really
p r o m p t e d b ) ' t b e n o t i o n o f \'alue a n d u n r e s i i ' i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e a r e m e i l i \ l i o k n o w . S e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n also i n c l u d e s k n o w l e d g e ofthe n i o s l basic and
otiiei" ciianges f r o m t h e f e e l i n g s o f C)ppositic)n a n d r e b e l l i o n . T h e fund.i p i o l b u n d consequences r e g a r d i n g objecuvity a n d reality that follow from
mental confiicts remain b t i i c i i a n g e their manifestations. Such c o n f l i c i s d n ,illii l u i n g l h a t we i r i i l ) ' d o k n o w bv p e r f o r m i n g t i i e c o g n i i i o n a l s t r u c i u r e .
n o t l e a d 10 r e f m e d o r i n t e g r a t e d f e e i i n g s ; i n s i e a d , d i s i u i b a i i c e s a n d i i i s i i l i s h u e i i e c t n a i c o n v e r s i n iuilcis u p o n s f c l f - a f t i r m a U o n by a d d i n g j u d g m e m s
e a r l y i n ufe festei" a n d g r o w . T h e y c a n be d i s p l a c e d a n d t a k e o n n e w fcHins o l valu a n d d e c i s i o n s t h a t f o l l o w u p o n t h e afTiniiaon o i o n e s e l f as i n f a c t
accompanied by newl)' i m a g i n e d reasons for h o l d i n g o n t o resentnienis. operating with die cognitional structure. T h e judgments ofvalne afTirni t h e
T h e s e d e e p c o n f i i c t s a n d t e n s i o n s really seek c h a n g e s m o r e r a d i c a l i h a n v . i l i i e o f c o o p e r a i i n g w i i i i i h e i i o r i i i s o l C|uesoning d i a l a r e e m b e d d e d i n c o g -
can be a c h i e v e d hy tliese d i a l e c t i c a l m o v e m e i u s - ciianges that Loneigan n i i i o n a l s t n i c t u r e . I n t e l l e c t u a l c o n v e i " s i o n as s u c h , h o w e v e r , is a d e c i s i n t h a l
called "conversions.""^ Conversions are r a d i c a l t y p e s o f d e c i s i o n s . Y e t , al Iollows u p o n the j u d g n i e u t o f v a l n e . l l ls t h e decisin 10 b e g i n cooperaiing
least i n L o n e r g a n ' s t e c h n i c a l s e n s e , c o n v e r s i o n s a r e n o t a r b i t r a l " ) ' decisioui; m o r e fuily with the exigences o f c o g n i t i o n a l s u t i c t i i r e . This means emhracing
rather, they are a u t h e n i i c decisions t h a i respond to t h e tensions i n o u r hori- i i u p i i r y a n d the grasp o f the rirtually u n c o n d i d o n e d as t h e s o l e n t e n a Tor
z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . T h e y a r e n o r m a u v e r e s p o n s e s t o o b j e c t i v e vales as t h e y a i e w h ; i i ( H i e w i l l c o u n t as k n c j w l e d g e . i l is a d e c i s i n t o a c c e p t as r e a l wiiatever
i n t e n d e d i n u n r e s t r i c t e d valu q u e s i i o n i n g a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i u - l o v r , a u d o n l y w h a t e v e r ls t o b e k n o w n i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g m e n t s .
 226 P i t r i l l l : W h y Is D o i n g T h a i B e i n g lM.hical? M n r i z u r i s ol" feefings. Conversin, a n d O b j e c i i v i l y "27

Typically, n u e l l e c t u a l conversin also involves n o i o n h ' d e c i s i o n s tliai, m n i liccisions of r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n also c o m m o n l y include decisions o

l o w a r d s , I j n i a l s o d e c i s i o n s i h a i i i i r n a w a y T h e Ia(.ier d e c i s i o n s c o m e i n a i - e c i i i - tni I l i n g away frotn something. For example, a religious conveision can

r i n g s e r i e s o r r e n u n c i a d o n s o r ' i h e exceedingly sinbborn m y d i . . . iliai knowing imolv<- a s o r r o w l i i l l e a v i n g b e h i n d o f acvides a n d a c q u a i n t a n c e s l h a t are

is l i k e l o o k i n g , " a l o n g w i d i a l l d i e i n i p l i c a d o n s r e g a r d i n g o b j e c U v i i y a n d r e a l i t y n o w u n d e r s t o o d t o b e o b s t a c l e s i o g r o w t h i n a d e d i c a o n t;o u n c o n d i d o n a l

l h a t f b l l o w t V o i n d i a l i n y i l i . - ' ' T h e n i y i h is s o s m b b o r n b e c a u s e t h e n o o n i h a i IM\.-. f h e u feelings o f remoi-se a n d s o r r o w j o i n w i t h fbelings o f peace a n d

r e a l i l y is w h a i c a n b e s e e n o r l o i i c h e d is a c c o m p a n i e d b y feelings osecuriu'. T o i N l l i l l i i i e n t l o i n t r o d u c e n e w dynancs i n t o d i e h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . More

l o s e v i s i b i l i i v ' a n d l a n g i b i l i i y as c r i i e i i a f o i " r e a l i l y w i l l e v o k e a n x i e e s . A s l o n g );rninally, r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n as i l i e d e c i s i n t o g r a n t u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g -

as o n e ' s h o i i z o n o f f e e l i n g s c o n t a i n s f e e l i n g s o f s e c u i i i y a n d d r e a d a t i a c h e d t o m love l h e place o f h i g h e s t p r i o r i i y " d i s m a n d e s a n d abolishes t h e hori-

m i s t a k e n n o d o n s o f k n o w i n g , objec\ity, a n d r e a l i t y , t h e s e f e e l i n g s w i l l b e i n z o n i n w h i c h o u r k n o w i u g a n d c h o o s i n g w e n i o n a n d i t seis u p a n e w h o r i z o n

tensin w i t h the n o r m a v e desires to t m d e i ' s i a n d c o r r e c d y S i n c e t m d e r s t a n d - lll w h i c h U i e l o v e o f G o d [ i . e . , b e i n g - i n d o v e u i i c o n d i u o n a l l y ) w i l l i r a n s v a l u e

i n g W ' h a t is g o i n g o n c o r r e c d y is t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y , s o o n e r v i d u e s a n d t h e eyes o f t h a t l o v e w i l l t r a n s i b r i n o u r k n o w i n g .

o r l a t e r t h e a b s e n c e o f i n i e l l e c t u a l c o n v e r s i n w i l l l e a d t o false j u d g n i e n i s o f Since lhe l w o basic s o u r c e s o f t e n s i o n s n feeling horizons are unre-

f a c t a b o u t w h a i is g o i n g o n . False J u d g m e n u s o f f a c t w i l l viate d i e o b j e c t i v i t y aii( l e d , a n d since diey b o t h t h e r e b y i n t e n d t h e t o i a l i t y of.'///thatis o f v a l n e ,

o f j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e w h e n f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d t o t h e s u p p o s e d facts t h e y falsely ,1 dc isive c o m m i t m e n t t o t h e y o c a d o n o f u n c o n d i d o n a l l o v e is n e e d e d to

a l l e g e . F a l s e j t i d g m e n i s w i l l o f f e r m i s t a k e n starng p o i n i s I b r e l h i c a l rellecon H s o l v e the deepest d i s o r i e n t i n g lensions i n o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings.

a b o u t w h a i s h o u l d b e d o n e i n r e s p o n s e t o t h o s e false facis. H e n e e i n t e l l e c t u a l
c o n v e r s i n is n e e d e d i f o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g a r e t o b e p r o p e r l y o r i e n t e d n o t S.y.y Moral COIWCJSO'H

o n l y Lowards f a c t u a l i r u t b b u i also t o w a r d s t r u e vales.

W l i ; i i L o n e r g a n h a d l o say a b o u t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is less c l e a r i b a n w h a t l i e
'.^.2 Religious Conoersioii iid a b o u t e i d i e r i n t e l l e c t u a l o r r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n , so i t i s n e c e s s a r y l o c o n -
adei l h e s e v e r a l t h i n g s h e d i d say a n d l o p r o p o s e a n i n i e r p r e v e s y n d i e s i s .

R e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is l i k e w i s e a d e c i s i n , a " t o t a l a n d p e r i r i a n e n t self-sur- A l o n e p o i n t h e c h a r a c i e r i z e d m o r a l c o n v e r s i n as a c h a n g e i n " t h e c r i -

r e n d e r w i t h o u t c o n d i t i o n s , q u a l i n c a i i o n s , reser\';iions"'*- l o i b e v o c a t i o n of m i i o u o f o n e ' s d e c i s i o n s a n d c h o i c e s f r o m s a s f a c o n s l o vales,"^" o r as

u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . L o n e r g a n o b s e r v e s t h a i j u s t as b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n l l o r a n p u t s i t s o k e e n l y , " I r o m i m p u l s e t o v a l u . " - ' ' T h i s , h o w e v e r , is o n l y a

an i n i c o n d i o u a l f a s l i i o n is e x p r e s s e d i n d i f T e r e n t ways, s o a l s o religious p . u i i a l a c c o u n t o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , b r w h i l e a p e r s o n m a y c h o s e vales

c o n v e r s i n as t h e d e c i s i n t o l i v e o u t t h a t g i f t is " i n i e r p r e i e d d i f e r e n d y i u o v e r sasfacons, sull h e r o r b i s fell sense o f valu m i g h l be d i s t o r t e d . S h e

the c o n t e x t o f d i f f e r e n t r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s . " - ' : ' I d e n c e , as w e n o t e d above OI he m i g h l have feelings f o r o n l y s o m e vales w h i l e o b l i v i o u s l o o t h e r s ,

w i t h r e g a i d t o e x p r e s s i o n s of u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , L o n e r g a n himself p r e f e r r i n g false vales o v e r u a i e o n e s , b a s e v a l e s o v e r m o r e n o b l e ones,

uses t e r m s f r o m t h e C h r i s u a n t r a d i o n - s u c h as " G o d " a n d " l o v e " - w h i l e ,nid especially placing feelings f o r f m i t e vales a h e a d o f f e e l i n g s for the

O l h e r t r a d i t i o n s w i l l e i u p l o y diTerent e x p r e s s i o n s n l e f e r r i n g l o r e l i g i o u s u n l i m i t e d o-ood i n i e n d e d b v t h e t r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o o n o f v a l n e aud unre-

cc^nverson. Flus w l i i l e r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n a l m o s t a l w a y s o c c u r s in i h c 'aricied being-in-love.

c o n t e x t o f s o m e r e l i g i o u s tradion, a n d usually involves a s u b s e q u e n t deci- A m o r e c o m p l e t e nderstanding o f m o r a l conversin can be d r a w n rom

sin t o seek g t i i d a n c e i n l i v i n g o u t o n e ' s decisin w i t h i n s o m e religious I o n e i - f a n ' s a c c o u n t s o" w h a t h e c a l i s " l h e t ; x i s i e n a l d i s c o v e r y " He wriies,
o
c o m m u n i t y , r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n i n L o n e r g a n ' s sense is m o r e f ' t i n d a m e n t a l lol e x a m p l e , t h a t
and is t h e f o n n d a i i o n o f a n y s u b s e q u e n t d e c i s i o n s t o e m b r a c e a religious
c o m m i u u l y or tradition - or not. the development o f knowledge and the develo.pinent of moral Ieeling

A s a C h r i s i i a n t h e o l o g i a n , L o n e r g a n i d e n f i e s G o d as t h e s o u r c e o f u n r e - l e a d t o t h e existenal d i s c o v e r y t h e d i s c o v e i y o f o n e s e l f as a m o r a l

s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , a n d uses i h e i s u c l a n g u a g e t o c h a t - a c t e r i z e d e c i s i o n s of b e i n g , lhe realizadon t h a t o n e n o t o n l y chooses between courses o

r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n f o r t h e sake o f t h o s e w h o s h a r e h i s r e l i g i o u s i r a d i t i ( u i : acon b u i a l s o t h e r e b y makes oneself an auihenc h u m a n b e i n g o r
"There r e c t i r s t h e q u e s t i o n o f C o d i n a n e w f b r m . F o r n o w i i is [ . j r i i n a r i l y a an iinauthenc one, W i t h t h a t discoveiy, t h e r e e m e r g e s i n c o n s c i o u s -
q u e s u o n o f decisin. W i l l f love h i m i n l e t u r n , o r w i l l I refuse? W i l l I live o u t n e s s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p e r s o n a l valu a n d t h e m e a n i n g o f p e r s o n a l
the g i f t o f h i s l o v e , o r w i l l 1 h o l d b a c k , t u r n away, w i t h d r a w ? " : ' ! rtrsponsibihty^^^
 228 P a r t I I I : Why Is D o i n g T l i a i l i e i n g Eihical? H o r i z o n s o f l'eelings, l l o n v e r s i o n , a n d O b j e c i i v i l y 229

l h e double iiiteiiLionality ofeach h u m a n decisin i l i a i L o n e r g a n inm M . s i l f l o d e c i d e w h a t t o m a k e o f o n e s e l f d o e s n o t g u a r a n tee t h a t o n e will

L i o n s w a s d i s c u s s e d e a i i i e r - ' " B u l i b i s p a s s a g e f o c u s e s o n w h a i l i a p p e n s w l n ii I hoose l o be a g o o d s u b j e c t , e s p e c i a l l y i f o n e t h i n k s t h a t o n e ' s o w n d e c i d i n g
a perscm irnlizes i h e f a c o f l h i s d o u b l e i n i e n i i o n a l i i y , a l o n g w i i h i h e vahu 1. l l i e o n l y f a c i o i - t h a t d e t e r m i n e s w h a t " g o o d " is.
dimensions ihai follow from lhis fitci. R e a l i z a i i o n o f l h e f a c c o m e s i t i ,i L\tiihia Ciysdale expands upon i h i s pt>int. S h e notes that m o r a l con-
j u d g m e n t o f f a c t . R e a l i z a t i c m o f t h e valu d i m e n s i o n s c o m e s i n t h e feeling u ision frecpiently begins w i t h "'the stark realization d i a l even such heavily
t h a i r e s p o n d t o d i e f a c t kncwn i n t h a t j u d g m e n t . T h o s e f e e l i n g s r e v e a l i h i lo.ided a n d m o r a l l y s a n c d o i i e d pleasures may be, i n fact, n o t coexteiisive
a w e s o m e \'alue o f r e s p o n s i b i l i i y t h a t is p a i t a n d p a r c e l of being a briiin iviih ll ue valu, ' f h e d e e p e s t desires o f o u r h e a r t s m a y b e r e a c h i n g f o r s o n i e -
w h o h a s t h e c a p a c i t y l o d e t e r n u n e i l i e v a l u o f h e r o r h i s own life. H e m i t l n n g e l s e . s o m e i h i n g m c i e ( v v ) h o l l ) ' {s'ir\" B u l s u c h a r e a l i z a t i o n is
m o i ' a l conversin begins b o t h w i t h i h e r e a l i z a d o n o f a f a c t a n d w i t h a majut,
o n h a b e g i n n i n g . " S t i l l , h o w e v e r i h r i l l i n g s u c h a d i s c o v e r y m a y b e , i t cecines
a c c o m p a n y i n g shift in feelings.
I l l h lhe choice to engage in a l o n g j o u r n e y o f discernment."
In t h e passage, L o n e r g a n p o i n t s o u l t h a t t h e r e are at least t w o d i s i i n l h e r e is, t h e n , a s e c o n d moment lecpiired for m o r a l C(jnversion, This
g i i i s l i a b l e m o n i e n i s i n t h i s process. T h e H r s t m o m e n t is t h e r e a l i z a i i n i t r( o n d m o m e n t c o m e s w i t h t h e m o r e c o m p l e t e n d e r s t a n d i n g C)f j u s t w h a t
o f t h e f a c t a n d valu t h a t i n e a c h o f o u r d e c i s i o n s we are " p r o d u c i n g d n II is we a r e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e d e c i d i n g , f o r d e c i d i n g d o e s n o t o c c u r i n a
f u s t a n d o n l y e d i t i o n " o f o u r s e l v e s , as h e p u l s i t . T h i s i d e a c e n a i n l ) did v,ii i i m n ; . i i is n o t a n a c i i s o l a t e d f r c u u e \ ' e r y t h i n g e l s e . .As 1 h a v e b e e n e n d e a v -
n o t orignate wilh L o n e r g a n . T h e esieem for hiniiau self-deierminaiiiin iM l i n g l o s h o w i h i i s far, d e c i d i n g c o m e s as t h e p e m i l t i m a t e a c l i n a s i r u c u i r e
p l a y e d a p r o m i n e n t r o l e i n t h e rise o f n i o d e r n i t y . I t b e c a m e t h e c e n t i . i l I ll e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . T l h s m e a n s i h a i d e c i d i n g is w h a t i t is i n v i r i i i e o f i t s
pieoccupation o f the works o f the existeniialisis, whose influence li.i d \ n a i n i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o c n h e r a c t s o f e i h i c a l i n i e n l i c u i a l i t ) ' , s u c h as e x p e r i -
lasted several g e n e r a i i o n s . T h e e x i s t e n t i a l i s i s ' w r i t i n g s c o u f r c u i i e d read eiires, p r a c t i c a l insights, leelings as i n t e n i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s , ediical reflec-
ers vvith t h e i r o w n inauiheniicity, u n m a s k i n g the blatant or subtle w;n* iion. and virtually u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g m e n t s ofvalne. Decisions are always
i n w h i c h we assigii l h e b l a m e fbr w h o we are to ilie deeds o f o t h e r s m
icili/aiions of p r a c u c a l i n s i g h i s a u d j u d g m e n t s o f vales. Furihermc)re,
the forces o f n a t i i i e , r a t h e r than accepting r e s p o n s i b i l i t y l o i ' ourselves
ilei isions p r o c e e d f r o m e d i i c a l r e f i e c d o n s t h a i are s u r r o u n d e d by h o r i z o n s
For many n the generaiions influenced by the existentialist authois.
nf l e e l i n g s f o r vales. T h e unrestricted noiion ofvalne and unrestricted
i b i s was a b r a c i n g r e v e l a i i o n . T h i s e x i s t e n t i a l d i s c o v e r y l e d m a n y peoplt
l i e i n g - i n - l o v e , h o w e v e r , pa)' l h e f u n d a i u e m a l r o l e s i v i i h i n o u r h o r i z o n of
to a b a n d o n previousi)' c o m i b n i n g illusicms a b o u l iheir respousibiliiiis
leelings. I n t h e second e x i s t e n t i a l m o m e n i , i h e n , t h e r e is a f u l l e r r e a l i z a -
E x i s t e n i i a l i s i w r i t i n g s h a d a l s o a m o s t i m p o r i a n i i n f l u e n c e on Lonergan*
iion l h a t l h e d e c i d i n g l h a t is u p t o o n e s e l f is a d e c i d i n g t o b e t h e s e l f t h a t is
i h o u g h t as w e l l . I '
.ihv.ivs a l r e a c h ' c a u g h t u p n d i e d y n a m i c s o f f e e l i n g s f o r all t h a t is o f v a l n e .
S t i l l , t h e r e is a s e c o n d m o n i e i i t , f o r t h e l e a l i z a i i o n t h a t we deterniiiH M o r a l c o n v e r s i n is t h e c u i m i n a t i o n o f t h i s s e c o n d m o m e n t . I t is a d e c i s i n
w h o w e a r e t o b e t h r o u g h o u r o w n c h o i c e s is n o t y e i m o r a l c o n v e r s i n lo accept t h e fact t h a t d e c i d i n g always occurs w i t h i n i h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l
E x i s t e n t i a l i s t I i i e r a i u r e is f i l l e d w i t h h r o e s r e s o l u t e U ' a c c e p t i n g t h e fac i l i . i i m i e i i i i o n a l i t y w i t h i l s u n r e s t r i c t e d i n i e n i i o n o l a l l vales. Moral conversin is
l h e y a l o n e d e c i d e t h e i r f a i e s , b u t w h o chocase s e l f i s h o i ' u i l i i l i s t i c c o u r s e s o llif ilecision o cooperate with this il)')aiinic siructure oj (tctivities iu its rich frursui
action with u o n o r m s whatsoever to govern t h e m . Frecpiendy this piis i h r of all vales.
a u i h e n t i c e x i s t e n t i a l h e r o a g a i n s t a s o c i e i y s h o w n t o b e i n a u t h e n u c hy ls fhe realizadon and accepiance involved in m o r a l conversicm sitales
l a c k c)f s e l f - k n o w l e d g e a n d s e l f - d e i e r m i n a i i o n . B u l i i is a l s o c p i i t e p o s s i b l r o n e ' s o w n d e c i d i n g , a n d n d e e d t h e p e i s o n a l vilue o f o n e s l i f e as o n e deter-
l o m a k e this e x i s t e n t i a l discovery, ancl still d e c i d e t o be a d e s p i c a b l e person, m i n e s i t , w i i h i n a l a r g e r u n i v e r s e o f vales:
b e c a u s e w h a i m a t t e r s is n o t s o c i e t y b u t ,v//^deierminadon. W h a t m a i i e r s is
t h a t / d e c i d e , n o t ivlia! valesl d e c i d e u p o n . I f t h e n o r m s a i e a l l i n m y di'( id . V l o r a l c o n v e r s i n g o e s b e y o n d t h e valu |,ol" f a c t u a l ] i r u t l i , t o v a l e s
i n g a l o n e , a n d n o w h e r e else, t h e n i t d o e s n o t s e e m to m a t t e r w h a t I de( ide, g e n e r a l l y . I i p r o m o t e s t h e s u b j e c t f r o m c o g n i t i o n a l l o r e a l self-
o n l y t h a t I d o so r e s o l u t e l y . I t c^nly m a t t e r s t h a t I a m f r e e o f " b a d f a i t h , " i m l iranscendence. Itsets [ h i m o r h e r ] o n a new, e x i s t e n t i a l level of
b l a n i i n g o l h e r s o i " s o c i e i y o r n a i u r e f b r who 1 am, People can accepl lhis c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d e s i a b l i s h e s [ h i m o r h e r ] as a n o r i g i n a i i n g v a l n e ...
e x i s t e n t i a l r e a l i t y , a n d y e i s u l l c h o o s e a c c o r d i n g t o a d i s t o n e d s e l o f vales Now [ t h e ] p i u ' s u i t o f [ f a c t u a l t r u t h ] is a l l l h e m o r e m e a n i n g f u l a n d
As L o n e r g a n puts it, " t h e paradox o f i h e existenualist subject e x t e n d s lo ilir s i g n i f i c a n i because i t o c c u r s w i d i i n , a n d plays a u essential l o l e i n ,
g o o d e x i s t e i u i a l i s t s u b j e c t . " ' ^ I n o t h e r w o r d s , j u s t r e a l i z i n g t h a t i t is u p l u t h e far r i c h e r c o n t e x t o f d i e p u r s u i t o f a l l vales.
 2:i(l l ' ; u i I M : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i , l i e i n g E U i i c a l r l i o r i z o n s o f Feelings, C o i i v e i s i o n , a n d O b j e c i i v i u ' 2 I

One cloes i i o i b e c o m e m o i a l l y c o n v e r i e d by focusing exclusively upon i p e i s o i i a l r e s ] > o i i s i b i l i t v . " * " H e n e e m o r a l c o n v e r s i n has a ver;' p e c u l i a r
i b e \ ' a l n e o f i h e p e r s o n o n e s b e c o m i n g w h i l e i g n o i ' i n g w h a i s e e m l o b e ih< I Uid o i r e l l e x i v i t ) ' . O u l h e o n e l i a n d , l h e c l e c i s i c m b r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is
u n r e l a i e c l vales, f o r m o i ' a l c o n v e r s i n is a d e c i s i n w h i c h w i l l c u l m i u a h di. b a s i c r e a l i z a t i o n cf m o r a l s e l l - i r a i i s c e i i d e n c e - t h e c h o i c e o f cue's c i w n
i n t h e p e r s o n a l a c c e p t a n c e o f a l ! vales, i n c l u d i n g , I b r e x a m p l e , t h e valu* l i n e as t h e o r i g i n a i o r o f o n e ' s o w n valu. O n t h e o t l i e r i a n d , t h i s d e c i s i n
of health and aihletic excellence, o f virtuoso musical and d r a m a t i c pci l i l i I (aiimits one l o t h e n d e r s t a n d i n g a u d v a l u j u d g m e n t o" o n e s e l f as
formalices, of masierpieces o f fine a r t , o f g r e a t chscoveries in science aud ni l l . I l i n g a l l O l h e r vales, a n c l y e t as s i a n d i n g w i t h i n , b u l n o l a t i l i e p i n n a d e
s c h o l a r s h i p , o f h o t h g r e a t a n d o r d i n a r y acts o f h u m a n k i n d n e s s , o f achieve M I , l h e l e a l m o f a l l vales i n i t s t r u e a n d o b j e c i i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r i o r i t i e s .
i n e n t s in h u m a n social o r g a n i z a i i o n , o f sacrillces f o r d i e sake o f justice, ol v|..i,il conversin chooses w h a t it knows f r o m i l i e c o m p a r a t i v e j u d g m e n t
the a l l - s L i r p a s s i n g v a l u o f i l i e s a c r e d , a n d s o on.'-^ T h o s e w l i o say tliey an
- l l \ , i l i i e t h a t c m e ' s o w n p e r s o n a l v a l u , g r a n d t h o u g h i i b e , is n o t i t s e l f t h e
c o m n u t i e d t o b e i n g a u i h e n t i c pei"sons, w h i l e a t t h e s a m e u r n e s a y i n g thev
hifjiesi o r n i o s i c o m p r e h e n d i n g valu.'"
c a r e n o t l i i n g foi" a t h l e i i c s o r science o r p o l i t i c s , are n o i m o r a l l y conv'eried.
As w i t h i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i o n s , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n i n v o l v e s
T h e y are self-deceived.
lll I i s i o n s l h a t t u r n away, as w e l l as t h o s e t l i a i l u r i i l o w a r d s , t h e f u l l r a n g e o
M o r a l conversin places o n e ' s o w n d e c i s i o n s a n d o t h e r acts in a m u c h lll v a l n e . I n t h e o r y , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n w i l l i n v o h ' e r e p u d i a t i i i g a n y l i m i t e d
l a r g e r w h o l e u n i v e r s e o f vales, r e p l e t e w i t l i its t r u e r a n k i n g s o f v a l n e prioii II el i n g a n d v a l u t h a t was p r e v i o u s l y f u n c t i o n i n g as t h e u l u m a t e d e t e r m i n a -
l i e s . The cpicstions l h a t set e t l i i c a l ("real") self-transcendence i n m o t i o n are non o l a person's liorizcni offeelings. This c o u l d have been money, power,
cpiesons about true rather t h a n a p p a r e n t vales. M o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d pei^son pinsical exercise, sex, s c i e n t i f i c research, scholarly research, socializing
bave m o r e a n d d i f l e r e n t cpiesuous a b o u t every p o t e i n i a i course o f action, (odi f r i e n d s , o r m a i n i a i n i n g law a u d o r d e r .
S u c h p e r s o n s d o n o i a s k m e r e l y w h e t h e r t h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n w i l l y i e l d pica In fact, i l is o h e n t h e case i l i a t p l e a s n r e , c o i i d b r t , a n d a\'odance o f p:un
s u r e o r e v e u p l m i c a l w e l l - b e i n g . T h e \ g o o n t o ask a l x ) U t a n d c o n s i d e r s e i i - l i n i e U n i as t b e h i g h e s i vales i n p e o p l e ' s valu h o r i z o n s , e v e n w h e n they
o u s l y l i o w it w o n l d c o n i r i b u t e to t l i c i m p r o v c m e n i , p r e s e r v a i i c j n , o r corru|)- i M i n l d c l a i m o d i e r w i s e . ' f l u s m e a n s t h a i b y m e a n s o f t h e i r f e e l i n g s as i n i e n -
t i o n o f t h e i r society, t l i e i r c i i l i u r e , t h e i r p e r s o n h o o d , o r t h e s a n c t i n c a t i o i i o l i i o n a l r e s p o n s e s s u c h e o p l e t a k e d e l i g h i i n , a n d gi\'e t h e l i i g h e s i l e i t p r e e r -
t h e w c j r l d . S u c h p e r s o n s ask n o t m e r e l y h o w a coiu'se o f a c u o n w i l l affect d i e m I I I M ' IO, t h e c o n t e n l s a n d a c l s o f s o m a d c f e e l i n g s o f p l e a s n r e a n c l c o m f o r i , a n d
i n d i v i d u a l l y , en" e v e n h o w i t w i l l a f f e c t t h e i r i m n i e d i a i e l a n i i l y a n d friends, l e s p o n d to s o m a t i c leelings o ' p a i n , disconibrt, a u d d e a d i w i t l i i e e l i n g s lhat
T h e y ask w i d i seriousness a b o u t i h e i m p l i c a i i o n s f o r n a t u r e a n d f o r h u m a n i i i . i k e d e c i s i o n s l o a v o i d i l i e i i i a i a l l cosis t h e h i g h e s t p r i c n a i y . E t l n c a l w r i t e r s
beings disiant o n the globe a n d distani i n the hiture. .Morally convened I I e ( | i i e i i d y i d e n d f y s e n s a l i o n s o f s o i u a t i c p l e a s n r e a n c l p a i n as i h e a n i a g o u i s i s
ethical cpiesiioning cliallenges sausfaciion a n d complacency, a n c l n i o v e s us lo e l h i c a l t l i i n k i n g , c l i o o s i n g , a n d I h ' i i i g . B m i i is r a t h e r t h e ways l h a t inten-
o n w a i c l s l o w a r d s j u d g m e u i s a b o u t t r u e vales, l l t h e r e f b r e s o m e t i m e s b r i n g s iional feelings respcmd l o l h e s o m a t i c feelings t h a t are t l i e sources o f e t h i c a l
US t o d i f l i c u l t j u d g m e n t s a b o u t o u r o w n s e l v e s , a b o u t t h e ways w e h a v e been I O I rii[.)icni. S o m a u c l e e l i n g s o f p l e a s n r e a n d p a i n i n l h e m s e l v e s a r e n a i t u " a l
l i v i n g , a b o u t hcnv o u r f e e l i n g s h a v e p r i o r i i i z e d vales, a n d a b o u t t h e n e e d bi and \';iluable c o i T i p o n e m s in b i i n i a n lib. " f h e v |")rovide d a t a l o r c|iiesiions
p r o f o u n d a n d d i f f i c u l i c h a n g e s . Q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t r u c vales p u i - s u e d w i i h o i i i .ihoiii w h a t s h o u l d be sought a n d w h a i shcnild be avoided. Certainly e x i r e m e
1 e s t r i c i i o n b r i n g u p t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w l i i c h vales a r e u i i l y a n d o b j e c t i v e l y p . i i n s s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d - b u t n o t a l all C(.)sis. W e j i i c l g e as h r o e s i h o s e w h c
g r e a i e r o r lesser, I n p a r t i c u l a r , we raise q u e s t i o n s a b o m t l i e v a l u o f o u r s e l v e s I isk e x t r e m e p a i n a n d e v e n d e a i l i b r t h e sake o f g e n u i n e l ) ' h i g l i e r vales.
as a g e n L s o f m o r a l ,sclf-transcendng a c t i \ ' i i i e s , a n d w h e r e w e a r e s i i u a i e d l i i l h e p r o p e r vales o f \ a r i o t i s p l e a s u r e s a n d p a i n s i u a n y h u m a n l i l e a r e
o r d e r o f i m p o r i a n c e i n r e l a i i o n to o d i e r vales (anci disvalues), l.iiown o n l y i n j t i d g m e n t s o f valu - p r o v i d e d t h o s e j u d g m e n i s are a r r i v e d a i
M o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n , is t l i c a c c e p t a n c e o f o n e s e l f as v a l u a b l e a n d l h e d i r o u g h processes o f e t h i c a l i-eflecuon i h a t are g u i d e d by a h o r i z o n offeel-
r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i t i s u p t o o n e s e l f t o d e c i d e w h e d i e r t h a i valu w i l l b e l i v e d o u l ings l h a t i n t e n d s t h e w h o l e o f vales i n t h e i r p r o p e r r e l a u o n s h i p s . W h e r e v e r
a u l h e n t i c a l l y B u t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is a l s o s i t u a t e d w i t h i n a w h o l e r e a l m o o u r h o r i z o n s o f feelings liave b e e n d o n i i n a i e d by a n y feelings for valne that
o t h e r vales, W h a t L o n e r g a n says a b o u t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n a n c l t h e v a l u o f f a c i i i i e n d a n y t h i n g t h a t falls s h o r t o f l h e t o t a l r a n g e o f a l l vales, m o r a l c o n v e r -
tual t r u t h - t h a i i i " i s all t h e m o r e m e a n i n g f u l a n d signiicant b e c a n s e i t o c c i u s s i n b e g i n s a v e r y d i f f i c i i l t a n d u n p l e a s a n t .irocess o f r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f o n e ' s
w i t h i n , a n d plays a n essen b a l r o l e i n , d i e f a r r i c h e r c o n t e x t o f d i e p u r s u i t ofall val I I I n i z o n o l'eelings,
u e s " - c a n b e e q t i a l l y s a i d o f l h e p u r s u i i o f p e r s o n a l (i.e,, m o r a l ) v a l u , f o r m o r a l . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e r e f o r e , is a d e c i s i n t h a t o r i g i n a l e s f r o m a j u d g -
c o n v e i " s o n a l s o reveis " t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p e r s o n a l v a l u a n d d i e m e a n i n g mi-ni o f fact a n d a s h i f t i n f e e l i n g s . I t is a l s o a d e c i s i n t h a t f b s t e r s siill
 2:2 P a n I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a l B e i n g E i h i c a i : - l-Ioi-izons o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d O b j e c d v i i y 233

f i i r i h e i " shifLs i n f e e l i n g s , u h i c h l e n d l o w a r d s t h e c o m p l e l e realignment I ll I I m g s l h a t b e g i n s t o r e s o l v e t h e s e f u n d a m e n t a l t e n s i f j n s a n d t o r e o i a e n t

one's horizon offeelings so t h a t t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu a n d u n
M I \,i!ne p r i o r i t i e s .
siricted being-in-love b e c o m e central i n t h a i h o r i z o n , a n d t h a t the actu'
< rt I ( l u r s e , o i u ' d e c i s i n f o r m o r a l c o n v e i - s i o n is o n l y t h e " b a s i c " a c t t r a l i z a -
e x i s t e n t i a l scale o f p r e f e i e n c e in one's h o r i z o n becomes aligned with
||Mit n i o u r ' m o r a l s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e . A s L o r r e r g a r r p i r t s i i ,
o b j e c t i v e , n o i m a t i v e s c a l e o f vales.

SiK h c o n v e r s i n , o f c o i u s e , f a l l s f a r s h o r t o f m c ^ r a l p e r f e c u o n .
S.y.^f Moral Cotnmsioii and lia: Scale of Vales 1 ) e < i d i n g is o n e t l r i n g , d o i n g is a n o t h e r . O n e h a s y e t t o u n c o v e r a n d
r o o t o t n o n e ' s i n d i v i c l u a l , g r o u p , a n d g e n e r a l b i a s . O n e bas t o k e e p
V l o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n , is a d e c i s i n t o a l i g n o n e ' s h c n i z o n o f feelin d i s t i n c t i t s e l e m e n t s o f p r o g r e s s a n d its e l e m e n t s o f d e c l i n e . One
a c c o r d i n g l o i h e l a n k i u g o f i l i e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales: ' N o t o n l y d o f has t o k e e p s c i ' u t i n i z i n g o n e ' s i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s t o vales a n d
i n g s r e s p o n d t o vales. T h e y d o so i n a c c o r d w i t h s o m e s c a l e o f preferenc l l i e i r i m p l i c i i scales o f p r - e f e i e n c e . O n e has l o l i s t e n t o c r i t i c i s m a n d
So we may d i s t i n g u i s h vital, social, c u l t u r a l , personal, a n d religious valu p i o t e s t . O n e h a s t o r e m a i n r e a d y t o l e a r n f i o m o l h e r s . F o r nror-al
i n a s c e n d i n g or'dei"."''-'
k n o w l e d g e is i l i e p r o p e r p o s s e s s i o n o n l y o f m o r a l l y g o o d [ m e n a n d
N o t C)nly vales b u t a l s o t h e i r - d e g r e e s o f v a l u i m p o r t a n c e a r e f e l t . T h w o i u e n ] a n d , u n t i l o n e has m e r i t e d that t i l l e , o n has still to ach'ance
c r i t e r i o n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , l h e n , is f e e l i n g s , j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e , de< and learn.3'
s i o n s , a n d a c d o n s t h a t a r e a i t u n e d tt) t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e piefer-eno
T h o u g h Lonergan seems t o i m p l y h e r e t h a t this a s c e n d i n g scale o f valur I n o l h e r w o r d s , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is a decisin t h a t b e g i n s a p a d r towrtrcls
preference is a g i v e n i n t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g , h e l a t c i roa Ix'iier- m o r " a l l i v i n g , i n w h i c l i d i s c e r n m e n t o f o n e ' s cpiesons, biases, i n i e n -
o b s e r v e s t l i a i il is a c l i i e v e d o n l y i h r o u g h c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t a n d p r a c i i c e : iii iii.ll ies|.)onses, a n d i m p l i c i t scales o f v a l n e plaj's a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e r o l e ,
\'r< i p l e c a n a n d d o m a k e r e a l a n d g e n t r i n e d e c i s i o n s C)f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n ,
But, once [feelings] have arisen, t h e y m a y be r e i n f o r c e d by advert- i d i , i l l t h a t i m p l i e s - t h a t is t o say, p e o p l e carr d e c i d e for vales o v e r a g a i n s t
e n c e a n d a p p r o v a l , a n d they ruay b e curtaed by d i s a p p r o v a l ancl . iir.hii l i o n a n d d e c i d e to c o o p e r a t e w i t h their- i n n a t e d e s i r e to k n o w and
distraction. S u c h i e i n f o r c e m e n t arrd c u r t a i l m c n t n o t o n l y will l i l i lose t r ' u e ver'sirs a p p a r e n t v a h r e s . T h e y c a n d e c i d e t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o a l l
encoiuage s o m e feelings a n d d i s c o i u a g e others b u l also will modify < i h i r s . n o t ust s o r n e . a u d l i v e t h o s e vales i n t h e i r r e a l a n d o b j e c i i v e s c a l e o f
o n e ' s spontanec^us scale o f preferences.''" p i i l c r e n c e . A l t h o u g h each o f l h e s e i m p l i e d c o m p o n e n t s m a y b e c o m e clear-
i m h g r a d u a l l y , a n d d e c i s i o n s i n f a v o u r c)f t h e m m a y n o t c o m e a l l a t o n c e ,
Al a n y m o m e n t , e a c h C)f us feels vales i n r e l a t i o n s o f g r e a i e r a n d less<'i I " opi<- n e x e i t h e l e s s c a n a u d d o m a k e s u c h a d e c i s i n i e a l l ) ' a n d g e n u i n e l ) ' .
i m p c " ) r i a n c e i h r o u g h t h e de fado l a i r k i n g o f o u r o w n h o r i z o n s o f feelings. A* a lll. i I can take t h e resto!" a person's life to d o the harxl w o r k o f d i s c e r n m e n l
we have seen. tire felt preferences f o r valires w i t h i n h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s can ,Hid m a k i n g t h e subsequent decisions recpriied to leadjirst the actual h o r i -
d i f V e r t r e m e n d o u s l y f r o m o n e p e r s o n l o a n o i h e r Y e t t h e r e a r e a l w a y s teir .'i m o l f e e l i n g s a n d s c a l e ( j f p r e f e r e i r c e s a b o u l vales t h a t o n e h a d a c q u i i ' c d
s i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y ihc)se i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e arui i i p ( o l h e p o i n t a t w h i c l i t h e d e c i s i n fcjr m o r a l c o n v e r s i n was m a d e . In
i n n e s t i i c t e d being-in-lcjve, that tmseltle o u r consciousness of prefer'encf, l i m e s e n s e , t h e n , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is always a n o n g o i n g p r o c e s s , a n d t h e r e
The i m p l i c a i i o n o f L t u i e i g a n s l e i n a r k s s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e objeciivr WiW h e s i r t r g g l e s t o r e m a i n f i r m i n o n e ' s r e s o l v e . M o s t p e o p l e w i l l f a i l , e v e n
s c a l e c^f vales t h a t h e p r o p o s e s is a m a j o r s o u r c e o f t h o s e s e i s o f t e n s i o n n . l,ul t i i i s e i a b l y a l u n i e s . T h o s e f a i l u r e s c a n b e c o m e so d i s c o i u a g i n g t h a t f o i - a
.\1c)ral c o n v e r s i n is c o m p l e t e w h e n we a c h i e v e firll a t t u n e r n e n t w i t h t h r I une s u c h p e o p l e w i l l give u p o n t l i e e f f o r t o f m o r a l r e n e w a i . VIost, h o w e v e r ,
o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l t r e s . T h i s a i i u n e n i e n i r e s o l v e s tirse t e n s i o n s . u lll e v e n t u a l l y r e c o v e r a n d r e n e w t h e i r c o m m i t m e n i t o live a life o f aut h e n -
VVherr w e d e l i b e r a t e l y d e c i d e to c o n i m i t ourselves to the irnrestricte<l ri< m i n a l conversin a n d d i s c e r n m e n t .
n o t i o n o f valu a n d t o t t n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , we t h e r e b ) ' a l s o c o i i r r n i i \ p e o p l e g r o w i n t h e r e o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t is t h e f r i i i t o f t h e d e c i s i n for
cmrselves x.o t h e n o r ' m a i i v e s c a l e c>f v a l u p r e f e r ^ e n c e . T h i s is b e c a i r s e h o t h itioi.il conversin, they begin to d e v e l o p h o r i z o n s o f feelings that seille
oflhese u n r e s u i c t e d feelings i n i e n d l h e w h o l e l e a l m o vales i n a l l t h c i i p i i i i i i e i i c e o f f u r i h e r value-reflective q u e s t i o n s i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d l y nor--
o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o o n e a n o t h e r I f w e d o m a k e t h i s f u n d a m e i r t a l dc i - m . u i v e way. T o the extent that t h r o u g h their feelings they prefer valires
s i o n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n w e e m b a r k a l o n g t h e p a t h t o w a r d s a hoiiz<iii a i i o r d i r r g to l h e normative hierarch)' o f the objective scale o f vales.
 -2?,4 l ' a n l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i h e i n g liiliical? H o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s , C o n v e r s i n , a n d ObjccLvi\ 250

l l i e i r viriLialh' uiicuiidioiief.lJudginenis will r e l l e c i i l i a i iiorniaii\'e o r d e r i l i d l o v e G o d , e x i s i e n u a l l y A u g u s u n e was s u l l p r i d e u l , c h o o s i n g d i e v a l u o

orvaliies. his o w n s e l f - a u i h o r i n g at i h e p i n n a c l e o f i h e s c a l e o f vales. O n l y w h e n he
H o w e v e r i n o s i w h o h a v e m a d e i h e inial d e c i s i n b r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n l i i l l v c h o s e 10 a c c e p l w h e r e h i s p e r s o n a l valu a c u i a l l y s t o o d i n t h e s c a l e o f
n i d l h a t c o n i p l e i e a i i a i i i m e n i o f i l i a i g o a l is d i f n c u l i . As L o n e r g a n o b s e r v e s , v.ihies, a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n r e l a u o n t o G o d , c o u l d h e r n a k e t h e d e c i s i v e coin-
' m o r a l i<.no\vledge is l h e p i ' o p e r p o s s e s s i o n o n l y oC m o r a l l y g o o d " people.''' i i h i m e n t t h a t was iis m o r a l c o n \ ' e r s i o n . ^ ' "
M o s i o ' US r e m a i n s h o r i o f l h i s a i t a i n m e n i , a n d as lon^r as t h a t is ( h e case A s e c o n d i l l u s t r a u o n c a n b e fonn i n Dostoevsky's Crime and 'wnislimenl.
onr m o r a l k n o w l e d g e w i l l be i m p e r l e c i . luiiiaielv, d i e n , objecviiy i n j u d g - I'.:irlv i n t h e s t o r y , R o d i o i i R a s k o l n i k o v ' m u r d e i ' s t w o w o m e n . a n d m o s t o l t h e
m e n i s o'valu in general a n d o ' e i l h c a l v a l u i n p a r c u l a r is s o m e i h i n g iH >vcl p r o b e s t b e i n n e r w o r k i n g s o f h i s c o n s c i e n c e i 11 t h e w a k e o l l i l s c r i m e .
a t i a i n e d by p e o p l e o n l y l o l h e e x u ^ n i d i a l i h e y h;ive c o m p l e i e d ihe difhcuh M i h o u g l i h e c o u l d have o f e r e d m a n y excuses a n d m o t i v e s l o r his d e e d , i n
maiuraiion p r o c e s s d i a l is b e g u n by i h e i r d e c i s i o n s b r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n I n l l h o n e s t y h e c o n f e s s e s :o S o n i a , t h e w o m a n w h o l o v e s h i m , t h a t i n f a c t h e
and c o n u n u e d d i r o u g h s i i s i a i n e d d i s c e r n m e n l . " O b j e c v i i y is l h e I V u i i o' |iisi d i d i l as a p u r a c t o f w i l l , t o sbo\\ t h a t h e , l i k e N a p o l e n , w o u l d s t o p a t
a u i h e n i i c s u b j e c i i \ ' i i y , " as L o n e r g a n p u i s ii,^'-^ n o d i i n g 10 d o w h a t e \ ' e r i t l o o k 10 b e a gi-eai m a n . H e l i a d e l e v a i e d h i s o w n
Since l h e n o r m a u v e s c a l e o f valu p r e l e r e n c e plays s u c h a fundamen- p e r s o n a l v a l n e - b i s o w n valu as a n o r i g i n a i o r o f vales - o v e r .social a n d
ial r o l e i n valu o b j e c i i v i l y , w e n e e d l o e x p l o r e i h a i scale f u r d i e r , a n d l h i s I n l i u r a l vales, e v e n o v e r t h e vales o f d i e v i i a l i i y o f l i l e a n d t h e natural
will be lhe lopic o f t h e nexl chapier There i n p a n i c u l a r we w i l l examine ( v o d d . H e has n o r e a l f e e l i n g s f o r a n y o t h e r vales t h a n b i s o w n p o w e r o f w i l l .
t b e p h e n o i i i e n a o f c o u i p a r a i i v e J u d g m e m s o f valu, a n d i h e d e c i s i o n s diai l-askolnik<:)v's p a t h t o m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is l o n g a n d t o r t u o n s . I n t h e e n d
b i l o w f r o m i h e m . VVe w i l l a l s o c o n s i d e r w h a i s o n o f j u s d l l c a i i o n s c a n be II is S o n i a ' s l o v e f o r h i m t h a i o p e n s u p h i s f e e l i n g s 10 t b e vales. B u i u n c o n -
offered l o s u p p o n l _ o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n i o f l h e a s c e n d i n g o r d e r o f i h e scale diiional l o v e w c n ' k i n g i h r o u g h S o n i a h a s 1101 l i i h s l i e d its w o r k , Rosemary
o f vales. T l i i s analysis w i l l e n a b l e us l o l i l i o i i i m o r e f u l l y w h a i is i n e a i i l I l a n g h i o n w r i tes l h a t " R e a l k n o w l e d g e o f o n e s e l f is s o m e i h i n g t h a t p e o p l e
by " m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . " O n c e i h e c h a r a c i e r o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n h a s been can o n l y dar t o a c c e p t w h e n l o v e has b r o k e u t h r o u g h . " - " H a u g h t o n rneans
c l a r i b e d m o r e h i l l y i i will be possible lo address l h e second o f l h e quesdons es))ecialh' i h a t clear a n d i m n i n c h i n g knowledge o f o n e ' s o w n evils - and
p o s e d i n c h a p i e r 3 : " W h y is d o i n g i h a i b e i n g e i h i c a l ? " f h i s w i l l b e l a k e n u p lhe g o o d l h a t o n e ridy is i n s p i i e o f t h e m - ls o n l y p o s s i b l e w h e n a p e r s o n
i n c h a p i e r 1 o. k n o w s h i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f 10 b e l o v e d u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . D o s t o e v s k y t r a c e s h o w
S o n i a ' s l o v e f o r R a s k o l n i k o v i r r e s i s t i b l y w e a r s d o w n h i s f i n a l layers o f self-
'.j,j lUiisIrations ofMoird Conversin decepi.ioii a n d sell-alienaiiom
After many years, Raskolnikov h n a l l y makes his c o n v e r u n g decisin,
Because L o n e r g a n has b e e n leasi c l e a r a b o m . m o r a l cori\'ers(.>n, s o m e c o n - w h i c h is 10 l o v e S o n i a i n t u r n , a u d a l l l h a t s h e h e r s e l f l o v e s . L i l e n o w was
creie i l l u s u - a u o n s r n a y h e l p 10 c l a r i f y i h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f i l i e p r e v i o u s lwo nol only sweel b u l a b i i n d a i i i to l h e full. "Life liad s i e p p e d i n i o the place of
seclions. A n u m b e r o f examples o f m o r a l conversin can be I b u n d in Iii- i h e o r y a n d s o m e t h i n g q u i t e d i f f e r e n t w o u l d w o r k l i s e l f o u t i n h i s mind,'-'"'''
e r a i u r e , P e r h a p s i h e m o s i f a r n o u s is i h a i n a r r a i e d by A i i g u s n e i n h i s Con V l i i c h e a r l i e r i n h e r life S o n i a l i a d d e c i s i v e l y c o m m i u e d to ie w h o l e realm
fessions. There he e x p l a i n s h o w his e n c o u n i e r wiih Plaionic w r i i i n g s led o f v a l n e w i t h iis objecve scale o f v a l n e h i e r a r c h y t h r o u g h h e r love o f G o d .
him LO p r o b u n d r e a l i z a u o n s a b o u l g o o d a n d e v i l . M u c h o f w h a i h e had By bis d e c i s i n t o l o v e h e r , R a s k o l n i k o v has i n h i c t c h o s e n 10 l o v e G o d and
c o n n l e d as e v i l i n t h e w o r l d was n o i e v i l a l i e r a l l : " E v i l , i h e o r i g i n o f w h i c h 1 l h e w h o l e o r d e r o f v a l n e as G o d v a l e s i t , J u s i as S o n i a h a d d o n e e a r l i e r His
was L r y i n g L O h n d , ls n o l a s u b s i a n c e , b e c a u s e i f i l w e r e a s u b s i a n c e i i w o u l d l o v e o f S o n i a is s i m u l i a n e o i i s l y b i s r e l i g i o u s a n d b i s m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . Ras-
b e good."''' H e n o w r e a l i z e d i h a i whalever is, is g o o d , w h i c h o p e n e d before kolnikov a n d Sonia recognize, t h o u g h n o t w i t h c o m p l e i e clarity, that m u c h
him lhe realm of lhe wholeness ofvalne a n d b e i n g , r e p l e i e w i i h iis objec- r e m a i n s 10 " w o r k i t s e l f o u t " as m o r a l a n d r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n b e c o m e h i s
ve s c a l e o f v a l n e : " B e c a u s e [ G o d ] d i d n o i m a k e t h e m a l l e q u a l , e a c h s i n g h - new i'jrinciples o f life.
i h i n g is g o o d a n d c o l l e c u v e l y they are very g o o d , for o u r G o d made his /\d e x a m p l e c o m e s b - o m i l i e c o n c l u d i n g s e c t i o n oi' Pride and Prejudice.
w h o l e c r e a i i o n very good ... l h e s u m o f a l l c r e a u o n is b e i i e r i b a n i h e I h g h e t I'he s e c o n d h a l f o f t b e n o v e l is d e v o t e d t o t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f E l i z a b e t h B e n -
i h i i m s al o n e . ""' n e t ' s d i s c o v e r y o f h e r o w n p r e j u d i c e (see s e c d o n 7 . 2 o f t h e pi^evious c h a p t e r ) .
S l l , i b i s was n o i y e i m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . E v e n i h o u g l i h e h a d a n i n i e l l e c - In a d d i i i o n t o n a r r a u n g h e r i i i a t u r a o n i n o b j e c d v i t y a n d h u m i l i t y , t b e n o v e l
t u a l r e a l i z a d o n a b o u l i h e w h o l e n e s s o f vales, a n d even d i o u g h h e a c i u a l i y g r a d u a l l y reveis as w e l l ie t r u e n o b i l i t y o f m a n y o f D a r c y ' s d e e d s . B u l D a r c y
 SM'> l ' a i i l l l : W l i y Ls D u i n g T h a i Being liiliicai:- H o r i z o n s o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d liijeciiviiy 2' /

hiniselfw'as also b r o u g l i i . l o a selt-discoveiy a n d a c h a n g e o f feehngs d i r o u g h lll h biases. R e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n , d i e r e f b r e , w h e t h e r i h o u g b i o f e x p l i c i d y i n

E l i z a b e d i ' s r e b u f f o f his m a r r i a g e p r o p o s a l . T o w a r d s d i e novehs e n d , e c h i i i u g I hl !;< l e r n i s o r n o t , s e e m s t o be a c o n d i t i o n f o r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . F o r C l i r f s -
d i e i - e a l i z a d o n s o f A u g u s n e a n d R a s k o l n i k o v , h e says i.o E z a b e d i , u.nis, o f c o n r s e , i b i s is a m o n g t h e m o s t i u n d a m e m a l o f d o c i r i n e s .

1 h a v e b e e n s e l f i s h a l l m y l i f e ... As a c h i l d I was L a u g h i : w h a L was S.y. Psych'a: Conversin

rig/u, b u L I was n o L l a u g h L l o coTa-ecL m y l e m p e r . I was l a u g l i L g o o d
p r i n c i p i e s , b u i was l e l i l o f o l l o w L l i e m i n p r i d e a n d c o n c e i r . . . LO cate l ' o h e i i D o r a n i d e n i i f i e d a f b u r t h lype o f conversin, w h i c h he called "ps)'-
for n o n e b u l my o w n farnily circle, lo i h i n k ineanly o f ihe resi o f die 1 IIK conversin." D o r a n explains t h a t his idea a b o u t psyclilc conversin
w o r l d , l o w/sh a l l e a s i l o l . h i n k i n e a n l y o f i h e i r s e n s e a n d w o r i c o i i r '.1 e w o u t o f h i s s i m u l t a n e o u s s u i d i e s o f f - o n e r g a n a n d 1 - i e i d e g g e r . l l o r a n was
p a r e d 10 m y o w n ... S u c h I m i g h i s u l l h a v e b e e n , b u i f o r y o u ... Y o n ,11 i i c k by i w o t l i i n g s i n t h i s c o m p a r i s o n . ' f h e first \v'as H e i d e g g e r ' s s i a t e m e n t
l a u g l i i m e a l e s s o n , h a r d i n t l e e d aL h r s i , b u l n i o s i afJvamageous.^-' m llringand T / W ; t h a t Versiehen ( n d e r s t a n d i n g ) a n d Sejhidlif/dieil (usually
ii.msiaied "siate o f m i n d , " " d i s p o s i u o n , " o r " m o o d " ) are e q u i p r i i n o r d i a l i n
The conie.xi makes i i ciear i b a i IDarcy lias m a d e some decisions aboul l h e ( oiislitiiiion o f tlie exisience o f a l i u m a n b e i n g , Oaseii/. The second
himself i l i a i b r o u g h i a b o u l quiie significani changes. i-le has n o w learned u,is l h a t L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t ol" n n d e r s i a u d i n g was d r a i i i a t i c a l l ) ' d i f f e r e n t
LO s i i u a i e l h e g o o d m o r a l p r i n c i p i e s h e l e a r n e d i n i e l l e c i n a l l y w i L h i n a l i o i i hoin d i a l o f Heidegger. Sull, Heidegger's claim about the Ibndainenial
7,on o f f e e i i n g s i h a i feels a n i u c l i broader range o f vales - i n f-acl, dw ol.ihonship beiween Versiehen a n d liefindIJchIut l e d D o r a n Lo s u s p e c i t h a t
v a l n e o f " l h e r e s i o f i i i e w o r l d " i l i a i p r e v i o u s l y was b e y o n d liis v a l u i n g . " l ' h i i l h e r e h a d also t o b e s o i n e d i i n g t h a t s t o o d i n i h e s a m e k i n d o f r e l a u o n s h i p
d e c i s i v e b r o a d e n i n g o f Ins f e e l i n g h o r i z o n l o e m b r a c e lhe whole o f valiiei \\\\h L o n e r g a n ' s u n r e s t r i c t e d desire lo know.
is m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . D o r a n has a r g u e d i l i a i t l i e o t l i e r p o l e i n t l h s b i n d a m e n t a i r e l a t i o n s l i l p is
- A n s i e n si l i d i e s Llie e v e m s o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n i n Pridi; tind Pmjudiceln sola l h e "sensitive psyche," w h i c h p e r f b r m s i h e r o l e o f s e l e c u n g n e u r a l processes
t i o n f r o m i n L e l l e c i i i a l , r e g i o u s , a n d j ^ s y c h i c c o n v e r s i n . V'ov m o s t people. loi (onscious r e p r e s e n i a i i o n , a d m i t t i n g i h e i n i n t o consciousness a n d orga-
h o w e v e r , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is i n t e r i w i n e d w i t h r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n , as i l is in i n / i n g t i i e m i m o d y n a m i c |:>aiierns o f e x | > e r i e n c e . f i e a r g e s l h a i i n m o s t
b o t i i l h e Confesskms im Crime and Pu.niskment. T l i e r e are liiree reasons foi p e o p l e t l i e r e has b e e n a r i i [ 3 i u r e o f t l i e s p o n i a i i e o u s , n a i u r a l c o l l a b o r a i l o n
t h i s . F i r s t , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is a d e c i s i n i n i a v o u r o f t h e w h o l e o f t h e realm beiween the u n r e s t r i c t e d desire to k n o w a n d the f u n c u o n i n g o f psychic
o l vales i n i e n d e d by t i i e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f valu a n d unrestricied .eleiaion a n d p a t i e r n i n g . H e b e c a m e e s p e c i a l l y h i t e r e s t e d i n i l i e p a t t e r n i n g
being-in-love. Bm u n r e s t r i c t e d being-in-love is w h a t Lonergan nieans hv ol e x p e r i e n c e s a n d i m a g e s i l i a t takes p l a c e i n d r e a m i u g . Fie realized tliat
"religious experience," w h i c h he characterizes as b e i n g i n l o v e w i t h Cod, i | i e : i m iniages n i e l L o n e r g a i V s d e l n i i t i o n o f " s y n i b o l " : " a n i m a g e ... thai
F h e r e o r e , a m o r a l c o n v e r s i n t l i a i c o n i i u i i s t o t l i e r e a l m o f vales i n t e n d e d e v o k e s a f e e l i n g o r is e v o k e d b y a i e e l i n g , " * * " H e a l s o a g r e e d w l i l i Loner-
b y n m e s t r i c t e d i)eing-n-love i n e v i i a b l ) ' invoh-es a r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n . Sei i;,iii's analysis o f t h e b a s i c f i m c o n o f S)Tnfx)ls: to p r o v i d e communicauon
o n d , a t l e a s t i n L o n e r g a n ' s r e n d e r i n g , i h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f i h e s c a l e o f vales heiween body, m i n d , a n d h e a r t (i,e,, w h a i I have c a l l e d tbe "horizon of
is l h a t o f r e l i g i o u s valu. T h e r e f o r e , ifone embraces ihe whole realm o leelings").''' Since d r e a m i n g lakes p l a c e b e y o n d die elTecilve c o n t r o l o f o i i r
vales i n t h e i r o b j e c v e r e l a u o n s t o o n e a n o d i e r , c o m m i t m e n t t o r e l i g i o u s li.ihiiiial k n o w i n g a n d v a l u i n g , d r e a m s y m b o l s have i h e p o t e n i i a l to i n i t i a t e
vales w i l l a t leasi be i m p l i c i i i n t l i e d e c i s i n o f m o r a l c o m ' e r s i o n . T I I I T , i h e l h e m a j o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n tliat he c a l l e d "psyciilc conversin":
major obstacles lo m o r a l conversin in ihe e x a m p l e s given above were lhe
biases a n d p r e j u d i c e s t h a i b l o c k e d f e l t a p p r e c i a i i o n o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f v.il filis f b u r t l i conversin esiablishes o r re-esiablishes a l i n k tliat s l i o u l d
ues; m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , t h e n , c a n o n l y be a c c o m p l i s h e d b y t u r n i n g a w a y f o m i n e v e r h a v e b e e n b r o k e u , t h e l i n k iDetween t h e i n t e n t i o n a l o p e r a u o n s
t h o s e bi;ises, A c c o r d i n g t o L o n e r g a n , M a u g l i t o n , a n d n u m e r o u s o l . h e r r e l i o f nderstanding, i u d g n i e n t , a n d decisin, a n d tlie tiiial movement
g i o u s a u t h o r s , o n l y ie a c c e p t a n c e o f u n r e s u i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e c a n reveal d i a l begins b e f o r e consciousness, einerges i n t o consciousness in the
s u c h biases i n all d i e i r u g l i n e s s a n d s i n i u l t a n e o u s l y heal i h e m by c a s i i i i g f o r m o f d i - e a i i i i m a g e s a n d afTects, c o n u n u e s t o p e r m e a t e i n t e n i i o n a l
l i g l u u p o n t h e l a r m o r e a t t r a c t i v e s p i e n d o r o f t h e w h o l e r e a l m o f vales, A operalions in llie fbrm offeelings, and reaches b e y o n d tliese opera-
decisin t h a t accepis u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n d o v e s r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i c m , amj l i o n s a n d states i n i l i e i n i e r p e r s o n a i r e l a u o n s a n d c o m m i t m e n t s t l i a t
seems to be t h e necessary c o n d i d o n f b r p e o p l e to r e a l l y t u r n away from c o n s i i t u i e amies, c o m m i m i d e s , a n d religious.*'-'
 S.W l ' . i i i l l l : Why ls D o i n g T h a t B e i n g K t h i t H o r i z o n s o f Feelings, Convei-sion, a n d O b j e c t i v i t y 239

l ' s \ e l i i c c o n v e r s i n , t h e r e l b i e , is ; m o t h e r m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s w h o l e n d l i i M u s i i i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e m a k e s u s c o n s c i o u s , n o t as a d e s i r e . b u l as a k i n d
in w h i c h t h e lesources o f o n r n c u r o p h y s i o l o g ) ' a r e p a t t e r n e d i n ways t h a l 1 n i o i i d , o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f i h e e n t i r e r e a l m o f vales. B e c a u s e i l i e c o n v e r -
p r o m o t e e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n t m d e r t h e g t i i d a n c e o f (he u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o f l i.ac. ,irc d e c i s i o n s i n f a v o u i ' o f t h e s e f e e l i n g s as t h e u l t i m a t e s t a n d a r d s f b r
o v a l u a n d n m e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . A s w i t h t l i e o l h e r c o n v e r s i o n s , thii
>iii v . i l i u ' j u d g i n g , c o n v e r t e d h o r i z o n s a r e t h e s t a i i d a i d s b y w h i c h o b j e c d v e
l u r n i n g l o w a r d s w h o l e n e s s a l s o i n v o l v e s a l u r i n n g away. I t i n v o l v e s b r e a k i n g
| u d j ; i i u i u s o f v a l n e a n d d e c i s i o n s c a n b e a r r i v e d at.
with the limitaiions o f o u r pievious patternings o f expeiiences, as w e l l a l
I his m a v s t r i k e t h e r e a d e r as e x c e s s i v e l y d e m a n d i n g as a s t a n d a r d f o r
the limitaiions o f o u r h a b i l u a l knovviug a n d valuing.
uiiiin.ilihed objective j u d g m e n i s o f v a l n e and decisions. T h e reader m i g l u
ol.|( (1 l h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n s a r e s u c h l o l i y s i a n d a r d s l h a t u o h u m a n b e i n g
8.4 Conversin a n d Objecti>'ity
< o n i d be e x p e c t e d t o r e a l l y m a k e s u c l i d e c i s i o n s . I t m i g h t b e f u r t h e r o b j e c t e d
dt.ii, surely, m a n y p e o p l e m a k e o b j e c t i v e j u d g n i e n t s o f valu a l l t h e t i m e ,
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s c h a p t e r , I Jioposed t h a t j u d g m e n t s o f valu c a n bej
M s o m e i h i n g as r a r e as t h e c o n v e r s i o n s c a n n o i r e a l l y b e t h e t b u n d a i i o n o f
f u l l y o b j e c t i v e u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , i h h o t i g h f u i n U m e n t o f t h o s e con-
ilirii jndgments a n d elhical living.
d i i i o n s is n o t easy. I n t h i s c h a p i e r I h a v e a r g u e d i b a i c o n v ' e r s i o n is t h e f u l f i l l -
I w m i l d r e s p o n d by saying, first, l h a t t u l l j ' r e a l i z i n g a u f l c h o o s i n g to a c c e p t
m e n t o f those c o n d i t i o n s , a n d decisions that r a d i c a l l y i r a i i s f o r i n a [lerson's
(\i d e c i d i n g m e a n s - 1.0 a c c e p t o n e s e l f as s e l f < l e t e r n n n i u g w i t h i n a w i d e r
h o r i z o n s c>f k n o w i n g , f e e l i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d l o v i n g w i l ! c l e a r l y n o t b e easy.
l e . i h n o f vales h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a c h i e v e d b y m a n y p e o p l e w i d i o u i r e l i -
I have argued for the f o u n d a i i o n a l character o f the ccuiversions in
.uHe u p o n t h e l a n g u a g e used i n lhis book. T h e r e are p e o p l e w h o have
response 1 0 i h e p r o b l e m p o s e d by lhe role that o u r horizons o f f e e l i n g s play
iiiacii- a n d c o n t i n u t o m a k e d e c i s i o n s f o r m o r a l c o n v e i ^ i o n w i t l i o i i i u s i n g
i n o u t v a l u r e f l e c u v e p r o c e s s e s . l l is p o s s i b l e 1 0 a s k a n d a n s w e r a l l t h e q u e s -
tile s o p h i s t i c a t e d l a n g u a g e o f i n i e n t i o n a l i t y , analysis, a n d conversin. T h e y
tions l h a t are p e r t i n e n t to r e a c h i n g a virtually u n c o n d i i i o n e d j u c i g m e n t of
.liso m a k e t h e d i f l l c u l t f l e c i s i o n s i l i a t c o n i i n i i e i l i e p r o c e s s b y r e p u d i a t i n g
v a l u . H o w e v e r , p e r t i n e n c e is l e t e r m i n e d b y t h e wa\ i n w h i c h c t u r l e e l i n g s
i l i e i i ' falsel)' e l e v a i e d vales. T h e y d o so a d m i r a b l v ' w i i h o u t n e e d i n g t h e c o m -
are o r g a n i z e d w i t h i n o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings. T h i s means l h a t o u r virtually
p l e x a n a l y s e s p r e s e n t e d n t h i s c h a p t e r T h a t a n a l y s i s is n e e d e d , however,
u n c o n d i i i o n e d v a l u e j u d g m e n t s a r e o b j e c t i v e tvlaiveio t h a i c o n s t e l l a t i o n of
v v h t u m i s t a k e n i d e a s a n d r e s u l i i n g c o n f u s i o n s a r i s e c o n c e r n i n g j u s i w h a t is
our feelings. l l can seem, i l i e r e f o r e , that t h e r e c o u l d be n o iiilK' objective
nu'olved in h u m a n d e c i d i n g .
j u d g m e n t s o f vales u n i e s s t h e r e w e r e s o m e w a y t o s t e p o u t s i d e o u r m e r e l y
I w o u l d r e s p o n d f u r t h e r t h a t , a p a r i f r o m l h e individuis w h o actnally
s u b j e c t i v e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s i n o r d e r to g a i n access t o s o m e o t h e r g r o u n d
d o a c h i e v e t h e l u g l i s i a n d a r d s o f c o n v e r s i n as t h e f o n n d a i i o n f o r t h e i r
for m a k i n g u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g m e n i s ofvalne.
ethical thougiiis, actions, and living, many more people make objective
In response to this p r o b l e m , 1 bave a i g i i e d t h r o u g h o u t this c h a p t e r t h a t
\',due a n d e i h i c a l j u c l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x i s o f t h e i r
l h e r e a r e s o u r c e s o f t e n s i o n s w i i h i n o u r l i o r i z o n s c>f f e e l i n g s lhemselves
l.imilies, f r i e n d s h i p s . wcjrk seitings, socieiies, a u d c u l t u r e s . C h a p t e r s i 1
that pciiiu, tcjwards a f b u n d a t i o n a l h o r i z o n f b r o b j e c t i v e valu j u d g m e n t s .
.mil 12 w i l l explcu"e h o w v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u c l g m e n t s anci couse-
T h a t f o t i n d a t i o n is n o t a t t a i n e d b y s i e p p i n g o u t s i d e o f h o r i z o n s o f feelings
q u e n t decisions b r i n g about l i u m a n patterns o f cc>operation, insiitutions,
aliogeiher; l a i l i e r , t h a t f o n n d a i i o n lies i n r a d i c a l i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s - con-
.nui cultures. T h e s e paiierns o f h u m a n i n i e r a c i i o u e m b o d y intelligible
versions - o f o u r h o r i z o n s o f feelings themselves. fhese conversions are
r a d i c a l because they are d e c i s i o n s t o accept t h e n o r m a i i v i i y o f t h e feelings loiiiis of cooperation grasped hy p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h i s a n d vales a f l l r m e d

o f l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f valu a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d being-in-love - a n d by in t h e valu j u d g n i e i i t s o f t h e i r a c t o r s . T h e s e i n t e r a c t i o u s f o r m t h e s i t u -

i m p l i c a i i o n , t o ac c e j t a l s o t h e n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e prelerence. Such aii<ms f r o m w h i c h e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n t a k e s i t s p o i n t s c^f d e p a r t u r e . The

d e c i s i o n s a l o n e c a n b e g i n t o r e s o l v e t.he t e n s i o n s i n o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings i i i i i u a c t i o u s also f b r m tiie aciors w l i o p a r i i c i p a t e i n i h e m . T l u s means,
t h a t arise o u l o f these t w o f u n d a m e n t a l feelings. .uiiong otlier tliings, tbai p e o p l e sliai*e l i o r i z c m s o f i e e l i n g s cir v a l e s
witli others.
B e c a u s e t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f valu i n t e n d s t h e w l i o l e realm of
W h e n o u r feelings are shaped by c u l t u r a l inflnences, we can be objecdve
vales, i t s e r v e s as a s o u r c e o f c r i t i c i s m o f l h e i m p e r f e c u o n s of our pro-
relative to i h a i c u l t u r e . W e can share feelings a n d valu j u c l g m e n t s w i t h a
p o s e d c o i u s e s o f a c t i o n , o f o u r i m p e i feel j u d g m e n t s o f valu a n d d e c i s i o n s ,
v.isi m a j o r t i y o f m c m l j c r s o f o u r o w n c u l t u r e . T h e vales t h a t w e b r i n g a b o u t
and even t h e i n i p e i fections i n o u r unsetiled h o r i z o n s o f feelings them-
w i l l be r e c o g n i z e d b y o t h e r s as o l j e c i i v e l y v a l u a i j i e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c u l -
selves. B e c a u s e i t is i n i r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o t v a l u ,
i i i i c , because t h e v a l u e j u d g m e n t s ancl d e c i s i o n s w i l i b e n n d e r p i n n e d b)'
 2-10 Piu-i I I I : W l i y ls D o i n g T l i a L H e i n g E i l i i a i l ?
h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s i h a i wc s l i a i e w i t h t h e m . B n t w h e n o n i - h o r i z o n s c
f o r m t o c n h n r a l n o i m s , w e c a n o n l y b e as o b j e c t i v e as o n r c u l t u r e is. N
c u l t u r e t h a t e v e i " h a s e x i s t e d is a f u l l y c o n v e r t e d c u l t u r e . S o a p e r s o n c o u '
be o b j e c t i v e relative to a c u l t u r e , - w i t h o u t b e i n g c o m p l e t e l y objective.
Henee asking and answering further p e r t i n e n t questions will lead 1^
valu j u d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s t h a t a r e o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i v e l o t h e s o c i a l a n d
c u l t u r a l s i t u a t i o n s , because t h e y are also o b j e c t i v e relative to the h o r i z o i n
offeelings t h a t c o n t i - i b u t e d t o i h e v a l u e - c o n s t i t u u o n o f t h e s o c i a l situatiofl
diemselves. I n o t h e r words, p e o p l e can m a k e j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d de<B
sions t h a t are virtually t m c o n d i t i o n e d in a social o r c u l t u r a l setting, b e c a v J
t h e y have c o m e to share t h e feelings f o r t h e vales t h a t are embodied
those social o r ctdtural instittitions. ( O f course p e o p l e can a n d d o misuii-
c l e r s i a u d a u d m i s j u d g e t h e vales o f t h e i r society. B u t t h e n t h e y w o u l d n o l
he v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a n d valuings.)
T h u s w l i e n i t is o b j e c t e d t h a i p e o p l e m a k e o b j e c t i v e valu j u d g m e n t s a m l
d e c i s i o n s w i t h o u t b e i n g c o n v e r t e d i n t b e senses d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , i l w
p o s s i b l e t o a g r e e t h a t i n d e e d t h e r e a r e j u d g m e n t s o f x-alue t h a t a i e o b j e c t i v e
relative t o t h e social setting. B u t social a n d c u l t u r a l setiings can themselves
be c a l l e d i n t o c p i e s t i o n . T h e s t a n d a r d br r e a c h i n g \ ' i i i u a l l y u u c c m d i d o n e d
judgmenLs a b o u t cultures themselves cannot be a superior cultural contexi.
T h e s t a n d a r d is, r a t h e r , c o n v e r t e d p e r s o n s whc^ h a v e a r i s e n w i t h i n s o m e c i i l
l i i r a l c o n t e x t . T h i s l o p i c w i l l b e a d d r e s s e d at l e n g t h i n c h a p t e r s 1 5 - 1 6 . Koi
t h e p r e s e n t , h o w e v e r , l e t m e b r i n g t o a c i s e t h e d i s c u s s i o n c-)f t h e o b j e c t i v i t y
o f j u d g m e n L s ofvalne a n d the decisions a n d actions that follow f r o m them.
\
9 Judgments of Comparative
Valu and the Scale of
Valu Preference
1). i Introduction
I he previous t w o c h a p t e r s e x p l o r e d t e n s i o n s that are p r e s e n t i n o u r h o r i -
zons o f i e e l i n g s a n d h o w d i e y e n t e r i n t o o u r p r o c e s s e s o f v a l u r e f l e c t i o n .
I hese t e n s i o n s n o u r f e e l i n g s m a y b e so i n t e n s e t h a t t h e y d o m i n a t e o u r
s c i o u s n e s s t o t h e p o i n t o f p a r a l y s i s . O r t h e y m a ) ' b e so s u b t l e t h a t t h e y
,iM' iMniceable o n l y by those w h o are e x c e p i i o n a l l y d i s c e r n i n g . T h e previous
I h . i p t e r also l e d t o t l i e c o n c l u s i n t h a i <")bjectiviiy i i i j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d
I d i i c a l valu i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e d e p e n d s u p o n m o r a l conversin, w h i c h
begins t h e process o f r e s o l v i n g i l i e m o s t l ' u n d a m e n t a l l e n s i o n s , those aris-
i n g f r o m l h e ways o i n - o t h e r f e e l i n g s c o n f l i c t w i t l i t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o d o n
o l \'alue a n d t l i e e x | 5 e r i e n c e o f u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n
I. .1 f l e c i s i v e c o m m i t m e n t t o a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s iliat embraces the whole
(,mge of\aiues.
N e i w i d i i n t h i s t o t a l i l y , o u r l e e l i n g s a n d t h e vales t h a t t h e y i n t e n d a r e n o i
. l l l o f t h e s a m e k i n d . S o m e vales a r e f e l t t o b e m o r e p r e c i o u s t h a n o t h e r s .
S o t i i e d i s v a l u e s a r e f e l t t o b e g r e a t e r e\'ils j l i a i i o i h e i s . " f h i s c o m e s 10 g l i l
e s p e c i a l l y w h e n w e m u s t c h o o s e a m o n g vales. . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n is t h u s
.liso a d e c i s i v e c o m m i t m e n t t o f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e that accord with the
o b j e c t i v e h i e r a r c l i y o r scale t h a t o b i a i n s a m o n g t h e vales t h e m s e l v e s . S u c h
leelings o f p r e f e r e n c e will a c c o r d w i t h t h a t h i e m r c l i y w h e n t h e y are also i n
h . i r m o i i y w i t h t h e u n r e s u i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu a n d w i t h u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g -
iu-love, Then j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e made widiin such a horizon of feelings
will he objeciive i n t h e u n q u a l i f i e d sense, because t h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o t i c m
o l valu a n d t h e i n i r e s i r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n t e n d t h e t o i a l i t y o f vales i n
.lll l b e i r d i m e n s i o n s .
 242 P a n l l l : V\'liy ls D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g Elhical? l u d g n i e i i i s o l :(>iiiparaiive Valu 243

E a c h o f U S u n a v o i d a b l y p r e f e r s s o m e vales o v e r o t h e r s . W h i l e e a c h o f ' < i i - n i b e g i n s w i t h s o m e g e n e r a l c o n i n i e n t s a b o u t t h e p r o c e s s e s C)f c o m i n g

h a s a h o i i z o n o f f e e l i n g s t h a i is s i r u c i u r e d b)' o n e o i " a n o t h e r s c a l e o f val | n d i ; i u e n i s o f c o m p a r a t i v e vales, a n d t h e n o f f e r s s o m e c o n c r e t e illusira-
preference, U i a t s c a l e is n o t a u i o m a t i c a l l y t h e n o r m a i i \ e , o b j e c i i v e scali '..11. l u h e l p r e a d e r s b e t t e r n n d e r s t a n d w h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g i n m a k i n g s u c h
D e v i a i i o n s f r o m t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e l e a v e t r a c e s n t h e f o r m o f u n r e s o h c h |iidiMiieiiis. l u p a r t i c u l a r , d i e illiisiratic^ns are i n t e n d e d to a i d t h e r e a d e r in
o f t e n s u b t l e t e n s i o n s . w h i c h p o i n t us l o w a r d s t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f s t i l l n u m loili isi.mdiiig the roles that leelings o f v a l n e preference play in reaching
p r i m o i d i a l feelings o f p r e f e i e n c e f o r t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f \'alues. n. h ) u i l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s , a n d t h e t e n s i o n s l h a t a c c o m p a n y feelings o f
.VIoial c o n x e i s i o n b e g i n s the r e a l i g n m e n t o f f e e l i n g s o f v a l n e preferem tlue pieierence.
t h a t r e s o l v e s i h e s e t e n s i o n s , b u l i i is o n l \ b e g i n n i n g , M o i a l c o n v e r s i n i m
l i a t e s t h e r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f c n i r o w n , p e r s o n a l e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o f f e e l i n g s cil I/.2.1 Reflections on Valu ConiJHirison in General
preference t o w a r d s f e e l i n g s t h a t p r e f e r vales i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e objeciio
s c a l e . " f h i s r e o r i e n t a t i c i n is p r o m p t e d by i h e s e t o f t e n s i o n s w i t h i n o i u - feel ('niel g:ui c o m m e n u s o n l ) ' b r i e U y r e g a r d i n g j u d g m e n t s o f c c m i p a r a t i v e valu:
ing h o r i z o n s that p e r i a i n l o o u r feelings o f v a l n e pieference in particular Iudgments ofvalne are simple o r c o m p a r a t i v e . T h e y afTirm o r deny that
I n t h i s c h a p t e r l d e l v e m o r e d e e p l y \\no t h e s e t e n s i o n s t h a t e x i s t w i i h i n Mitii- ,v is t r u l y o r only a p p a r e n t l y g o o d . O r they c o m p a r e d i s t i n c t instances
o u r f e e l i n g s o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s i n o r d e r t o e x p l o r e t h a t o b j e c t i v e s c a l e nt ti l h e l l u h ' g o o d t o a f f i r m o r d e n y t h a t o n e i s b e t t e r o r m o r e i m p o r t a n t , o r
valu p r e f e r e n c e . I n d o i n g so, 1 take a c K a n i a g e o f t h e access t o p e r s o n a l turne iirgeni than the other."'
e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e s o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s alTorded by the p h e n o m e n a ofjudg I lis r e m a r k s i m p l y a t w o - s i a g e p r o c e s s f o r d e l i b e r a t i o n : f u ' s t w e c o t n e t o
m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e vales. F e l t scales o f v a l n e preference play especialh |iidj^;e c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n as t r u l y w o n h w h i l e . n o t j u s i a p | : ) a r e n t l ) ' so; s e c o n d ,
s i g n i t i c a n i roles w h e n we e n t i e a v o u r to reach j u d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s c o n
M l h e n r e l l e c t f u r t h e r i u o r d e r ic j u d g e and decide w h i c h a m o n g these
c e r n i n g v a l u c o m p a r i s o n s - t h a t is, w h e n we j u d g e a n d c h o o s e s o m e v a l u r s
u n e v . i l u e s is b e t t e r , m o r e i m p o r t a n t , o r m o r e u r g e i i t .
o v e r C)ihers. T h i s c h a p t e r b e g i n s , t h e r e i b r e , w i t h e x e r c i s e s i n i n t e n i i o n a l i i \
In (lder to a p j s r o p r i a t e w h a t h e m e a n s , we m u s t m a k e o u r focus more
a n a l y s i s o f j u c l g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valu a n d t h e i r c o r r e l a t i v e a c t s o f c o n
M .11 r e i e , a n d n o l ( . ) n g e r t h i n k o f d e l i b e r a t i o n as t h o u g h i t w e r e concerned
s c i o u s n e s s . T h e r e b y t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' b e c o m e s n u i ( li
\ l i i s i v e l y w i l h j u d g i n g a n c i c h o o s i n g v a l e s s i n g l y . .VIost o f t e n our ethical
m o r e c o n c r e t e , s i n c e v i r i u a l l v a l l e t h i c a l j n d g m e n t s a n c l d e c i s i o n s ai"e m a l
I . I l e e t i o n s c o n c e r n coin|".)arisons o f v a l e s . V I o s i o f t e n we a r e confronied
ters o f c o m p a r a i i v e valu. O n c e t h e f e e l i n g s o f p i - e f e r e n c e and their u m e
t o d i m o r e c o m p l e x s i t u a t i o n s o f c o n f l i c t s n o t o n l y l x ; t w e e i i g o o d versus e v i l ,
solved l e n s i o n s are b r o u g h t t o l i g l u , tlie c h a p i e r t l i e n p r o c e e d s l o e x p l o i i -
b u l afso b e t w e e n w h a i is b e t t e r o r w o r s e . H e g e l w r o t e , " T h e l e a l t r a g e d y o f
t h e i r r e l a t i c m tC) t h e C)bjective s c a l e o f vales i h r o n g h S c h e l e r ' s a n a l y s i s ol
s i s i i - n c e is n o t t h e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n r i g h t a u d w r o n g b m b e t w e e n T i g i i t a n d
lessenlimcnt. 1 lhen ccmipare Lcmergan's a c c o u n t o f t h a t s c a l e t o t h o s e ol
( i g l i t . " ^ A t t i l e o t h e r e n d o f t h e s p e c i n u n . P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y was t p i o t e d as
S c h e l e r a n d v o n H i l d e b r a n d , v v l i o i n f l u e n c e d L o n e r g a n ' s t h i n k i n g o n ihta
Living that the ITIOSI i m p o r t a n t choices are between b a d a n d worse.
t o p i c . F i n a l l ) ' , 1 c o n s i d e r h o w L o n e r g a n ' s o w n a c c o n m o f t h e o b j e c t i v e scale
M o s t o f i e n w e d e l i b r a l e a b o u t w h i c h v a l u is b e t i e i " o r m o r e i m p o r t a n t
ofvalne preference can be used l o b e i t e r u n d e r s i a u d the m o v e m e n t s aml
MI m n r e l i r g e n i . V V h e n w e d o so, o u r c^wn s c a l e o f v a l n e p i e f e r e u c e is o p e r -
tensicms i n o u r feelings o f p r e f e r e n c e and o u r juclgments and decisions ni
,11 i n g . e v e u i f w e a r e n o l a t t e n d i n g 10 it. T h e great elhical dilemmas that
c o m p a r a t i v e valne.
I . i p i u r e p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n a l m o s t always liave 1 0 d o w i t h cptestions o f w h a t
I'. l h e b e t t e r t l i i n g o r t l i e l e a s t i i a r m i ' t i l i i n g t o d o . T h e s e d i l e m m a s will
9.2 J i i d g m e n l s of C o m p a r a t i v e Valu and Scales o f P r e f e r e n c e i i - i i i a i n d i f f l c u i t t o r e s o l v e as l o n g as t h e n a u n e a n d f u n c i i o n o f f e e l i n g s of
v.ilue preference r e m a i n obscure.
W h i l e o u r d e l i b e r a t i o n s c o n s t a n t l y i n v o l v e scales o f v a l n e preference, lhis
is n o t a l w a y s s o e v i d e n t 10 us. W e d o n o t always n o t i c e t h e i r p r e s e n c e 01 9.2.2 Some lllustrations of Reflecting about Valu Covifnnisons
imdersiand how they are i n n u e n c i n g o u r elhical t h i n k i n g a n d choosing,
Thus 1 offer s o m e e x e r c i s e s 10 facililate a i i e u t i o u to a n d nderstanding II is b e t t e r , t h e r e f o r e , n o t 1 0 l u r n a t t e n t i o n i n i d a l l y 1 0 i l i e m o s t d r a m a u c ,
o f their roles i n o u r d e l i b e r a t i o n s . T h e s e e x e r c i s e s focus o n the concreie e.ii d i - s h a i t e r i n g , l i f e - c h a n g i n g c h o i c e s t h a t have a f f e c t e d t h e courses o f o u r
and complicaied processes o f d e l i b e r a d n g a b o u l c o m p a r a i i v e vales, i n lives. ' f h e s e m o m e n t o n s d e c i s i o n s n o i C)nly d e p e n d u p o n , b u t a l s o r a d i c a l l y
o r d e r to b e t t e r d i s c e r n f e e l i n g s o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e a n d i e i r t e n s i o n s . llii.' i i . t u s i b r m , o u r scales o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . Sucli decisions f b l l o w u p o n very
 244 P a n l i l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a t B e i n g E i h i c a h | u d g i n e i n s o f C o n i p a r a h v e Vahie 24.'j

c o m p l i c a i e d d e l i b e r a t i o n s a b o u t valu c o m p a r i s o n s a n d are i h e r e f o r e un i d i I i d e u> u n d e r t a k e o n e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n n o w a n d p l a n t o d o o t h e r s at

w e l l s u i i e d t o i n i t i a l e x e r c i s e s i u d i s c e r n i n g l h e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n i l n ' I n, 1 l i m e s . B u l l h e r e a r e c o n c r e t e c i r c u m s t a n c e s d e t e r n i i n e d b y consider-
d e U b e r a t i o n s . F u l l y a p p i o p r i a t i n g t h e n o t i o n o a scale of valu p r e f e r e i u > 1 l l s p a c e a n d t i m e w h i c h d i c i a t e t l i a i t ^ n l y o n e c^if t h e a l t e r n a t i v e vales
will eventually r e q u i r e t u r n i n g a t t e n t i o n to sucli m a j o r decisions, i n c l u d i i m l l l .11 t u a l l y b e c h o s e n . l u a l l o f t l i e cases t n e n t i o n e d a b o v e , 1 a f f i r n i e d b o t h
d e c i s i o n s o F c o n v e r s i n , I l o w e v e i , t h a t is u o t t h e best p l a c e t o s t a r i . ^ I n ( i i . i i i v e c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as w o r t h w h i l e , a n d i n t h e a b s t r a c t I c o u l d h a v e
I t is b e i t e r t o b e g i n i n s t e a d b\ p a y i n g a t t e n i i o u t o s o m e n i u n d a n e , ( ? v r n | !. i d e d i n f a v o u r o f b o t h . C o n c r e i e l y , h o w e v e r , i t was o i d y p o s s i b l e f o r me
day m o m e i i t s o f d e l i b e r a t i o n , o p e n i n g with questions a l o n g the lines d u-,e iiiy t i m e i n r e a l i z i n g j u s t o n e o u t o f e a c h o f t h e p a i r s o f vales t h a t 1
"Should I c h o o s e this o r that oi- s o m e o t h e r \'aluable possible couree m II i' d Bv c h o o s i n g t o m o v e o r p l a c e m y b o d y i n a c e r t a i n w a y a t a s p e c i H c
action?" T h e deliberations tlien proceed t h r o u g h a series o f f u r t h e r q u n i , 1 \v:is l e a l i z i n g o n e v a l u a n c l c o m m i t t i n g m y s e l f l o i t i n p r e f e r e n c e to
tions, llie p e r t i n e n c e o f w h i c h is e s t a b l i s h e d by f e e l i n g s o f valu prel'ri
lili 1 >l lier.
e n c e . N o t i c i n g w h a t is g o i n g o n r e c p i i r e s d i s c e r n m e n t - i n l h i s case, m a k i n n
l u hisigliL L o n e r g a n speaks o f t h e " d a t a " o f experience. Data c o m e s f r o m
e l T o r i s t o r e c a l l i n s l o w i n o t i o n m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t o f t e n o c c u r i n a U-\\
ihi l . i i i n w o r d daluin f o r " w h a t is g i v e n " - i n t h i s case, g i v e n t o u s . L o n e r g a n
s e c o n d s o r less o f r e a l t i m e .
m i l e s it c l e a r t h a t w h i l e t i m e a n d s p a c e m a y n o t b e e x a c t l y e q u i v a l e n t to
Consider, f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e f b l l o w i n g i l l t i s u - a t i o n s o f s o t i i e i n s t a n c e s il |iiuue p o t e n c y { t h e m o s t basic o f a l l g i v e n s ) , l h e y a r e n e a r l y so.'^ O f a l l lhe
s u c h d e l i b e r a i i n g f r o m m y o w n r e c e n t past: lir.ii . m d p r e c i o u s gifts t h a t we are g i ^ e n , t i m e a n d space a r e a m o n g the
.1 e l e m e n t a l , W h e n we choose between vales, t h e n , w e a l m o s t always
W h e t h e r t o o r d e r e n t r e A o r li f r o m a r e s t a u r a n t m e n . . I se w h a t w e a r e l o m a k e o f t h e m o s t e l e m e n t a l and precious of our
W h e t h e r to v a c u u t n the li\'ing r o o m o r to read a |3lulosophv book. ( u l i s , < s p e c i a l l y C)ur t i m e . W e use t h e m e i a p l i o r o f " s p e n d i n g " o u r l i m e a n d
W l i e i h e r to s i i c k d a i l y lo a n e x e r c i s e l i m e early i n t h e m o r n i n g , o r to III d o i n g s o t a c i l l y a c k n o w l e d g e this m o s t basic p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l fact. O u r
a l l o w a c a d e n u c w o r k tcj i m p i n g e u p o n t h a l l i m e . u n i r is g i v e n t o us i h a i w e m a y c o m n i i t o u r s e l v e s t o vales i n t h e r e a h n
Whetbei- to a t t e n d a leciure co-sponsoied by m y d e p a r t t n e n t i n m y o l l h e g o o d p r o p o i t i o n a t e t o l u n n a n r e f l e c t i o n a n c l c h o i c e . VVe c a n tealize
o f f i c i a l r o l e as c h a i r p e r s o n o f l h e P l i i l o s o p h y D e p a r t m e n t o r t o a t t e n d diese c h o i c e s o n l y b y g i v i n g f o r m (i.e., a n i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n ) and
mv s o n s h i g h school soccer g a m e . v . i l i K - l o t h e p u r p o t e n c y o f o u r g i f t s oi' t i m e . W h e n w e d o sc^ - w h e n we
W l i e i h e i - t o a t t e n d m y c w n uncle's f u n e r a l seiTice, o r t o give a p r e s e n t a i i o n -.peinf o i u - r i m e t o b e v v i t l i f r i e n d s o r f a m i l i e s , l o studv- en" e x e r c i s e , t o e n j o y
a t a national conference. i i i i e i i a i l i n i e n t , to serve a c o i n m t m i t y o r an o r g a n i z a u o n , o r p r a y to G o d -
W h e t h e r lo babysit m y gi a n d s o n , o r to a t t e n d a m e e t i n g o f the parish u e N - a l i z e //Mvalue i n p a r t i c u l a r r a i h e r t h a n a n y o f t h e m a n y o t h e r p o s s i b l e
c o u n c i l o f w h i c h 1 was a t u e n d i e r . vales u p o n w h i c h w e c o u l d h a v e s p e n t o u r t i m e .
W h e n Lonergan c o m n i e n i e d that comparative j u d g m e n t s ofvalne involve
Each o f these exatiijles is p r e s e n t e d as a b i n a r y e i t h e r / o r , a n d often . i l l i i i i i i i i g o r d e n y i n g t h a t c^ne v a l u is m o r e u r g e i i t t h a n a n o t h e r , he was
our deliberations do come down to two fmnl options. But sometimes our . i d v e r t i n g to the t e m p o r a l dimensin o f m a k i n g j u d g m e n t s a n d decisions
d e l i b e r a t i o n s a r e a m o n g several a l t e r n a t i v e s . N o d o u b t t h e r e a d e r also can I l l v . i l n e c o m p a r i s o n . S o m e vales c a n o n l y b e r e a l i z e d i u a n a r r o w s p a n o f
ideritif\ s i m i l a r instances o f c o m m o n daih' j u d g m e n t s a n d choices a m o n g h i i u - , a n d t o niiss t h a t w i n d o w o f o p p o r i u u i i y w o u l d be l o f o r s a k c t h a i valne.
competiug alternative courses o f a c t i o n a n d t h e i r v'alues. T h e following L i f e is a p r i m e e x a m p l e ofa valu l h a t b e a o m e s u r g e i i t i n comparisons.
coinments aboiu m y o w n d e l i b e r a t i o n s ai'e o f f e r e d with the i n i e n i i o n ol W h e n a life c a n be p r e s e r v e d o n l y by a n a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d i u i h e n i c k of
h i g h h g h i i n g c e r t a i n feaiures that I believe ate present i n most people's ethi- t i i i i e . t h e valu o f t h a t l i f e b e c o m e s i i r g e n t i n c o m p a r i s o n t o a l l o i l i e i vales.
cal r e l l e c i i o u s a u d d e l i b e i a t i o n s a b o i u valu c o m p a r i s o n s . When t i m e allows us l o c h o o s e onlv' o n e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n o\er others,
w h i c h o n e d o we c h o o s e ? W l i a t valu p r i o r i t i e s d o l l i o s e c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n s
Tini and Coviparave Vales .11 l u a l K h a v e f o r u s , a n d w h a t p r i o r i t i e s d i d l h e a c t i o n s f c ^ r s a k e n a c i u a l i y
li:iv<'? finie provides the suresl meastiie f o r i d e n t i f y i n g o u r a c t u a l scale
Space a n d e s p e c i a l l y t i m e a r e a l m t ^ s i always key p a r a m e t e r s w h e n we reflect o f v;iliie priorities, t h e scale w i t h w h i c h w e a c i u a l i y oprate, r a t h e r t h a n
a n d delibrate abottt comparative vales. W e often juggle o u r schedules l h e o n e s w e p r o c l a i m t o c^urselves a n c l o t h e i s . S o b e i l y a n d h o n e s i l y r e c a 1-
a n d p a r c e l o u l o u r m e s o as l o c h o o s e s e v e r a l c o u r s e s o f a c i i o n as v a l u a b l e . i i i g a series o f s u c h rnoments o f d e c i s i n w i l l h e l p us b e g i n to notice

246 P a n l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g E i h i c a l ? | i i d g r i i c m s o l C o m p a r a i i v c Vale 247

' i n e u i a u d d e c i s i n as 1 d e l i b e r a i e d a b o u t t l i i s q u e s t i o n o f compara-
a n d n n d e r s t a n d i h e scale o f felt vaUre p r e f e r e n c e t h a t a c t n a l l y opi-i.il
i i . i l u c . l u t l i e e n d . 1 w e n t t o m y son's g a m e . Fhe p r i m a r y sponsor was
w i i h i n o u r e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n s - w l i a t I w i l l cali our" e x i s t e n t i a l scalr
v a l u |"references. <|iiiii u n h ; i | i p y w i t h m y c l e c i s i c m , as 1 e x p e c t e d , a n d I felt b a d l y a b o u t h e r

M M Uon - IIKU is 10 say, I c c i u l d f e e l t h e way she felt i h e d i s v a l u e o i my

9 . 2 . . / hell Scales ancl Concrete Deliberations
As 1 d e l i b e r a i e d a b o u t i l i e ev'eryday c h o i c e s t h a t 1 l i s i e d a b o v e , n u i r r e n n S
acis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s eiuer-ed i n t o t b e n i i x . F o r e x a m p l e , 1 liad previoush
r n a d e l h e d e c i s i n t o c o - s p o n s o r t h e l e c t i r r e m e n d o n e d a b o v e i n m y cap.n
i i y as d e p a r t m e n t c h a i r persc^n. I u d o i n g so, I e x p r e s s e d to the priru.in
sponsor" - t h e d i r e c t o r " o f a n o i h e i " p r o g r a m al iiry trrriversity - t h a t not i m h
d i d 1 p e r s o n a l l y v a l u t h e speaker- a n d t h e t o p i c o f t h e l e c i u r e , b u t alsip. .i
chairperson, 1 expressed l h e e n d o r s e m e n t o f m y d e p a i ' i m e n i as w e l l . I I . .11
chairperson, 1 now decided 1101 t o a t t e n d l h e l e c i u r e , 1 a s k e d m y s e l f , I r n u
w o i r l d t h e p r i m a r ) ' s p o n s o r react? W o u l d she c o n c h r d e t h a l I d i d n o t valui
l h e l e c i u r e as m i r c h as s h e d i d , a n d n o t as m u c h as I s h o u l d h a v e ? I w.i
p r e t t y s u r e s h e w c i t r l d . W o u l d s h e c o n c l u d e t h a t i h e su|5por-i o f rny d e p . i r i
m e n t was e m p t y ? W o u l d t h i s c o m p r o m i s e m y d e p a r t m e n t ' s a b i l i t y t o u r n i c i
l a k e f u t u r e c o o p e i " a t i v e e n d e a v o u r s ? A s I was a s k i n g m y s e l f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s ,
m y feeling preferences f o r all these vales ( a n d disvalues) c a m e iiUo pl.i\
as I t l e l i b e r a t e d .
O n lhe o t h e r side o f lhe c o m p a r i s o n , m y son played m a n y soccer gamrs,
W o u l d he feel let dcjwn i f I inissed just one? He repeatedly t o l d me
h e w o u l d n o t . B u t o f c o u r s e . I h a d t o b e a t t e n t i v e , i n t e l l i g e n t , a n d c r i l i i al
a b o u t w h a t h e d i d nol say, as w e l l as w h a t h e d i d s a y W o u l d h e b e accepl
ing on the surface, yet feel a d e e p e r d i s a p p o i n i i u e u t t h a t h e c o u l d n o t
articlate? O t h e r i m p o r t i n t c p i e s i i o n s e n i e r i n g i n t o t h i s c o n c r e t e decisin
i n c l u d e d t h e fact t h a i all i h e rest o f m y soiFs h o m e g a n i e s c o n f l i c t e d w i i l i
m y class t i m e s . I a s k e d m y s e l f v v h e i h e r I m i g h l c a n c e l a class i n o r d e i
a t t e n d o n e o f h i s o t h e r h o m e g a n i e s . B n t n m y o w n s c a l e o f f e e l i n g p r e l
e r e n c e , h o l d i n g c l a s s e s as p r o m i s e d r a n k s v e r y h i g h , a n d t h i s prefereinr
d e i e r m i u e d t h a t t h e c p i e s t i o n o f c a n c e l l i n g a class f o r i b i s p u r p o s e w o u l d
u o t b e p e r d n e n t . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y s o b e c a n s e , w h i l e 1 f e e l t h e v a l u o f fllill
I . i i u n d a n c e , a u d I felt t h e disvalue o f iny d i n i i n i s h m e m i n h e r esteem.
h l l l u ( l i d , it w a s m y f e l t s c a l e o f p r e f e r e n c e t h a t d e t e n n i n e d w h i c h ques-
U ' . t i . .iiiri insighis were, a n d w l i i c h were n o t , p e r t i n e n t 1 0 this judgment
ttid decisin o f c o m p a r a t i v e valu. I'hat scale d e t e n n i n e d w l i e r e i b e valu
I u i e n d i n g l h a t l e c t u r e s t o o d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i l h t b e vales o f a t t e n d i n g
MU .oiTs g a m e a n d o f k e e p i n g t o n i ) ' class s c h e d u l e , a m o n g t h e o i h e r vales
I h,i\<- i i i e n t i o n e d .
I h i t 110 regret a b o u t m y decisin to a t t e n d m y son's soccer gaine. There
10 M no r e m a i n i n g unresolved tensions i n t h e feelings o f v a l n e preference
d t - i i j',iucieci m y r e n e c t i o u s , j u d g m e n t , a n d d e c i s i n . 1 f e l l t b e nonnav-
i t i o l l h e s c a l e o f vales l h a t i n f o r m e d m y e l h i c a l r e f l e c U o u s ii t l i i s c a s e .
M i h o i i g h l d i d feel t e n s i o n s a b o u t m y c h a n g e d r e l a u o n s h i p vvth l h e pro
^ i . n n d i i e c i o r . tliose ieelings p o i n t e d tdwards f u t u r e actions 1 w o u l d need
l o lake i n o r d e r to b u i l d a n e w r e l a t i o u s h i p w i t h her. B u l those f e l t tensions
d i d uot cause m e to r e g r e t t h e decisin 1 d i d m a k e .
I .ikewise, i n t h e o t h e r e x a m p l e s o f d e l i b e r a i i n g a b o u t c o m p a r a t i v e val-
es ; u i d c h o i c e s , v e r y c o n c r e t e s e q u e n c e s o f c o n s c i o u s acts t o o k place.
I d i d d e c i d e to ciecrease m y physical e x e r c i s e t i m e , a n d this was i n p a r t
thal n i l l u e i i c e d b)' (he fact t h a t I w o i r l d u s u a l l y be e x e r c i s i n g a l l a l o n e eaily
l l l l i l e m o r n i n g , a n d m y f e e l i n g f o r t h e v i t a l v a l u o f h e a l t h y e x e r c i s e vvas
iioi s t r o n g i n c o m p a r i s o n t o m y desire f o r t l i e social valu o f c o n i p a n i o n -
s l i i p . I n m y i e e l i n g s , 1 vvas p r e l e r r i n g c e n a i n o t i i e r v a l e s o v e r t h e v i t a l
o f e x e r c i s i n g - a valu )>reference l h a t , i n t h i s siecific a n d concrete
I ,\sv. i n v o l v e d u n r e s o l v e d teusicus. 1 d i d g i v e u p e x e i c i s e f o r a w h i l e , b u t
lo
.IS I n o w r e f l e c t 1 r e c o g n i z e t h a t m y f e e l i n g s w e r e n o t e n t i r e l y a i e a s e w i i h
1I1.U decisin,
l l l a n o i h e r case, m y d e l i b e i a i i o n s a b o t u w h e t h e r t o a t t e n d t l i e n a t i o n a l
(1 l u l e r e n c e or my uncle's I t m e r a l i n c l u d e d m e m o r i e s a n d feelings o f a cmce

i n g j o b r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s v e r y h i g l i l y , I f e e l t h e valu o f e d u c a l i o n e v e n m i n e iv.irm reiaiionship that h a d growii distaiit, a l o n g with present feelings of

h i g h l y . Also i m | j o r t a n t i n m y decisin w e r e t h e m e m o r i e s a n d feelings a h o i i i 1 lose p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d d e e p h ' s h a r e d goals w i i l i m e m b e r s o f t h e

m y o w n l a t h e r m a k i n g sacrices, o f t e n t a k i n g t i m e f r o m w o r k , t o a t t e n d t h r ii.iiionat o r g a n i z a i i o n . I also c o n s i d e r e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e i i i o n e ) ' already

s c h o o l a t h l e t i c contests o f myself a n d m y b r o t h e r s . W h i l e w e w o u l d have s p e n t 0 1 1 m y a i r l a r e 1 0 t h e c c u i f e r e n c e , b u t r e a l i z e d d i i s was r e a l l y n o t p e r -

u n d e r s t o o d t h a t h e c o u l d n o t t a k e t i m e away f r o m w o r k , i t noneiheless i i n e n t l o i h e j u d g m e n i a n d d e c i s i n a t h a n d . I n o w l e g r e t t l i a t I chcjse t h e
m e a n t a g r e a t d e a l t o us t h a t h e d i d c o m e . W e felt t h e w a y h e v a l u e d us by I o n f e r e i i c e o v e r t h e f u n e r a l . M v feelings o f r e g r e t after t h e fac h e l p e d me
b e i n g t h e r e f o r us. d i s c e r n t h e c o n l i c t s a n d i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s i n m y e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o f vales,
rlese tensions w e r e a l r e a d y p r e s e n t p r i o r t o t h e decisin I m a d e . Fiad I
A l l o f l h e s e f a c t o r s - t h e flow o f q u e s t i o n s , r e c o l l e c u o n s , i n s i g h t s , f e e l i n g s . been m o r e d i s c e r n i n g , I w o u l d have p a i d closer a t t e n t i o n to these lensions
p r i o r julgments, etc. - entered i n t o m y rellections a b o u t this particulai a n d 1 w o n l d h a v e b e e n m o r e d i s t u r b e d b y t h e m b e t b r e h a n d . A s i t was, t h e
 2 IS I ' i u i I I ) : W h y ls D o i t i g T l i a i B e i n g E i h i c a l ? [ u d g m e n t s o f C o n i p a r a d v e Valu 249

f e e l i n g s o l r e g r e i Lhai a i o s e f r o m t h e decisin i t s e l f r e v e a l e d n o t o n l y t h a t n i d i f f e r e n t to the social c o n v e n t i o n s and t h e intense n e t w o r k o f s c r i u i n y

t l i i s was n o t l h e b e t t e r c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , b n t a l s o r e v e a l e d t h e d i s t m b a n c e s i n m d g o s s i p i n t h i s l o c a l c o m m u n i t y . . A f i e r b e i n g p a r i l y n i a n i p u l a t e d b y vai i -
my own personal leelings ofvalne prefeience. T h a t regret a n d recognition i i u s l o w n s p e o p l e , L y d g a t e u n e x p e c i e d l y falls d e e p l y i n love w i t h Rosamonti
l e d t o s u b s e q u e n t revisin o f m y f e e l i n g s o f preference. ,uid f i n d s h i m s e l f p r o p o s i n g t o h e r w i t h a l m o s t n o p r i o r d e l i b e r a t i o n . l i i s
I n o n e f t i r t h e r c a s e , 1 d i d c h o o s e t o babv'sii m y g r - a n d s o n , b e c a n s e h i s p a r - d e c i s i n is m a d e w i t h i n a l i o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s s u d d e n l y d o n i i n a i e d by t h i s
ems had an i m p o r t a n ! c o m m i t m e n t lo keep. In my feltsense o f prefei^ence, tievv p a s s i o n f o r R o s a i i i C ) n d .
the i m p o r t a n c e l h a t this c o m m i t m e n t h a d for t h e m , a n d the importance 1 ' l i l i s d e c i s i n is a d r a m a t i c d e p a r i i u e I r o m h i s prev'ious r e s o l u t i o n s . l l is
t h a t a l l t h r e e o f t h e m ha\'e f o r m e . c T i u w e i g l i e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a t t e n d - u o t s u p p o r t e d by t h e k i n d o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c i i o n s a n d j u d g m e n t s t h a t t o o k
i n g l h e p a r i s h c c j u n c i l m e e t i n g . D i d t h i s m e a n 1 was c h o o s i n g a p e r s o n a ! o r p l . K ( w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f h i s e a r l i e r , m o r e s t a i d h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . j ^ V m o n g
s o m e o t h e r v a l u o v e r a r e l i g i o u s v a l u ? I n o n e s e n s e , yes - b u t i n a n o t h e r iMlier t h i n g s , h e d i d u o t ask o r a n s w e r a w i d e r s e t o f q u e s o n s regarding
sense, n o . As I l o o k back, I d e t e c t n o u n r e s o l v e d t e n s i o n s i n m y feelings o l
K o s a m o n d ' s character. or h o w m a r r i a g e lo h e r w o u l d affect his long-siand-
valu p r e f e r e n c e t h a t w e r e i n p l a y a t l h e t i m e , a n d I ha\'e n o r e g r e t a b o u l
t i i g ( o n u n i i m e n t s l o s c i e n c e a n d c a r e f o r poor patienls.
t h a t decisin.
R o s a m o n d was s p o e d i n l i c r i i p b r i n g i n g a n d was v e r y s e l f - i u d i i l g e n t . I n
I d o n o t o f f e r a n y o f t h e s e e x a m p l e s as m o d e l s o f n o r m a u v e e t h i c a l o r l - hi.s e f f o r t s t o i n d u l g e h e r , L y d g a t e spends excessively on r e n t f o r a home
e n i a t i o n . f p r e s e n t t h e m as l i o n e s i l y as 1 c a n , as a i d s t o r e a d e r s i n a p p i o p r i - , u i d jDurchase o f f u r n i s h i n g s t o b e g i n t l i e i r i n a i ' r i a g e . W i i h i n a few years he
a i i n g f e l l scales o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e , a n d h o w they oprale in comparativ<' I m d s h i m s e l f i n deb w e l l b e y o n d t h e c a p a c i t y o f h i s p r a c t i c e t o r e p a y
valu j u d g i n g a n d d e c i d i n g . I .\'dgate d e l i b e r a l e s a b o u t v a r i ( j i i s p o s s i b i l i u e s , n o w m u c h m o i - e soberly.
Me j u d g e s t h a t the least o b j e c t i o n a b l e o p t i o i i is t o o b t a i n a l o a n against
9.2.5 Elhical Rejhction amlFeelivgPwfereiic.es in M i d d l e m a r c h llieir b e l o n g i n g s , possibly i n c l u d i n g Rosaniond's jewellei)', from a local
i i i e i c h a n t . I n a d d i i i o n , h e also j u d g e s l h a t t h e y w o u l d have l o severely c u r -
F u r t h e r access t o t h e r o l e o f f e e l i n g s o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e n u d g m e n t s an<l i.nl l b e i r s p e n d i n g to h a v e a n y h o p e o f m e e t i n g t h e i r debts.
d e c i s i o n s o f c o n q s a r a t i v e vales c a n b e h a d b y a t l e n d i n g t o g r e a t w o r k s o l I ' . l i o i d e s c r i b e s L y d g a t e ' s s t a t e o f m i n d as h e d e l i b r a l e s a b o u t c o m m i i -
Iiieraiure. A l t h o u g l i many o i h e r w o r k s certainly c o u l d be chosen, here I iiicaiiiig this news l o R o s a m o n d : "Having been rcuised to d i s c e r n conse-
o f f e r a b r i e f r e f l e c t i o n a b o u l a u e j i i s o d e i n l h e n o v e l Middlemarch hy Ceorg<- q u e n c e s w h i c h h e h a d n e v e r b e e n i n i l i e h a b i t o f t r a c i n g , h e was p r e p a r i n g
E l i o i ( . V l a r y A n n F v a n s ) . A m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , Middleiii.archh :i masterpiece i< I a c t o n t h i s d i s c e r n m e n t w i t h s o m e o f t h e r i g o r ( b y n o m e a n s a l l ) t h a t h e
in t h e d i s c e i n i u e n t o f e t h i c a l r e l l e c i i o n , self-deceptiou, a n d h u m a n behav- w o u l d have a|jplied in p u r s i n g ex|:)erimeiit."''
iour. A l t h o u g h l h e c h i e f protagonist o f i h e novel is D o r o t h e a Casaubou fhe horizon offeelings w i t h i n w h i c h L\dgate conducs bis e t h i c a l delil>
(iie Brooke), ilie episode here concerns the inieiaial siruggles o f one e i a i i o n s h i f t e d f r c m i o n e d o m i n a t e d by h i s m e d i c a l a n d s c i e n t i f i c ccmcerns
t h e O l h e r m a i n c h a r a c i e r s , t h e d o c t o r T e r i i u s [..yclgaie. .11 f i r s i , t h e n t o o n e d o m i n a t e d b y h i s l o v e f'or h i s w i f e , a n d t h e n to one
VVhen L y d g a t e a r r i v e s i n t h e p r o v i n c i a l l o w n o f . M i d d l e m a r c h , h e is pas- iu w h i c h anxieties a b o u t bis financial s i t u a i i o u lc)om large. E l i o i describes
sionately devoied t o d e v e l o p i n g a n e w s c i e n t i f i c apprcach t o m e d i c a l c a r e , lhe l e n s i o n s a n d d i s c o n i e n t s p e r i n e a t i n g L y d g a t e ' s h o r i z o n : " I t was the
f e prefers, t h e r e f o r e . l o care f o r t h e p o o r whose illnesses a r e m o r e interest- s<nse t h a t l h e r e was a g r a n d e x i s t e n c e i n i h o u g h t a n d e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n l y i n g
i n g , as o p p o s e d 1 0 t h e a i l m e n t s o f t h e r i c h w h i c h a r e " m o n o t o n o u s , a n d o n e .uuiiid h i m , w h i l e h i s s e l f was b e i n g n a r r o x e d ini.c-> l h e m i s e r a b l e i s o l a t i o n
h a s t o g o t h r o u g h m o r e fuss a n d l i s t e n d e f e r e n t i a l l y t o m o r e nonsense."' I ll e g o i s t i c f e a r s , a n d v u l g a r a n x i e t i e s ' a b o u t h i s f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n . "
B e c a n s e h i s a p p i o a c h is so r a d i c a l a d e p a r t t u ' e f r o m t h e n p r e v a i l i n g m e d i c a l t h i f o r i n n a t e l y , R o s a m o n d h a s b e e n so s p o i l e d i h a i s h e is c o n s t i t i i t i o n a l l y
p r a c t i c e s , he i u c u r s i l i e e u m i t y o f t h e c o m m u n i t y s e s t a b l i s h e d dc)ctors a n d i n c a p a b i e o f t m d e r s i a n d i n g t h e d e s p e r a t e n e s s o f t h e i r uiancial s i t u a t i o n .
has d i f f i c u l i y g a i n i n g t h e wealthy p a u e n t s h e w o u l d n e e d i n o r d e r to e a r i i a S h e first r e b i i k e s L y d g a t e f o r n o t r e a l l y c a r i n g o r t r y i n g h a r d e n o u g h , a n d
c o m f o r t a b l e l i v i n g , E v e n so, h i s p r a c i i c e s l o w l y grc^ws, d i e n she attempLs s o m e f o o l h a r d y m a n o e u v r e s of her o w n , w b i c h have
Initiall), he i n t e n d s to defei marriage for some t i m e i n o r d e r to pnr- disasirous repercussions. Finally, she e\en suggests t h a i h e change his
sue his m e d i c a l career, b u t he s o o n b e c o m e s a t t r a c t e d t o R o s a m o n d Viiicy. m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e , a d o p n g t r e a u n e n t s t h a t he k n o w s to be i n e f f e c t i v e , so
He does n o t realize the w i d e r social consequences o f his i l i r t a i i o n s w i l h .IS l o p a n d e r t o t h e r i c h . L y d g a t e finally expresses his rage at h e r responses
R o s a m o n d - " t h e l o w e r o f . M i d d l e m a r c h " - ^ - b e c a u s e h e is a l m o s t w i l l f u l l ) l o t h e i r situaon, b u t i m m e c U a i e l y stops t o t h i n k a b o u t w h e r e i h i n g s are
 250 P;iri. [ I l : VVliy D o i n g Thal, lieing Elhical? | u d g i n c n i s ol'(.'oniparaiivc Valu 251

h e a d i n g . E l i o i r e v e i s h e r k e e n p o w e r s o f d i s c e r n m e n t as s h e n r r a l e s h i s I l A d g : i i e feels t h e valu o f h i s love f o r R o s a m o n d as t h e h i g h e s t o f a l l

reflections: ' iliics. a n d he makes h i s j u d g m e n t s o f vales a n d c h o i c e s accordingly.
H I S siibsecpient reneciions, udgments, a n d decisions llow f r o m this even
I t was as i f a f r a c t u r e i n d e l i c a t e c r y s t a l h a d b e g i n i , a n d h e was ( f i r m l y f e l l s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s . T h e s e b e g i n w i t h h i s d e c i s i n t o
afraid o f any i n o x e m e n t i h a i m i g h t m a k e i i fatal, l i i s mariiage ' \ ns<- R o s a m o n d (in his o w n m i n d ) f r o m a n y respc^nsibilit)' f o r his f i n a n -
w o n l d b e a mei^e p i e c e o f b i l i e r i r o n ) ' i f l h e y c o n l d n o i g o cm l o v - I l.ll p l i g h t a n d t h e i n j u r y t o h i s r e p u i a i i o n , a l i h o u g l i l i e d o e s n o i e n t i r e l y
i n g e a c h oihei". H e h a d l o n g a g o m a d e u p his m i n d t o w h a t he I.K e r r s p o u s i h i l i t y f o r h i s o w n p o o r d e c i s i o n s , b l a m i n g instead " i h e hard
d i o u g h t was h e i ' n e g a t i v e c l i a r a c i e i " - h e r w a n t o f s e n s i b i l i t y , w h i c h 1 n r n i n s t a n c e s " l h a i l e d l o h i s f i n a n c i a l wc)es.
showed i t s e l f in disregaixl b o t h o f lus specilic wislies ancl o f his I ..lUr i u lhe novel he finally decides reliicianily to approach Rosamoncfs
general ainis. T h e first great d i s a p p o i n t m e n t h a d b e e n b o r n e : t h e w r . i l t h y b a n k e r n e l e B u l s t r o d e f o r h e l p . L y d g a t e k n o w s t h a t B u l s t r o d e is
t e n d e r devcjiedness a n d docile a d o i a i i o n o f the ideal wife must be d i s l i k e d i u ( h e c o m m i i n i i v , i n |3ari b e c a u s e o f b i s w e a l l h . i n p a n b e c a u s e o f
r e n o i m c e d , a n d l i f e m u s t be t a k e n u p o n a l o w e r s t a g e o f e . x p e c t a - lus l u a n i p u l a t i c m s i n l o c a l p o l i d c s , a n d i n p a n b e c a u s e h e is l u g h l y j u d g -
t i o n , as i t is b y m e n w h o h a v e l o s t t h e i r l i m b s . B u l t h e r e a l w i f e h a d i i i e i i i a l a n d m o r a l i s t i c . Bulstrc>de also c o m m i u e d a c r i m e w h i c h f o r a l o n g
n o t o i d y h e r c l a i m s , s h e h a d s t i l l a h o l d o n h i s h e a i t , a n d i i was h i s iiiiic- r e m a i n s h i d d e n f r o m o t h e r c h a r a c i e r s i n t h e n o v e l , t h o u g h n o t f r o m
intense desiie that llie h o l d s h o u l d l e m a i n strong. In marriage, li-jders.
l h e c e r t a i n l y , " S h e w i l l n e v e r l o v e m e m u c h , " is e a s i e r t o b e a r t h a n I A l t h o u g h h e d o e s n o t y e t knc^w o f B u l s i r o d e ' s c r i m e , L y d g a t e neverthe-
l h e fear, " I s h a l l l o v e h e r n o m o r e . " H e n e e , a f t e r t h a t o u t b u r s t , his less h a s f b r m e d q u i t e a n o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t a b o u t his character. f i e feels
i n w a r d e f f o r t was e n t i r e l y t o e x c u s e h e r , a n d t o b l a m e t h e h a r d i e p < l l e d b y B u l s t r o d e a n d p r e f e r s tc h a v e h u l e t o d o w i t h h i m . B u i B u l -
circiunstances w h i c h were partly his faiih. He t r i e d that evening, by siioile offered l i i m the s u p e r i n i e n d e n c y o f his n e w l y established fever hos-
p e t t i n g her, t o h e a l l h e w o u n d h e h a d m a d e i n t h e m o r n i n g , ancl i l p i t a l , w h i c h w o u l d give h i m a u n i q u e o p p o r i u n i t y t o serve t h e p o o r a n d l o
was n o l i n R o s a m o n d ' s n a t u r e t o b e r e p e l l e n t c^r s n l k y ; i n d e e d , s h e explore treatnients scientincally Lydgate tries to convince himself t h a t he
w e l c o m e d l h e signs t h a i h e i h u s b a i i d l o v e d h e r a u d was n n d e r h e r ( au c o n f i n e liis i ' e l a i i < m s l i i p w i i h B u l s t r o d e solely t o this p r o t e s s i o n a l arena,
c o i u r o l . B u l l h i s was s o m e t h i n g c p i i t e d i s t i n c i f V o i n l o v i n g him} h n i l h e a s s o c i a t i o n u i i n t s L y d g a i e ' s r e p t i i a t i o u i n l h e eyes o f socieiy,
Lydgate overcomes his r e p u g n a n c e at f o r m i n g a n y f u r i h e r assciciadon
T h a l Lydgate comparec giving u p his fantasj o f " t h e ideal wife" to losing w i l h B u l s t r o d e because o f t h e o v e r r i d i n g valu o f m a i n t a i n i n g his l o v i n g
a r i n s o r legs cloes n o t r e c o i m u e n d b i s c l i a r a c i e r t o c o n i e m p o i T i r y s e n s i b i l i - lelalionship with his wife. Iniiiall)' Bulstrode refuses l..vdgaie's p e i i t i o n ,
i i e s t h a t h a v e b e e n f o r m e d b v f e m i n i s i c r i t i c p i e s . Yet w h i l e E l i o i cloes p r e s - b u l l a i e r c h a n g e s his i n i n d w-hen he fears t l i a t L y d g a t e m i g h t h a v e l e a r n e d
e n t lhis c o n s i d e r a i i o n w i t h f u l l irciiy, s h e a l s o c h a r a c t e r i z e s L y d g a t e as a d . u i m i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m a p a t i e n t ( t h o u g h i n fact he h a d n o t ) . When
g e n u i n e l y c l e c e n i , v i r t u o u s , a n d l o v i n g m a n , w h o i n s p i t e o f h i s biases is f a r l l u - i n l b r n i a U o n d o e s b e c o m e p u b l i c , L y d g a i e is u n j u s i l y s u s p e c i e d o f c o i i -
n o b l e r t h a n m o s i o t h e i " males i n . V l i d d l e m a r c h . f i e has u o t s t o p p e d loving s p i r i n g w i t h B u l s i r o d e i n a d a s i a i d h ' c r i n i e , a h h o u g h h e is c o m p l e t e l ) ' i i i u o -
" t l i e real w i f e " d e s p i t e his leelings o f d i s a p p o i n i m e n i , ancl bis d i s m a y at h e r M i i i . H e realizes i h a i because his financial r e l i e f f r o m B u l s t r o d e is p u b l i c
selfish obtnseness. f i e realizes l h a t his f e e l i n g s o f a n g e r ai h e r o b s d n a c y a n d k n o w l e d g e , any aitemjt o n his p a n to clefend h i m s e l f will o n l v i n t e n s i f y t h e
o l u r g e n c y a b o u t l h e p r a c t i c a l r e a l i t i e s t h a t mus b e f a c e d h a \ introduced s i i s p i c i o n s . I n r e i r o s p e c i , L y d g a t e k n o w s thft h i s r u i n e d r e p u t a i i o i i c o u l d
t e n s i o n s i n t o his f e e l i n g s o f valu p r i o r i t y - t e n s i o n s t h a t t h r e a t e n his love h.ive b e e n a v o i d e d h a d h e a t t e n d e d to t h e t e n s i o n s i n his f e e l i n g s f o r B u l -
f o r R o s a m o n d . E l i o t p i w i c l e s a vivid expression o f that grave t h r e a t w i l h Iier s t r o d e a n d g i v e n t h e m p r o p e r p r i o r i t y ii r e l a t i o n t o h i s l o v e fc^r Rosamond.
c o m p e l l i n g image o f a n i m p e n d i n g f r a c t u r e o f a delicate crystal. A l t h o u g h l h e y leave M i d d l e m a r c h . L y d g a t e gives u p his a m b i t i o n s t o d e v e l o p scien-
t h r e a i e n e d , Lydgate's love for R o s a m o n d r e m a i n s t h e h i g h e s t o f a l l his feel- tific m e d i c i n e , a n d b u i l d s a m o r e c o n v e n l i o n a l a n d m o r e l u c r a i i v e p r a c t i c e .
i n g s f o r vales, e v e n s u r p a s s i n g t h e v a l u o f b e i n g l o v e d i n r e t u r n - "The N e v e n h e l e s s , w r i i e s E l i o t , " l i e always r e g a r x l e d h i m s e l f as a f a i l u r e ; h e h a d
r e a l w i f e h a d n o t o n l ) ' h e r c l a i m s , s h e h a d s t i l l a h c i l d o n h i s h e a r t , ancl i t was n o l d o n e w h a t he o n c e m e a n t to do."''
h i s i n t e n s e d e s i r e t h a i t h e h o l d s h o u l d r e m a i n s t r o n g . " H i s d e c i s i n t o (Uf B u l , i n a n o t h e r sense o f c o u r s e , h e d i d e x a c d y w h a t h e i n t e n d e d t o d o - l o v e
w h a t e v e r i t t a k e s tc^ s i i s t a i n h i s l o v e r e i n f o r c e s t h e f e e l i n g s o f comparative K < i s a m o n d w i t h his w h o l e h e a i t , n o m a t t e r t h e cost. T h a t love d e t e r m i n e c l
valu i n l i n e w i t h t h i s s u p r e m e valu. l h e s c a l e o f t h e r e s t o f h i s vales. N o d o u b t m a n y w o u l d a u l l L y d g a t e f o r
 l'an lll: W'hv ls DOIIL; T i i a ; Heiiit Ihical? I n d g n i e n i s o f C o i n p ; i r a i i v e Valu 253

s u b j g a L i n g a n d u k i n i a i e i y a b a n d o n i n g b i s s c i e n d H c v a l i i e s n o r d e r l o siis- Scheler d e v o t e d considerable attenon 10 the phenomena o f felt scales

laiii lo\'e l o r i n s w i i e . F l i o t . h o w e v e r , is m o r e c o i i c e r n e d w i t l i t h e hiie o f a M I v : i l u e p r e f e i - e n c e - w h a t h e r e f e r r e d 10 a s i l i e ordo avwris, borrowing from
d e c e n t m a n i n a c o r r u p t socieiy w i i o loves n o t w i s e h ' b u t t o o well. \iigusne.'" T h e acuity o f his d i s c e r n m e n t r e g a r d i n g these phenomena
My b r i e f s u m m a r y a n d analysis o f i b i s e p i s o d e i n Middlei//arc/i does n o l IS e s p e c i a l h ' p r o m i n e n t i n h i s b o o k Ressei/lii/HniL 'fhere Sclieler considers
d o j u s u c e i o E l i o t ' s s u b d e d i s c e r n m e n t o f t h e m a n y levis a n d t e n s i o n s in N i e i z s c h e ' s c l a i m t h a t ressei/liv/enl\s ie most i m p o r i a m root o f Western a n d
human leelings o f v a l n e preference. T h e novel explores i n d e p t h i h e feel- (Ihrisan morallty While Scheler agrees with N'iei.zsche i a t ressenlimevl is
ings a n d acuons o f a b r o a d range o f o r d i n a r y , even p e i t y l i v e s ( i i s s u b d e is mdeed a powerful dynamic i n Western culture, h e dlsagrees l h a i i i is t h e
" Sl-iidy of Pmvmcifd Life"). E l i o t lays b e f o r e t h e r e a d e r t h e feelings o f h e r OMI r o o t o f Chris;m i n o r a l i i y I n s t e a d , h e a r g e s d i a l t h e r e is a n o r m a v e
m a n y characiers, a n d what follows f r o r n t h e i r different scales o f f e l l prefer- SI a l e o f v : d u e p r e f e r e n c e s , a n d l b : u ressenliviev! is a s e c o n d a r y , a l d i o u g h p r o -
ence as t h e y c o l l i d e w i i l i o n e a n o t l i e r . T l i e novel imaies criticisms o f diosc lound distoron o f thai scale i n o u rfeehngs, N'ietzsclie, o f c o n r s e , would
v a r i o u s scales o f vales. nol have agreed widi t h e full r a n g e o f S c h e l e r ' s s c a l e o f v a l e s , o r t h a t res-

E a c h o f US h a s s o r n e f e l t scale o f v a l n e preferences. T l u s verv fact raises \eoiimenl\s a n inversin o f t h a i scale. H e h e l d , i n s i e a d , t h a l t h e resseviimenl

q u e s t i o n s : ls m y o w n s c a l e o f v a l n e prelerences correct? A r e there others? ol Western a n d C h r i s u a n niorality was a d i s i o r t e d revolt p r i m a r i l y against

VVhai a r e iey? W h i c h i f a n y a r e c o r r e c t ? I f n o n e a r e c o r r e c t , w h i c h a r e :U \ii;il vales.
least better d i a n t b e others? W h i c h ones a r e defective? ls t h e r e a scale o f S c h e l e r a n d N i e t z s c h e b o t h r e i a l n e d i h e E r e n c h w o r d ressenimeni'As i i has
valu p r e l e r e n c e b y nieans o f w l n c h 1c a n adjudcale v a r i o u s scales ofvalne lio e x a c t e q i h v : i l e n i i n C e r n a n (or English for thai matler). While resseiiti-
preference? ls d i e r e a n y .scale o f f e e l i n g s o f valu p r e l e r e n c e t h a t is t h e c o r - meril m i g h t b e i r a n s l a i e d " r e - f e e l i n g , " i i ls s p e c i b c a l l y a f o r m o f r e - f e e l i n g
rect a n d objective one? l h a t is d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s p a s t f e e l i n g s o f injury o r perceived injury, o r feeh
We will r e l u r n t o tliese ipiestions l a i e r i n iliis c h a p t e r a n d again i n chap- ings o f i n a d e q u a c y o r f a i l u r e , reca l i n g f e e l i n g s o f o n e ' s o w n i m p o t e n c e i n
ter 14. T h e present goal has been to offer a concrete illustraiion o f the t h e f a c e o f v a l n e c h a l l e n g e s a n d b r o o d i n g w i t h a n i n a b i l i i y 10 l e g o o f t h o s e
tensions and movements among t h e feelings of preference, judgmems, experiences. O n e keeps reliving and rehearsing t h e m , caiising t h e feehngs
a n d decisions o f v a l u e - c o m p a r l s o n i h a i o c c u r in o r d i n a r y life. T h e reader's (o s w e l l a n d f e s t e r T h e t o r m e n t o f s u c h a re-feeling c a n be great indeed,
o w n d i s c e r n u i e n t will be alded m u c h m o r e bycarebil reading o f t h e whole a n d as S c h e l e r notes, "ie painful tensin d e m a n d s relief"" He observes
o Middlemarch is w e l l a s o t h e r s u c h masterful literary studies o f inward lhai people lend 10 overeme "any s t r o n g tensin between desire [ l o ra
relleciion. h i g h e r valu] a n di m p o t e n c e b y d e p r e c i a n g o r d e n y i n g t h e positive valu
o f t h e desired obieci,"'- I n o t h e r words, o n c e o u r leelings have b e e n tricked

9.3 S c h e l e r o n I n d m a d o n s o f the O b j e c t i v e Scale i m o f e e l i n g d i ai t h ed e s i r e d v a l u is n o t s o g r e a t a f t e r a l l , t h ee x p e r i e n c e o f

i n a b i l i t y 10 a t t a i n i h a t v a l u n o l o n g e r f e e l s s o d e i n e : i n i n g . ' f l u s f e l t d e p r e -

The p r e v i o u s s e c l i o n s h a v e i l l u s u - a i e d h o w i n d i v i d u a l o r e x i s t e n a l scales o l c i a o n o f vales s p r e a d s , h o w e v e r , in some cases r e s u l u n g i n a n Inversin

fell valu p r e l e r e n c e g u i d e ethical relecdon i n r e a c h i n g c o m p a r a v e j u d g o f tlie w h o l e scale o f vales.

menis ofvalne. I n ibis secon I turn a g a i n t o t h e w o r k o f .Vlax S c h e l e r iu W i t h bis acule d i s c e r m n e n t , however, Scheler r e c o g n i z e d thai i h e psychic
o r d e r to explore t h e rnanner in wiiicli feelings fora n objective, norma\'e s i r a t e g y o f ressenlimen is n e v e r c o m p l e t e l y s u c c e s s f u l : "RessenimerU man ,,,
scale o f vales m a y b e said t o b e p r e s e n t a n d o p e r a v e i n e v e r y i n d i v i d u a r s n o w feels 'good,' 'pur,' a n d " l i u m a n ' - a t leasi i n t h e c o n s c i o u s layers o l
h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . H e a r g u e d t h a t d i e s e f e e l i n g s o f n o r m a t i v e valu p r e f his m i n d . H e is d e l i v e r e d from haired, b o m t h e tormenng desire o f a n
erence are p r e s e n t , n o m a t t e r h o w m u c h someone's individual, existential impossible revenge, though deep down bis poisoned sense o f l i f e a n d the
scale o f v a l n e pi-efei-ence inay d e v i a t e f r o m this o b j e c v e scale. lrue vales may still shi'iie throagh the illusory ones."'-^
In [xtriicLilar I w i l l f o c u s o n S c l i e l e i - ' s s i u d y o f iessenive>/l. Rcsseiilimenl is Scheler recognized that there are subde self-deceiis involved in diese
arguably d i e most severe forrn o f distoron offeelings o f valu preference, inversions o f feelings o f preference, .No m a t t e r h o w a d v a n c e d ressentivient
M y p r o p o s a l is t h a t i f t h e o b j e c v e s c a l e s l l m a k e s i i s e l f f e l t e v e n in die con may llave b e c o m e - no matler how"good" w e m a y feel widiin this Ieeling
sciousnesses o f people deeply m i r e d i n ressevlimei/t, then the n o r m a t i v i i y ol dis-orientation - lhere r e m a i n fell lensions w h i c h a r e l h e t r a c e s o f it:s o r i -
t h a t s c a l e is a l s o a c c e s s i b i e tliroiigli t h elensions experienced i n the h o r i z o n s g i n as a d e j j a r i u r e f r o m t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a n d n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f v a l e s . I n
o f f e e l i n g o f p e o p l e w i d i less s e v e r e d i s i o r u o n s i n t h e i r f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e , o l h e r w o r d s , resseuiimeut is a l w a y s f e l t as a s e c o n d a r y r e a c t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o
 25-1 Pan. I I I : W h y Is D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g E t h i c a l ?
l h e n o i - m a i i v e f e l l v a l u s c a l e f r o m w h i c h i i a i o s e . V V h e n S c h e l e r uses i l n
p h r a s e " s h i n e i h r o u g h , " h e is r e f e r r i n g lo t l i e s e s u b t l e , u n r e s o l v e d l e n s i o r i i
i n o u r h o r i z o n s o i " f e e l i n g s b e i w e e n o u r a c t u a l scales o f v a l u p r e f e i e i i i r
and t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e . S t a t e d d i f i e r e n y , i n fessentivteni, actual feelings
o f valu p r e f e r e n c e a r e a c o m p o u n d o f tlie s p o n i a n e o u s a n d n o r m a i i v r
feelings o f pieference f o r t l i e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales o n t h e o n e
a n d t h e s e c o n d a r y r e a c t i o u s t h a t m o d i f y a n d d i s i o r i t i i o s e p r i m o r d i a l feel
i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e , o n t h e o t h e r S u c h s e c o n d a r y r e a c u o n s a r e i n tensin
w i d i t i l e r e t a i n e d p r i m o r d i a l f e e l i n g s w h i c h t h e y m o d i f v ' a n d l h e scale l l i e v
i n i e n d . These u n r e s o l v e d tensions are also felt, a n d d i e i e f o r e p o i m back lo
l h e o b j e c t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e , p r c i \ ' i d i n g a n i n i e r n a l access t o d i a l
s c a l e , a n d l o s i a n d a r d s a c c o r d i n g t o w i i i c h a n y a c c o u n t o f l h a i s c a l e mus
b e j u d g e d i r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f a n y o n e w i t h rm/w/'-<jriented f e e l i n g s
o f v a l n e p i e i e r e n c e . T h e r e is n o n e e d l o a p p e a l t o c r i i e r i a f o r e i g n t o s u c h
a p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n o f feelings; these u n r e s o l v e d t e n s i o n s a r e l h e m s e l v e s l h e
c r i i e r i a for such an a p p e a l .
Resseutniwnt is a .severe a n d r e l a t i v e l y v v i d e s p r e a d f o r m o f d e v i a t i o n f r o n i
l l i e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l u , b u t i i is b y n o m e a n s t h e c m l y s u c h d e v i a t i o n .
O t h e r less p e r n i c i o t i s d e v i a i i o n s a l s o e.\ist - d e v i a i i o n s w h e r e o n e valu is
u n d e s e r v e d l y r a n k e d h i g h e s t w i t h o u t u e c e s s a r i i y i n v e r i i u g a i l t h e resl o l
t h e s c a l e . Y e t e v e n less e x t r e m e d e v i a i i o n s a l s o g i x e rise to tensions dial
a r e t r a c e s o f t h e i r (le/juittires Jroin t h e o b j e c t i v e .scale. l u a i l s u c h cases l l u *
m o r e p r i m o r d i a l o b j e c t i v e scale also " s h i n e s t h r o u g h " f o r e x a m p l e , i u
d i s p r o p c n a i o n a t e flairs o f defensiveness o r a n g e r o r d o g m a i i c a t u t u d e s , o i
w h e n p e o p l e s h o w excess e m o t i o n i n e x p l a i n i n g o r d e f e n d i n g t h e i r valur
p r e l e r e n c e s . T h e s e are usually signs o f u n r e s o l v e d tensions b e t w e e n
i n d i v i c l u a l , e x i s t e n t i a l scales o f f e e l i n g p r e f e r e n c e s , a n d t h e p r i m o r d i a l nor-
m a t i v e scale.
VVe w i l l d i s c i i s s w h a t S c h e l e r r e g a r d e d as t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales i n
the n e x t s e c t i o n . F o r p r e s e n t purpcises, hciwever, S c h e l e r ' s observaons
p o i n t o u t t l i a t t h e r e a r e c r i i e r i a alwav's i m m a n e n i a n c i o p e r a t i v e i n t l i e f e e l -
i n g h o r i z o n s o f e v e r y p e r s o n , n o m a t l e r i i o w perx'erse, w l i i c h p o i n t l o l h e
o b j e c i i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e .
L o n e r g a n ' s w o r k a d d s t o tiiai o f S c h e l e r t h e i d e a t h a t i h e t e n s i o n s felt i n
insserilivieIIt iwd o t l i e r d e v i a i i o n s f r o m d i e o b j e c t i v e scale t i l t i m a t e l ) ' c i e i " i v < '
e v e n m o r e i ' u n d a m e u t a l l y f r o m l l i e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu a n d mii<'-
s i r i c t e d l3eing-in-love. Because ihey are u n r e s t r i c t e d , ihese i w o f u n d a m e n t a l
f e e l i n g s i n t e n d t h e w h o l e r e a l m ol"vales a l o n g w i i l i i h e o b j e c d v e hierarchi-
c a l r e l a u o n s a m o n g i h e i n . O b j e c t i v e f e e l i n g s o f valu p r e f e r e n c e a r i s e f r o m
t h e s e t w o s o u r c e s . T h e p r i m o r d i a l f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e o3Jecii\
scale a r e g r o u n d e d , t h e r e f o r e . i n t h e n o t i o n o f valu a n d u n r e s i r i c t e d b e i n g -
i n - l o v e . T h i s m e a n s t h a l l h e o b j e c v e s c a l e is n o t m e r e l y a s o c i a l o r c u l t u r a l
Jndgirienis i i l ' ( ! < n ! i p a i a l i \ ' f V i i l i i c 2"!.")
t Miistruciion; or is t h i s s e l cof v a l u p r i o r i d e s i m p o s e d f r o m without by
. n i i l i o r i i y . R a t h e i " , l h e aclec|uacy o f v a r i o u s a u t h o r i i i e s m u s t b e e v a l u a t e d i n
i l i r l i g h t o f t h e scale a l r e a d y e v i d e n t i n t h e t e n s i o n s i n h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s ,
i\fi\u t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s e s o f p e o p l e w i t h g r o s s l y d i s i o r i e d a c t u a l s c a l e s of .
v.iliK' p r e l e r e n c e s .
hand.
I 1 d o e n d o r s e Scheler's c l a i m t h a t t h e r e are t h e felt traces o f t h e n o r m a -
tive s c a l e i n e v e r > ' p e r s o n ' s h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . I t i s t h e t a s k of" d i s c e r n m e n t ,
i l i e r e f o r e , t o p a y a t t e n t i o n l o t h e t e n s i o n s a m o n g f e e l i n g s f'oi vales, l h e n t o
i i n i l e i s t a n d these tensions fully. T h i s w o u l d i n c l u d e a s k i n g w h e t h e r one's
i n d i v i d u a l s c a l e o f vales s h o w s t r a c e s o f d e f e n s i v e n e s s o r a d o g m a i i c a i d -
u i d e t h a t p o i m b e y o n d o n e ' s o w n scale t o a n o t h e r s c a l e m o r e d e e p l y f e l t ,
t)..\, S c h e l e r , a n d v o n H i l d e b r a n d Compared''
S t i l l . i t is o n e t h i n g t o say t h a t l h e u n r e s o l v e d l e n s i o n s i n o u r f e e l i n g s of
v . i l i i e p r e f e r e n c e a t t e s i t o i b i s o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l e s ; i t is c p i i t e a n o t h e r t o
gi\c- a n a c c i u a t e f o n n u l a l i o n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h a t s c a l e . L o n e r g a n o f f e r e d
his o w n t e r s e o r m u l a t i o n o f t h a t scale: " v i t a l , s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , p e r s o n a l , a n d
l e l i g i o u s v a l e s i n a s c e n d i n g o r d e n " ' - ' ' H i s p r o p o s e d s c a l e is l i k e l y t o b e a t
M i m e v a r i a n c e w i t h d t e o n e s w e a c i u a l i y use, b u t b i s is c e r t a i n l y nc)t t h e o n l y
ai h f o r m u l a u o n . I t a p p e a r s tC) d i l f e r f r o m t h e scales o f valu h i e r a r c h y
h e l d i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s , as w e l l as t h o s e f o r m u l a t e d b y n u m e r o u s
p h i l o s o p h e r s . W h i l e l h e task o f c o m p a r i n g L o n e r g a n ' s f o r m n l a t i o n w i t h a l l
o l h e r c o n t e n d i s is n o t p o s s i b l e h e r e , ' " i t w i l l p r o v e i n s t r u c v e t o a t l e a s t
1 nui pare i i w i l h those o f S c h e l e r a n d von f l i l d e b r a n d , w h o most i n f l u e n c e d
their I . o n e r g a n ' s t h o u g h i o n l h e l o p i c , I t is n o i e w o r t h ) ' t h a t t h e fcjrmulacuis o f
s( ales o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e e s p o u s e d b\ S c h e l e r a n c l v c m f l i l d e b r a n d d i f f e r e d
h o u i e a c h o t h e r . j u s t as L c i n e r g a u ' s d i l T e r e d f r o m b o i h o f t h e i r s . B o t h a d d
,1 w e a l l h o f d e t a i l t h a t is a b s e n t f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n , a n d o u r u n d e r -
s i a i i d i n g o f t h e scale w i l i h e e n l i a n c e d by c o n s i d e r a i i o n o f tliese d e t a i l s . T h i s
I o i u p a r i s o n w i l l p r o v i d e f u r i h e r assistance i n n o t i c i n g a n d n d e r s t a n d i n g
l h e d y n a m i c s of o u r o w n f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e a u d j i i d g n i e n t s o f c o m p a i ' a -
l i v e v a l e s . . I t w i l l a i s o p r e p a r e t h e w a y f o r ^ l a t e r d i s c u s s i o n c">f i t i e ustifi-
( a i i o u s l h a i m i g h t be cfiered i n f a v o u r o f L o n e r g a n ' s ormulation.
9.//../ Schafer's Account of lhe Scale
S( h e l e r a p p r o a c h e s t h e s c a l e ( o r ' r a n k ' ) o f v a l e s b y m e a n s o f a k i n d C)f
m u l i i d i m e n s i o n a l c o o r d i n a t e a x i s s j s t e m , r a t h e r t h a n b)' a s i n g l e , ciue-
dimeusional l i n e a r s c a l e as L o n e r g a n does. l-le d i s t i u g u i s l i e s b e t v v e e n
" b e a r e r s " o f vales a n d valu " q u a l i t i e s " ( o r " v a l i i e - m o d a l i t i e s " ) , ' ' e a c h
loiining something like a distinct axis w i t h i n t h e r e a l m o f vales. I n
 256 P a n 111: W h y ls O o i n g T h a i B e n i g E i h i c a l ? |u(lj;niemsof Comparative V;ihir 257

a d d i i i o n , S c h e l e r says t h a t e a c h v a l u t j u a h t y h a s i t s o w n p r o p e r feeling- The e i i t r i e s i n t h e c o h i m n f o r " B e a r e r s o f Vales" s h o u l d n o l b e i h o u g h t o'

f i i n c t i o n s a n d f e e l i n g - s t a t e s . S c h e l e r ' s s c a l e o f q u a l i i a t i v e v a l e s is s o m e - ,is ( o i r e s p o n d i n g o n e - i o - o n e w i d i t h e e n t r i e s t m d e r " S c a l e o Q u a l i t a t i v e V a l -
w h a t s i m i l a r to t l i a t o f L o n e r g a n . Vet S c h e i e i also i d e n t i f i e s f u i i h e i " sul)- es." R a t h e r , t h e s e t w o c o l i m i n s s h o u l d b e l e g a r d e d as t w o i n d e p e n d e n t a x e s
d i \s a m o n g t h e q u a l i t a t i v e v a l i t e s t h e m s e l v e s , w h i c h L o n e r g a n does I ll i h o g o n a l t o o n e a n o t h e r , so t h a t s e v e r a l \ a l u e q u a l i t i e s m a y a p p l y t o e a c h o f
n o t a i t e m p t to do, die categories o f value-bearers, T h e entries i n i h e t h i r d c o l u m n , o n t h e o t h e r
S c h e l e r ' s scale o f q u a l i t a i i \ ' e vales is b a s i c a l l y as f o l l o w s : I n ascending l i . m d , d o c o n e s p o n d to those i n t h e second. T l u s c l i a r t s h o u l d be regarded
o r d e r . i h e r e a r e t h e v a l e s o t h e u s e f u l , t h e a g r e e a b l e ( i . e . . t h e p l e a s a i i t as ( n i l \ ' a | 3 p i c ) x i m a i e b e c a u s e o f t h e m a n y a m b i g i ties i n S c h e l e r ' s d i s c u s s i o n .
o r e n j o y a b l e ) , t h e vital (e,g,, t h e n o b l e a n d i g n o b l e ) , t h e s p i r i t u a l , a n d tlic
hob'.'"^ H e is e m p h a t i c t h a t d i e r e a r e p o s i u \ a n d n e g a t i v e vales a t e a c h C),^. 2 Von Hildebrand's Account ofthe Scale
l e v e l - f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t t h e n e g a u v e v a l u o f t h e i g n o b l e is a t t h e l e v e l o l
v i t a l vales a l o n g w i t h t h e p o s i t i v e v a l n e o f n o b i l i t ) ' . \ ' o u H i l d e b r a n d was g r e a t l y i n l l u e n c e d b y S c h e l e r , b u l d e p a r t e d f r o m h i s
S c h e l e r e x p l o r e s subcvisions w i d i i n t h e q u a l i t a d v e v a l e s i n extensive h n u i u l a t i o i i o f t h e s c a l e i n s i g n i f i c a n t ways. S t i l l , l i k e S c h e l e r a n d Loner-
but someumes c o n f u s i n g d e t a l l . F o r e x a m p l e , his s u b d i v i s i o n s o f spiritual g a n , v o n H i l d e b r a n d is e m p h a t i c t h a t t h e r e is a u n i q u e , n o r i n a t i v ' e s c a l e o f
v a l e s i n c l u d e c o g n i t i o n , b e a u t y a i i d o t h e r a e s t h e t i c vales, c u l t u r a l vales l e e l i n g s o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e a n d t h a t i l is f o t i n d a t i o n a l i n o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s
( w h i c h a r e s a i d t o i n c l u d e s c i e n c e a n d a r t ) , a n d e t h i c a l / i i i o r a l vales. H e nf v a l e s . ' " V o n H i l d e b r a n d also offeis a n i u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l scheiua wilh
c h a w s a f u r t h e r , k e e n d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e x'alue o f t h e "'ptuv cognition af f n u r axes: o n t o l o g i c a l vales, " c a p a c i i i e s " o r " p a r t s " o f e n t i t i e s , " d o n i a i n s "
trutJ" i n p h i l o s o p h y , i n o p p o s i i i o n t o t h a t o l " p o s i i i v e ' s c i e n c e , ' " w h i c h h e n r " f a m i l i e s " o f tpialiiati\'e vales, a n d " t y p e s ' o f vales w i t h i n f a m i l i e s .
c l a i m s is g u i d e d b y i h e a i m o f c o t u r o i l i n g n . u t i r a l p h e n o m e n a . ' " h i a d d i - h l a s c e n d i n g o r d e r , h i s a c c c u u i t o f t h e s c a l e o f o n t o l o g i c a l vales is t h i n g s ,
t i o n , h e g r o u p s u t i l i t y a n d p l e a s a u i t i e s s t o g e t h e r as " m a t e i ' i a l v a l e s , " b u l plaiifs, animis, a n d p e r s o n s ( i n c l u d i n g G o d ) . T h e scale o f q u a l i t a d v e val-
p l e a s a n i n e s s is s t i l l r a n k e d h i g h e r t h a n u t i l i t y w i t h t h i s g r o u p i i i g . - " nes l i k e w i s e a r i a n g e s t h e f a m i l i e s o r d o m a i n s i n a h i e r a r c h y : v i t a l , a e s t h e t i c ,
' F h o u g l i r i c h i n d e t a i l s , Schele?- is n o i as c l e a r o r b r d i r i g h t as L o n e r g a n iniellectual, a n d m o r a l . I n t e i e s t i n g l y he does n o t explicitly i n c l u d e reli-
i n e x p i ' e s s i n g t h e e x a c t h i e r a i c h i c a l o i d e i i n g o f h i s scale o f q u a l i t a t i v e val- g i n i i s vales o r t h e valu o t h e h o l y i n his scale, a l t h o u g h t h e y permeate
es a u d s u b d i v i s i o n s . H i s c o n v o l u i e d d i s c u s s i o n s m a k e i t d i f i c t i l t tci d e r i v e h i s d i s c u s s i o n s . H e also d r o p s f r o m h i s scale S c h e l e r ' s c p i a l i i a d v e v a l t i e o f
a single, consistent I o r m u l a t i o n . 1 s n m m a i i z e Scheler's discussions o f the l h e u s e f u l , a p p a r e n t l y b e c a n s e h e r e g a r d s l h e u s e f u l as a n e q u i v o c a l t c r n i . - ' -
scale ( o r r a n k i n g ) o f vales i n F i g u r e g . i . F u r t h e r n i o r e , a n d niost s i g n i f i c a n d y von F l i l d e b r a n d chops Scheler's lowesi
level - t h a l o f d i e p l e a s a i i t / u n p l e a s a n t , t h e a g r e e a b l e / d i s a g r e e a b l e . l-le insisLs
t h a t t h e d i l e i e n c e b e t w e e n sasacdons o f t h e a g r e e a b l e / d i s a g r e e a b l e , o n die
Figure 9 . 1 . Scheler's Scale (Ranking) of Vales
n n e h a n d , a n d vales, o n t h e o t l i e r , is n o t a i a l l a' m a t t e r of; valu r a n k . f i e says
l h a t l h e m e r e s a d s f a c i i o n d e r i v e d f r o m a t t e n d i n g a p a r t y , f o r e x a m p l e , is n o t
Bearers of Vales Scale of Qualitative Vales Subdivisions
al a l l c c m i p a r a b l e t o a n y valu. A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , a p e r s o n o r i e m e d towards
Persons/Things/Living Beings Holy/Unholy w h a t is " m e r e l y s u b j e c t i v e l y s a d s y i n g " is " n o t e v e n i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n
Oneself/Others Spiritual Spiritual vales: n f w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g is i m p o r t a n t [ i . e . , o f v a l u e l i n i t s e l f o r n o i . " - ' fhereore,
holiness, cognition, t h e a g r e e a b l e o r s a t i s f y i n g is s i m p l y n o t o n thai^scale o f vales i n a n y vvay w h a t -
Acts/Functions/Reactions moral, beauty, s o e v e r H e chastises S c h e l e r t b r m i s s i n g t h i s f u n d a m e n i a l difference.-'"*
cultural, social
V o n F l i l d e b r a n d f u r t h e r c l a i m s d i e r e is a l s o a I i i e r a r c l i y w i i h i n e a c l i o f t h e
Ivloral Tenor/Deeds/Success Vital Vital vales: economic.
f a m i l i e s o r d o m a i n s o f vales: w i t h i n v i t a l v a l e s , s i g h t is h i g h e r t h a n l a s i e ;
nobility, ignobility
w i i h i n i n t e l l e c t u a l v a l e s , d e p t h is h i g h e r t h a n a c n t e n e s s ; a n d w i t h i n m o r a l
Intentional Feelings/Siaies of Material: Agreeable
v ; i l u e s , h u m i l i t y is h i g h e r t h a n r e l i a b i l i t y . U n f o r i i i n a i e l y , h e o f f e r s o n l y a f e w
Feelings
e x a m p l e s s u c l i as t h e s e , a n d h e cicles n o t p r o p o s e a n y r u l e s o r c r i i e r i a f o r
Tarms/Relations/Forms of Relations Material: Useful
t h i n k i n g a b o u t w h y o n e o f t h e s e p a i r s is h i g h e r t h a n t h e o t h e r ' - " '
Individual/Collective
F i g u r e 9.2 presents a s u m m a r y o f v o n H i l d e b r a n d ' s d i s c u s s i o n o f the
"Self-Values'VConsecutive Vales
svic Cf v a l e s .
 ^r.S P a i i l l l : W h y Is D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Eiliicai:- l u d g m e n L s o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu 259

F i g u r e 9.2. von H i l d e b r a n d ' s S c a l e of V a l e s F i g u r e 9 . 3 . S c a l e s of V a l e s C o m p a r e d

Ontological Vales von Hildebrand Scheler

Qualitative Vales Types within Lonergan
(Vales of existing entities} Capaciiies and Parts (Domains/Families) Domains/Families Holiness
Religious
P e r s o n s (including God) Will > Instinct Moral Humility > Reliability Moral
Personal
Intellect > S e n s a t i o n Intellectual " D e p t h " > Acutene3S Iniellectual Spiritual
Animis Cultural
Aesthetic
Social Aesthetic
Plas Vital Sight > Tasle
Vital Vital
Non-living Material T h i n g s Vital
Agreeable
Agreeable' 4 Useful
"Not in the s c a l e of v a l e s at all. Agreeable*
Agreeable'

' Not in the s c a l e of v a l e s at all

S'imUmiIks avdDiJJemnces o l l h e scale. T f i i s c l a r i f i c a i i o n w i l l set l h e stage f o r c o n s i d e r i n g h o w his

scale c a n b e u s e f u l i n d i s c e r n i n g t h e o p e r a l i o n s o f o u r a c t s o f comparative
T h e s e t h r e e i h i n k e i s a l l e n i p h a t i c a l l y a g i e e t h a i t h e r e is o n e , n o m i a t i v e scale | i i i l g n i e n i s o f v a l n e , a n d h o w h i s r a n k i n g c a n b e J u s t i f i e d as o b j e c t i v e and
o f valu despite t h e m a n y h u m a n d e v i a i i o n s f r o m t h a t n o r m , b u t all e m p h a t i -
noi niadve.
c a l l y d i s a g r e e w i i h o n e a n o t h e r as t o d i e d e t a i l s o f d i i s scale (see F i g u r e 9 . 3 ) ,
F
Scheler seems t o be following Nietzsche a n d p r i o r thinkers in classifying
(j.r, Elaboration of Lonergan's Scale of Vales
n c j b i l i t y as a vital valu, w h e r e L o n e r g a n w o u l d t e n d 1 0 c a l i t h i s a p e i ^ o n a l
v a l u . L o n e r g a n also s h a r p l y d i f T e r e n t i a t e s b e t w e e n s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l vales, I o n e r g a n ' s o w n a c c o u n t c^f t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e w a s i n t r o -
a n d assigns a p r o m i n e n c e t o t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n t h a t is m i s s i n g f r o m t h e f o r m u l a - d i i c t ' d b r i e f l y i n c l i a p i e r S. O n c e a g a i n , r e g a r d i n g l h a t scale o f x ' a l u e s , b e
l i o n s o f his predecessors. L i k e w i s e , h e e x p l i c i t l y i n c l u d e s p e i " s o n a l vales o n
u i d i e . " N o l o n l y d o f e e h n g s r e s p o n d t o \'alues. T h e y d o scj i n a c c o r d witli
o n e a n d l h e s a m e l i n e a r scale w i t h i h e o t b e i ' s , w h i l e S c h e l e r a u d v o n H i l d e l ) -
s o m i " scale o f p r e f e r e n c e . So w e m a ) ' d i s t i n g u i s h v i t a l , s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , per-
r a n d U'eat these raines as b e l o n g i n g 1 0 a c o m p l e t e l y d i s d n c t a x i s ( ' ' b e a r e r s " o r
s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o u s x'alues i n a s c e n d i n g order."-''
"ontc">logical v a l e s " ) . L o n e r g a n places r e l i g i o u s vales h i g h e s t o n t h e scal'.
fhe words that Lonergan used i u a r i i c n l a i i n g h i s scale o f r a i n e s are
u n l i k e vcm H i l d e b r a n d , w h o d o e s i i o i c a r v e o t u a d e f i n i t e place f o r religious
lamiliar e n o u g h , a n d m a n y o f his readers have r e s p o n d e d with enthusiasiic
vales.
e i i d o T s e m e n i o f h i s way o f a r t i c t i l a t i u g t h e n o r m a t i v e scale. Yet h e h i m s e l f
O n t h e O l h e r h a n d , b o t h S c h e l e r a n d \'on l - l i l d e b r a n d d r a w a t l e n t i o n l o s,u<l v e r ) ' l i t i l e a b o u t h i s s c a l e o r a b o u t w h a t h e m e a n t b y t h e w o r d s h e u s e d
m a n y d i l f e r e n t i a t i o n s ( o r cpialiiies. d o m a i n s , o r families) w i t h i n w h a t L o n e i - i n t h i s p a s s a g e . I t is n e c e s s a i y d i e r e f o r e t o s u p p l e m e n i w h a t h e e x p l i c i t l y s a i d
g a n r e g a r d e d as a s i n g l e g e n e r i c level o f v a l n e . T h e s e f u r t h e r s u b d i v i s i o n s a b o u t l h e levis o f vales i n h i s h i e r a r c h y A f u l l e r a c c o u n t o f w h a t h e m e a n t
c o u l d be useful in f u r t h e r reli ni n g the a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f o u r o w n feelings a n d has t o b e i n f e r r e d f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s , a n d l h i s w i l l b e u i k e i i u p i n c h a p t e r
r e f l e c t i o n s a b o u t c o m p a r a t i v e vales. U n f o r m n a t e l y , n e i t h e r S c h e l e r o r v o n I \. F o r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s , I w i l l r e l y u p o n h i s b r i e f c o m m e n t s f r o m Meihod in
H i l d e b r a n d o f f e r s m u c h a s s i s t a n c e i n u n d e i ' s t a n d i n g w h y a n y o f t h e s e snl>- l'lieiogs f o r s o m e p r o v i s i o n a l d e f l n i t i o n s t o b e u s e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r
d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n a l e v e l s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d as h i g h e r o r m o r e c h o i c e - w o r t i i y Before g o i n g i n t o the details for each o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r levis i n the
t h a n a n o t h e r , which l i m i t s the usefulness o f t h e i r observations. Sl a l e , s o m e t h i n g n e e d s 1 0 b e s a i d a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s a m o n g i l i e l e v i s as
F i n a l l y , l h e c o m p a r i s o n o f l h e l o r m u l a t i o n s o f t h e scale o f vales by these su( l l . F i r s t , t h e l e v i s d o n o t s o m i i c l i r e g a r d p a r t i c u l a r v a l e s b u t r a t h e r
i h r e e t h i n k e r s o f c o u r s e raises t h e t p i e s t i o n ' ' W h i c h , i f a n y o f t h e s e , is t h e nidnsov rm//-vof vales. N u i r i t i o n is a v i t a l v a l u . S o is p i o c r e a t i o n . O r d e i -
c o r r e c t o r at leasl t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e f o r m u l a u o n , a n d w h y is t h a t i h e c o r r < ' c i liness, r e l i a b i l i t y a n d e f f i c i e n c y a l l f a l l i n t h e r e a l m o f s o c i a l v a l e s . I t is
o n e ? " T h i s is a q u e s t i c ^ n 1 0 w h i c h w e w i l l r e t u r n i n c h a p i e r 1 4 . B e f o r e d o i n g n o t p r i m a r i l y t h i s o r t h a i \ ' a l u e t h a t is p r e f e r r e d o v e r a n o i h e r , b u t o r d e r s
so, h o w e v e r , i t is n e c e s s a i y t o f i r s t e l a b r a t e f u r t h e r L o n e r g a n ' s acconiu o f \ a l u e s as s u c h t h a t a r e p r e f e r r e d . I n s t a n c e s o f vales a r e p r e f e r r e d one
 ''ll' l ' a n . l l l : \Vli\, Ilniuji lluii I k a n g I h i c a l r l u d g i n e n r s ol" Cctinparaiive Valu 261

tvcv the (iihii iiiily (lerivatively, o n the f o n n c l a t i o n o f t h e lelative prefer lii).;her l e \ e l . . M o r e s u c c i n c t l y , l o w e r r e a l m s o f \'alues a r e f e l l t o b e i b r t b e
e n c e of tlu-ii g r n n s . ..ike o f v a l e s at t h e h i g h e r l e v i s o f i h e s c a l e .
S e c f i n d . \vlK:n w e c h o o s e , w e s e l e c t a p a r t i c u l a r c o i u ' s e o f a c t i o n a n d its f h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i i l b e c o m e c l e a r e r by c o n s i d e r i n g each o f t h e levis
v a l n e . a n d we t h e r e b y e x c i n d e othere. B u t t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e is Ul L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l .
n o l a n i a i i e r o f p r e f e r r i n g i b i s particalnr valne o v e r d i a l o n e ; r a t l i e r , i t is a (a) R e g a r d i n g vital valnes, L o n e r g a n olTers n o t h i n g m o r e l i i a n a s h o r t l i s t
prelerence for one oider of vales o v e r a n o i b e i " . S t i l l , l h i s d o e s n o i mean >i exam|Dles; h e a l t l i , s u ' e n g t i i , g r a c e , a n d v i g o u r . S i n c e t h e s e a r e a l l l e r r n s
p i ' e f e r r i n g o n e o r d e r o f va Ins o n l ) ' a n d I b r s a k i n g a l l t b e o t h e i ' s , R a i h e r , l l is ,i.so( i a t e c i w i t h i l i e c">piimal fiinciic->ning o f biological organisins, it w o u l d be
a i n a i i e r o f a Kiw'ei o r d e r o f vales as t a k e n u p , i u t e g r a i e d , a u d r e l a t i v i z e d , i p p r o p r i a t e t o a d d o d i e r s s t i c l i as n u i r i t i o n , g r o w t h , c i e \ ' e i o p r n e n t , f l c m r i s l i -
i n t o a p i e f e r e i i t i a l l ) ' h i g h e i " o r d e r o f p u r p o s e , a h i g h e r o r d e r o f vales. I n i i i g . a n c l i e r t i l i t ) ' as e x a m p l e s o f t h e vales o f l i i o i o g i c a i h o m e o s i a s i s , g i o w i h ,
p r e f e r r i n g s o c i a l v a l e s , t h e n , w e v a l u v i t a l \'aliies s u c h as l i f e , h e a l t h , v i t a l -
,111(1 r e p r o d u c u o n . N o l a b l y a l j s e n t f r o m t h i s l i s t is s i n " v i \ ' a l , p e r h a p s b e c a u s e
i t y , a n d f e r i i l i t y bolh as v i t a l and f o r i h e r o l e s t h e y p l a y w i t h i n s o c i a l v a l u
w h i l e m e r e b i o l o g i c a l e x i s t e n c e ( s u r v i v a l ) is a v a l u , o p t i m a l b i o l o g i c a l f i n i c -
s u c h as c o o p e r a t i o n o r efficiency.
t i o i i i n g is w h a t mcives us l o f e e l valu p r e f e r e n c e . T h e s e v i t a l vales a r e
Third, while this preferring s o f orders rather than of pardcular i ' P p o s e d l o d i s v a l u e s s u c h as s t a r v a d o n , i l l n e s s , d i s e a s e , w e a k n e s s , l e t l i a r g ) ' ,
i n s t a n c e s o f vales, p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e s C ) f v a l u c a n n e v e r t h e l e s s become .le i l i t ) ; a n d a t r o p h y , a l l o f w h i c h a r e a s s i g i i e d t o t h e s y m p t o i n s o f b i o l c ^ g i c a l
the focal points for the p r e f e r r i n g o f oixiers. Tor example, in Middlemarch, d\sluiiciion.
Lydgate feels t h e pi^eference of orders t h r o u g h p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e s ol l.onergan g o e s o n l o sa\ t l i a i v i t a l v ; i l u e s a r e " u o r m a l l y p r e f e r r e d " to
t h o s e o r d e r s . Me feels p r e f e r e n i i a l l y t h e o r d e r o f p e r s o n a l vales { i n tlu* llie "work. privatioiis [and] pains" recpiired l o acquire, m a i n l a i n , a n d
p e r s o n o f R o s a m o n d ) o v e r t h e o r d e r o f c u l t u r a l vales (as exeinplified lesiore v i t a l vales, 'i'liis m e a n s t h a t a l t l i o u g h v i t a l vales c o m e lowest
i n l h e v a l n e o f n e w s c i e n t i f i c m e d i c i n e ) . H i s f e e l i n g s a b o i i t t h e s e vales lll h i s s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e , they are n o t m e r e l y the basenient class
are g e i i u i n e l y c o n f i i c t e d a n d he siruggles w i t h this c o n f i i c t between the ol \alues w h e r e e v e r y i h i n g o f v a l u t h a t is p r e f e r r e d , is p r e f e r r e d over
valu ( s c i e n c e ) o v e r t h e p e r s o n a l valu o f l o v e f o r his w i f e , b u l ulmately iheiii. Raiher, they are a h e a d y inst in the o r d e r o f preferring, a n d they
c h o o s e s a c c o r d i n g t o w h a i bis f e l l p r e f e r e n c e reveis t o h i m as g e n u i n e l y .ue p r e i e r r e d lo mere c o m f c u i o r s a t i s i a c i i o n in p a r t i c u l a r . F e e l i n g s of
h i g h e r . B e c a u s e t h e p e r s o n b e l o v e s is s o s p o i l e d , t h i s m e a n s t h a t h i s d e c i - prelerence f b r v i t a l vales l l i e m s e l v e s a i r e a d ) ' c a l i u s t o e t i u c a l r e l l e c i i c u i ,
s i n 10 l i v e o i u . t h e v o c a t i o n l o l o v e R o s a m o n d w i l l r e c p i i r e l h a t l i e e n d u r e d e c i s i o n s , a n c l a c t i o n s b\ m e a n s o f w h i c h we t r a n s c e n d self-saiisfaciion
g r e a t s a c r i f i c e a n d i n j u s t i c e . T h i s is w h a t is e n t a i l e d i n t h e s e c o n c r e t e c i r - w i d i o u r p r e s e n i le\'el o l c o m i o r t , in o r d e r t o t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t ) ' iov more
c u m s t a n c e s b y h i s d e c i s i n i n f a v o u r o f p e r s o n a l v'alue t h r o u g h t h e l o v i n g \ i i ; i l h ' v a l u a b l e ways o l ' l i v i n g .
o f t h i s p e r s o n , H i s clecisicm r e i n f o r c e s h i s felt scale o f valu preferences, (h) T h e p h r a s e "social vales" calis to m i n d t h e m o r e s o f a society - the
liad he decided o t h e r w i s e - to p n r s u e his s c i e n t i f i c c a r e e r k n o w i n g this i i o i i n s o f a p p r o p r i a t e b e l i a \ i c m r i n v a r i o u s s o c i a l s e l ti ngs. i n act. i b r m o s t
w o u l d alinate his wife a n d his love for her, f o r e x a m p l e - this w o u l d havr people, b e i n g e t h i c a l m e a n s l i x i n g in a c c o r d w i t h social mores. T h e s e ncjinis
r e b o u n d e d i n a s h i f t i u h i s e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o f v a l e s . B u l it w o u l d n o t h a v r ate promulgated far m o r e lTec|ueiiily a u d effectively tlirougli inibrmal
altered deep-down bis i n v a r i a n t f e e l i n g o f p r e f e r e n c e f o r p e r s o n a l \'alues social e x c h a n g e s t h a n b y f o r m a l laws a n d t h e i r e n f o r c e m e n t mechanisms.
o v e r c u l t u r a l vales. ^'eI i u L o n e r g a n ' s t e r m i n o l o g ) ' i i i a n y o f t h e vales c a r r i e d by t l i e m o r e s o f a
F o t i r t h , h i g h e r o r d e r s o f vales c l e t e i ' m i n e /; lower orders ofvalne will M l e i e t y c o r r e s p o n d t o w l i a t h e m e a n s by c u l i u i * a l v a l e s , so l u r t h e r c l a r i f i c a -
b e r e a l i z e d w h e n l o w e r vales a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n t h e r e a l i z a u o n s o l u o n is n e e d e d .
h i g h e r \'alues, F o r e x a m p l e , a p r e f e r e n c e f o r s o c i a l vales d o e s n o t e x e l u d e Regarding s o c i a l vales i l i e r n s e h ' e s , { . . o n e r g a n offers b u t a single illus-
v i t a l v a l e s ( u n i e s s ressenlinienl is o p e r a t i v e , as N i e t z s c h e o b s e r v e d ) . R a i h e i , II.Ilion - " s u c h as t h e g o o d o f e n d e r w l n c h c o n d i i i o n s i l i e v i t a l vales o f
a preference f o r s o c i a l vales d e t e r m i n e s t h e k i n d s o f social arrangements I I K ' whole c o n i m u n i t y " ' '- while only menoning without further c o m m e n i
t h a t w i l l be acceptable w a y s o f r e a l i z i n g a n d s u s t a i n i n g v i i a l v a l e s s u c h as d i a l s u c h vales are t h e r e f o r e t o be p r e f e r r e d l o t h e v i t a l vales o f indi-
n u i r i t i o n a n d p r o c r e a t i o n . T h e s e a n d o t h e r v i t a l vales c a n b e r e a l i z e d i n vidual m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t ) ' . Yet e v e n d i e s e b r i e f c o m m e n t s reveal
d i f f e r e n t ways a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t a r r a n g e m e n t s o f s o c i a l v a l e s . lhe contrast beiweeii i n d i v i d u a l i n s t a n c e s o f v i t a l vales a n d t h e valu o f
H e n e e . coui-ses o f a c t i o n s a n d t h e i r v a l e s o n a l o w e r - l e v e l a r e p r e f e n r t i ,1 w l i o l e t h a t g o e s b e y o n d those i n d i v i d u a l instances a n d makes possible
a n d c h o s e n i n s u c h ways as t o r e a l i z e , p i o n i o t e , a n d m a i n i a i n v a l e s a l t h e l l i e i r r e g u l a r r e j j l e n i s l m i e n t . VVe u i i g l i t say t l i a t s o c i a l vales l i a v e t o do
 2()2 P a n II!: W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g E l h i c a l ? Judgnieni5 o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu 263

with the emergence, maintenance, and i m p r o v e m e n i of thai whole, and Second, c u l t u r e s also d e v i s e ways o f r e f l e c u n g t h a t " c r i u c i z e , c o r r e c t ,
w o u l d i n c l u d e d i e v a l e s o f c o o p e r a d v e e f f o i i , o r d e r , d e p e n d a b i l i i v , efl- develop, i m p r o v e " p atie rns o f a c i i n g , c o o p e r a i i n g , a u d l i v i n g together-^" l u
ciency,Jusuce-as-hi)-ness, a n d s o c i a l i r a n c p h l i i y . S o c i a l v a l u is o f l h e w o r t h o l h e r w o r d s , c u l u i r a l vales d o n o l m e r e l y p r o v i d e j u s u l c a i i o n i n o r c l e r t o
ol t h e intelligible c o o r d i n a u o n o f aciiviues a m o n g m a n y people w i t h a tnini- m a i n l a i n a society's pracdces. T h e y also c r i u c i z e a n d c o r r e c t those p r a c u c e s
m u m o f c o n fusin, f r u s t r a t i o n , c h a o s o r v i o l e n c e . ' f h e l a u e r w o u l d t h r e a i e n i n o r d e r t o f o s t e r valu g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f tbe society I n fact, 1
n o l o n l y t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e s o c i a l o r d e r i i s e l l ' b u t also a h o s t o f v i i a l vales i h i n k i t is f a i r t o say t h a t L o n e r g a n regarded improveineni and develop-
t h a t i t e n s i i r e s w i t h s o m e r e g u l a r i i y T r a f f i c l a w s , n o r m s g o v e r u i n g uses a n d i n e n i as l h e proper i\\nc\.]ons. o f c u l u i r e a n d c u h u r a l vales. I n a n unpub-
e . \ c h a n g e s o f p r o p e r i y a n d t h e m o i e s a n d laws s u r r o u n d i n g m a r r i a g e a n d l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t , I b r e x a m p l e , h e w r o t e , ";Iust as i e g o o d o f o r d e r [i.e.,
c i i i z e n s h i p , a m o n g o i h e r s u c h s i r u c i u r e s , al l serve to p r o m o t e s u c h social s o c i a l v a l u ] g u a r a n i e e s t b c c o n t i n u a l r e c i u T e n c e o f p a r d c u l a r g o o d s , so
v a l e s a s j u s c e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y . .VIore w i l l b e s a i d a b o u i t h e g o o d o f o r d e r
does c u l t u r a l g o o d n o t o n l y e n a b l e the consiant n u c t u a i i o n and change
a n d its r e l a t i o n t o s o c i a l v a l e s i n c h a p i e r s i i , 1 2 , a n d 14, b m i h i s n m c h w i l l
o c c u r r i n g i n t h e o r d e r to a v o i d a b e r r a t i o n s b u t also d i r e c t s i t towards steady
suffice foi" p r e s e n t p m poses.
i m p r o v e m e n t . " " ^ ' I n Insighlhe also h i n i s t h a t t h e p r o p e r f u n c u o n o f c u l t u r a l
(c) L o n e r g a n h a d his o w n u n i q u e way o f d i s u n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n social \ a l u e s is c r i t i c i s m f o r t h e s a k e o f p r o n i o u n g d e v e l o p m e n t : " C u l t u r e is [ o u r ]
v a l e s a n d cuUural vales, b u t i i m u s t b e d i s t i l l e d f r o m s e v e r a l d i f f e i e n t t e x t s . < a p a c i t y t o a s k , t o r e f l e c t , t o r e a c h a n a n s w e r t h a t a i o n c e satisfies [ourj
T h o s e t e x i s p o i n t t o c u l t u r a l vales as t h e s t a n d a r d s b y w h i c h p e o p l e reflect i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d speaks to [ o u r ] heart. Now i f [ p e o p l e ] are to m e e t the
n|Jou t h e i r ways o f c o o p e r a i i n g a n d l i v i n g t o g e t h e r . T h a t r e f l e c u n g h a s t w o c h a l l e n g e s e l b y m a j o r d e c l i n e a n d its l o n g e r c y c l e , i t w i l l b e t h r o u g h t h e i r
different but coinplementary funciions: mainienance and development. c n h i i r e t h a t d i e y d o so,"''""
first, cultures develop specialized insiitutions and inediods fbr reflecuon T h i s m e a n s c u l t u r a l vales a r e a u t h e n i i c i f i h e y p e r f o r m t h e i r proper
o n p r a c u c e s i n o r d e r 10 " d i s c o v e r , e x p r e s s , v a l i d a t e , " t h e c u l t u r a l v a l e s t h a t funciion o f p r o i n o t i n g s o c i a l a n d personal development. While Lonergan's
p r o v i d e a c o i n m m h t y w i i h i h e " m e a n i n g a n d v a l u n t h e i r H v i n g a n d o p e r - nndersiauding of "development" w i l l be e x p l o i e d more fully in c h a p t e r
ating."''^
I - j , f o r t h e p r e s e n t i t c a n b e s a i d l h a t c u h u r a l vales a r e a u i h e n t i c t o t h e
If s o c i a l vales o f h a r m o n i o u s c o o p e i a t i o n are proinoied by i r u t h iu e x t e n t iat t h e y m o t i v a t e a n d g u i d e a s o c i e t y t o c o o p e r a t e wilh the long-
: i d v e r i i s i n g a u d e x c h a n g e , s t i l l s u c h s o c i a l vales a n d p r a c u c e s c a n b e r e a l - l e r m u n f o l d i n g o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o d o n o f v a l n e i n its f i n a l i t y l o w a r d s t h e
i z e d i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t ways o f i n t e r a c t i n g . V V h e n a p e r s o n w a l k s i n t o a s h o p r e a l i z a t i o n o f a l l vales, l u c h a p i e r 14 we w i l l r e u i r n t o t h e e . x a n u u a t i o n o f
i n Paris, u n l i k e i u N e w Y o r k City, i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e s h o p p e r w i l l g r e e t the c u l t u r a l v a l e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e o l h e r levis i n L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e ofvalne
s h o p k e e p e r , 'Baujour," a n d that the s h o p k e c p e r will reply in k i n d . T h e same preference.
s o c i a l v a l u o f h o n e s t y a b o u t p r o d u c s a n d e x c h a n g e o f g o o d s f o r m o n e y is F i n a l l y , i h e r e a r e o l h e r c u l t u r a l vales d i a i a r e e x p r e s s e d lacitly i n t h e
h o n o u r e d i n b o t h cides. B u l t h e differences i n customs a n d d e m e a n o u r i n wa)'s p e o p l e b e h a v e . T h e s e b e h a v i o u r s a n d vales m a y d e v i a t e f r o m t l i e l o f t y
t h e s h o p s r e v e a l d i f f e r e n t c u h u r a l ways o f l i v i n g . f h e s e c u l t u r a l diffeiences vales e x p l i c i t l y e s t e e m e d n l h e s i o r i e s a c u l t u r e t e l l s a b o u t i t s e l f . fhey
a r e d i s u n c t f r o m i h e valu o f j u s u c e i n e c o n o m i c e x c h a n g e . ' f h e y symbolize m a y aLso d e v i a t e f r o m d i e a u i h e n u c t r a j e c t o r y o f t b e i m r e s i r i c i e d n o u o n
d i e l a r g e r c o m p l e x o f vales t h a t c o n s u t u t e f r e n c h versus A m e r i c a n c u l t u r e . n f valu. W h e n i h e y d o so, t h e o p e r a t i v e c u l t u r a l vales a r e u n d e r m i n i n g ,
Nevertheless, the r e g u l a r r e c u r r e n c e o f a c t s t h a t realize a social valu s u c h r a t h e r t h a n m a i n t a i n i n g , a society's way o f l i f e . C u l t u r a l hisiorians, soci-
as f a i r e x c h a n g e r e q u i r e s c o m i n l i m e n i s t o h i g h e r c u l t u r a l vales ( s u c h as ologists, a n d a m h r o p o l o g i s t s e m p l o y critical i n i e r p r e d v e n i e t h o d s to i n a k e
c i u z e n s h i p o r e t h n i c b e l o n g i n g ) , w h i c h s e r v e 1.0 s u s t a i n a n d m a i m a i n t h e m . e x p l i c i t t h e c u l t u r a l vales a n d m e a n i n g s i h a t a r e i i n p l i c i i i n a c u o n s and
C u l t u r e s a r e w h o l e s t h a t i n t g r a t e d i f T e r e n t sets o f c u l t u r a l vales. G<-.s- words, b u l t h a t escape l h e relective d i e m a i i z a u o n o f ie society itsell.
t u r e s , c u l t u r a l c u s t o m s , a n d syudDols r e c e i v e f u l l e r a r u c u l a t i o n i n i h e ways fhese s c h o l a r s also c r i t i c i z e t h e i d e o l g i c a ! f u n c i i o n s h i d d e n w i i h i n t r a d U
diat a people t e l l s t b e s t o r v o f its i d e n u t y . f a c h s u c h s t o r y c o m m u n i c a i e s i(nial siories o f a c u l t u r e . L o n e r g a n ' s discussion o f i h e m e d i o d s f b r c r i u c i z -
t h e c u l t u r a l vales o f t h e i r s p e c i h c , h i s i o r i c a l w a y o f l i v i n g t o g e t h e r A s f l a - ing both acknowledged and u n a c k n o w l e d g e d dimensions o f a c u l i u r e will
n a g a n puLs i l , " A c u l t u r e sets t h e c o n d i d o n s f b r d e v e l o p i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o b e l a k e n u p i n p a r t V.
its p e o p l e , o r a c u l t u r e is t h e p e o p l e w r i t l a r g e ... T h e ' g e n e r a l i z e d odu-i' (d) Personal W V / I answers to t h e q u e s u o n "VVhai g o o d a m I , he, o r she?,"
o f t h e c u l t u r e is m e d i a t e d t h r o u g h l h e ' s u p e r - e g o ' o f t h e p a r e m s , a n d h o t h n o t " W h a t is o n e g o o d al o r g o o d / O ? " T h e q u e s u o n , rather, concerns the
b e c o m e the i n n e r voice o f personal a n d social conscience fbr the c h i l d . " " ' g o o d o f o n e s e l f as o n e is. P e r s o n a l v a l u is t h e v a l u o f t h e w h o l e n e s s of
 264 P a n I I I : W h y h D o i n g T h a i l i e i n g Eihical? liidgiuenis of :ninpai;ilivc V i h i c '.h.~)

a p e r s o n as s e l f - i r a n s c e n c i i n g . VVe e x h i b i i o i u " h u m a n self-iranscendence s a m e c o m p l e t e l o v i n g . E a c h is s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c o n s c i o u s o f d i e v a h i e o l t h e

w h e n e v e r we go b e y o n d o u r c u r r e n i staie - w h e n , f o r e x a m p l e , we awaken vholeness o f t h e o t h e r as w e l l as o f h e r o r h i s o w n v a l u . T h e v a l u o f e a c h is
i n l h e m o r n i n g t o b e c o m e sensitively c o n s c i o u s , o r w h e n we g o beyond l h e \'alue o f b e i n g - i n - l o v e . T h e l o v e r is c o n s c i o u s o f t h e v a l u o f t h e beloved
m e r e sensitive consciousness in asking a u d answering quesiions for intel- b e c a u s e l h e b e l o v e d .S in d i e l o v e , a n d t h e l o v e r is i n t h a t s a m e l o v e . I t is t h e
ligence and r ef leciion . Vet t h e fullness o f o u r self-transcendence (what gifi o f being-in-love lhat makes t h e m objectively loveable to one another.'"
L o n e r g a n calis " m o r a l self-transcendence") o c c i u s w h e n we e n g a g e i n the
f a l l i n g i n l o v e is l h e d i s c o v e r v i h a t t h e valu o f b o i h t h e l o v e r a n d the
activities o f elhical f c f l e c i i o n , choice, a n d c o n s e q u e n i a c i i o n . I n such
lelo\ed p e r s o n a b i d e s i n t h e i r l o v i n g .
aciix'iiies we cliaw u p o n o u i " p r i o r s e l f - i i a n s c e u d i n g aciiviiies o f expeienc-
W h e n h u m a n s are i n love, t h e i r love may be u n r e s t r i c t e d o r n o t . Lydgate
i n g . i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d reasc^nableness, a n d i n c o r p r a l e i b e s e i n i o d e l i b e r a -
al f i r s t was i n a l i m i t e d l o v e f o r a n " i d e a l , " i l l u s o r y R o s a m o n d . He laier
l i o u s . l l is b y m e a n s t")f t h i s n c o i " p o r a t i o n o f m a n y acts o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s I n t o
carne t o u n r e s i r i c t e d l y love t h e r e a l , self-ceiitred R o s a m o n d . Lovers may
o u i - d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s l l i a l t h e w h o l e n e s s o f o u r wa\ o f b e i n g is r e a l i z e d .
i h i n k t h e i r l o v e is u n c o n d i t i o n a l w h e n i t is n o t , o r t h e i r l o v e m a y b e u n c o n -
P e r s o n a l v a l u is t h e \ ' a l u e o f t h i s w h o l e n e s s .
d i i i o n a l , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y m a y n o t e x p l i c i d y k n o w t h i s 10 be t h e case.
1 a m i n d e b i e d to B r i a n C i ' o n i n foi" c l a r i f y i n g i h e l e l a i i o n s h i p between
\Vhate\'er l o v e t h e y a r e i n , l i m i i e d o r u n r e s l r i c i e d , i l is t h i s l o v e t h a t d e i e r -
m o i a l valu a n d p e r s o n a l valu i n L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o a c h . C r o n i n w r i i e s , " I n
niines t h e valu o f p e r s o n h o o d f o r i h e m . T h e c o n n e c t i o n s between unre-
its s p e c i f i c s e n s e , m o r a l v a l u refei^s t o d i e v a l u o f t h e p e r s o n as a w h o l e
s u i c t e d l o v e a n d t h e valu o f p e r s o n h o o d w i l l b e e x p l o r e d f u n h e r i n t h e
p e r s o n s u b l a t i n g a l l o i h e r v a l e s , l o l h e p e r s o n as a c e n t r e o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l
nexi section.
r e l a t i o n s , t o l h e p e r s o n as d e c i d i n g f r e e l y a n d r e s p o n s i b l y l o p r o d u c e t h e
(e) F i n a l l y , religious value'in its p r i m a r y , p a r a d i g m a t i c , a n d a b s o l u t e s e n s e
firsi a n d o n l y e d i t i o n o f hiniselL"'^'
is l h e x a l u e f e l t b y b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n an u n r e s t r i c t e d fashion, Because this
In p r i n c i p i e , o u r mere capacity for m o r a l self-transcendence is i t s e l f a
being-in-love is t h e b a s i c f u l f i l l m e n t o f our u n r e s t r i c t e d n o d o n o f valu,
valu - p e r s o n a l v a l u . T h a t c a p a c i t y is i m m a n e n i a n d o p e r a t i v e n us,
i l i t s e l f is a l s o t h e r e f b r e u n r e s l r i c i e d . T h i s m e a n s i h a i i l s i m p o s s i b l e lo
e v e n w h e n we d e v i a i e f r o m r e s p o n d i n g a u t h e n i i c a l l y t o t h e f u r i h e r per-
adecpiately formlate t h e valu f e l t i n t h a t s u b l i m e beng-in-Iove. C h r i s -
i i n e n t q u e s t i o n s t h a l issue f r o m t b e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e . I t is i u
liaiis a n d s o n i e oiliei-s use t h e t e r m " C o d " t o r e f e r t o this u n c o n d i t i o n a l
v i n u e o f t l i a t c a p a c i t y a n c l ts o p e r a l i o n s l h a t w e a r e p e r s o n a l vales.^' S t i l l ,
r e l i g i o u s v a l u . .MiisMms c a l i t h i s s u p r e m e v a l u ' V V I l a h . " J e w s r e v e r e n i i a l l y
t h a t v a l u is o n l y r e a l i z e d f u l l y as a p e i ' s o n a l v a l u w h e n w e r e a c h v i r t u a l l y
s p e a k Adoni ( L O R O ) , s u b s t i t u t i n g i t i n place o f the i n e f f a b l e ame. Oibei^s
u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g n i e n t s a b o u t t h e vales o f c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n , c h o o s e in
use t e r m s s u c h as " t h e s a c r e d . " f h e m e a n i n g s cif s u c h l e r m s a r e e l a b c ) r a t e d
r e a l i z e l h e vales o f t h o s e c o u r s e s of a c t i o n , a n d a c t t o f o l l o w t h r o u g h o n
and i n t e r p r e t e d t h r o u g h lhe practices a n d writings o f religious i r a d i i i o n s ,
i h o s e c o n m i i t m e n t s . VVheu w e m a k e sticli c h o i c e s , we a c t u a l i z e t h e d o u b l e
hu l h e y a r e a u t h e n i i c e l a b o i a u o n s o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y d e r i v e i h e i r
i i n e n t i o i i a l i i y o f vales d i s c u s s e d i n c h a p i e r 7 . S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , w e a c t u a l i z e
im-aniugfuhiess from u n c o n d i d o n a l being-in-love. As Lonergan puis i i ,
t w o \'alues - ( i ) t h e v i i a l , s o c i a l , cir c u l t u r a l \ ' a l u e o f l h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n ,
" r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is t h e e v e n t t h a i g i v e s t h e a m e , G o d , ts p r i m a r y a n d
along with ( i i ) the p e r s o n a l valu o f ourselves as d o e r s o f w h a t w e have
obJecii\'elyjudged t o b e t h e r i g h t t h i n g f o r u s t o do.^*' . V l o r a l v a l u is r e a l - fundamental meaning."'' Religious c o n v e r s i n is a t o t a l a n d permanent

i z e d i n u s as p e r s o n s w h e n w e k n o w l h e v a l u o f w l i a i w e s h o u l d d o a n d srlf-siurender w i t h o u t c o n d i t i o n s , qualificLUions, o r res i v a l i o n s t o the

a c t n a l l y d o it.-'' \dcaiion o f l u i r e s i r i c t e d being-iu-love.'"' I t is a d e c i s i n f o r l h e t r a n s c e n -

W h i l e we c a n o f f e r p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d t h e o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t s o f t b e valu
o f t h e [ s e r s o n as a w h o l e , i t is o n l y i n a n d t h r o u g l i Ic^ve t h a t p e o p l e a c t u a l l y
c o m e t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f p e r s o n a l v a l n e - l h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n as a w h o l e -
i u t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e a n d m o s t c o n c r e t e way.**'
VVhen t w o p e r s o n s are c o m p l e t e l y n l o v e , a n d so l o n g as l h e y r e m a i n
c o m p l e t e l y i n love, they are o n e . Being-in-love t h e i r oneness, t h e i r w h o l e -
ness, t h e w h o l e n e s s o f t h e i r v a l u as p e r s o n s . Y e t b e i n g - i n - l o v e i s n o t t h e
merger o r a b s o r p t i o n o f one p e r s o n i n t o t h e otfier- a meiger thal
o b l i t r a t e t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e f i r s t person.'^^' R a t h e r , both are in o n e a n d i h e
d e n t v a l u C)f t l i e s a c r e d , t h e d i v i n e , d i a i i s / e i t a n d i n t e n d e d t h r o u g h u n r e -
siricted being-in-love.
I n s o f a r as t h e y a r e a u t h e n i i c , r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s i n s i n i c i a n d m o d e l how
K ' l i g i o i i s v a l u s t o b e r e a l i z e d i n c o n c i e i e c i r c i i i i i s i a i i c e s . S u c h t r a d i t i o n s .
p r a c t i c e s , s y m b o l s , a n d w r i t i n g s t a k e 011 r e l i g i o u s v a l u t h e m s e l v e s inso-
lai* as t h e y r e s u l t f r o m a u i h e n t i c a u d o b j e c t i v e reflecting, choosing, a n d
a c i i n g u n d e r t a k e n wtliin a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s w h e r e t h i s p a r a d i g m a t i c
heing-in-love i m r e s t r i c i e d l y is t h e h i g h e s t , m o s t p r e f e r r e d , c e n t r a l , a n d
would g u i d i n g f e e l i n g of valu. O f c o n r s e , m a n y a c t u a l b e h a v i o u r s t h a t r e s e n i b i e
a u i h e n i i c r e l i g i o u s practices have lost ther c o n n e c i i o n w i t h t h e reality
 >'hi. I ' . n i IM 1. t ll MM^i'Miai B e i n g E t h i c a l ?
t i l i i M i r s i i i t ie<l beng-n-!ove, e v e n w h i l e t h e i r p r a c t i t i o n e r s p r o c l a i m O T
I hu k o l l h e m s e l v e s as t r t i l y o r t h o d o x . V V l i e n s u c h p s e i i d o - r e l i g i o n s b e h a \
i o i i i s b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a d , t h e y c o n t a m n a t e t h e a ti t h e n tic m e a n i n g o f i l i r
r e l i g i o u s \'alues i n a t r a d i t i o n . _
P e r s o n a l \alues are t a k e n u p , i n t e g r a t e d , a n d g i v e n ther f u l l e s i valun-
lion w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a u t h e n t i c r e l i g i o u s valu. C o m p l e t e a n d u n c o n -
d i t i o n a l l o v e is t h e u n i f i e d v a l u l h a t d i f f e r e n u a i e s i t s e l f i n t o p e i s o n s ,
differences a i n o n g p e r s o n s e m e r g e as d i f f e i e n i i a i i f j n s w i t h i n t h e u n i t y ot
love t h e p e r s o n s are i n a n d r e m a i n i n u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . T h e valu o f persoii.t
is i n o s t f u l l y a n d c o m p l e t e l v t h e v a l u cjf t h e t i n i i y o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e , o u l
o f w h i c h t h e y a r e c a l l e d to be emissaries a n d agents. ' I b love a n o t h e r person
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y is t o b e c o m e o n e c o n s c i o u s l y w i t h t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e l l - ,
ness a n d l o v e a b l e n e s s w h i c h is t h e v a l u o f t h a t p e r s o n . L o v e i n t e n d s t h r
v a l u o f t l i e p e r s o n as a w h o l e , a v a l u t h a t t r a n s c e n d s t h e p e r s o n ' s o b v i o u H
o r h i d d e n faulis, a n d even transcends lhe disvalues t h a i m a r t h e fullness ol
t h e i r m o r a l valu.
T h i s u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e is a o n e n e s s t h a i is n o l l i m i i e d t o t h e o n e
Olher peison u p o n w h o m o n e ' s l o v i n g a i t e n d o n is c e n t r e d . I n complele
l o v e w e b e c o m e o n e w i t h c/Wwith w h o m we are i n - I o v e . w i t h a l l w h o s e valu
is t o - b e - i n - l o v e . T o l o v e o n e p e r s o n n n c o n d i t i o n a l l v is t o b e c c j n i e conscious
o f t h a t p e r s o n as a l o v e a b l e n i e m b e r o f t h e u n i f i e d v a l u t h a t is t h e l o v e a b l e -
ness o f l h e h i s t o r i c a l c o m m u n i t y o f a l l p e r s o n s .
flowever, w h i l e b e i n g - i u - l o v e is a c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h i s c o m m - t m i i y
all p e r s o n s w i t h i n t h e n e x u s of p e r s o n a l r e l a i i o n s l h a t c o n s t i t t i t e h u m a n his'
t o r y . i t is n o t y e t a k n o w l e d g e o r a f r e e a n d d e l i b r a t e e m b r a c e o f t h a t u n i t ) ' .
A r r i v i n g al tliis high d e g r e e o f e x p l i c i t k n o w l e d g e a n d acceptance recpiires
considerable fiirther developmenLs i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g s , feelings, j u d g m e n t s ,
and decisions.
Jesuit F r Gregory Bc>yle b r i n g s t h i s t o l i g h t i n h i s s e n s i t i v e reflections
on h i s w o r k w\ih g a i i g m e m b e r s i n L o s A n g e l e s . I n h i s b o o k Tallos on
HearU h e w i i n e s s e s t o i h e l o v e a b l e n e s s o f e a c h a n d e v e r y p e r s o n , e v e n thos-
w h o have been involved i n h e i n o u s gang-related crimes. fe reports how
r e c o g n i t i o n o f s u c h l o v e h a s b e e n t r a n s i V i r m a t i v e o f t h e lives o f h u n d r e d s o f
people. This transformaiive power comes f r o m
the l o v i n g , c a r i n g a d i i l t w h o pays a t t e n t i o n . I t ' s t h e c o m m u n i t y o f
u n c c H i d i i i o n a l love, r e p r e s e n i i n g the very " n o m a t t e r w h a t i i e s s " ol
God ...
S o m e t i m e s resilience arrives i n the m o m e n t you discover y o u r own
u n s h a k e a b l e goodness. P o e i Galway K i n n e l l writes, "Sometimes it's
n e c e s s a r y t o r e i e a c l i a i h i i i g its l o v e l i n e s s . " ' ^
l i i d g i n e n i s o f C o m p a r a l i v e Valu 2ti7
I l l o v i e a t i e s i s t h a t t h e l o v e l i n e s s o f p e r s o n s is c o n s u t u t e d b y t h e u n c o n d i -
t i o n a l l o v e o f G o d . F a l l i n g i n l o v e u n r e s t r i c t e d l y w i t h a n o t h e r p e r s o n is f a l l -
iii); i n t o l h a t u n r e s l r i c i e d l o v e , a n d f i n d i n g the valu o f the b e l o v e d i n t h e r e
\: wrW. O f c o n r s e , l h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n d i a l t h e l o v e r t h i n k s o f t h e
lo\ l h a t s h e o r h e is i n as t h e l o v e o f G o d . M o s t o f t e n t h e l o v e r ' s a t l e n t i o n
I. l i i i c c t e d t o w a r d s the b e l o v e d , r a t h e r t h a n t o w a r d s t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d love
Thr d i . i i l h e y a r e n,
ll is i n l o v e t h a t t h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n as a w h o l e is r e v e a l e d . O t h e r f e e l -
ings f e e l l h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n ' s pln'sical ap|Dearance, p h y s i c a l s t r e n g i h o r
h e . i l i h v v i g o u r , t h e i r i n t e l l i g e n c e , p r a c t i c a l k n o w - h o w , wit, g e n e r o s i i y , c o u r -
ij;e, self-contrcTl, aesthetic c r e a t i v i t y , c o m p a s s i o n , n o b i l i t y , a n d o t h e r s u c h
i | i i . i l i i i e s . B u l b e y o n d t h e s e v a l e s o f p e r s o n s t h e r e s t h e \'alue o f p e r s o n -
h o o d as a w h o l e , a p p r e h e i i d e d f u l l ) ' o n l y i n u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . L o v e
o l l h e v a l u o f t h e w h o l e n e s s c>f s o m e o n e as a p e r s o n is n o t l i m i t e d t o l o v e
loi- her o r his achieveineuLs. I t is l o v e o f a w l i o t e n e s s l h a i p r e c e d e s a n d i n
l.tci s t h e c o n d i t i o n o l d i o s e achievements.
fad D u n n e r e m a r k s l h a t i n l o v e " w e a p p r e c i a t e t h e v a l u o f o n e a n o t h e r
s i m p l y f o r b e i n g . " " M i s p h r a s e , " s i m p l y f o r b e i n g " is a p i , a n d y e t i n v i t e s
h i l l e i e x p a n s i n . T h e b e i n g o f a h u m a n p e r s o n is t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n intel-
l i g i b l e " u n i t ) ' , i d e n t i t y , w h o l e , " as L o n e r g a n puts it.''' But ontctlogically a
h u m a n p e r s c m s n o t j u s t a n y s o r t o f i n t e l l i g i b l e u n i t y . M i i m a n ) 5 e r s o n s a r e
s p e c i a l k i n d s o f i n i e l l i g i b l e i i n i t i e s c l i a r a c i c i i / e d b y l h e s p e c i a l acts o f c o n -
wilh sciHisness t h a t l h e y p e r f o r m . V V h a l m a k e s o u r acLs o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s special
( a u d so a l s o w e as t h e p e r s o n s w h o p e r f o r m i h e t n ) is t h e f a c t that t h e y a r e
c i n i s t i t u i e d as o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s c o m p l e l e a n d u n l i m i t e d valu a n c l good-
ness - t h e v a l u o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e .
flus t h e w h o l e n e s s o f t h e v a l u o f h u m a n p e r s o , n h o o d a n a l y s e d i n t h e
p i e v i o u s s e c t i o n is i n t e n d e d m o s t c o n c r e t e h ' a n d m o s t c o m p l e t e l y i n u n c o n -
d i i i o n a l lo\'e. V o n M i l d e b r a n d m a k e s d i i s p o i n t w h e n h e w r i t e s :
llir
I n t h e case o ' g r e a t lo\'e. w e e x p e i i e n c e the lovabilii.y o f the beloved
as t h e o n l y r e a s o n o f o u r l o v e ; h i s l a g a i i t y a n d g o o c l n e s s c o m e as
a c o m p l e t e surprise. B u l at the same l i m e we e x p e r i e n c e that t h e
b e l o v e d is t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f e v e r y i h i n g f o r \ v h i c h i n a n i n d i s i i n c t w a y
a n d w i t h o u r e n t i r e b e i n g w e h a v e always longed.
l l is i n lo\'e t h a t t h e w h o l e n e s s o f p e r s o n a l v a l u is n e i i h e r j u s t longed
b r o r a r g u e d for, b u t n o w b r o u g h t t o f u l l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . F a l l i n g i n l o v e
l u i r e s t r i c t e d l y is t h e c o m i n g t o a w - a r e n e s s o f w h a t h a s a l w a y s b e e n true
.lll a l o n g , t h o u g h n o t r e c o g n i z e d - n a m e l y , t h e s u b l i m e valu o f being
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:i p e r s o n .
 2liM I I I : VVIiy is 1)(.ing T l i a i . B e i n g EUiical? pidg-iiients o f C n i i i p a r a l i v c Valu

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e f u l l v a l u o f o u r p e r s o n h o o d is b r o u g h t t o awareness l'i l i i i e ihev' c a n f e e l a n d l i v e o u t t h e t o t a l i t > ' o f t h e n c i r m a i i v e s c a l e o f v a l u

b y r a l H n g n l o v e u n r e s i r i c t e d l ) ' i n n o w a y g u a r a n t e ' e s t h a t we w i l l i^espond |M' leieiice.
w i t h d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s t h a t are w o r i h y e x p i e s s i o n s o f t h a t valu. T r a g i M i l i a l c o n v e r s i n u s u a l l y c o m e s , t h e n , as a d e c i s i n a b e d u l t h e n o r m a t i v e
c a l l y , w e c a n a n d d o b e t r a y t h e v a l u t h a t w e a n d o t h e r s a r e as persons, I .lie o l v a l u p r e f e r e n c e that f'urtheis a n d deepens r e l i g i o u s conversin.
not o n l y b e f o i e we c o m e t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h a t fac by f a l l i n g i n lov<', I lus is n o t a l w a y s s o , b u t is so m o s l f r e q u e n t l y . M o r a l c o n v e r s i n c a n be
but even afterwards. We can disfigure o u r personhood as w e l l as t h a t o l I d e e p e i i i n g o f r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n e v e n i n t h e lives o f p e o p l e w h o have
o t h e r s by d e c i s i o n s a n d a c u o n s t h a t fail t o m e e t a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s r e q u i s i t e Mili j o i i i e d e x p l i c i t l y r e l i g i o u s c o n i m u n i i i e s , b u t i n fact r e a l l y have chosen
i'or fully a u t h e n t i c actions. Nevertheless, even tliese actions m a n i f e s t oiii m i l 1 M i d i l i o n a l b e i i i g - i u - l c > v e as t h e i r h i g h e s i v a l u . B u t w h e n t u o i a l c o n v e r -
v a l u as u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y b e l o v e d p r e c i s e l y as d i s i g u r e n i e n t of t h a t v a l u o l i m i d o e s l a k e p l a c e a p a r t f r o m r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n , i l is a c o n u n i t m e n t
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e . T h i s is w h y i t is p o s s i b l e t o l o v e a n o t h e r p e r s o n , e v e n I M I I K ' l u i r m a t i v e o r d e r o f t h e t l r s t f o u r levis i n t h e n o r m a t i v e scale, b n t
k n o w i n g f i d l w e l l t h e i r flaws, a n d e v e n k n o w i n g t h e evils t h e y h a v e done. iioi lo t h e H f i l i le\'el. H o w e v e r . t h i s s a n n h e r e n i l \ i i n s i a b l e c o m m i t m e n t .
L o v e a b l e n e s s as t h e v a l u o f a p e r s o n is e v e n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e pcssibility \ l o i i g as t h e m o r a l l y c o n v e r i e d person remains open to u n c o n d i t i o n a l
t h a t p e r s o n s c a n d e l i l j e r a t e l y b e t r a y a n d r e j e c t l o v e . i"^ l ' . \ e . she o r h e w i l l b e a b l e t o i h i n k a n d a c t i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e n o r m a t i v e
T h e s e o b s e r v a o n s s e e m to i m p l y t l i a t m o r a l c t t u e r s i o n t o t i i e f u l l r a n g i * O l d e l o f i h e f u s t f o u r levis o f v a l n e . S o o n e r or l a t e r , h o w e v e r , s u c h p e r s o n s
o f a l l \'alues n t h e i r o b j e c t i v e r a n k i n g nu.ist e n t a i I r e l i g i o t i s c o n v e r s i n . R e l i voll b e f a c e d w i t h t h e n e e d tt a r t i c l a l e t h e i r m o r a l s t a n c e s i n r e l a t i t m to
g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is s p e c i f i c a l l y a c o n v e r s i n t o t h e o r d e r o f v a l e s (and i i . i d i i i o n s tliat are e x p l i c i t l y r e l i g i o u s i n the a u t h e n i i c sense, I f s u c h a r t i c u -
e s p e c i a l l y t o its s u p r e m e v a l u ) t h a t is i n i e n d e d t h r o u g h b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n l.iiloiis b e c o m e defensive or stereotyped, this will begin to p r o d u c e u n r e -
an u n r e s t r i c t e d m a n n e r . B u t i f m o r a l c c m v e r s i o n is t o a s c a l e t h a t i n c l u d e s sohed tensions i n t h e i r h o r i z o n offeelings. Fhe p r o p e r r e s o l u i i o n oflhese
i ' e l i g i o t i s v a l u , i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t m o r a l c o n v e i - s i o n m u s t p r e s u p p o s e o r al l e n s i o n s c o m e s t u i K ' i n t h e f u r t h e r c h o i c e o f u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e as
l e a s t g o h a n d i n h a n d w i t h r e l i g i o u s c o n v e i ' s i o n . A g a i n , s i n c e p e r s o n a l valu l h e h i g h e s t {.>f v a l e s , ' f l u s c h o i c e does not rejeci t h e H r s i f o u r le\'els o f
is f e l l m o s t f t i l h ' t h r o u g h b e i n g - i n - l o v e w i t h o t i t r e s t r i c t i o n s , t h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t \, b u t s u b a l e s a n d i n i e g r a t e s t h e m i n t o t h e c o n t e x t o f being-in-love.
Olher valties also receive t h e i r f u l l e s t felt v a l u a t i o n i n s u c h l o v i n g . O n lhe II S U I ll a c l u j i c e is d e l i b e r a t e l y r e j e c t e d , i t w i l l b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l i
o t h e r h a n d , it is q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t a d e c i s i n l o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o b e i n g l o l i v e o u t t h e n o r m a t i v e o r d e r o f t h e f i r s t f b u r le\'els. A l m o s t i u e v i i a b h ' ,
i n - I o v e u n r e s t r i c t e d l y m a y n o t y e t h a v e d e c i d e d e x p l i c i t l y f o r a l l t h e vales siMiie l o w e r valu will b e c o m e a s c e n d a n t a n d s u p p l a n t h i g h e r c u l t u r a l a n d
and t h e o b j e c t i v e r e l a u o n s a m o n g t h o s e vales t h a t a r e o n h ' i m p l i c i t i n t h e p e s i m a l vales. T h e i n i t i a l g e n u i n e c o n u n i u n e n i <if m o r a l c o n v e r s i n w i l l
decisin f o r religicjus conversin. F u l l m o r a l c o i i v e i s i o i i , t h e r e f o r e , seems he imdermined.
to be d e p e n d e n t upc)n r e l i g i o t i s conversin, a n d r e l i g i o u s c o n v e i s i o n seems M o r e w i l l b e s a i d a b o u t t h e l e v i s o f vales l a t e r i n s u b s e c p i e u i c h a p -
IO c a l i f o r m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , i n o r d e i " t h a t b<jth c a n a t t a i n t h e i r c o m p l e U o n s , i e r s . A m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , w^e w i l l t h e n c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r o r n o t L o n e r g a n
L o n e r g a n frequently r e m a r k e d that m o r a l conversin most o f t e n follows li.is a c c u r a t e l y a s s i g i i e d d i e s e f i v e g e n e r a o f valnes t h e i r prof)er places i n
religious conversin (thcjugh t h e r e are rare e x c e p t i o u s ) . Religious convci- l h e h i e r a r c h i c a l s c a l e o f vales. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s seciion, however, was
s i o n is t h e d e c i s i n t o a c c e p t t h e t i a n s c e n d e n t v a l u o f u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g m e r e h ' to p r o v i d e s o m e p r e l i m i n a r y w o r k i n g c l a r i f i c a i i o n s o l his t e r m s .
in-lo\'e. B u t t l i i s c h o i c e a l o n e is n o t s t i f ' n c i e n t t o r e o r i e n t o n e ' s e n t i r e scale ,\gaiiist t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f l h e s e c l a r i f i c a t i o i i s , we t u r n l o i l l u s t r a t e t h e i r
o f \ a l u e p r e f e r e n c e t o w a r d s t h e o b j e c i i x e scale. O n e c a n m a k e s u c h a c h o i ( c u s e f u l n e s s i n a n a h ' s i i i g i n o r e c a r e f V i l l v t h e a c t u a l e x i s t e n t i a l scales o f felt
w i t h o u t i m m e d i a t e l y r e a l i z i n g its c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r o n e ' s e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o l p r e f e r e n c e w i i h w h i c h w e o p r a t e , as w e l l as t h e t e n s i o n s p r e s e n t w i t h i n o u r
v a l u p r e f e r e n c e . O n e c a n c o n t i n u t o v a l u f o r a w h i l e p l e a s i n e o r a t leasl leelings o f prefeience.
a c c n n f b r t a b l e life above all else. O n e can t e m p o r a r i h ' continu t o regard
p h y s i c a l t i t n e s s o r l e g a l o r d e r l i n e s s o r a e s t h e u c r e f m e m e n t as t h e h i g h e s t ((.(i Concrete Instances in the L i g h t o f Lonergan's Scale
o f a l l v a l e s , i n ways t h a l c o u l d e v e n t u a l l y e a t a\vay at a n d u n d e r m i n e ou<''s
c o m m i t r n e n t to u n c o n d i t i o n a l being-in-love. As t h e late S e n a t o r l-larold In l h e e a r l i e r s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c h a p i e r 1 d r e w a t l e n t i o n to c o n c r e t e instances
H u g h e s o n c e p u t i t , a p e r s o n c a n b e g e n u i n e l y " b o r n a g a i n , " b u t i n i t i a l l y he where feelings o f preference p l a y e d key roles i n e t h i c a l r e f l e c u o n about
capable o n l y o f c o n s u m i n g baby food; people w h o are religiously converU'd \ , i l u e c o m p a r i s o n s . H o w e v e r , I d i d so w i t h o u t o f f e r i n g a f o r m a l i n i e r p r e d v e
may need considerable f u r t h e r m a t u r a u o n , i n c l u d i n g m o r a l conversin, i i a m e w o r k t o e n h a n c e t h e nderstanding o f i h o s e scales o f p r e f e r e n c e s . I n
 I70 l ' . i i i I I I : W h y Is D o i n g T h a l B e i n g Elhical? I u d g m e n t s o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu '271

lhis s e c i i o n 1 n o w use l h e l e i n i s f V o n i L o n e i ' g a n ' s scale l o i u g h l i g h t s o n i r s.u. l o p e r f b r m a s o c i a l r o l e b e c a u s e o f o u r p r e f e r e n c e for a personal and

inihei" f e a i u r e s o f l h e s e processes. i i i i i r ; i l v a l u , t h i s l a r g e r UKral v a l u i n c o r p o r a l e s t h e s o c i a l v a l u as a c o i u -
l u l h e list o f niy o w n n i u n d a n e reflections a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n s a b o u t c o m - p u n e n t . T h e n t h e s o c i a l v a l u is r e a l i z e d i n t h e r e a l i z a d o n o f o u r p e r s o n a l
p a r a t i v e vales, 1 a t t e m p t e d t o i n c l j i d e d e c i s i o n s t h a t t o n c h e d u p o n all t h e \.ilne.
l e v i s o f v a l e s t h a t a p p e a r i n L o u e i g a n ' s s c a l e - \, s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , p e r -
( d u s i d e r t h e y o u n g m o i h e r whc^ l e a v e s n t h e m i d d l e o f a w o r s h p s e r v i c e
s o n a l , a n d i ^ e l i g i o u s vales - a u d e\'en l h e a g r e e a b l e / p l e a s a n i ( e . g . , t h e res-
m o r d e r t o a t t e n d t o t b e b i o l o g i c a l n e e d s o f h e i ' i u f a n i . ls i b i s c h o o s i n g v i t a l
l a u r a n t i n e n n ) . - * ' - ' I t m i g h t s e e m a l f i r s t g l a n c e t h a t i n o r d e i " l o b e e t h i c a l we
\.ilues o v e r r e l i g i o u s vales? N o t n e c e s s a r l ) ' a n d n o t u s u a l l y . M o s l o f i e n i t
o u g h i a l w a y s t o cho<:)se i h e h i g h e r \ a l u e o\e-r t h e lower.-^" B u t i f w e a t t e n d
IS r c i i l l y a m a t l e r o f c h o o s i n g t h e v i t a l v a l u a n d p e r s o n a l v a l u o f h e r c b i l d
c a r e f n l l y t o o u r a c t i v i t i e s o f v a l u c o m p a r i s o n n l i g h t c>f L o n e r g a n ' s categt>-
w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r c o n i e x t o f r e l i g i o u s v a l u t h a t r e g a r d s lc>ve a u d c a r e f o r t h e
r i e s , t h i s w i l l h e l p us t o d i s c o v e r , p e r h a p s s u r p r i s i n g l y , t h a i t h i s is n o t w h a t
( l u i d w i t h i t s b i o l o g i c a l n e e d s as t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f r e l i g i o u s v a l e s .
we a l w a y s d o . iN'or is ii c l e a r t h a t w e s h o u l d .
f b e s e are j u s t s o n i e p r e l i m i n a r ) ' e x a m p l e s o f h o w u s i n g L o n e r g a n ' s scale
C o n s i d e r , i b r i n s t a n c e , t h a t e a c h o f u s is c o m m i u e d l o s e v e r a l d i T e r e i i l h e l p s US t o r e f l e c t u p o n o u r o w n a c v i t i e s o f valu p r e l e r r i n g . O u r c o m p r a -
social roles - f o r m e , this i n c l u d e s l e a c h e r , p a r e n t , a d m i n i s t r a l o r , f r i e n d , m e valuations a n d choices are v e i y specific ancl c o n c r e t e . T h e y are very
parishicTner a n d c o u n c i l m e m b e r , citizen, juror, a n d c o n s u m e r , a m o n g o l h - detailed, ininntely gradnated, and fiuely tuned. 'fherefore i t is n o t p o s s i b l e
e r s . Yet f r e c p i e i i i l y w e c h o o s e t o e l e v t e t i m e t o o n e s o c i a l r o l e a t t h e e x p e n s e l o l i s t a p r i o r i how^ a l l v a l e s w i l l b e p r e f e r r e d b y s p e c i f i c i n d i v i d u i s , e v e n
o f a n o i h e r - for ex:miple, a p a r t i c u l a r span o f l i m e devoted to p a r e n t i n g
hv t h o s e w h o a r e m o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d . W h i l e t h e g e n e r i c l e v i s o f Lonergan's
m i g h t j t i s i as w e l l h a v e b e e n s p e n t w o r k i n g o v e r t i m e , o r v i c e v e r s a . H e r e wr
,i . l i e o f f e r a f r a m e w o r k f o r i n t e r p r e t i n g m a n y o f o u r v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s , sdll
are g i v i n g preference t o o n e s o c i a l v a l u cjver a n o i h e r . W l i a i is i l i e b a s i s of
his ; t c c o u n t of t h e a s c e n d i n g o r d e r d o e s i i o i d e i e r m i u e a l l t h e s u b d i v i s i o n s
t l u s p r e f e r e n c e w i t h i n l h e o r d e r o f s o c i a l vales?
o r nuances, or even the distortions in feeling preferences o r choices. We
Sometimes it seeins t h a t we a r e i n f a c t r e l y i n g u p o n a \cale wiihin thr w i l l ccnsidei w l i a t u s t i f i c a i i o n s c a n b e o f f e r e d f o r L o n e r g a n ' s w a y o f s i i u a t -
scale, w e a r e t a c i l l y f e e l i n g d i s t i n c t i o n s a n d p r e f e r e n c e s w i t I T m i l i e c a t e g o r y i n g p a r t i c u l a r k i n d s o f vales a t t l i e i r s p e c i f i c r a n k s i n h i s l i i e r a r c l i y l a t e r
o f s o c i a l v a l e s l l i e m s e l v e s , f b r e x a m p l e . Y e t , i n o i h e r cases, di> w e c h o o s e i n c h a p t e i " 1 4 , F o r t h e p r e s e n t , i is w o r t h p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t Lonergan's
10 p l a y o n e s o c i a l r o l e c)ver a n o t h e r ( a n d t h e r e b y c o m m i t to o n e social . t c c o n n i o f t h e scale h e l p s d i r e c t a t t e n t i o n l o aspects o f l h e a c t u a l , exis-
valu o v e r a n o t h e r ) o n l h e basis o f a valu f r o t n a d i s t i n c t , h i g h e r l e v e l - i i n t i a l scales t h a t w e a c t u a l l y d o use. l i h e l p s us n o t i c e i h a i i n s o m e cases
c i d t u ral, p e r s o n a l , oi" r e l i g i o u s ? So, foi" e x a m p l e , we m i g h t c h o o s e to c h a n g e
o u r preferences are between generic levis i n a h i e r a r c h i c a l scale, w h i l e
J o b s i u o r d e r t o p e r f b r m sc^me s e r v i c e to o u r c o u n i r y o r because o f t h r
iu o l h e r s d i e r e m a y be a m o r e r e f i n e d p r e ' e r e n t i a l s c a l e luitliin a generic
greater aesihec e n r i c h m e n t iliat accompanies the n e w j o b ( c u l t u r a l val-
l e v e l i t s e l f . U s i n g t h i s s c a l e i n t h e s e ways c a n a i d i n d i s c e r n i n g t h e d e u i i l s
e s ) , o r b e c a u s e i i is a m o r e g e n i u n e w a y t o l i v e o u t c m r r e l i g i o u s f a i t h . Wr
o f t h e feelings o f preference that i n f o r m o u r deliberations, j u d g m e n t s , a n d
m i g h t c h o o s e p a r e n t i n g o v e r o t h e r social r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s because o f t h r
< h o i c e s o f c o m p a r a t i v e vales.
special valu a t i a c h e d lo p a i - e n t b o o d by o u r p a r t i c u l a r c u l t u r a l i i a d i t i o u s
o r because o f s o m e t h i n g f r o m i h e still h i g h e r level o f p e r s o n a l vales -
((.7 Reason a n d the Priority o f Feelings o f Preference
f b r e x a m p l e , t h e f e l t s e n s e t h a t i n t h i s c a s e p a r e n t i n g is i h e r i g h t (moral)
way t o a n t h e n i i c a l l y realize t h e valu o f m y o w n p e r s o n h o o d . O r t h e exact
I s i n g L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e i u a t t e n d i n g 10 o u r b r d i n a r y a c t s o f e v a l i i a i i n g a n d
reverse m i g h l b e l h e case - c h o o s i n g l o n e g l e c t a j o b o r p a r e n i a l role f o r
d e l i b e r a d n g a b o u t c o m p a r a t i v e vales reveis t h a t l h e p h e n o m e n o n o f f e e f
t h e sake o f p u r s u i n g a c u l t u r a l i d e a l - star a i h l e i e o r m u s i c i a n , successful
i n g p r e f e r e n c e is p r i m o r d i a l . W h e i h e r w e f b c u s 0 1 1 o u r d e l i b e r a t i o n s r e g a r d -
b u s i n e s s p e r s o n , c r e a t i v e a r i i s i i c g e n i u s , e t c . I n s u c h cases s o m e cultural
i n g j u d g i u g a n d d e c i d i n g f o r o n e l e v e l o f vales o v e r a n o t h e r , o r d e c i d i n g
v a l u is f e l t as h i g h e r t h a n m e r e s o c i a l vales, s u c h as t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d with
a m o n g vales w i t h i n a g i v e n l e v e l , f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e a r e alwaj's i n pa)'.
the social roles.
l'hev ate perhaps the mosi s i g n i f i c a n t dimensin o f o u r h o r i z o n o f feelings.
When we feel prelerence Ibr, j u d g e , a n d choose o n e lower-level valu Whi'nmcr wc a p p r e h e n d a valu t h r o u g h a n act o f i n t e n t i o n a l f e e l i n g , we
(e.g., s o c i a l ) b e c a u s e o f a valu a t a h i g h e r level (e.g., p e r s o n a l ) , i h e h i g h e r a l w a y s a l s o f e e l t h a t x ' a l i t e as p o s i u o n e d , as r a n k e d i n a h i e r a r c h i c a l s c a l e o f
l e v e l s u b a l e s t l i e l o w e r ^ ' - t h a t s l o sav, l h e l o w e r - l e v e l v a l u is e n d o r s e c i b u t vales. W e d o n e u j u s t i n i e n d o n e v a l u i n o n e f e e l i n g , a n d t h e n a n o t l i e r
i n c o r p o r a t e d a s a c o n s t u e n t of i h e h i g h e r v a l u , s o t h a t w h e n w e c h o o s r , valu i n a s e c o n d f e e l i n g , a n d t h e n c o m p a r e thein with one another, and
 m P a n H l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Eihical?
finally s o m e h o w l o g i c a l l y d e d u c e w h e r e ihese vales s t a n d i n c o m p a r i s o n
l o o n e a n o i l i e i ; V a l u p r e f e n ^ i n g is e c p i i p r i i n o r d i a l w i l h valu i n i e n d i n g .
Loneigan makes this p o i n t w h e n he observes, " N o t only do feelings
r e s p o n d t o v a l e s . T h e y d o so i n a c c o r d w i t h s o m e s c a l e o f preference."s'
S c h e l e r is e v e n m o r e e m p h a t i c :
T h e " f e e l i n g " o f vales h a s i l s f o i n i d a i i o n , b y e s s e i u i a l n e c e s s i i y , i n
" p r e f e i i i n g " a n d " p l a c i n g a f i e r . " T h e f e e l i n g o f \ a l u e s is b y n o m e a n s
a ' T o u n d a l i o n " f o r i h e m a n n e r o f p i ' e f e r r i u g , as t h o u g h p r e f e r r i n g
w e r e " a d d e d " t o t h e vales c o m p r e h e n d e d i n a p r i m a i y i n t e n t i o n o f
l h e f e e l i n g as o n l y a s e c o n d a r y a c i ... O n l y t h o s e vales w h i c h a i e
o r i g i n a l l y g i v e n [ i n p r e f e r r i n g ] c a n secn dar\ly he " f e l l . " H e n e e , l h e
structure of jmfeniug and placing aftetc'ncuviscribes t h e valu c p i a l i i l e s
d i a l we feel.'''
O n e m u s t n o i a s s u m e t h a t t h e h e i g h t of a v a l u is 'feWm the same
m a n n e r as t h e v a l u i t s e l f , a n d t h a i i l i e h i g h e r v a l u is subsecjueutly
" p r e f e r r e d " o i " " p l a c e d a f t e r . " R a t h e r , t h e h e i g i u , o f a valu is " g i v e n , "
b y v i r t u e o f its e s s e n c e , o n l y in t h e a c t o f j r e f e r r i n g . ' ' '
f h e r e f o r e t b e o r d e r o f t h e r a n k s o f vales c a n never be dediu:ed or
derived. W h i c h v a l u is " h i g h e r " c a n h e c o m p r e h e n d e d o n h ' t h r o u g h
t h e acts o f p r e f e r r i n g a n d p l a c i n g afier. f h e r e exists h e r e a n intuilive
"evidence of preference' t h a t c a n n o t be r e p l a c e d by Irjgical d e d u c t i o n .
T h i s m e a n s t h a t all feelings o f vales a l r e a d y a n d always o c c u r w i t h i n a f e h
s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r r i n g w i i h i n o u r h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s . E a c h of o u r f e e l -
i n g s o f v a l e s alwav's c a r r i e s w i t h i n i t a f e l t s e n s e o f i i s p l a c e w i i h i n a r a n k i n g
o r s c a l e o f v a l e s . T h i s f e l l s e n s e o f v a l u r a n k i n g is p r i o r t o o u r r e a s o n i n g
abont such matters.
By i n s i s t i n g o n t h e p r i o i i t y o f f e e l i n g s a n d a f e l t s c a l e o f v a l n e preference,
S c h e l e r is c r i t i c i z i n g d i e l i m i i a d o u s o f a " r e a s o n a l o n e " a p p r o a c h t o m a t t e r s
o f valuing a n d niorality ( a n d he e x p l i c i d y criticizes K a n t i n particular). O n e
c a n n o t u s e r e a s o n a l o n e t o c o m p r e h e n d vales, t o e s i a b l i s h vales, o r t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e p r o p e r pric>rit)' o f o n e v a l u o v e r a n o t h e r
H o w e v e r , J b a s t e n to repeai m y e a r l i e r q u a l i l i c a t i o n : Scheler's c l a i m a b o u i
lhe priority offeelings i u c<.)nsciousness o f vales - a n d n o w its e x t e n s i c n i
t o l h e p r i o r i t y o f a f e l t s c a l e i n c c u i s c i o u s n e s s c>f v a l u h i e r a r c h y - d o e s n o l
i m p l y t h a t r e a s o n has n o r o l e w h a t s o e v e r i n valu k n o w l e d g e o r i n e t h i c a l
d e c i s i o n s , T h i s is p e r h a p s L o n e r g a n ' s m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n i r i b i i t i o n t o l h e
d i s c u s s i o n o f f e e l i n g s a u d vales. F i o i n L o n e i g a n as w e l l as S c h e l e r w e l e a r n
t h a l feelings a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o valu k n o w l e d g e i n g e n e r a l a n d to e i h i -
cal k n o w l e d g e , decisin, a n d a c t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r . Yet f e e l i n g s a l o n e a r e n o l
I u d g m e n t s o f C o n i p a r a i i v e Valu 27:
s n i f i c i e n t l o c o n s t i i u l e d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s as e i l i i c a l . A l d u u i g h o i u " p i i -
i n a r y ra/,s7;/oi,(.mof v a l u h i e r a r c h y c o m e s i h r o u g h f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e ,
l h i s is n o t t h e s a m e as ^/^'"which v a l e s a r e o b j e c t i v e l y h i g h e r t h a n o t h -
e r s . W e d o n o t b y f e e l i n g s a l o n e k n o w j u s i w h e r e t h i s o r t h a t v a l u is r a n k e d
i n t h e scale o f valu p r e l e r e n c e s , or d o we k n o w w h e i h e r o r n o t o u r feel-
i n g p r e f e r e n c e s are cjbjective a n d free o f l e n s i o n s . o r d o we k n o w w h a t we
o u g h t t o d o w i t h r e g a r d t o c o n t e n d i n g vales. W e h a v e t o g r a d u a l l y figure
.lll lilis o u t . W e d o so b y a s k i n g a n d ansvvering q u e s t i o n s o f i n i e l l i g e n c e .
l e l l e c i i o n , a n d valu. I m p o r i a n t l y . d i e s e q u e s i i o n s a n d answers presuppose
l h e feelings, b u t t h e y also go b e y o n d t h e m . A l l i n q n i r i e s t h a t l e a d t o acts
^ if u n d e r s i a n d i n g a n d j u d g i n g p r e s u p p o s e s o m e e x p e r i e n c e s . T h e relevani
* experiences h e r e i n c l u d e l l i e i n t e n i i o n a l f e e l i n g s t h a t i n t e n d vales a n d
valu p r e f e r e n c e s . Befcie we t u i d e r s t a n d o r c r i t i c a l l y j u d g e o u r f e l t valu
preferences. we have l o experience t l i e m . Before we can f o r m objective
j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu i n o r d e r t o m a k e r e s p o n s i b l e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t
c o m p a r a v e vales, w e have t o e x p e r i e n c e feelings o f valu p r i o r i t y . Y e t w e
n e e d t o a c l i v e l y g o b e y o n d l h e f e e l i n g s as s u c h l o u n d e r s i a n d a n d c r i t i c a l l y
evalale o u r feelings.
We g o b e y o n d o u r f e e l i n g s o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e w h e n w e use o u r " r e a s o n "
l o f o r m o b j e c i i v e j u d g i n e u i s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valu a n d l o m a k e r e s p o n s i b l e
decisions, where by "reason" L o n e r g a n " w o u l d n n d e r s t a n d the c o m p o u n d o f
; i c i i v i i i e s o n t h e first t h r e e levis o f c o g n i u o n a l a c t i v i t y , n a m e l y , o f e x p e r i e n c -
i n g , o f u n d e r s i a n d i n g , a n d o f j u d g i n g . " ^ ' ' ' I b this c o i u p o i u i d we can a d d l h e
l u r t h e r aciivities o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y - w h a i w o u l d a m o u i i t lo " p r a c u c a l
r e a s o n " i n l a m e r g a n ' s sense. O u r r e a s o n i n g c a n be a p p l i e d i n t w o d i r e c -
litiis. O n d i e o n e h a n d , i t is e m p I o \ ' e d u n d e r i l i e g u i d a n c e ( ) f c j u r h t n i z o i i s
d i ' f e e l i n g s a n d t h e i r f e l t valu p r e f e r e n c e s as w e r e f l e c t a n d d e l i b r a t e a b o u t
w h i c h c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n a n d vales w e s h o u l d c h o o s e . O n t h e o t h e r , o u r r e a -
s o n i n g c a n a l s o b e d i r e c t e d u > w a i d s l h e f'eelings o f p r e f e r e n c e iliem.selves.
W h e n w e r e a s o n l o j u c i g m e m s a n d d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g c c m i p a r a i i v e vales,
nm r e a s o n i n g is g u i d e d b y l h e p r i o r e x p e i i e n c e s o f f e l t v a l u p r e f e r e n c e .
F i r s t , t h e n . d e c i s i o n s a r e g n i d e d bv' f e e l i n g p r e f e r e n c e , b u i n o i c o m p l e t e l y
d e t e r n i i n e d by feelings o f preference. l u a f l d i i i o u l o t h e p r e f e r e n c e offeel-
ings, we have t o ask a n d answer q u e s t i o n s a b o u l possible a n d o b l i g a t o r y
courses o f a c u o n . Q u e s t i o n s f o r decisin a n d a c t i o n always p e r i a i n l o c o n -
c r e t e c i r c u m s i a n c e s . W h e n we d e c i d e , w e d e c i d e t o a l t e r i h o s e c i r c u m s i a n c e s ,
y e t a l m o s t n o s e t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s is i d e n u c a l w i t h a n y o t h e r . S o w h i l e t h e
n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f vales ls i n v a r i a n t , h o w i t is t o b e r e a l i z e d i n c o n c r e t e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s v a r i e s a n d is k n o w n o n l y b y a s k i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g t h e f u r t h e r
q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e t o d i o s e c i r c u m s i a n c e s . W h a t is r i g h t n e v e r y
1 i r c u m s i a i i c e is b e y o n d classificaon, b u l n o t t j e y o i i d c o n c r e t e r e a s o n i n g .
 'J74 Pan l l l I-. Ili.in^'Thii B e i n g Etliiciil'- f J u d g m e n t s o f Comparave Valu 275

A g a i n , ll i i o i j i i s i sine i r a n s c e n d e n i a l e g o l h a i h a s l o d e c i d e a n d a c l c a l i s r e a s o n i n g - a n d t h a t is o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i m e n s i o n s o f w h a t I
i n i h i s v a s i a i ray o f c o n c r e t e c i r c u m s i a n c e s i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e scale o f valu h a v e l i e e n c a l l i n g t h e e t h i c s of f t i s c e r i i n i e n t . T o t h e e x t e n t t h a t w e a i e f a i t h -
|nr(ricn(es, l ' ' a c h c o n c r e i e l y e x i s i i n g p e r s o n h a s t o a c t . E v e n f e v e r y o n e iil t o t h e i r a n s c e n d e i u a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e , we gradually inake explicit for
IM>. l h e s a m e scale o f preference^- t h i s d o e s i i o i m e a n t h a t e \ e r v o n e m u s t <iu r s e l v e s a n d c o m e t o t e r m s w i t h o u r o w n a c t u a l , e x i s t e n a l , f e e l i n g s c a l e o f
inake exactly t h e same decisions. E a c h o f us b r i n g s t o t h e s e u i o n i e n i s o f valu p r e f e i e n c e a n d i t s tensions.-''" D o i n g s o c o n f r o n t s u s o n c e a g a i n w i t h
decisin a h o s t o f p r e v i o u s l y a c q u i r e d k n o w l e d g e , skills, a n d p r i o r c o m m i t - d i e c h a l l e n g e o f m o r a l conversin.
n i e n i s w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d i n " w h a t is g o i n g o u ' ' - t h a t i s , i n t h e c o n c r e t e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s t o w h i c h o u r e t h i c a l actions w o u l d l e s p o n d . So, f o r e x a m p l e , ((.8 C o m p a r a t i v e V a l u e j u d g m e n t s a b o u t Q u e s t i o n s to b e P u r s u e d
w h i l e a b s t r a c i l v i i n i i g h t b e o f t h e h i g h e s i valu t o i n m i e d i a i e l y r e p a i r b y
surgery t h e h e a r t o f s o m e o n e i n life-threatening cardiac t r a u m a , i n fact 1 bus l a r 1 have f o c u s e d u p o n t h e s [ i o n t a n e o u s ways i n w b i c h c p i e s i i o n s o f
lew fany p e o p l e w o n l d b e a c U n g e t h i c a l l y i f t h e y t r i e d t o d o this, precisely valu a n d f u r i h e r p e r i i n e n t f j i i e s i i o n s a r i s e , a m l h o w f e e l i n g s deiermiue
b e c a u s e t h e y w o u l d l a c k i h e r e q u i s i t e k n o v v i e d g e a n d s k i l l . I t is o u r c o m p l e x i h e i i p e r i i i i e n c e n p t c i c e s s e s o f v a l n e r e l l e c i i o n . Yei o u r f u r i h e r cpiesiions
and concrete ways o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i n g l h a t b r i n g u s t o t h e l e f i u e d a n d o f f a c t a n d valu a r e i i i l n i i i e . O n c e a c p i e s t i o u arises, m u s i l b e p u r s u e d
c o r r e c i e d insights a b o u l courses o f action that w o u l d be t h e eihical thing relendessly, n o n i a u e r what?
f o r each o f us t o d o c o n c r e i e l y , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t w h o we are. w h a t w e T h e r e are two factors that d e t e r m i n e w h i c l i f u r i h e r questions will be pur-
a r e c a p a b l e of~, a n d w h a t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s c a l ! f o r . R e a s o n i n g , therefore, sued: feelings a n d decisions. U p l o this p o i n t , t h e role o f feelings i n deter-
is r e q u i r e d a b o v e a n d b e y o n d feelings ofvalne preference to determine m i n i n g p e r t i n e n c e o f f i u i h e r t p i e s i i o n s h a s b e e n e x p l o r e d , P o s i t i v e h , as w e
objective, e t h i c a l courses o f a c t i o n . c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r c>r n o i t o p i u s i i e a p o s s i b l e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , o u r h o r i z o n
S e c o n d , w e g o be)'(.uid o u r f e e l i n g s o f v'aliie p r e f e r e n c e w h e n we use o u r o f feelings provides ns w i l h t h e vales f b r l h e sake o f w h i c h t h a t a c t i o n
"reason" to discern - ihai is tcj say, c r i t i c a l l y assess o u r f e e l i n g s f j f valu i i i i g l i t b e u n d e r t a k e n . O u r f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t c|uestions s c r u t i n i z e w h e i h e r
preference. Although o u r reasoning to )udgmenis a n d decisions aboul <n" n o t t h e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n as u n d e r s i o o d w o u l d b e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h l h e
comparative vales is g u i d e d b y o u r o w n e x i s i e r u i a l s c a l e o f v a l n e prefer- vales as f e l t .
e n c e s , t h i s s c a l e is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a n o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f v a l u preference. On l h e Olher h a n d , feelings c a n also be negative s o u r c e s o f bias that
Oten t h e g u i d a n c e o f o u r feelings o f preference reiriains a i die i m p l i c i t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e self-eoriecting processes l h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e m o v e Ibr-
level o f f e e l i n g s a l o n e w i t h o u t t h e f u l l e r r e r t n e n i e n t t h a t c o m e s f r o m u n d e r - w a r d i n valu a n d e l h i c a l r e l l e c o n . I n d r a m a u c biases, f e a r prevens i l i e
s i a n d i n g a n d c r i u c i z i n g those feelings o f preference. f h e need for discern- e m e r g e n c e into consciousness o f iniages o r memcuies that w o u l d result
m e n t , f o r f u l l k n o w l e d g e o f o u r s c a l e . arises b e c a u s e l a c k o f c l a r i t y , o r m o r e
i n t u i w a n t e d i n s i g h t s a n d l e a d l o d i s t u r b i n g j n d g m e n i s o f fac a n d valu.
p r o f o u n d l y , d i s i o r l i o n s ii t h a t s c a l e , i n d u c e a c c o m | ) a i i ) ' i n g t e n s i o n s i n o u r
P r i v i l e g i n g c)ne's o w n d e s i r e s a n d f e a r s l e a d s t o i g n o r i n g q u e s i i o n s a b d i i i
horizon o f feelings t l i a i u n d e r m i n e t h e o b j e c i i v i i ) - o f o u r valu j u d g m e n t s
t h e desires a u d fears o f o t h e r s a n d prevens t b e s e l f - c o r r e c t i o n t h a i rejects
a n d choices.
c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n t h a t w o u l d s o l v e o n e ' s o w n p r o b l e m s at t h e e x p e n s e o f
In oi'der t o delibrate responsibly, l o arrive at v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d d e p r i v i n g o r a f f l i c t i n g o t h e r s . G r o u p b i a s resiilLs w h e n a f f e c i i o n s f b r o n e ' s
c o m p a r a v e j u d g m e n t s o f \'alue, t o m a k e t r u l y e t h i c a l d e c i s i o n s , w e h a v e t o iiuersiibjective c o m n u i n i i y i n t e r f e r e w i t h ciuestions a b o u l t h e well-being o f
f i g u r e o i i t j u s t w h a t vales w e c o n c r e i e l y valu as h i g h e r a n d l o w e r , a n d t o p e o p l e b e y o n d t h e r e a c h C)f Cue's i i i t e r s i i D J e c t i v e a l T e c t i c ) n s . G e n e r a l bias
discern w h e t h e r o r not there are unresolved tensions a m o n g those prefer- against theoretical insighis a n d j u d g m e n t s results f r o m t h e a n i m a l feelings
ences. T h e n n a v o i d a b i l i t y o f m a k i n g decisions a n d t h e existential i m p o r t C)f s e c u r i t v t h a t h o l d t i g l i t t o l h e s e n s e o f r e a l i t y as w h a i is i m m e d i a i e h ' a t
o f o u r unrestricted nodon ofvalne i n i p e l us t o e m p l o y o n r s e l f - c o r r e c t i n g h a n d i n sjace a n d t i m e . ' ' *
processes o f k n o w i n g . B e s i d e s f e e l i n g s t h a t m o d e l vales t o b e p u r s u e d a n d f e e l i n g s that inter-
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , a u t h e n t i c d i s c e r n m e n t is r a r e l y d o n e w e l l , i f a t a l l , M o s l f e r e w i t l i n o r m a i i v e v a l u r e f l e c t i o n , w e also d e t e r m i n e which questions
often o u r felt r a n k i n g just l e m a i n s i m p l i c i t . A l l t o o f i e q u e i i t l y w e c h o o s e t o p n r s u e a n d w h i c h t o leave aside t h r o u g h o u r d e c i s i o n s . I n fact, w e d o
a n d act w i t h o u t fully e n g a g i n g o u r feelings o f v a l n e a n d valu preference m a k e decisions a l l t h e time a b o u t w b i c h o f o u r spontaneously occurring
w i t h t h e full r a n g e o f o u r s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. O n l y s e l d o m d o q u e s t i o n s t o p n r s u e . S u c h d e c i s i o n s a r e m a d e o n t h e basis ofjudgments
we a p p l y t o o u r feelings i h e self-eorrecng cycle o f l e a r n i n g t h a t L o n e r g a n o f c o m p a r a v e v a l u . VVe h a v e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e f u r t h e r q u e s o n s t h a t
Ii7(l l ' a n l l l : \\'hy ls D o i n g T h a l B e i n g Ethical? J u d g m e n L s o f C o n i p a r a l i v e Valu 277

alise WLIIII o t i i ' consciousnesses. We c a n also ask f u i t h e r q u e s t i o n s aboul W h e t l i e r i n cases o f e n i e r g e n c y , or in the more ieisureiy circumstances
tln_")se i n i t i a l q u e s t i o n s . W e c a n h a v e i n s i g l u s i t u o t h o s e i n i t i a l q u e s t i o n s , a n c i o f c h o o s i n g w i i i c l i cpiest.ioiis t o p u r s u e g i v e n t h e f i n i i n d e c^f o u r lives, t h i s
w e c a n d e v e l o p s o i t i e t n i d e r s i a n d i n g o f w i i a t w o u l d b e i"ec|th r e d t o answer means i l i a i w e h a v e t o ask a n d a n s w e r a i l t l i e Tirther p e T ' d n e n t questions
liise c p i c s t i o n s , W e c a n i ' o r n i f a i r i j ' - a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e s o i ' l i o w i n u c l i t i m e l ahoiU which f u r t l i e r p e r t i n e m cpiestions are coiuparatively m o r e wcjrili pur-
w o u l d r e q u i r e o t ' us. W e m i g h t r e a l i z e i l i a i we w c u i l c l h a v e t o t a l k w i t h o t h e r s u i n g i b a n o t h e r s . W e d o so i u l i g h t o f t h e r e a l i t i e s o' t h e t i m e a v a i l a b l e to
people, read articles o r web-search t h e u:>pic, a l i e n d a t r a i n i n g w c ^ i k s h o p o r US, o u r talents, ancl t h e d e g r e e o f u r g e n c y a t t a c h e d to each l i n e o f q u e s i i o n -
l e c t u r e , t a k e a c o i u s e , g e t a n e w d e g r e e , j o i n a r e s e a r c t i g r o u p . a n d so o n . ing.-^*
W e m a k e these t i m e assessments n o t o n l y or o n e q u e s t i o n b u t f b r r e l a t e d T h i s d y n a m i c is v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e d y n a m i c s o f l h e biases, where
sets o f q u e s t i o n s . W e c o m e t o r e a l i z e i h a i w e d o n o t l i a v e e n o u g h ume to (piesons are i g n o r e d f o r n o g o o d reason at a i l . T h e iear o f nndersiaud-
p n r s u e a i l q u e s t i o n s t h a t o c c u r t o ns. j n d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a b o u t t h e u r g e n c y i n g , o r t l i e a r b i t r a r y j ^ r i v i l e g i n g o f o n e ' s o w n fears a n d d e s i r e s , o r l l i o s e oi"
o f s o m e s i u i a t i o n s a n d t h e vales a t s t a k e e n i e r i n t o o u r c o m p a r a i i v e j u d g - o n e ' s o w n i n t e r s t i i j j e c t i v e g r o u p , is cierne a t i l i e l e v e l o f f e e l i n g s a l o n e , n o t
mems ai^ont w h i c h quesiions ai"e m o r e i m p o r t a n t a n d \ ' a l i i a b l e t o us t o at t h e level o f d e c i s i o n s g r o u n d e d i n ol^jeci.ive j u d g m e n t s o f comparative
p n r s u e , a n d w l u c b less so. W e c a n r e a c h v i i - t n a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u c l g m e n t s \'altie. S u l l , o b j e c t i v e judgmems o f c o i n p a r a l i v e valu e\'en in ernergency
a b o u t t h e v a l e s o i ' p u i ' s n i n g eacli Cjuestion i u c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the o t h e r s . situations presuppose m o r a l conversic^n that brings one's o w n e.xisieiitial
O n t h i s basis w e c a n e t i u c a l l y d e c i d e t o p u r s u e s o m e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s a n d scale o f v a l n e pieierence i n t o a l i g u m e n t w i t h l h e n o r m a t i v e ol:)jecii\'e s c a l e .
n o t others.
Eniergency situations b r i n g a b o u l a variatioii in t h e d y n a m i c s o f liow we 9.9 Moral Conversin Revisited
etliically deal w i t h the large n u m b e r o f nnanswei'ed iuaiie]' q u e s t i o n s . I n
cases o f e r n e r g e n c y , w e c a n j u d g e o b j e c i i \ ' e l y t h a t i t is b e s i t o u i k e a c o u r s e lll c h a p i e r S 1 a r g n e d l h a t i n s t e a d o f t l i i n k i n g o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n as t l i e
o f a c i i o n , w h i c h s i i l l has s o m e u n a n s w e r e d i n r i h e r q u e s i i o n s a b o u t i l i e best b r e a k f r o m s a t i s i a c i i o n l o valu, i t w o t i l c i b e i n o r e a c c u r a l e t o t l i i n k a b o n t i t
course o f a c t i o n , because the a l t e r n a t i v e o f d o i n g n o t h i n g will ceiiainly i n t e r m s o f t h e d i s i i n c t i o n s w i t h i n t l i e n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f \'aiue p r e l e r e n c e -
resuk in greater harm. l h a t is l o sa\', m o r a l c o n v e r s i n s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d n o i as a s h i f i a w a y f n : ) n i
I n c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u c l i as l h i s , t h e r e is s u l f i l e c h a n g e i n t h e c o i u ' s e o a b s o l u t e i n d i T e r e i i c e i n f e e l i n g s r e g a r d i n g a l l vales, b u t as a s l i i l ' t w i t h i n
action u n d e r d e l i b e r a i i o n . T h e o r i g i n a l question m i g h l have been "Would ;in inciividual's a c t u a l , felt s t r u c i u r e o f valu preference. I t w o u l d be a s h i f t
i t b e w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e t o d o X t o r e a l i z e valu V\n a c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n 5 ? " l o w a r d s t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e w i t h i n o n e ' s iiiteiiti<:)nal
A i ) o u i v v h e t h e r i i is w o r i h w h i i e o r o b l i g a t o r y f o r m e lo d o A ' i n s i t u a t i o n .V, feelings. So c o i i c e i \ ' e c l , m o r a l con\'ersioii w o u l d o\'ercome p a r t i a l o r dis-
I m a y ha\'e m a n y h i r i l i e i " p e r t i n e n t q u e s i i o n s . B u l as t i m e r i m s oul. a n d a u i o r t e d \'alue b l i n d n e s s , a n d w o u l d i i o i b e e x c l u s i v e l y a m a t t e r o f o v e r c c n i i i n g
eniergency b e c o m e s i m m a n e n t , i l i e s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e s Vom Sio S', w i i e r e .S" a b s o l u t e valu i n d T e r e n c e . ' f l u s s l i i f t i n i h e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e can
includes tlie i m m a n e i i c e o f daiiger a n d tlie knowledge i l i a t t l i e r e c a n n o t be p r o c e e d a l o n g a n u m b e r o ' d l I T e r e n t p a t l i s a n d pass i l i r o n g l i a n i m i b e r o f
e n o u g h t i m e t o p n r s u e all t h e f u r t h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . T h e cpieslion o f siages.
valu t h u s c h a n g e s - f r o m a s i m p i e j u d g m e n i o f e t h i c a l valu - "YVonid i l he A firsi p a d i o i ' u i c ) r a l c o n v e r s i n w o u l c l b e i ' r o n i a t r u n c a t e d t o a 'uil s c a l e
worthwhile l o d o X i n o r d e r l o r e a l i z e v a l u V'm s i i u a t i o n S?" ~ t o a n e t h i c a l o l valu p r e f e r e n c e . F o r e x a m p i e , a fitnei f a u a t i c n i i g h t b e l o i a l l y preoc-
j u d g m e n t o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u - " W o u l d A' ( o r e v e n A " ) b e i h e /;ei7 a v a i l a b l e ( i i p i e d w i t h vital vales a n d have n o e f f e c t i v e i e e l i n g f o r s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l ,
a l t e r n a t i v e i n o r d e r realize valu V t h a t avoids evil, g i v e n i l i e e m e r g e n c ) ' p e r s o n a l , o r r e l i g i o u s vales. A r e l i g i o u s f a n a c m i g h t b e i n d i f f e r e n t 1 0 v i t a l
s i l u a t i o n .S''?" i i i i d s o c i a l vales, A b u s i n e s s n i o g u l n i i g i i t h a v e i n t e n s e f e e l i n g s f o r l h e e c o -
in eniergency s i t u a d o n s , t i i e n , p e o p l e d o a n d o u g h t to act w i d i o u l ask- n o m i c g o o d o f liis o r h e r business e m p i r e w i t l i n o a p p r e c i a i i o n i b r c u l i t i r a l
i n g a n d a n s w e r i n g a l l t h e f u r t h e r cp.iestions t l i a t w o u l d ha\'e been i'elevant vales. A c e r t a i n k i n d o f s c h o l a r m i g h t v a l u t h e r e a l m o ' l i e r o r b i s r e s e a r c h
t m d e r d i T e r e n t c i r c i i i i i s i a i i c e s . B u t t o d o so e l l i i c a l l y n i e a n s t o c o m e l o a l o l h e exclusin o f a l l else, T h e I e e l i n g s o f s u c l i p e o p l e w o u l d be t r u n c a t e d
comparative j u d g m e n l o f valu t h a t k n o w s otsjectively t h a t t h e best avail- i n l b e i r e f e c t i v e c a p a c i t y LO I b e i t h e v a l e s i n o t h e r levis o f t h e normave
a b l e t h i n g t o co is t o set a s i d e t h e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s p e r t i n e n t t o A', a n d l o scale. T h e s e , o f c o n r s e , are stereotypes; n o o n e ' s a c t u a l scale o f valu p r e f -
e m b a r k o n c o u r s e o f a c o n A' ( o r X") i n o r d e r to realize valu V (niinimize e r e n c e is q u i t e so s i m p l i s l i c o r c r u d e . T l i e s e s t e r e o t y p e s a r e o f f e r e d solely
harm). l o i i i d i c a i e w h a t I m e a n b y a U u n c a t e d s c a l e o f valu p r e f e r e n c e , and how
 '.!VM r . i i l i l i : W'hv ls D o i i i g T h E i i B e i n g EihicaK' ^ | u d g n i c i i i s o r C o n i p a r a i - i v e Valne 279

iiMiinl conveision c o u l d be i l i o u g l i L o( as a n e x p a n s i n o ' o n e ' s a c U i a l f e e l - e n r i c h m e n t o f l h e n o t i o n o f valu a n d t h e r o l e o f f e e l i n g s i n valu c o n -

ings o f v a l n e p r e f e r r i n g l o w a r d s e n c o m p a s s i n g t h e f u l l scale. sciousness.''-^ A l t h o n g l i s h e cloes n o t e - x p l i c i i l y i d e n i i f y l i l i s t i i i r d moment
A second paib o f moral convei'sion \vc^nld b e a c o n v e r s i n o f a person's w i t l i t i l e t h i r d l e v e l i n L o n e r g a i V s s i r u c l u r e c>i'the h u m a n g o o c l , 1 t h i n k t l i i s
a c m a l f e l i sense o f p r e l e r e n c e f r o m a d i s i o i i e d , unvards i l i e o b j e c i i v e , scale is i m p l i c i t i n b o t h h e r a r t i c l e a n c l i n L c m e r g a n ' s w r i u n g s . A t t h i s t h i r d l e v e l
o f vales. I n i l i e m o s i p r o f o u n d cases, i b i s w o u l d i n v o l v e L u r n i n g a w a y f r o m o f t h e i u m i a n g o o c l , activities are o r g a n i z e d a r o u n d valnes a n d l l i e p e r s o n a l
ritssent'nnent, and becoming b-ee L O f e e l t h e g o o d n e s s e v e n o f vales l h a t r e l a t i o n s w l i i c h e m b o c l v i h o s e vales.
o n e is n o L p e i ' s o n a l l y a b l e l o a u a i n . I n l e s s e r cases, i h i s n u g h i m e a n a s h i f t -Vlurray's i m p o r t a n t i c l e n t i i i c a t i o n o f t h r e e m o m e n t s i u m o r a l conversin
i n f e e l i n g s f r o m o r i e u L a i i o n L o w a r d s l e s s e r - l e v e l valiLcs t o w a r d s vales a t a ' a n . i l i e r e f o r e , be d e v e l o p e d i n t e i n i s o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d .
h i g h e i " le\'el. I ' e i ^ i a p s r h e m o s i c o m m o n examples o f ibis are p e o p l e o n c e L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o i m l o f l h e levis o f t h e b u m a n g o o d w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d in
d r i v e n by a i u b i t i o n l o r e a c h Lhe h i g h e s i u t i l i i a r i a n vales ( e . g . , w e a h h ) who d e i a i l i n c l i a p i e r s i i a u d i 2. Vei i h e i m p l i c a i i o n s o f . V l u r r a y ' s c o n t r i b n i i o n s
s u d d e n l y b e c o m e p r o f o u n d l y c o m m i u e d to whai L o n e r g a n calis social, c u l - r e g a r d i n g m o r a l conversin are besi t a k e n u p here. T o a u i i c i p a i e t h e later
t u r a l , o r p e r s o n a l vales,'"' A p e r s o n ' s f e l l p r e f e r r i n g a l r e a d y w o u l d i n c l u d e , discussion, l.,onergan i d e n t i h e d t h r e e levis i n t i i e s t r u c t u r e o i ' t l i e h u m a n
say, s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l vales, b u t t h e s e w o u l d b e b e h t i l e d i n o r d e r l o e l e - g o o d : p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s , i n s u t u t i o n a l o r d e r s as goc>d, a n d t e r m i n a l vales
v a t e v i t a l vales i n a n t l i e n t i c a l l y , O r , c m t h e o t l i e i ' h a n d , s o c i a l , c t i l t n r a l , o r as goocl.*'*' A I a f i r s t , p r i m i t i v e s t a g e , t b e g o o d f b r n e w l . ) o r n s is l i m i t e d t o
r e l i g i o u s v a l e s m i g h t b e v e r b a l l ) ' e x i o U e d as h i g l i e r , b u t i n f a c t f u n c i i o n as p a n i c u l a r g o o d s i h a i . satisfy t l i e i r d e s i r e s o r a i l a v t l i e i r a v e r s i o n s ancl l e a r s .
n o m o r e t h a n p t i t - d o w n s o f v i u i l v a l e s . T l i e y m i g l i t be p r a i s e d as h i g l i e r , b u t S o m e p e o p l e n e v e r rise any h i g h e r i n t h e i r feelings f o r ttie g o o c l .
g e n u i n e f e l t p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e s e h i g h e r levis o f v a l e s w o u l d b e absent. T h e n e x i stage i n m o r a l c o m ' e r s i o n l o o k e d a l i n t l h s wa\ is a i r a i i s i i i o n a l
T h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n these t w o types o f moi-al conversin are n o d o u b t s i a g e . A s p e o p l e i n a i n r e m o r a l l v , l h e y b e g i n l o a p p r e c i a t e t h e g<:>od o f l a w s ,
s u b t l e , a n d c a r e f i d a u e n i i o n t o p a r t i c u l a r cases w o u l c l b e r e c p i i r e d i n o r d e r rules, a n d instii.utional orders. Tliey tencl to evalale these, however, i n
to discern these differences. Nevertheless, think both kinds of disioruons l e r m s o f p a r t i c u l a r goods. i n s i i t u t i o n s are oni\ regarded as g o o d insofar
i n valu p r e f e r e n c e m a y be f a u h l i a i ' t o m o s t readers. as t h e \ s e r v e 10 p r o v i d e p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s i l i a i m e e t t h e n e e d s p r e s e n t e d i^y
A t h i r d vvay o f t h i n k i n g a b o u l i h e p a t h o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is i n t e r m s o f p : i r i c u l a r d e s i r e s en" l e a r s , i^aws ai'e 10 l)e o b e y e c i o n l y b e c ; i u s e o f t l i e n i i d e -
l h e siages i h a l lia\'e b e e n s u g g e s i e d b ) ' L l i / . a b e t l i M i i r r a y . S h e a r g e s t h a l sirable p a n i c u l a r evils l h a t result b ' o m tlieii" e n i b r c e m e n i .
t h e r e is b o t h a p o s i t i v e a n d a n e g a u v e d i m e n s i n u.) m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . * " Her VVliile s o m e p e o p l e n e v e r gei b e y o n d ibis traiisiiional stage, lhe move-
a n a l y s i s l a k e s as i i s p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e a r e m a r k by Lonergan: m e n t lowards m o r e c o m p l e t e m o r a l conversin does take a n imporlaut
s t e p to a s e c o n d , f u i i - f l e d g e d stage w i i e n p e o p l e d o n n d e r s t a n d i n s i i t u t i o n s
[ u s t as t l i e i ' e is d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m a t h e o r y o f k n o w l e d g e i n t e r m s o f :is g o o d i n i h e i i " o w n i ' i g l u , . I n s o f a r as l a w s a n d i n s i i t u i i o n a i ai'iangements
i n i u i d o n t o a t l i e o r v o f k n o w l e d g e i n l e r n i s o f i n i e l l i g e n c e ancl j u d g - are truly inielligible (ancl not merely ideological cloaks t h a t perpetate
m e n t , so a l s o t h e r e is t h e m o r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s u b j e c t b ' o m a n u n i n i e l l i g i b l e e x e r c i s e s o f p o w e r ) , t h e y liave valu i n l l i e m s e l v e s . Genu-
a e s t i i e t i c s p h e r e t h a t is c o n c e r n e d w i i l i o b j e c t s o f a p p e i i i e ... T h e r e inel)' intelligible insiiiiilions transform individualized efibrts into larger,
is t h e ]"eversal, t h e c o n v e r s i n , t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , o f t h a t t)'pe of cooperative wholes. Being logetiier and accomplisliing projecls together
organizaiion in the subject to b r i n g [ h i m o r h e r j i n i o h a r m o n y w i t h is a g o o d t h a l c a n n o t b e r e d u c e d 10 t h e m e r e a g g r e g a i e o f s a u s i ' a c i i o n s of
d i e objecti\'e g o o d o f order.*'' i n d i v i d u a l desires.
I ' e o p l e a i i b i s s e c o n d f u l l s i a g e c)f i i i o i i i l c o n v e r s i n w i l l t e n d t o w o r k
.VIurray p r o p o s e s t h a t t h e r e a r e t w o m c n u e n t s i n m o r a l conversin, l u f(ir the preservaiion o f iiistiiiitions because ihey recognize their goodness,
l h e fii'st m o m e n t , d i e r e is a t u r n i n g a w a y f r o m a l i f e o r g a n i z e d '"ai'ound t l m whicii Lonergan r e f e r r e d t o as t l i e " g o o c l o f o r c l e r " i ^ u t as V I u r r a y o l j s e r v e s ,
s a i i s f a c u o n s o f o n e ' s a p p e i i i e s a n d i n t e r e s t s . " T h e s e c o n d m o m e n t is a t m n - if d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p e i " s o n ' s m o r a l c o n v e r s i n b e c o m e s f r o z e n a t i h i s sec-
i n g towards a life "organized a r o u n d t h e g o o d as k n o w n i n t e l l i g e n t l y a n d o n d stage, it can t a k e o n a " c o l d , vice-like g r i p o n o n e ' s a c t i o n s , to a i m for
r e a s o n a b l y - t b e o b j e c d v e good."*'^ n o i l i i n g m o r e i l i a n " m o r a l raticinal consisieiic)'.*'"
T h e s e t w o ways o f o r g a n i z i n g e d i i c a l l i v i n g r u n p a r a l l e l , t o the first l w o Mc^ral d e v e l o p m e n t , h o w e v e r , c a n n a n s c e n d t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s sec-
levis i n w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d " t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . " ' * ' M i i r r a y o n d s h i g e , T h e r e is a s t i l l h i g l i e r l e v e l i n i l i e l i u m a n g o o c l t h a t r e c o g n i z e s
a l s o i d e i i t i t i e s a t h i r d m o m e n t n m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , h a v i n g t o d o w i l h t h e i n s t i i u o n s as t h e m e a n s , n o t t o p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s , b u t r a t h e r t o d i e good
 m l'an l l l : W h y ls l t . . i i i n lilil I W M K l a l i i i alr llidUMiriils Cnnipai.ilivr V;I1M<' 2S I

of" t l i e w h o l f o(" h u n a n h i s t ( n \ ' . K a r h t T i n s t i i n i i u n s s e l l h e r n n c l i t i n n s uil < t f It (. M M I C d i ; u l h e n i h e r m o d e s d o n o l ; m d c ; i u u o i | u o v i d e . I | ) r o p o s e ihal

w h i c h n e w i n s l i l u t i o n s c a n l a i e r g r o w . The whole seiinence o l s n c l i gmvvilt IK i | ; . u r s p h i l o s o p h i c a l f o r m u l a l i o n o f i h e s c a l e o f v a l n e preference is
is i i s e l f a g o o d i h a i g o e s b e y o n d i h e g o o d o f a n y l i n h i e d i n s i i i u i i o n o i t h t i.H H i t l o plav' o u e s u c h r o l e . I t s r o l e is n o l t h e i m p o s s i b l e l a s k o f f o r m u l a t -
l i n i i r e d s a i i s f a c l i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l desii'es. P e o p l e a l l h e i h i r d stage o f i m n . i l dn u u l a i l i o m a b l e r i c h n e s s o f f e l l v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s ; r a t h e r , i t s r o l e is t o
conversin i'ecogrnze i h a i i n s i i i n i i o n s c a n a n d d o c o n i i ' i b i u e l o bi"iigiun i - o . M d e .1 l i e u r i s i i c f o r n i e r p r e l i n g a n d r e n e c i i n g o n t h e s e f e e l i n g s a n d t h e
a b o u l the g o o d o f ihe whole of h u m a n h i s i o r y VVhen p e o p l e reach ihi
H I O U S . i i i e m p i s l o g i v e e x p i ' e s s i o n 10 t h e m .
l h i r d siage o f m o r a l conversin, l h e y c o m m i i lhemselves to w o r k i n g wiili
\ we a l u i n p t 10 a p p r o p r i a t e a n d m a k e e x p l i c i t h o w o u r f e l l s c a l e of
i n s i i t u i i o n a i o r d e r s s o as l o p i o m o t e t h e g o o d o f h i s t o i y . T h e y d o n o l l i i u i i
iliM pief<'reiice really f u n c i i o n s i n o u r d e l i b e r a i i n g , we will b e s u r p r i s e d
t h e i r f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s t o t h e i r o w n i m m e d i a t e desires a n d fears, noi" l o t l u
i M i p e t h a p s iicti so s u r p r i s e d ) t o find i h a t o u r actual, i m p l i c i t scale o f val-
goods o f intersidiyeciive c o m m i m i d e s o r cnrrendy f u n c t i o n i n g insiiiuiious
ii> I m.iv h e d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h a t w e b e l i e v e d t h a l s c a l e 10 b e . I n d e e d , o u r
T h e y are c o n c e r n e d l o r i l i e w e l l - b e i n g o f g e n e r a o n s a n d t h e state o f l h e
..^11 e x i s i e u t i a l scale o f valu p r e f e r r i n g m a y d i f f e r f r o m w h a i we think
e a r i l i far i n i o l h e f u i u r e .
u onf;ht l o be. W e m i g h t very well believe l h a t o u r f e e l i n g a n d c h o o s i n g
l l l i o i i i p a r a i i v e v a l e s a l i g n s p e r f e c d y w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e , b u l cm a
9.10 Objectivity a n d Lonergan's F o r m u l a u o n o f the Scale ^ 0 1 ; I I I . U b.isis w e m a y v e r y w e l l iic>i n o t i c e o r u n d e i s i a n d t h a t i n f a c t w e a r e
1 h o o s i n g c e r t a i n v a l e s o v e r o l h e r v a l e s i n ways i h a i vic>late t h e objec-
T h e p r e c e d i n g r e f l e c i i o n s reveal, a m o n g o t h e r i h i n g s , l h a i o u r o w n existen- ihe s c a l e a n d g i v e r i s e tc t e n s i o n s i n cui" f e e l i n g s o f v a l u preference.
l i a l scales o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e e x p a n d t o i n c l u d e c o m p l e x g i a d a i i o n s w i i h i n I h i i o w n . |)ei'sonal, felt. scale o f v a l n e preferences is r e v e a l e d i n t h e ways
as w e l l as a c r o s s t h e levis o f vales l h a t L o n e r g a n e n u m r a l e s . H e n e e scales It ,\i l u a l h ' d i r e c t s o u r c o n c r e t e patterns o f comparaiive choices anci i n
o f v a l n e p r e f e i e n c e are far i n o r e c o m p l e x than L o n e r g a n ' s simple f o r m u l a lhe I omparative j u d g m e n t s ofvalne that stand b e h i n d those choices. In
l i o n o f t h e s c a l e w o u l d s e e m t o i n d i c a te. F o r t h a t m a t i e i , t h e y a r e e v e n more Midei lo noce a n d n n d e r s t a n d the divergence b e t w e e n i h e a c t u a l scale
c o m p l e x t h a n t h e s c a l e s p r o p o s e d a n d d i s c u s s e d a t m u c h g r e a t e r l e n g t h \yy ol pr<-ference t o w h i c h we are e x i s t e n t i a l l y c o n i i n i t t e d a n d t h e objecve
e i t h e r Scheler o r v o n H i l d e b r a n d . I n fact, t h e i r c o m p l e x i t y seems t o defy M . d e , w e n e e d s o m e s o n o f g u i d a n c e . L o n e r g a n s e l fc>rih h i s f o r m n l a t i o n
c o m p l e t e a n d a d e q u a t e f o r m u l a u o n i n w o r d s . I f t h i s is t h e c a s e , t h e n w h a t ol l i l e scale t o p r o v i d e s u c h g u i d a n c e .
is t h e p o i n t t o t h e s e f o r i n t i i a u o n s o f s c a l e s o \ a l u e p r e f e r e n c e . w h i c h a r e so
f h i s b r i n g s u s b a c k t o i l i e q u e s i i o n cf o b j e c t i v i t y i n j u d g r n e n t s o f v a l n e
s t r e a m l i n e d a n d schemac?
,uid e l h i c a l valu i n p a n i c u l a r . O b j e c t i v i t y i n J u d g m e n t s ancl decisions
T h e answer to this q u e s t i o n m u s t be i i i d i r e c i . For w h a i deles I b n n u l a - I e g a r d i n g c o m p a r a t i v e v a l e s rests u p o n t h e n o r m a t i v i i y o f l h e 'eeling-scale
lion in words - p h i l o s o p h i c a l w o r d s a l least - d o e s n o t necessarily defy o l v a l u I") re fe r e n c e o r , t o use L o n e r g a n ' s o w n l a n g u a g e , t h e o b j e c d v i t y o f
expression by s y m b o l i c a n d ariisiic means. W h e r e p h i l o s o p h i c a l language om j u c l g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g c o m p a r a t i v e vales r e s i s u p o n t h e
p a l e s i n c o m p a r i s c m 10 i h e f i n e l y t u n e d d e t a i l s o ' o u r u n a r i i c u l a t e d f e e l - s e H - t m n s c e n d e n c e o f o u r feelings,"^ a n d o u r f'eelings a r e s e l f - t r a n s c e n d i n g
ings a n d felt preferences, a r t a n d s y m b o l strive t o e x p l o r e a n d give r i c h lo t h e e x t e n t t h a t o u r a c t u a l , e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e o f p r e f e r e n c e is a l i g n e d w i t h
and concrete expressions t o this r e a l m . Siill, w h i l e symbcjlic a n d artistic lhe o b j e c t i v e scale o f v a l n e preference. W e c a n o n h ' b e as a i i t l i e n t i c a n d
expressions ( s u c h as G e o r g e E l i o i ' s M'uUilemarch a n d J a n e .Austen's Piidr objective i n m a k i n g comparative j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d c h o i c e s as o u r
and vjudice] can meet the need for expressing, slowing d o w n , a n d explor- own e x i s t e n t i a l f e l t s c a l e o f valu p r e f e r e n c e e n a b l e s us l o b e . V V h e n we
ing l h e r i c h n e s s a n d d e t a i l o f o u r v a l u i n g s as c o n c r e i e l y i ' e l t , t h e s e f o r i n s delibrate a n d refieci etliically. the " m a r s b a l l i n g a n d w e i g h i n g " o f t h e fur-
of expression are not designed 10 ineet o t h e r kinds o f needs. Symbolic i h e r p e r i i n e n t quesons a n d o i h e r factoili will be g o v e r n e d i i l t i m a t e l y by
and artistic expressions d r a w their a u d i e n c e s i n i o realms o f i m a g i n a t i o n our f e e l i n g s , i e e l i n g s w h i c h u n a v o i d a b l y p r e f e r s o m e vales t o c n l i e i s . I f o u r
and f e e l i n g , a u d i n d o i n g so t h e y e v o k e n o t o n l y n e w f e e l i n g s b u t also n e w
. i c i u a l , e x i s t e n t i a l s c a l e is b i a s e d o i ' o t h e r w i s e d i s t o n e d , so a l s o w i l l b e o u r
(piesiions ("VVhal does this m e a n ? " b e i n g the most c o m m o n ) lhat they
j u d g i n e n i s a n d c i i o i c e s . H e n e e ie q u e s t i o n s o f w h a t s ihe n o r m a v e s c a l e
themselves are n o t p r e p a r e d to answer.
I )f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e , a n c i h o w t o b e s t b r i n g c m e s e l l i n t o h a r m o n y w i l h i t , a r e
H e n e e symbols a n d art ol'ten n e e d t o be s t i p p l e m e n t e d b)' p h i l o s o p h i c a l (ll' l h e utinosi i m p o r t a n c e .
and othei' kinds o f i n i e r p r e i i v e expressions. Each type o f expression pro- The i m p o r t a n c e o f L o n e r g a n ' s formiiiaon o f t h e scale o f valu p i e f
v i d e s a c o n t r i b u i i o n tC) l h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f f e e l i n g s a n d f e l l h o r i z o n s o f v a l n e erence, t h e r e f o r e . i s t h a l i l o f f e r s a s t a n d a r d o c o m p a r i s o n . .As s u c h , i t
 I I I : W h y Is D o i n g T h a i B e i n g Elhical? l u d g m e n i s o f Comparave Valu 283

( h n c t i o n s s i m i l a r i y l o w h a i L o n e r g a n r e g a r d s as i h e r o l e o l i d e a l t y p e s i n h i s - d o z e n books iu p h i l o s o p h y o r ilieolog)'. A g a i n , r e f m e d ascetic traditions

iorical a n d social-science investigadons. Even d i o u g h they are loo generic ff s p i r i t u a l d i r e c d o n , n i e d i i a t i o u , a n d p r a y e r ( s u c h as t h o s e o f Ignatius)
hir lhe complexity o f concrete social a n d historical situations, they sull ;ue e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e i n valu d i s c e r n m e n t a n d f o r m a i i o n , a n d i n u n d o -
d i r e c t a u e n i i o n t o s o m e t h i n g s a n d a l s o h e l p us n c n i c e w h a t m i g h t b e o t h - iiig valne distortion. These traditions of spiritual practices are found
erwise overlooked.'"^^ i h r o u g l i o u t t h e histcu"\ o f w o i l d c u l t u r e s a n d w o i l d r e l i g i o u s . T h e y often
S u c h , I b e l i e v e , is a l s o t l i e case w i t h L c j i i e r g a i i ' s f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h e s c a l e p n ) v i d e effective a u d practical g u i d a n c e for h e i g h t e n i n g the very highest
o f vales. I t is r e a l l y a h e u r i s t i c f o r m u l a l i o n o f w h a t m i g h t b e c a l l e d v a l u o l l e l i g i o u s v a l e s . T h a t is t o say, s p i r i t u a l p r a c u c e s c a n b e v e r y e f f e c t i v e
genera.'" L o n e r g a n ' s f o r m u l a l i o n lacks l h e m o r e specific cleiails s u g g e s i e d i n h e i g h t e n i n g o u r a w a r e n e s s o f t h e i n d w e l l i n g g i f t of b e i n g - i n - l o v e in an
by Scheler a n d von Hildebrand o f ihe iiuernal hierarchy o f e a c h valu n i u e s i r i c t e d fashion. T h e y can provide f u r t h e r guidance lor contemplai-
g e n u s , b u l l o e x p e c t s o m e t h i n g m o r e d e t a i l e d is p e r h a p s t o iiss t h e p o i n t i n g e i t h e r vales i n f e l t - c o m p a r i s o n to t h i s h i g h e s t o f vales. I n d o i n g so,
o f L o n e r g a n ' s w a j ' o f f o r m i i l a i i n g t h e s c a l e . H i s f o r i n u l a t i c > n is n o t s o m e i r a d i i i o n s effectively m o d e l a n t l s h a p e m : i r m a i i v e scales cd'\'alue prefer-
m a i h e i n a i i c a l a l g o r i t l i t n - p l u g i n t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d it will p r i n t o u l for y o u ring iu people's feeling lives.
a decisin r e g a r d i n g w h i c h valu t o c h o o s e o v e r t h e o l h e r s . His f o r m u l a - L'nforttmately, these t r a d i u o n s themselves can (and have) also b e c o m e
ticm o f the scale c a n n o i s u b s l i t u i e f o r t h e o n g o i n g a n d d i f l l c u l t processes
i i i f e c t e d \\'ith d i s t o r t e d f e e l i n g s o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . A m o n g other things,
o f g r o w t h in insights, in feelings, i n d i s c e r n i n g , i n e t h i c a l relection and
iheref-oi-e, 1 think Lonergan also o f f e r e d his a c c o i m i o f i l i e scale o f v a l n e
j u d g n i e u t , o r i n r e s p o n s i b l y d e c i d i n g a u d a c i i o n . H i s f o r m u l a u o n is no
pieference in order t h a t it niight play a role i n the critical mediation
substitute for t h e even m o r e d i f f i c u h processes o f w i i h d r a w i n g f r o m iiiau-
aud coiieciion o f c o m m o n s e n s e c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s , as w e l l as t r a d i t i o n s
t h e n i i c i t y by a t t e n d i n g to the u m e s o l v e d t e n s i o n s i n o i i i ' feelings r j f valu
<f s p i r i t u a l i t y . ' ' '
])ieference, i n t r y i n g to u n d e r s i a u d i h e t u , a n d i n m a k i n g decisions ihal
L o n e r g a n ' s w a y o f a r i i c n l a i i n g t h e s c a l e o f \'aliie p r e f e r e n c e is l i e u r i s i i c ,
will b r i n g o u r actual feelings o f p r e f e r e n c e m o r e closely i n t o aligument
hu n o inoi-e t h a n h e u r i s t i c . I l m a k e s s t r o n g c l a i m s a b o u t t h e p r o p e r axi-
w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales. A s L o n e r g a n p u t it, " O n e has l o keep
ological p r i o r i t y a m o n g v a l u e - g e n e r a , b u l leaxes t h e o r d e r i n g of t h e xaliie-
s c r u t i n i z i n g o n e ' s i n t e n t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s t o valu a n d t h e i r i m p l i c i t scales
of pieference.'"'' s p e c i e s t o h e w o r k e d o u t b y p e o p l e as t h e y l i v e t h e i r l i v e s . l l c a l i s a t t e n t i o n
to unresolved tensions a m o n g f e e l i n g s a t d i f f e r e n t levis o f t h e s c a l e , b u l
V V h a i h i s f o r m u l a l i o n d o e s o f f e r is a s t a n d a r d f o r c o m p a r i s o n . O u i ' o w n leaves it l o individuis t o r e s p o n d to t h o s e l e n s i o n s . l l offers n o m o r e t h a n a
e x i s t e n t i a l scales o f vales are s u b j e c t t o t h e gross d i s i o r u o n s o f wssenthnenf heuristic for the global o r i e n t a i i o n of lhe life o f h u m a n feelings. Lonergan
a n d less s e v e r e d e v i a i i o n s f r o m n o i n i a t i v i t y VVe c a i c l i s o m e o f l h e s e d i s t o r - s e e m s t o b e s a y i n g , " l s t h e a>ho/e o f y o u r f e e l i n g s c a l e o f p r e f e r e n c e a i t u n e d
t i o n s f r o m o u r c u l t u r e s ; o t h e r s a r e o f o u r o w n m a k i n g . l u e i t h e r case, o u r l o t h i s s c a l e of v a l e s , o r is i l i n r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t t h i s s c a l e ? " H e a p p e a r s t o
o w n valu p r e f e r e n c e s r e v e r s e a n d i n v e n t h e p r o | j e i " c u x l e r o f v a l n e h i e r a r - h e a s s u m i n g t h a t w h e n t h i s g e n e r i c h e u r i s u c s c a l e is i n i a c t , t h e o t h e r d i m e n -
c h y S u c h d i s t o r t i o n s a n d t h e i r r e s i d i a n t t e n s i o n s c a n b e b r o u g h t t o t i g h t by s i o n s o f a p e r s o n ' s f e e l i n g s o f p r e f e r e n c e vvill g r a d u a l l y d e v e l o p normaiively
r e f l e c t i n g o n s o n i e L l i i n g l i k e L o n e r g a n ' s f o r m i i l a i i o u o f l h e s c a l e o f vales.
b e c a u s e h i s o r l i e r h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a u d its scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e s is
V V h e n w e b e g i n t o p r e f e r v i t a l vales o v e r s o c i a l x-alues { n e g l e c t i n g ourjob
properly oriented. This need n o i mean, o f c o n r s e , that people for whom
responsibilities i n o r d e r to " b n l T i i p " o u r phvsiques, for e x a m p l e ) , Loner-
t h e scale o f v a l n e j j r e f e r e i i c e is p i o p e r i y ( ^ j i e n t e d w i l l b e c o m p l e t e l y free o f
g a n ' s scale c a n b r i n g t h i s to o u r a i t e n t i o n . O r a g a i n , i f w e prefer to bury
b i a s e s o r valu d i s t o r t i o n s . i n e f f e c t , h<.>wevei', L o n e r g a n seeins lo b e infer-
o u r s e l v e s i n t h e s o c i a l v a l u of m e r e w o r k i n o r d e r t o e v a d e developing.
r i n g t l i a i s u c h d i s t o r t i o n s c a n be o v e r c c n u e . ^ - ' T h e g r e a t e s t d i s t o r t i o n s a r i s e
more r e f i n e t l c u l t u r a l vales, L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e c a n p o i n t t o t h i s inversin
w h e n lessentimeni s i n k s i i i i t s v i c i o u s i ' o o t s a u d p e r v e r t s l h e g e n e r i c o r d e r as
a n d d i s t o r t i o n . A n d i f w e choc>se, sa>', o n e s o c i a l v a l u o v e r a n o t h e r , u s i n g
s u c h . T h e g r e a t e s t oi' e v i l s e n s u e w h e n l h e r e a r e s u c h m a j o i " d i s i o r l i o n s o f
L o n e r g a n ' s scale h e l p s us t o n o t i c e t h i s , e v e n t h o u g h i t is n o t e x p l i c i t l y
t h e g e n e r i c scale o f vales.
treated i n his f o r m u l a l i o n .
l u f o r m u l a t i u g t h i s h e u r i s t i c a c c o u n t o f l h e scale o f v a l e s , therefcire,
O f c o n r s e t h i s t a s k o f b r i n g i n g v a l u d i s t o r o n t o l i g h t is a l s o performed l . o n e r g a n i n t e n d e d t o o f f e r a n i n i p o r i a i i t l i e u r i s i i c t o o l . . V I e t i i o d i c a l use o f
e f f e c d v e i y a n d f l e x i b l y b y t h e l o n g u a d i t i o n s o f c o m m o n s e n s e v a l u for^ l i l i s s c a l e o f vales c a n e n l i a n c e ihe capacity o f individual persons, o f cul-
m a t i o n . C o o d t r a d i t i o n s o f p a r e n t i n g are far m o r e effective in culiivat- tural traditions, a n d o f t r a d i u o n s o f s p i r i t u a l practices to n o t i c e a n d recufy
i n g scales o f valu f o r m a o n a n d i n c o m b a n g valu d s i o i t i o n t h a n a tiistorons i n valu p r e l e r e n c e . I t c a n p r o v i d e them with anticipations of

/
2S'I P a n I I I ; W h y Is D o i n g T l i a i B e i n g E l h i c a l ?

g r o w i h a n d d e v e l o p m e n i i n v a l u i n g . S u c h , I b e l i e v e , is i h e r o l e t h a i Loner-
g a n m e a n i his f o r m u l a l i o n o f l h e scale l o p l a y 10 Self-Appropriation Part I I :
If ( h i s is so, l h e n o f c o n r s e l h e q u e s i i o n o f w h e i h e r o r n o t L o n e r g a n ' s for-
m u l a l i o n a c c u r a i e l y c a p t u r e s at least t h e s e b r o a d d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e objec- Why Is D o i n g T h a t
u x e s c a l e o f x a l u e s is o f u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e . T h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e addressed
in chapter 14. Being Ethical?

Self-apfmifmalion Imds lo a discovery lhat the self lo be affrojmaed has to cUnielop ...
// is ihe discoveiy that willivgness is someihing that has lo be deoeloped lo increase my
rffective freed om.
- B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Uiniersianding and ieJiig

10.1 Introduction

( C h a p t e i ' |. p r o p o s e d t o p u r s u e l h e e i h i c s (.if d i s c e r n m e n t i n t e r m s <.)f i l i r e e

cpiesuons that parallel Lonergan's three questions about knowing and
heing. Those three quesuons were " W h a t a m i d o i n g when 1 a m being ethi-
c a l ? , " ' ' W l i y is d o i n g t h a t b e i n g e i h i c a l ? , " a n d " W h a i is b r o u g h t a b o t u b y
d o i n g t h a t ? " A n s w e r i n g t h e irst q u e s i i o n p r o v e d t o l i e s u r p r i s i n g l y c o m p l i -
c a i e d . I n i t i a l l y w e saw t h a t l h e s t r u c t u i e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y was s i n u l a r
10 c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e , t h o u g h m o r e c o m p l e x . W e saw t h a t t h e a b i l i t y t o
a n - i v e a t v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d u d g m e n t s o f e i h i c a l valu, a n d t h e n d e c i d -
i n g a n d a c t i n g i n c o n b r m i t y w i t h d i o s e u d g m e n t s , is c r u c i a l t o b e i n g e t h i -
c a l . M o w e v e r , t h e r o l e s p l a \ ' e d b y f e e l i n g s i n a r r i v i n g at j u d g m e n t s ofvalne,
\irtually u n c o n d i t i o n e d o r not, called for a l e n g t h y examinaon offeelings,
d i e i r relations a n d tensions w i t h i n h o i i z o n s , a n d t h e i r roles i n e l h i c a l a n d
\;iliie r e f l e c t i o n , d e c i d i n g , a n d acng. T h i s l e d e v e n t u a l l y to i d e n t i f l c a t i o n
I t t h e t w o f u n d a m e n t a l s o u r c e s o f d y n a m i s m i u h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , l o t h e
n o t i o n o f a n objective scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e , a n d to t h e n e e d f o r conver-
sin as t h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l s t a n d a r d f o r e t h i c a l j u d g m e n l a n d a c i i o n . W e
( u n i d say, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t l h e a n s w e r 10 t h e f i i s t q u e s t i o n , c o m p a c t l y s t a t e d ,
is l i l i s : Heing eth icalis experiencing, incpiiring, nderstanding, reflecting, grasping
tbr viriually unconditioned and Judging what is going on, followed by inquiring
 2Hi\^iii l l l : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g E i h i c a l ? S e l f - A p p r o p i i a i i o n . Par I I 2H7

a/joiit wluil could avd should be done, furiher experiencing as reJ)aUemed by such d e s c r i b i n g w h a t is m e a n t b y b e i n g e t h i c a l t h a n c a n b e a d e q u a t e l y addressed
in(iiines, getting insights inln possible conrses of aciion, rejlecting, grasping vales iu this chapier. For i h e present, therefore, I b e g i n w i t h Arisu:>ile's classic
as iiirlnally unconditioned. d/diberating, deciding, and acting, all within a convei'led siatement, and iheii consider ilie i'elatiousbip o f t h e structure ofethical
horizon offeelings for vales lhat is n confonnily with the notion of valu, being-in- i m e n i i o n a l i t y l o j u s t e i g h t a c l d i t i c m a l , c o i i i m o n h ' h e l d ways o f s a v ' i n g w h a t
love, and lhe normative sccde of vales. il m e a n s l o be e l h i c a l .

10.2 T h e N o t i o n o f the Ethical cj.2.1 Aristolle's Wotion of lhe F.ihical

A g a i n s t l h e b a c k g r o u n d o f i h i s c o m p l e x a n s w e r l o i h e i i i s i c ] i i e s i o n , we n o w I b e g i n w i t h A r i s t o t l e b e c a u s e h e p r o v i d e d i h e classic e t y m o l o g ) ' o f t h e w o r d
a r e i n a p o s i l i o n t o c o n s i d e r t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n : W h y is d o i n g t h a t b e i n g " e t h i c s " i n h i s Niconiachean Ethics. T h e r e h e w r i t e s t h a i thik'is d e r i v e d from
e t h i c a l ? I n i t i a l l y , t h e c p i e s i i o n seems o d d . I t seems l h a t l h e a n s w e r to d i e first W/os b e c a n s e e i h i c a l e x c e l l e n c e , e t h i c a l v i r t u e s {aietai lhikai)come about
quesiion ("Whatam I d o i u g w h e n l a m beingethical?") a l r e a d y stipulaies by as a r e s u l t o f h a b i t (elhos).'-^ Aristode explained ihai our aciions inclcate
d e f u i i i i o n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e w o i d " e t h i c a l , " so t h a t t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n h a b i l u a l ways o f f e e l i n g a n c l a c t i n g , a n d t h e r e b y d e i e r n h n e o u r c h a r a c i e r :
s e e m s r e d u n d a m : d o i n g t h a i (pe f o r m i n g t h a t s i r u c t u r e d s e i i e s o f activi-
des) is b e i n g e t l i i c a l , b y d e f u i i i i o n , B m m e r e d e f i n i t i o n is n o t l h e p o i n i t o I n o u r t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h o i h e r p e o p l e i t is b y a c t i o n i h a t s o m e b e c o m e
e i i h e r t h e first o r t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n . T b e s e c o n d q u e s u o n arises because JLisi a n c l o t h e r s u n j u s i , a n c i b\ a c t i n g i n l h e l a c e o f d a n g e r , a u c i b y
l h e a n s w e r l o t h e f i i s t is b o u n d t o s t r i k e l h e r e a d e r as o d d - as s o m e h o w d e v e l o p i n g l h e h a b i t c^f f e e l i n g f e a r o r c o n f i d e n c e ihaisome become
diffeient from, if not sirongly opposed to, some more fainiliai' n o d o n of b r a v e or c o w a r d l y . T h e s a m e a p p l i e s t o a p p e t e s a n d f e e l i n g s o f
t h e e l h i c a l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n asks h o w t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n g e r ; sorne p e o p l e b e c o m e sell-con t r o l i e d a n d gene, a n d othei's
e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is l o b e r e c o n c i l e d w i t h n o t i o n s o f i h e e t h i c a l already self-indulgeni a n d shorf-iempered. I u a w o r d , characteristics d e v e l o p
p i e s e n t i n m o r e o r d i n a r y a u d f a m i l i a r s e n s e s o f w h a t is e l h i c a l . I - I e n c e , j u s i f r o m c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c v i d e s . F o r l h a t r e a s o n , we m u s see l o i t l i i a i
as I m m a n u e l K a n t e n d e a v o u r e d to show t h a t his o w n highly theorecal o u r activies a r e c^f a c e r t a i n k i n d , s i n c e a n y variaons i n i h e n i w i l l l)e
a c c o u n t o f m o r a l i i y was a n a p i " e l u c i d a i i o n " o f l h e e n c u n a r ) ' n d e r s t a n d i n g r e f l e c t e d i n o u r character.-i
o l ' c l u t y , ' so a l s o i t is n e c e s s a r y t o s h o w t h a t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o l i h e s t r u c t u r e
ofethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t y by a c o m ' e r t e d person fulfills t h e expectations of As t l i e passage m a k e s clear. n o i ever)' k i n d o i ' i i a b i i o f a c i i n g anci ieeling
comnionsense n o i i o n s o f eihics. d e s e r v e s l o le c a l l e d a n e t i u c a l v i r t u e . O n l y d i o s e h a b i l u a l w a y s o f acng
'fhe seccmd q u e s t i o n , therefore, n o t o n h ' piesupposes the preceding ihai consisiendy h i t t h e m e d i a n c o i i n i as e t h i c a l v i r t u e s - e.g,, consisieiiily
a c c o u n t o f the s t r u c t u r e ol ethical i n t e n i i o u a l i i y ; it also p r e s u p p o s e s some . i c i i n g w i t h n e i t h e r t o o m u c h iear or too litile, accepting honours with
n o i i o n o f the ethical. f l i e r e are, o l c o i u s e , m a n y d i f l e r i n g ways o f saying n e i i i i e r t o o m u c h p r i d e nov t o o l i i t l e , a n d so o u . ' '
w h a i i l m e a n s t o b e e t h i c a l . Yet it is a x i o m a i i c in Lonergan's approach lo . A r i s t o t l e ' s f o c u s is o n a c t i o n s , b u t i t a l s o e x i e n d s t o i n c l u d e t h e f e e l i n g s
p h i l o s o p h y t h a t b e f o r e we are a b l e to p u t m a n y o f o u r m o s t i m p o r t a n t ideas dial accompany a n d movate o u r habitual performances o f actions. The
i n i o w o r d s . w e a l r e a d y h a v e a p r i o r notion a b o u t t h e m . f o r h i m a n o t i o n i.s focus i n t h i s tx>ok has b e e n o n t h e p r o c e j s o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n t h a t leads
a n a u t i c i p a i i o n o f v v h a i w o u l d b e k n o w n c>r r e a l i z e d i f i h e a n t i e i p a t i o n w e r e u p IO d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s , a n c l t h e r o l e s i l i a i i e e l i n g s p l a y i n t i i a t p r o c e s s .
to be fuirilled. H e elabrales o n ihe n o t i o n s o r anticipations o f being, i l u ' B u i l d i n g u p o n lhis analysis, c h a p t e r 7 a r g u e d urther l h a t o u r p r i o r acons
ibing, nature, development, and Cod, for example. aud horizons o f ieelings mc^idd o u r h a b i l u a l v a l u i n g . i n c l u d i n g o u r habiis
L i k e w i s e , e\'eryone has s o m e n o t i o n o f t h e e t h i c a l , s o m e a u t i c i p a i i o n o l ofeihical v a l u i n g , as w e l l as o u r l i a b i t s o f d e c i d i n g a n c i a c t i n g . S o j u s t as
w h a t i t m e a n s t o be e t h i c a l , t h a t p r e c e d e s t h e i r diveree linguisc expres- " ; i c i i v i t i e s are o f a c e r t a i n k i n d " lead to e t h i c a l v i r t u e s a n d c h a r a c t e r accord-
sions a b o u l the elhical. T h o s e linguislic expressions c a n b e m o r e o r less i n g to A r i s i o t l e , so a l s o a c i i o n s t h a t f o l l o w f r o m f a i t h f u l p e r f o r m a n c e ofthe
accurate porirayals o f the pre-linguisiic noon o f lhe ethical. Still, each s i r u c l u r e o f e t l i c a ! i m e n i i o n a l i t y l e a d 1.0 g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l h a b i t u a l v a l u i n g
linguislic expression d o e s reveal s o m e t h i n g a b o u t i h e n o o n o f i h e cil . m d acng.
c a l , a n d so c o m p a r i n g t h e m l o t h e l i n g u i s l i c e x p r e s s i o n s set f o r t h i n i h e , \ i i s i o t l e ' s s i a n d a r d f o r e i l i i c a i a c t i o n was t h e r e f o r e lhe character of the
preceding c h a p t e r s is i n o r d e r . fhere a r e , o f c o u r s e , m a n y m o r e ways o f elhical person - a person possessed o f h a b i t s o f etliically v i r t u o u s a c i i n g
 ''' l ' . N i I I I : W l i y ls D o i i i u TliHL B e i n g F.iiatl? Self--'\ppropiaiion. P a n II 289

:ni(l let-liiig. He recognized K U i h e i e is s o m u c h i r r e g n h i r i t y L O l i u m a n l i f e d o i n g s o m e i h i n g . T h e s t r u c t u r e of ethical imenonaliiy b e g i n s w i t h ihe ques-

r h a i i l w o u l d be impossible lo sel o u i a c o d e o f rules i h a i c o u l d prescribe i i o n " W h a t s h o u l d I doT a n d c u l m i n a tes i n acts o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c n g . T h a t
lhe elhical ihing lo do in every s i i n a i i o n . ' ' O n l y a p e r s o n possessed ofeihi- sii-ucuire r e m a i n s i n c o m p l e i e unl d e c i d i n g a n d acng take place. H e n e e , the
cal viruies w o u l d be a b l e lo a d a p i ediically lo ever-changing siiuaiions. "In siructure o f e t h i c a l intenonality d i a t 1 have e n d e a v o u r e d to p o n ray in t h e pre-
Olher w o r d s , acis are c a i l e d j u s i a n d s e l f - c o n i r o l l e d when ihey are lhe kind ( r d i n g c h a p i e r s c o n f b r m s t o l h e sense o f ie e t h i c a l a u d its e m p h a s i s o n a c n g
ofacts which a just or self-controlled person would perform ..- in the wav l h a t is s h a r e d b y a l l o f d i e s e c o m m o n p l a c e s a b o u t w h a t is e t h i c a l .
thatjust and self-conirolled people do/'" Second. each of diese e i g h t c o m m o n senses o f w h a t it me:ins to b e eihical
Similariy, the a c c o u n i o f t h e siructure ofethical intentionality offered in emphasizes more than merely deciding and a c t i n g . After a l l , even a liomi-
the precedingchapters l e d l o lhe conclusin t h a i o n l y c o n v e r i e d p e o p l e w i l l cidal niai:ic acts. T h e k i n d o f a c u n g d i a l is t o b e r e g a r d e d as e t h i c a l acng
arrive at u n q u a l i b e d h ' o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f e i h i c a l valu, m a k e audien- is n o t j u s t a n y a c n g w h a t e v e r ; i t is a c u n g i h a l is q u a l i e d in some s p e c i a l
c a l l y e t h i c a l d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c i n g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l w a y s . T h e performance w a y H e n e e e a c h o f t h e e i g h t c o m m o n senses o f b e i n g e t h i c a l p r o v i d e s s o m e
of acuons that fbllow frorn such J u d g m e n t s and decisions, in turn, afTect k i n d o f s p e c i l i c a o n o f w h a t k i n d o f a c n g is a c n g e i h i c a l l y .
the feelings a n d h a b i l u a l v a l u i n g i h a t b e c o m e t h e bases o f o u r subsequent T h i r d , e:ich o f diese s p e c i h c a i i o n s can be u n d e r s t o o d in terms o f i h e stnic-
ethical iliouglii antl aciion. mre of'edhcal intenonality. D e c i d i n g a n d a c u n g are qualied a n d specied
More would iiave lo be said a b o u t die relaiionships between Aristoe's hy l h e s t r u c u n - e d a c v i e s i a i l e a d u p l o d e c i d i n g a n d a c i i n g . I n parcular,
:iccount o f die relationships beiween ethical thinkiiig (pliroiis/s), feeling, d e c i d i n o - a n d a c i i n r r i i n a h f v as e d i i c a l l o d i e e x t e n t i h a t i e y a r e r e a l i z a u o n s of
a c t i o n , a n d e t h i c a l h a b i t s {arelai iiai) i n o r d e r t o m a k e a s t r o n g e r case f b r d i e v i r u i a l l y u n c o n d i d o n a l v a l u o f i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n , -As d i f c n l t
the a f f n i i i i e s b e i w e e n Aristoe's noon o f t h e e t h i c a l a n d t h e n o o n t h a t is ;is i l c a n b e t o c h o o s e a n d a c t e d i i c a l l y - t o a c t a u i h e n u c a l l y t o d o what one
implicit i n ie s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality'* B u t fbr the m o m e n t i t is should, lo do the right t h i n g - i t c a n a l s o b e q u i t e d i f c u l t t o know whai one
clear l h a i there are afTinities, if n o t a n ideniy, fjeiween living in accord with sluiuld do, l<noww\rM ie r i g h t d i i n g i s , /m.oy w h a t i t m e a n s to b e auienc
t h e s i r u c u i r e o f ethic:il intenonaliiy, a n d b e i n g ethical in Aristoe's sense. in a parcular s i u i a u o n . bi t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality, t h e difcult
work ofethical r e d e c o n is d e d i c a t e d to p r o v i d i n g s u c h knowledge.
10.2.2 Eighl Coviiiioiily Held Ideas aboii! lhe Elhical f o u r i , ie outcomes o f o u r efTorts at e i h i c a l rellecon are profbundfy
(ondiiioned by t h e h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s lhat s n r r o u n d t h e m . To tbe extent

Beyond the comparison with Aristoe's a c c o u n t o f ihe ethical, I have to ili;it a h o r i z o n o f f ' e e l i n g s ls o r d e r e d n o r i n a v e l y , as i i w o u l d b e I'or a con-

limit m y discussion here l o j u s t eight of those c o m m o n ways o f s a y i n g w h a i verted subject, dien ediical reflecung and j u d g i n g will be objecve, and

i t m e a n s l o be e t h i c a l . B e i n g e t h i c a l , a c c o r d i n g t o d i o s e c o m m o n nouons, c h o o s i n g a n d a c n g will be r i g h t , g o o d , a u i h e n c . I n s o l a r a s t h e pernence

m e a n s the f o l l o w i n g : ( i ) " D o i n g w h a t o n e s h o u l d " ; ( i i ) " D o i n g w h a i is r i g h i " of o u r f u r t h e r quesons are detennined by i h e n o r m a v e scale o f vales,

( o r " D o i n g lhe r i g h t t h i n g " ) ; ( i i i ) "Acng for the g o o d o f others, n o i only we will j u d g e objecuvely w h a i is b e s t f b r u s t o d o in the concrete situaon.

for o n e s e l f ; (iv) " O b e y i n g the law"; (v) " ' D o i n g w h a t is a u t h e n t i c ( n o t whai And to lhe extent ihai we freely chose a n d a c l a c c o r d i n g lo diatjndgment

others expect)"; (vi) S t a n d i n g u p fbr w h a i o n e believes i n " ; (vii) "Choosing o f v a l u , w e w i l l m a k e r e a l w h a t is i h e b e s t i i n p r o v e m e n t o f o r b e s t response

t h e b e t t e r o v e r i h e less g o o d course o f a c t i o n " ; a n d ( v i i i ) " D o i n g n o h a r m to lo lhe situaon. We will ;dso diereby simulianeously consiute ourselves as

otliers. Fhese are s o m e o f the most c o m m o n ways o f s a y i n g w h a t ii means excelleni a n d a u i h e n t i c i n s t a n c e s o f personal \'alue. H o w e v e r , t o i l i e e x t e n t

t o be e t h i c a l i n o u r s o c i e t y , d i o u g h a s I s a y , t h e l i s i is n o i e x h a u s v e , | u s t :is iluii our horizon o f l'eelings is s t i l l troubled by unresolved conHicis that

1 wl show how die siruclure ofethical inteiU.ionalLy s a s e s e a c h in Uirn, <'\isi a m o n e o u r f e e h n g s f b r vales, o u r e x e r c i s e o f t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l

I am c o n d e n t d i a l i t will sasfy a l m o s t a n y s t a i : e m e n i w e w o u l d recognize i i m m o n a l i t y will be flawed, a n d o u r j u d g m e n t s , decisions, a n d a c o n s will

w i t h i n o u r p r e s e i u . s o c i a l c o n i e x t as s a y i n g w h a t i t m e a n s to be ethical. fall s h o r t o f " m o r a l perfecuon," as L o n e r g a n p u t s it. f-lence i n answering

T h e a b o v e ideis d o h a v e s o m e i m p o r t a n i c o m m o n a l i e s o f w h i c h w e s h o u l d dic quesiion, "Why is d o i n g thai being eihical?" we s h o u l d always bear in

take n o c e . First, t h e n , all e i g h t ideis o f w h a t i t m e a n s to be e t h i c a l insisi i n i n d t h a t " ' d o i n g IhaC means p e r f o r m i n g t h e s e t o f a c t s as i n d i c a i e d b y the

o n d o i n g and a c u n g - a n d b e h i n d that, c h o o s i n g l o act. B e i n g e t h i c a l means siruclure ofethical inienonality within a liorizon offeelings ordered in

more t h a n having n o b l e beliefs ai'id ideis, o r lalking a good story It ineans acord with ie o b j e c v e scale o f vales. S h o r i o f m o r a l perfecuon, how-

e v e n m o r e t h a n m a k i n g g o o d j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l valu. E t h i c s i n e a n s a c t u : i l l y ever, b e i n g e t h i c a l means the pracce of l h a t s t r u c t u r e by a p e r s o n who is

 290 P a n l l l : WTiy ls D o i n g T h a i B e i n g E l h i c a l ? S e l f - A p p r o p n a u d i i . l'ari U 2',)l

m o r a l l y converied a n d o n a i r a j e c i o i y o f r e f i n e m e n t o f feelings, t h o u g h n o l tlie m a n y o p t i o n s t h a t are i n t e l l i g i b l y possible i n t h e c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n , o f

yet m o r a l l y perfcct. .isklng a n d a n s w e r i n g i h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t l h e valu (or evil, disvalue) of
We n o w t u r n m o r e specillcally lo i h e e i g h i c o n u n o n ideas a b o u t being lliose o p t i o n s . S u c h f u r i h e r q u e s d o n s will r i m u p t o a n d i n c l u d e q u e s t i o n s
e l h i c a l , a n d s h o w h o w e a c h is n n d e r p i n n e d b y t h e e x t e n d e d structure of . i b o u t w h i c h o p u o n s w o u l d be o f u n c o n d i i i o n a l valu f o r m e to c o m n i i i
e l h i c a l i m e n t i o n a l i i v as o u i t i n e d a b o v e , ^ m y s e l f t o a n d e n a c i . K n o w i n g w h a t is t h e r i g h t t h i n g 10 d o w i l l r e s u l t o n l y
when there are no furihei- p e r t i n e n t quesiions left for a person operating
(I) Being elhical means " D o i n g what one should,' .f witliiii a converted, rightly ordered h o r i z o n o f feelings. D o i n g the right
t l i i n g , t h e n , is d o i n g t h e o p t i o i i t h a i 1 h a v e j u d g e d l o b e i l i e r i g l i i . e t h i c a l l y
h is i h r o u g h i h e e x e r c i s e o f i h e e x i e n d e d s i i " u c i u i " e o f e i h i c a l i m e n i i o n a l i t y \ a h i a b l e o n e f b r m e 10 d o i n t h e s i t u a t i o n . "
t h a t a p e i s o n k n o w s a c o n c r e t e s i t u a d o n o b j e c t i v e l y , u n d e i " s t a n d s w h a t is p o s -
sible l o d o i n t h a t s i i u a i i o n , a n d l e s p o n s i b l y a n d objecuvely j u d g e s w h i c h (f (iii) B e i n g elhical means ".Acting for the g o o d o f others,
a n y ) o f du^se p o s s i b i l i t i e s w o u l d b e w o r t h l e a l i z i n g - a n d a m c ^ n g t h o s e w o r t h - n o t o n l y l o r ciieself."
w h i l e o p u o n s , w h i c h i f a n y has t h e c o m p e l l i n g valu o f w h a t s h e o r h e o u g h t
10 d o ( o r r e f r a i n f r o m d o i n g ) . J n a d d i i i o n , a n y e x e r c i s e o l d i e s i i i i c t u r e o f f h e r a n g e o f f u r i h e r p e r t i n e m quesiic)ns that arise d u r i n g e i h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n
e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i i y is n o l c o m p l e i e d luiiil the cpiesiion " W h a i s h o u l d I i n c l u d e o t h e r s t h a t w o u l d l i k e l y or i n e v i t a b l y b e a l f e c t e d b y o n e ' s p o t e n t i a l
d o ? " is a n s w e r e d fully by d e c i d i n g a n d a c i i n g i n accord w i i h ihis j u d g m e n l (iiuree o f a c t i o n . To focus o n l y o n questions a b o u t h o w decisions affect o n e -
ofvalne, l - l e n c e f i d e l i i y l o o n e ' s c)wn s i n i c t i u ' e o f e t h i c a l i u i e u i i o n a l i i v is l h e self, i g n o r i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o u t h o w t h o s e d e c i s i o n s a f f e c i o t h e r s , a u d ques-
niannei" in which o n e b o i h knows whai o n e s h o u l d do, and does i l . i i o n s a b o u l t h e vales o f t h o s e e f f e c t s , s n o l a n e x e r c i s e i n a s k i n g a l l t h e
T h e r e is a n o t a b l e c o n i r a s i b e i w e e n i l i i s g r o u n d i n g o f o u r n o i i o n i h a i t h e lurther questions ihat a iiioralh' converied horizon offeelings w o u l d regard
e t h i c a l has to d o w i t h w h a t w e s h o u l d o i ' c u i g h i todcf, a n d tbe K a n i i a n g r o u n d - AS p e r t i n e n t . M o i e o v e r , t h e c p i e s i i o n s a b o n t o t h e r s r e g a r d e d as p e n i n e n l
ing of lhe c o m m o n n d e r s t a n d i n g o f d u t y . ' ' F o r Kuii, i n o i c l e i ^ f o r a n y t h i n g i<t a p e r s o n w h o s e h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s is c o i i i | l e i e l y o r d e r e d a c c o r d i n g to
lo h a v e t h e n e c e s s i i y a u d f o r c o f m o r a l o b l i g a u o n , i t n i u s l b e a u n i v e r s a l law. l h e n o r m a t i v e .scale o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e w i l l b e c o m p l e t e l y o p e n 1 0 t h e f u l l
T h e c o n t e n o f w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o , d i e r e f o r e , m u s t be c a p a b l e c j f f o i i i i u l a - r a n g e o f vales c o n c e r n i n g o t h e r s . T o i g n o r e c p i e s i i o n s a b o u l o l h e r s , o r t o
d o n as a u n i v e r s a l , c a t e g o i i c a l i m j j e r a t i v e l h a t w o u l d b e e q u a l l y b i n d i n g o n lake i n i o a c c o u n t o n l y t h e quest i ons a b o u t o t h e r s d e e m e d p e r i i n e n i by a
all r a u o n a l creatures regardless o f c i i c u m s i a n c e s . However, Kant's insistence K ' s t r i c t e d o r d i s t o r t e d o r d e r i n g o f vales, w o n l d n o t b e a n e x e r c i s e o f g e n u -
o n t h e u n i v e r s a l i z a b i l i i y o f m a x i m s leaves t h e m i n s u f f i c i e m t y c o n i e x t t i a l i z e d , ine ethical reflection. It w o u l d be the exercise o f o n l y a t r u n c a t e d , d i s i o r t e d
a n d l e a d s t o t h e f o r m i d a i i o n of i m p e r a l i v e s l h a t s e e m m o n s t r o u s K ' u n e i h i - \ersion o f t h e s t r u c t i u e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. F l e n c e f a i t l i f u l e x e r c i s e o f
c a l . ' " l u l h e s l r t i c t i u ' e o f e i l i i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y , by way o f c o u u ' a s t , knowledge lhe s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality i n c l u d e s renect,ing, j u d g i n g , a n d act-
o f obligation comes in a j u d g m e n t ofvalne t h a t a l m o s t always is a p p l i e d t o a i n g f b r t h e f u l l g o o d o f o t h e r s as w e l l as f o r o n e s e l f .
p a r t i c u l a r , c o n c r e t e , c o u r s e o f a c t i o n a p p r o p r i a t e lo a h i g h l y c o n i e x t u a l i z e d ,
p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n . W h i l e t h e necessiiy o f w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o c a n Ije k n o w n (iv) B e i n g e t h i c a l s " N o t b r e a k i n g t h e l a w . "
t h r o u g h d i e e x e r c i s e o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality, d i a l necessiiy
n e e d n o t be universal. T h e leasoii why K a n t a n d others c o n u n o n l y expect I ' b r t h e m o s i p a n , e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n takes p k i c e i n t h e c o m m o n s e n s e mode,
t h a l ethical n o r m s m u s t be expressible in universal proposiuons will be taken where it draws upon the socially accumulated ccuumou ftmd of lesied
u p i n c h a p i e r 15, a f t e r t h e n o t i o n o f t h e gc>od, t h e s t n i c t u i e o f t h e human i n s i g l u s a n d j u d g i u e n t s , a d d i n g t h e few hirihei" insights a n d judgments
gcjod, a n d the o n t o l o g y o f t h e g o o d have b e e n explored. n e e d e d t o a n s w e r t b e q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g w h a i , is u n i q u e i n l h e present
s i i u a i i o n . A t its b e s t , h u m a n l a w c o d f i e s t h e a c c u m u l a t e d coinmonsense
(ii) B e i n g e t h i c a l m e a n s " D o i n g w h a t is r i g h t " f m u f o f i n s i g l i t s a n d j u d g m e n t s a b o u t w h a t is i n t e l l i g i b l e a n d v a l u a b l e t o d o
(or " D o i n g ilie right t h i n g " ) . in l h e l e g u l a r l y r e c u r r i n g social situations that m a k e u p the g o o d o f order"
A l ils b e s t , h u m a n l a w e d c a l e s p e o p l e a n d s u s t a i n s t h e m i n i n t e l l i g i b l e
E x e r c i s e o f l h e s i r u c t u r e cf e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is p r e c i s e l y w h a t is n i e a i u . m d v a l u a b l e p a t t e r n s o f c o o p e r a i i n g i n o r d e r 10 m e e i r e c u r r i n g n e e d s . A l
b v k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g " l h e r i g h t t h i n g . " K n o w i n g w h a t is r i g h t is a m a t l e r t i l its b e s t , l i u m a n l a w a n t c i p a i e s r e c u r r i n g , i m i n i e l l i g e n i , a n d u n e i h i c a l acts
o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u . I t is a m a i i e r o f s o r t i n g i h r o u g h ili:u u n d e r n i i n e the valuable a n d inielligible patterns o f c o o p c i a U o u that
 !';, ril: \\|,v I Dninj. lli;,, a..!,,,,. K|||.,,|:. .Self-Appropnaiiou, l ' a n 11 2'.)''

c o i i s i i { i i i e Ule l u n n a n g u u d o l ' urdei", a n d p i e s c i i b e s c o n n n o n s e n s e mea . v e r t h r o w i n g c o r r u p t legal i n s u i u u o n s a n d b u i l d i n g iq> a u t h e n i i c

1 ,1'.CS. I
s u r e s t o p r e v e n t o r n n n i m i z e t l i e i r h a r m . A t its b e s t , h u m a n l a w m a k e s avail
in \.
able the wisdom o f generaiions of women a n d m e n w h o have faced similat l h e l i n e between b r e a k i n g t h e law a n d r e f o r m i n g i n s i i u i d o n s b e c o m e s
social circumsiances i n t h e past. A l ils best, h u m a n law s u p p l i e s l h e com h i m r e d i n t h e case o f c i v i l d i s o b e d i e n c e . T h e r e a r e s o n i e cases w h e n all
m o n s e n s e insights a n d j u d g m e n t s , a n d helps to f o r m the h o r i z o n s o f feeling . . d i e r o p t i o n s h a v e b e e n e x h a u s i e d a u d t h e o n l ) ' o p t i o n l e f t is t o p u b l i c a l l y
t h a t g r o u n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f c o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e p u r s u i i o f c o m m o n so( i a l
pDni u i i t t h e i n j u s t i c e o f t h e l a w b y b r e a k i n g i t .
a n d c u l t u r a l vales. A i ts b e s t , h u m a n l a w is i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e c o n m i u n i i y
Law-breaking n acis o f genuine civil d i s o b e d i e n c e are truly etlncal
a n d its p r o j e c i s , as w e l l as i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e flourishing of the personal
ai l i i n i s . A c t s o f c i v i l d i s o b e d i e n c e a r e e t h i c a l w h e n i l i e y a r e u n d e r t a k e n to
v a l e s o f its m e m b e i s a n d g u e s t s . f o r c o m m u n i i v ts o v e r w h e l m i n g l y life i n
i l i . i m a t i c a l l y a n d v i v i d l y r e v e a l t h e t r u e i n j u s i i c e s o f laws a n d institiitional
common with others.
. I n u t u r e s t h a t h a v e b e e n f a l s e l y a c c e p t e d as j u s t . S u c h acts o f c i v i l d i s o b e d i -
R e s p e c t f o r law at its best resides i n a c o m m u n i t y ' s a c c u m u l a t e d body ence are e l h i c a l w h e n iliey f o l l o w u p o n c r i d c a l j u d g m e n L s that objectively
o f f e e l i n g s a n d j u d g m e n t s t h a l valu t h e p o t e n u a l a n d l i k e l y r e l e v a n c e o f e\alnate t h e injusiices o f a situadon, intelligent a n d creaiive insights ihai
l h e c o n m m n i t y ' s w i s d o m e x p r e s s e d i n l a w s . A t t h e i r b e s t . l h e v a l u o f law devise s t r a t e g i e s lo effecdveiy c h a l l e n g e those injusiices, a n d courageous
c o n s i s i s i n l h e ways t h e y c a n assist p e o p l e i n r e a c h i n g f u r t h e r u n d e r s t a n d - ,11 t i o n s a n d w i l l i n g s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e p i i n i s h m e n L s p r e s c r i b e d b y t h e laws,
ings a n d j n d g m e n t s o f v i i i u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d valu a b o u t w h a t is b e s t l o ll n l h e s a k e o f d r a m a t i c a l l y p o r i r a y i n g t h o s e i n j u s i i c e s , ' ^ I n cases o f a u t h e n -
d o i u c o n c r e t e social s i t u a t i o n s , s i i u a t i o n s w h i c h are f r e q u e n t l y cpiite similar uc c i v i l d i s o b e d i e n c e , l a w - b r e a k i n g w o u l d be p r o f o u n d l y e t h i c a l , b e c a u s e
t o m a n y s u c h s i t u a t i o n s t h a t have o c c u r r e d b e f o r e . R e s p e c t f o r law i n this n n e w o u l d b e c o n f r o n t i n g kxw t h a l s f a r f r o m ls b e s t , i n l h e s p i r i i o f w h a t
sense ineans respeciing i l f o r its c o n t r i b u i i o n t o r e a c h i n g nderstanding,
l.iw a l i t s b e s t is m e a n t t o a c h i e v e . ' '
j u d g m e n l , a n d f e e l i n g s a b o u t w h a t is o f v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d v a l u i n
l-lowe\'er, f i ' o m a n e t h i c a l p e r s p e c u v e , c i v i l d i s o b e d i e n c e is a l a s t resc)rt.
c o o p e r a t i v e a c u o n a n d l i v i n g ivith others.
VVoiking w i t h i n the law to c h a n g e l h e law will b e t h e m o r e cominean eihical
W h i l e laws a n d l e g a l i n s i i t u t i o n s a t t h e i r b e s t e m b o d y a n d communicatc . u l u i i o n ( a n c l w i l l t y p i c a l l y b e i n o r e e f f e c t i v e as w e l l . ) H e n e e o b e y i n g laws,
s u c h w i s d o m , t h e y n e e d u o t be u t t e r l y r i g i d . L a w always n e e d s t o b e i n t e r - vlien l h e y a r e i r u l y j t i s i a n d i n s e r v i c e o f i n i e l l i g i l . ) l e a n d v a l u a b l e p a t t e r n s o f
p r e t e d , because no m a t t e r h o w closely n e w social situations r e s e m b l e their I m m a n c o c j p e r a i i o n , is a c t i n g i n a c c o r d wth s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i c m a l -
predecessors. lhey are al niost never c o m p l e i e l y identical t o t h e m . A d d i i i o n a l ity T h i s h a p p e n s w h e n those w h o act have ( i ) asked, u n d e r s t o o d , felt, a n d
i n s i g h t s a n d j u d g m e n t s a r e always n e e d e d t o a n s w e r t h e f u r t h e r questions j u d g e d h o w l a w s f o s t e r a n d s u p p o r t t h e vales C)f i n i e l l i g i b l e h m n a n c o o p -
t h a l arise because o f even subtle differences b e t w e e n s i m i l a r situadons. e r a u c j n , (2) asked a n d l i a d i n s i g h t s a b o u l \vhai c a n be d o n e to i n t e l l i g e n t l y
S t i l l , i n t e l l i g e n t l y a u d r e s p o n s i b l y i n t e r p r e t i n g a n d a d a p t i n g l a w s is q u i t e acl i n w a y s t h a t b u i l d u p o n o r i m p r o v e t h e i n i e l l i g i b l e o r d e r s n p p c f r t e d by
d i f f e r e n t f r o m b r e a k i n g laws. W h e n h i u n a n l a w is a l its b e s t , b r e a k i n g t h e l h e l a w s . ( 3 ) e t h i c a l l v r e l l e c t e d a b o u t t h e vales o f t h e i m p a c i s o f l h e s e rar-
l a w m e a n s a c t i n g i n a n u n i n t e l l i g e n t a n d u n e i h i c a l way f h a i u n d e r m i u e s t h e iius p o s s i b i l i t i e s u p o n d i a l social o r d e r ancl, i n l i g h t o f a n o r m a t i v e horizon
valuable and intelligible paiierns o f cooperaiion that consiitute the h u m a n ofvalne preferences, reached virttially u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s a b o n t ihe
g o o c l o ' o r d e r . L a w - b r e a k i n g e n t a i i s d i s m i s s i n g w h o l e r a n g e s o f f u r t h e r per- h e s i vales 10 r e a l i z e i n l i g h t o f i h e l a w s , a n c l ( 4 ) c h o s e n 10 a c t n intelli-
t i n e n t questions about olhers and the g o o d s realized by i n t e l l i g e n d y a n d g e n t l y c r e a t i v e a n d v a l u a b l e ways t h a i b u i l d u p c i n w h a t t h e laws provide.'-''
r e s p o n s i b l y a c i i n g i n cccperaLve arrangements.

C l e a r l ) ' , h o w e v e r , l a w is n o t a l w a y s a t its b e s t . L a w s c a n a l s o b e c o r r u p t . (v) B e i n g e t h i c a l is " D o i n g w h a t is a u i h e n t i c

u u j u s i , a n d o p p r e s s i v e . B u l w h e n laws a r e u n j u s t , i t is b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o t (not what others expect)."
produced by the i i n i n h i b i l e d exercise o f t h e whole, normative struciure
o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y as i t r e s p o n d s lo all f u n h e r p e r t i n e n t quesdons People who exercise a converied structure o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y are
under lhe guidance C)f t h e n o r m a t i v e s c a l e c)f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e . L a w s a r e asking their own questions a n d endeavonring t o satisfy ther o w n unre-
unjust w h e n , instead. they result from biased, disiorted, short-circuited, or stricted questioningsp t i lwith their own insights, iherown juclgments of
f r a g m e n t a r y p e r l b i n i a n c e s o f lhat s i r u c t u r e . T h e e l h i c a l s o l u t i o n l o b a d law \'alue, a n d l b e i r o w n d e c i s i o n s a n d actions w i t h i n a normaiively ordered
is n c j t l o m a k e t h i n g s worse b y b r e a k i n g t h e m f o r one's own advantage The h o r i z o n o f feelings that they have made their o w n by their own decisions
e t h i c a l s o l u t i o n is i h c l o n g a n d d i f f i c u l t p r o c e s s o f r e f o r m i n g o r , n lare o l " c o n v e r s i n . T h i s is t h e v e r y n i e a n i n g o f a u t h e n d c i t y a n d autonomy
 ^.M r ' j i I l l l : W l l ) K I lilil}; T h a l h c i i i ^ K l h i t al? ^ Sel! , \ | > p i < ' p i i . i h M i i . l';iO 11

ol l a k i n g r('S[)onsil)ililv l o f oni'"s o w n aciions a n d n o i b l i n d i v loMow
(vii) B r i n g elhical ineans " ( l l u m s i n g ilie better
i n g s o m e o n e e l s e o r b l a n d n g s o m e o n e e l s e . ' " A u i l i e n i i c i i y h e i e in<-aiis
o v e r l h e less g o o d c o u i " s e o f a c i i o n . "
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to o n e ' s o w n u n r e s u i c t e d , restlessly i n q u i r i n g a n d respon-
s i b l e s p i r i t as i t u n f o l d s i n t h e c o n t e x t o l a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s orden'd I I n i n s i n g t h e b e t t e r o v e r t h e less g o o d c o u r s e o f a c t i o n m e a n s choosing
a c c o i ' d i n g lo l h e objeciive scale o f vales t h a t has b e e n m a d e o n e ' s o w n , i v h . i i r e a l l y is b e t t e r . B u t k n o w i n g w h a t r e a l l y is b e t t e r is a t t a i n e d i n the
n o t foixed tipon one. ^
i.lijeciive, v i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d com|3arative judgmems ofvalne by a
S i i l h l h i s d o e s n c n m e a n t h a l w h a t o t l i e r p e o p l e h a v e t o say a b o u t w h a t
peisnii o p e r a t i n g out of a converied horizc')n o f f e e l i n g s o r i e n t e d b y the
is r i g h t a n d w r o n g m u s t b e i g n c u e d . A u t h e n i i c i t y c a n ne\*er b e m e i e l y a
u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f vales, u n r e s t r i c i e d beng-in-!ove. C o n s e q u e n t l y the
k n e e - j e r k r e a c t i o n to d o t h e o p p o s i i e o f w h a t o l h e r s (socieiy, " t l i e herd")
e x i s i e n i i a l s c a l e o f v a l u f o r s u c h p e r s o n s is i d e n t i c a l w i t h d i e normative,
h o l d as v a l u a b l e . O t h e r s m a y s u g g e s t o r i r y l o b e p e r s u a s i v e a b o i u intel-
i m a r i a i u s c a l e o f vales. M e n e e , c l i o o s i n g a n d d o i n g w h a t is t r u l y better
ligible possibilities o n e h a d n o i i h o u g h t of. T h e i r suggestions may raise
t o m e s as t h e c u h n i n a d o n o f t h e e x e r c i s e o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n -
questions a n d pose difficulties o n e h a d n o t considered, but that indeed
onality as i t a r r i v e s a i o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u l h a t f o r m
are p e r t i n e n t l o t h e vales o r disvalues o f vvhat o n e will do. Refiecting
a b o u t w h a t o l h e r s sav', a u d a s k i n g p e r t i n e n t q u e s i i o n s a b o u t i h e i n is a l s o l h e basis o f l h e s e c h o i c e s a n d a c t i o n s .

pan o f the exercise o l ' a u t h e n t i c ethical intentionality. W h e t h e r or not

(vi) B e i n g e t h i c a l m e a n s " D o i n g n o h a r m t o c>thers."
t h e i r suggesticms, a d v i c e , o b j e c i i o n s , a n d c o u n s e l , a r e r e a l l y p e r t i n e n t is
ultiinaiely seltled by exercising one's own inquirv', l a k i n g responsibility
f h e s l c i g a n t h a l i t is a l l r i g h t t o d o a n y t h i n g w e p l e a s e as l o n g as w e d o not
for o n e ' s o w n feelings, a u d answering questions for oneself until there
ate n o f u r i h e r p e r t i n e n t cpicstions. A u t h c n t i c i i y a n d g e n u i n e autonoiny, l i a r i n o l h e r s is ; i c o i n m o u p l a c e i n c o n t e i n p c n a r y e t i u c a l d i s c o u r s e . I t is s e l -

therefore, are t h e exercise o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f one's o w n a g e n c y - the d o m s u b m i t i e d , however, to t h e k i n d o f critical s c r u i i u y i l i a i tbe s t r u c t u r e

entirely o f lhe struciure o f one's own etliical intentionality, i n c l u d i n g the (f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y c a l i s f o r t h . " N o i h a r i i i i i i g c > t h e r s " a l m o s t a l w a y s c a r -

i m e l l i g e n t , c r i t i c a l , a n d n o r m a t i v e e v a l u a i i c m o f w h a t o i h e r s h a v e t o say ries w i t h i t n n u i i e x a i u i n e d s e t o f a s s u m p i i o n s a b o u t w h a t e o u n t s as " h a r m . "

a b o u t ethical matters. I f t h e d e l i b e r a i i n g pers<.m's a c t u a l scale cf v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s is r e s t r i c t e d

10 v i t a l v a l e s , t h e n o n l y q u e s t i o n s o f p o s s i b l e physical, bodily h a r m will
be c o n s i d e r e d p e i t i n e n i . B u l i f l h e d e l i b e r a t o r ' s a c i u a l s c a l e s c o e x t e n s i v e
(vi) Being ethical means " S i a n d i n g u p for what o n e belie\es i n . " w i t h t h e n o r m a t i v e scale, l h e n a vasily vvider r a n g e of h i r i h e r q u e s i i o n s w i l l
be felt t o b e p e r n e n t . f h e s e w i l l i n c l u d e p o t e n t i a l h a r m a t t h e levis o f
I t is s a i d t h a t b e i n g e t h i c a l is a m a t t e r o f s i a n d i n g b y o n e ' s b e l i e f s a n d n o l s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , p e r s o n a l , a u d r e l i g i o u s vales, a n d q u e s t i o n s a b o u l t h e c o n -
g i v i n g i n t o sc)cial p r e s s t i i ' e s t o b e t r a y i h o s e b e l i e f s . Fin c h a p t e r 4 presented c r e t e c i r c u m s i a i i c e s i n w h i c h p r o i e c t i n g a n d | j r o i n o t i n g o n e set o vales
a nuanced acconm o f k n o w i n g ancl b e l i e v i n g t h a t c o n t a i n s i m p o r i a n i dis- u n a v o i d a b l y m e a n s h a r m t o l o w e r vales. H e n e e l a k i n g l h e v i e w d i a l i t is a l l
t i n c t i o n s r e l e v a n t 1 0 t h i s n o t i o n o f o n e ' s b e l i e f s a n d b e i n g e t h i c a l ; t h e r e s r i g h t t o d o as o n e p i c a s e s as l o n g as o n e d o e s n o h a n n 10 o t h e r s w i l l b e e t h i -
bolh knowledge offact a n d v a l u , as w e l l as b e l i e f r e g a r d i n g f a c i s a n d v a l - c a l o n l y i f t h e m e a n i n g o h a r m is d e i e r m i u e d b y r i c h , n u a n c e d e x e r c i s e s o f
es. VVe d e c i d e t o b e l i e v e b o t h m a t i e r s o f f a c t a n d o f v a l n e , b u t w e a l s o h a v e i l i e s t r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y by .lersous wh<ise h o r i z o n s ol'feelings
k n o w l e d g e o f inatters o f f a c t a n d ofvalne. I n d e e d , were there n o knowledge are fullv c o n v e r t e d .
o f valu, t h e r e c o u l d b e n o w o n h w h i l e o r r e s p o n s i b l e acts o f b e l i e v i n g of
e i t h e r f a c t s o r vales.
10.2.y Sumniary *
W h a t is u s u a l l y m e a n t by s i a n d i n g u p f o r m y l x : l i e f s , a t b o t t o m , d o e s n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y m e a n s i a n d i n g u p f o r w h a t s o m e o n e else t o l d m e . M o s t o f i e n , i t T h e s e c o n d q u e s u o n o f o u r s i u d y h a s b e e n " W h y is d o i n g t h a t I j e i n g e t h i -
r e a l l y m e a n s a c i i n g o n l h e basis o f m y valu knowledge, a n d especiad)' o n the cal?'* I t p a r a l l e l s t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n cf L o n e r g a n ' s s i u d y o f c o g n i t i o n , " W h y
b a s i s o f m y v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c j n e d j u d g m e n t s a b o t i i t h e valu o f w h a t I o u g h t is d o i n g t h a t k n o w i n g ? " A n s w e r i n g Lonergan's second question involves
l o d o . Clearly, e x e r c i s i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality does m e a n e x p l o r a t i o n cf t h e g e n i n e m e a n i n g o f o b j e c t i v e k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t is. T h e
s i a n d i n g u p f o i o n e ' s " b e l i e f s , " i f b y " b e l i e f o n e r e a l h ' m e a n s " w h a t is k n o w n a n s w e r t o " W h y is t h a t b e i n g e t h i c a l ? " e n t a i i s t h e e x p l o r a t i o n ofanoiher
i n v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i d o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f \'alue a b o u t w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o . " k i n d o f o b j e c t i v i t y - "VVh)' d o e s d o i n g t h a t l e a d t o g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l a c t i o n s ? "
 tt i n i> 1 'I i i r i ^ I I M I hciii^ I'.I liit alr Scl)-Api>i"pii.iUMii, l'.iii ll

This i ' e f b r i n u h i t i o i i u l (lie ( j i u s i i o i i fbciisc-s o n ont- niajor tlinrrrnfl 1nlis(i\aliciu b r i n g s us l o a ( p t e s l i o i i f o i ' e x i s l e n l i a l c h o i c i : - namely,
between the L W O answers. Objeciive kimwleclge of" w h a i is t c r n i i n a i r i ( (IM I | I I I " , I I I I a b o u t w h e i l i e i ' o r u o t l h i s is t h e w a y o n e s h o u l d a c t u a l l y l i v e
j u c l g m e n t s t h a t a i e g r o u n d e c i i n l e f l e c t i v e g r a s p s o l ' t h e v i r i u a l l y iiii< o i i i l l i j
niM 'i I >\\ii l i l e .
t i o n e c l , w h e r e a s b e i n g g e n i n n e l y e l h i c a l always t e r m i n a l e s i n clecisii>ns ana
a c t i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , as t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s have m a d e clear aciiiiiu
iM I B r i n g Kthical a n d C h o o s i n g the Valu o f the C h o o s e r :
will be g e n u i n e l y e l h i c a l o n l y i f they realize objective j n d g m e n t s o f v a h i r l
,Scl('-Appropriation, Part I I
N o i j u s t a n y a r b i t r a r y a c i i o n s w i l h d o . M o r e o v e r , as t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p i r r i
have m a d e clear, j u d g m e n L s o f e i h i c a l valu w i l l be i m c o n d i t i c j n a i l y objrtv
I I M H ,ire nian\ ideas a b o u t w h a t t m e a n s l o b e e l h i c a l , b u l being et\Vica\
tive o n l y i f t h e y r e s u l t f r o m processes o f valu r e f l e c t i o n a n d d e l i b e r a i i o n
I * '.oiiiediig o u e lias to a c t u a l l v d o oneself T h i s fac r e t t i r n s us t o s e l f -
c a r r i e d c u u . u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f h o r i z o n s <jf f e e l i n g s l h a t h a v e b e e n c o n -
. i p p i o p i i a o n , n o w i n a d e e p e r way. C h a p i e r 3 i n t r o d u c e d t h e n o t i o n of
verted ro h a r m o n i z e wiih i h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu, u n r e s t r i c i e d
*< l l . i p p r o p r i a t i o n , b u t t h a i c h a p t e r e n d e d w i d i l h e t a s k i m f i n i s h e d . T h a t
being-in-love, a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s t h a t folhtw
t I t . i p i e i i m r o d u c e d i l i e j i r o c e s s o f s e l f - a l f l r m a t i o u o l i l i e k n o w e r as c o t r i p r i s -
from both. The answer to o u r second C | u e s t i o n , t h e n , is " D o i n g t h a l i
l h e fli-sL s t a g e s o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n , o n l y t o b e f a c e d w i l h t h e f a c t t h a t
b e i n g e t h i c a l , b e c a u s e " d o i n g t h a t ' m e a n s a c t i n g i n s u c h a w a y as t o r e a l i / p
M II .if f i r m a t i o n is s o m e t h i n g o n e m u s t d e c i d e t o a t t e m p t , o r n o t . T h a t c h a p -
w h a t is o b j e c t i v e l y valuable."
h 1 end<(l incoTUpleie, because self-alTirmation o f t h e k n o w e r liad n o t l i i n g
The p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s h a v e a i i e m p t e d tC) shcjw hcjw k n o w i n g , \ ' a l u i n n , l o ' . . i \t t h e p e r s o n as c h o o s e r w h o w o u l d h a v e 10 c h o o s e t o a i i e m p i i h e
d e c i d i n g , a n d a c d n g i n this sense c o r r e s p o n d closely witli many, t h o u g h n o l d i l l i t u l i , l i e r m e n e u c a l p r o c e s s o f c o i i n g l o k n o w h e r s e l f o r h i m s e l f as a
a l l , o f t b e n o t i o n s t h a t p e o p l e c c i n m o n l y h o l d ab<ui w h a t i t m e a n s t o b r I iMnver. VVe c a n n o w r e s u m e t h e a c c o i m l o f w h a t is c a l l e e ! f o r i n self-appro
e t h i c a l . 1 h a v e endea\'Cured t o s h o w i h a t i l i e s i r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n o n a l - p i i . I l i o n iu t h e m o r e c o m p l e t e sense because i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g chaptei"s
i t y as o u t l i n e d i n l h e p r e v i o u s c h a p i e r s o f t h i s b o o k has t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l h e a( I o f c h o o s i n g has b e e n e x p l o r e d a n d s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e s t r u c i u r e o f
that m o s t p e o p l e have i n m i n d w h e n they t h i n k a n d speak o f " b e i n g ethi-
' ducal inlentionalilv.
c a l . " ) u s t as i m p o r i a n i l v , c o n s i d e r i n g i h e s e c o m m o n n o t i o n s f t h e e t h i c a l
.Self-appi'opriaon i n t h i s m o r e complete sense c a n be staied simply
f r o m t h e perspecuve o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f etliical inieiionality b r i n g s to l i g h l
e n o u g h . J u s t as s e l f - a f l l r m a t i o n o f o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r is k n o w i n g w h a t w e
s o m e o f t h e i r u n e x a n n n e d assumpons a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a n d , I h o p e , posi-
. l i e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e k n o w i n g , s) a l s o s e l l - a p p r c ) p r a i i o i i ctf o n e s e l f as
tive l e f i n e m e n l s i n t h o s e noticfus.
e i h i c a l i n t h e f t d l s e n s e is k n o w i n g a n d v a l u i n g w l i a t i t is t o b e a k n o w e r ,
f also h o p e ihai the b r i e f e x a m p l e s offered n t h e s e s e c t i o n s c a n s e r v e
\.diier, a n d c h o o s e r . a u d c h o o s i n g t o act i u a c c o r d a n c e with that valued
as m o d e l s for entering inio the more erncliie conLemporary debates
s i l u c i u r e o f k n o w i n g , v a l u i n g , a n c l c h o o s i n g . ) u s t as s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e
a n d c o n f l i c L i n g v i e w s a b o u t w h a i s a n d is n o t e t l i i c a l . E t h i c a l a n d moral
k n o w e r c o n s i s t s i n a " r e d u p l i c a t i o n " o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e as a p p l i e d
debates are t a k i n g place in a wde variety o f acadeuc, c u l t u r a l , p o l i l i c a l ,
l o o n e s o w n e x p e r i e n c e s o f k n o w i n g , ' " so also s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n in the
a n d r e l i g i o u s setngs. M a n y p e o p l e have c o m e t o d e s p a i r t h a t t h e y are
f u l l s e n s e is t h e r e d u p l i c a o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i i i t e i i t i o i i a l i i y as
c a p a b l e o f a n y s o r t cjf r e s o l u t i o n . C h a p i e r s i 5 a n c l 1 (3 e x p l o r e lhe fruit-
fuiness of Lonergan's idea of a method of "functional speciahies" for . i p p l i e d 10 tbe exi^eiiences o n e has o f b e i n g e t h i c a l b}' p e r f o r n n g t h a t

e n t e r i n g i n t o such debates. B e h i n d that idea o f a m e t h o d o f ethics stands \('ry s i r u c t u r e . I n o t h e r w o r d s . s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n i n t h e m o r e complete

the ideal o f ethical authenticitv - t h a t is, m o r a l l y c o n v e i t e d thinking, s e n s e is d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o o s i n g t o valu, c h o o s e , act, a n d live i n accord
v a l u i n g , d e c i d i n g , a u d a c t i o n , w h i c h takes p l a c e witln a h o r i z o n offeel- w i t h l l i e v e r y s t r u c t u r e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t o n e c a n n o t h e l p b u t use i u c o m -
ings c o n v e r t e d and faithful to the i m m a n e n t n o r m s o f t h e unrestricted i n g 1 0 this very decisin.
n o o n o f valu, umesircted being-in-love, a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale of This simple s t a i e n i e n t o f v v h a t is m e a n i b y s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i c m i n lhe
valu p r e f e r e n c e . T h e m e t h o d o f ethics o u t l i n e d i n the c o n c l u d i n g chap- more complete s e n s e is p e r h a p s t o o s i m p l e . Tlieref'c^re, the fbllowing
lees shcjws h o w s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f c o n v e r t e d e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y c a n
seclions e n d e a v o u r l o slow d o w n a n d w a l k t h r o u g h t h e steps in t h i s p r o -
c l a r i f y a n d r e f i n e a n d i n a t l e a s t s o m e cases r e s o l v e o t h e r w i s e iutiaclable
cess o f s e l f - a j > p r o p r i a i i o n . 1 liope t h a i d o i n g so w i l l l e n d c l a r i t } ' a b o u t
ethical conflicts.
w h a i is m e a n t b\ s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d w i l l r e v e a l its g r e a t importance
as w e l l .
 li'.)8 P-.u-i I I I : W h y ls D o i n g T h a i . B e i n g E i h i c a l r S e l f - A p p r o p r i a t i o n , l ' a n 11 299

lo.^. i Existential Discovery as Bmikthraiigh o SelJ-Appropriation . h . i p i e r /. I n e a c h a n d e v e i y c h o i c e , w e c h o o s e t h e v a l u l h a t w e ourselves

, u c l o b e c o m e , s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e vales t o b e r e a l i z e d in the w o r l d
The woid "appropriaiion" comes fiom i h e L a i i n apfnopriare, meaning lo d i M i u c i f r o m o n r selves. W e choose b o t h siTiitiltaneonsly i n one and lhe
m a k e o n e ' s o w n . SeH-appi'opriaon ihere'oTe m e a n s , c p i i i e liiei'ally, m a k i n g
I,une act.
o n e ' s self o n e ' s o w n . F i o m a s i r i c i l y l o g i c a l p o i n t o f view, l h i s way o f speak-
i n g is c p i i i e oclcl a n c i p a i a d o x i c a l . I f I a m n o t m y s e l f - n o t m y o w n s e l f - t h e n K n o w i n g t h e s e t f i i n g s is a m a t t e r o f c o r r e c t l y n d e r s t a n d i n g s o m e facts
w i i o s e s e l f a m I? . i h o u i o i u " acts o f c h o o s i n g . T h i s k n o w l e d g e begins w i t h o t i r experiences o f
o u r s e l v e s i II t h e m a k i n g o f o u r c i i o i c e s . G o i n g b e y o n d t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s o f
A l t h o u g h the p r o b l e m o f m a k i n g oneself one's o w n may seem a logical
I hoosing, towards knowledge o f chocsing, p r o c e e d s t h r o u g h a s k i n g ques-
ocldiiv', i t is n e v e r t h e l e s s a v e r v f a m i l i a r h n m a n d i l e m m a . I t is t h e peren-
lums about those experiences o f c h o o s i n g , a n d i h e u a r r i v i n g at insighis
nial p r o b l e m o f nding oneself detennined l^)- p o w e r s o t h e r t l i a n one's
o w n . T h o s e powei^s o v e r o n e s e l f m a y b e o v e n a n d e a s i l y i d e n i i a b l e , as i n w h i c h p r e s e n t p o . s s i b l e a n s w e r s t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s . I t a d x a n c e s sll f u r t h e r

t h e v i o l e n t forc o f a t y r a r m i c a l regirne oi" a n abiisive r e l a t i o n s l i i p . o r they v\u w e a s k w h e t h e r o r u o t o u r n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h o s e e x p e r i e n c e s o f o u r

m a y b e l h e m o r e s n b i . l e ps)"c l i o l o g i c a l o r i d e o l o g i c a l m a n i p n l a t i o n s o f o n e ' s
t h o i i g h t s , feelings, a n d beliefs t h a t c o n i r o l h o w o n e undei"stands a n d valnes
oneself.
Tor a l m o s t eveiyone, t h e n , the Firsistep in a p p r o p r i a i i n g oneself i n the
i n l l e r s e n s e is t o n d a w a y t o b r e a k t h r o u g h i h e a l i e n a t e d self-imdersiand-
i n g s a n d s e l f - v a h i i i i g s t h a t h a v e p i ' e v a i l e d t i u i s f a i ; T h a t b r e a k , as Lonergan
tmderstood i t , c o m e s w i t h t f i e l e c o g u i o n t h a t i i is u p t o e a c h o f us t o
I h o o s i n g is c o r r e c t - i u c h i d i n g C|uestions a b o t u w h e t h e r o u r e x p e r i e n c e s
, n e i u fac e x p e r i e n c e s o f w l i a t peo|.)Ie g e n e r a l l y c a l i " c h o c s i n g " o r " c l e c i d -
mg," These f u r t h e r questions lead to f i u t h e r insiglus t h a t c o r r e d the initial
.nid provisional understandings o f experiences o f chc)osing, until all f u r t h e r
pi-rtinent cpicstions bave been answered.
K n o w i n g o u r s e l v e s f a c t u a l l y as c h o o s e r s w h o a r e s e l f - d e i e r m i i i i n g , t h e r e -
l o i e , is a n e x t e n s i n o f s e l f - a f l l r m a t i o n f r o m k n o w l e d g e ofthe experiences

d e t e i m i n e w h a t w e are t o m a k e o f oiuselves - " t h e lealizaon i h a t c j n e n o l ftl k n o w i n g t o k n o w l e d g e o f t b e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e acts o f c h o o s i n g . Self-

o n l y c l i o o s e s b e t v v e e n cotii-ses o f a c t i o n b u t a l s o t h e r e b y m a k e s o n e s e l f an . i l F i r i n a t i o n o f o n e s e l f as a s e l f k l e i e r m i n i n g c l i o c j s e r c o m e s a b o u t t h r o u g h
a n t h e i u i c h t m i a n b e i n g o r a n u n a u i h e i u i c one."'*^ .111 a p p l i c a o i i o f cc^gniiional s t r u c t u r e to the conscious experiences of

Lonergan s p e a k s o f t h i s k n c w l e d g e as a n e x i s t e n t i a l m o m e n i o f realiza- choosing.

t i o n t f i a t m a n y p e o p l e c o m e t o , t h o u g h t h e y d o n o l d o s o easily. E v e n t > e f o r e Still, w h i l e t n a i i y p e o p l e d o c o t n e t o t h e existenal r e a l i z a t i o n a n d k n o w
L o n e i g a n , m a n y e x i s i e n t i a l i s t s d e s e r i b e d l h i s m o m e n t , ancl d e d i c a t e d their lilis i m p o r t a n t fact a b o u t themselves a n d t h e i r o w n acis o f c h o o s i n g , there
w i i t i n g s to p i o v o k i n g it a m o n g readers w t i o h a d b e e n d r i i ' t i u g i l i r o u g h life is f a r m o r e t o b e k n o w n a b o u t acts of c h o o s i n g . S o m e of t h e still f u r t h e r
without such awareness. i p i e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t we a r e d o i n g w h e n w e a r e c h o o s i n g c o n c e r n h o w o u r
acts o f c h o o s i n g a r e r e l a t e d l o o i h e r a c t s , i n c l u d i n g s u c h c p i c s t i o n s as " W h y

0.^.2 SelJ-ppmpriation: Factual Knowiedge of lhe Stnicture d o 1 m a k e t h e s e c h o i c e s ? " S u c h c p i c s t i o n s c o n c e r n i h ' e r e l a t i o n s o t c")ur a c i s

of Elhiad ntcntionalitx of c h o i c e t o t h e vales t h a t m o t i v a t e d t h e choices. Fhese, in t u r n , lead to
s t i l l f u r t h e r c p i e s i i o n s a b o u t l i c n v w e c o m e t o h o l d t h e s e \'alues, c j u e s t i o n s

Y e t t h i s r e a l i z a t i o t i b y i t s e l f is n o t y e t s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t h e f u l l e r s e n s e . a b o n t o u r e x p e r i e n c e s o f e t h i c a l r e t l e c t i o n , a n d j u d g m e u i s (l e t h i c a l v a l u .
Ii is a b e g i n n i n g , b u t o n l y a b e g i n n i n g . I f s o m e o n e is t o u n d e n a k e self- G o r r e c t l y n d e r s t a n d i n g e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d j u d g m e n t g i v e s rise t o s t i l l
appropriation i n t h e f u l l e r s e n s e , s h e cjr h e w i l l h a v e t o b i u l c l u p o n t h i s f u r i h e r q u e s i i o n s a b o u t t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o o t h e r acts i n t h e w h o l e of
b e g i n n i n g by f o l l o w i n g the lead o f t h e host o f f t n i h e r cpicstions t h a t arise iu the s u u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y - a n d , i n d e e d , t o cpiestions a b o u t t h e
the wake ol this existeiuial realization. These i n c l u d e questions regarding w h o l e o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e a n d a b o u t c u i r s e b e s as t h e a g e n t s o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e .
l h e i m p l i c a i i o n s t h a t this r e a l i z a t i o n lias f o r o n e ' s p r i o r s e l f - u n d e r s l a n d i n g s Most i ni p o r t a ndy, these processes l e a d i n g towards s e l f - a f f i r m a t i o n o f o n e ' s
a n d self-\'aluings. i iwn e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y manifest t h e t i b i q n i i yo f t h e e t h i c a l questions t h a t

i f o n e e m b a r k s u p o n t h e j o u r n e y o f self-apprcpriaon i n t h e f u l l e r sense. s t r u c t u r e a n d g u i d e t h e w h o l e ))i"ocess. S e l f - a f T i r i n a t i o n t h e n n e e d s t o c o n -

d i e r e f o r e , t h i s w i l l ha\'e t o b e g i n w i t h a n e x p a n d e d f o r m o f self-knowledge. f r o n t t h e q u e s t i o n as t o w h e t h e r o r n o t d i e r e is a n y l i m i t t o l h e vales t h a t

It begins w i t h afrmiiig the fact (the existential realization) that o n e is a o n e c a n ask a b o u t . I f t h e a r g u n i e i i t s p r e s e n t e d i n s e c t i o n 8.2.2 of chapter 8

chooser, a n d t h a t this c h o o s i n g has t h e d o u b l e i n t e n t i o n a l i t ; d e s e r i b e d in are correct, t h e n self-afFirmation of e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y will a f f i r m oneself

as p o s s e s s i n g a n u n r e s t r i c i e d c a p a c i t y f o r q u e s i i o n i n g w h a t is o f v a l u .
 MU l ' a i t i l l : \Miy ls D u i i i g r i i a i l l . i i i g lliit ul? Scir-A|)l)ropriiilinn, l';iil M ;()l

J i i s l as s e i r - a r f i n i i a t i o n o l ' o n e ' s o w n c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c i u r e is g r e a i l y t a c i l i - ( )ni l e e l i n g s spontaneously respond t o t h i s j u d g m e n l o f f a c t (as their

l a t e d b y l a n g u a g e a n d e x e i c i s c s set f o i t l i i n t e x t s s u c h as Insight, so also u l o b j e c t ) a n d b r i n g t o o u r a w a r e n e s s i l i e o v e r w h e l m i n g valu o f b e i n g
t l i e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r s o f t h i s b o o k h a v e b e e n o F e r e d i n a i d to t h o s e who t l i e e a u d r e s p o n s i b l e c h o o s e r (as l h e p r o p e r noematic object oflhese feel-
choose to embark u p o n self-knowledge o f the structure of their o w n ethi- lii('.s). filis j u d g m e n l o f f a c t a n d t h e e n s u i n g f e e l i n g s set i n n i o t i o n s u l l
c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y i t has b e e n in\ i u t e n t t o pio\'de texis a u d i l l u s i r a t i o n s I m d i e r (nestions f o r j u d g m e n t o f v a l n e - " W h a t g o o d a m I?" " A m I r e a l l y
t h a t w i l l h e i g h i e n t h e r e a d e r ' s e x ^ t e r i e n c e s o f n o w t h i s , a n d n o w t h a t , a c t o I heing h a v i n g t h e p r o f o u n d valu r e v e a l e d i u these feelings?" Answering
consciousness a n d l o )5ropC)se w a y s l h a t t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s m a y b e correcdy d i e s e ( p i e s t i o n s w i l l b l n g uto pla\ a \'arieiy o f f u r t l i e r f e e l i n g s a b o n l our
understood iu tlieir relauonships lo one a n o i h e r - a neiwork o f relation- iiMi u'oi ili as a p e r s o n . M a n y f e e l i n g s t h a t c o n i e n t o p l a y w i l l b e t h o s e i n c t i l -
ships t h a t consiitutes the s i r u c l u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . T h e process o f I ,ued over a I c m g l i f e t i m e - f e e l i n g s a c q u i r e d in c i i i i d h o o d , i u l h e extended
k n o w i n g o n e ' s o w n s t r u c t i u - e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is, t h e r e f b r e . herme- l . u i i i h - . i n s c h o o l , as w e l l as f r o m t h e l a r g e r c o n i e x i s o f f r i e n d s h i p s , s o c i e t i e s ,
n e u t i c a l i n t h e s e n s e d i s c u s s e d i n c h a p i e r f. A t t e n d i n g t o a n d u n d e i s t a n d - . i i l t u r e s , h i s t o r y , a n d r e l i g i o u s . T h e s e f e e l i n g s m o d e l f o r us w h a t i t m e a n s t o
i n g t h e acts are f a c i l i t a t e d b y t h e w o r d s a n d exercises, a n d t h e n i e a n i n g s of h e .1 w n r i h w h i l e p e r s o n a n d t o l i v e a w o r t i i w h i l e l i f e . O u r j u c l g m e n t s a b o u l
the words are refmed t h i o u g h f u r t h e r atientiveness a n d nderstanding o f m i l own valu c a n iDeccnne f r c t z e n i n tlie f e e l i n g s e v o k e d b y t l i e judgmenLs
the e x p e i i e n c e s o f t h e c o n s c i o u s acis a n d s t r n c t u r e s diemselves. h\s a l o t i t o u r w o r i h . S u c h f e e l i n g s a r i s e i n r e s p o n s e , f o r example,
f h e q u e s t i o n fbr self'-afnrmation o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l intentionality, h l u d g m e n t s m a d e i n t h e f a m i l y s e t t i n g a b o u t b e i n g a g o o d cjr bacl boy
t h e n , is t h i s : D o y o u p e r l b r n i s u c h a c i s as k n o w i n g w h a t is g o i n g o n , feel- o l g i r l . at p l a y w i t h 'riends a b o u l b e i n g goocl al gares o r s p o r t s , i n s c l i o o l
i n g , p r a c l i c a l i n c p i i r i n g . p r a c d c a l nsighl, valu i n q u i r i n g . valu r e l l e c i i n g , ,il)out b e i n g s m a r i o r s i u p i d , at w o r k ancl i n social life a b o u t b e i n g e f f i c i e n i ,
reflecuve n d e r s t a n d i n g of v a l u , \'altie j u d g i u g , d e l i b e r a i i n g . choosing, l,i/v, n i c e , c o n c e i t e d , a l e a d e r , o r a f o l l o w e r , a n c i i i i a r e l i g i n a i x i i i b e i n g
a n d a c i i n g , a l l o f w h i c h a r e n n d e r p i n n e d a n d g u i d e d l)y a n u n r e s t r i c t e d .1 s i i u i e r o r a r e d e e i n e d b e l o v e d , a n d s o o n . S t i l l , t h e f e l t r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e
n o t i o n o f v a l u ? A r r i v i n g a l a n a f f i r m a t i v e a n s w e r c o m e s as a /jail of the p i o f o n n d v a l n e o f b e i n g a b e i n g w h o f r e e l y c h o o s e s w h a t valu she o r he
s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y ( c o g n i t i c u i a l s t r u c t u r e ) is a p p l i e d t o t h e will b e c o m e h a s t h e |30wer t o b r e a k i l i r o u g h a n c i r e o i " i e n i a l l d i e s e o t h e r
luiiole nf ll, a n d involves t h e a f l i r m a t i o n o f c ^ n e s e l f as l h e " u n i t y , i d e n u t y , I l e i e r m i n a t i o i i s o f seif-value. W h e n it cioes, i t i n v i t e s s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n in
w h o l e ' ' w l i o p e r i b r m s t h e s e a c l s as t i i e y r e l a i e t o o n e a n o t h e r i n l h e s t r u c - I I K - f u l l e r sense.
t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . ' " A c t u a l l y f o l l o w i u g thic")tigh o n ail t h e i ' u r t h e r
I l i e r e f o r e , w h e n w e d o r e a l i z e t h e fac i l i a i i t is u p t o us l o determiue
q u e s u o n s a b o u t w h a t it m e a n s t o be a chooser, h o w e v e r , a n d h o w this does
l h e k i n d o f p e r s o n w e w i l l b e , o u r f e e l i n g s feel w i t h a w e r h e valu o f b e i n g
o r d o e s n o t r e l a t e t o w h a i l i a s b e e n s a i d i n t h i s o r o t h e r b o o k s , is s o m e t h i n g
.1 c h o o s e r . Y e t t h e s e f e e l i n g s a r e n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e acts o f s e l i ' - c o i i s t i t u t i n g
l h a t e a c h i n d i v i d u a l can o n l y d o hei"self o r h i m s e l f
I l i o i c e l h a t we p e r f o r m ; i t i s we ourselves as u n i t y - i d e n d t y - w h o l e s w h o s e \e
w e f e e l w i l h a w e , a n d p e r h a p s e v e n w i t h s h a m e . W e f e e l a l l t h a t is i m p l i e d
fo.y.j SelJ-Afjfjivf/rintion: Valuing. CJioosing. anrl Enacting Oneself 11 l i e i n g a u n i t y c a p a b l e o f c h o o s i n g . T l i i s m e a n s , f i i s t o f a l l , that we also
li-el t h e v a l u o f b e i n g a l i v e , W e r e w e n o t a!i\'e, w e c o u l d n o t t)e c h o o s e r s ,
S u l l , even k n o ^ v i n g o n e s e l f l o b e i n fac a s u b j e c i w h o d o e s h e r o r h i s c h o o s - o r a i A ' t i i i n g else. T h u s o u r felt r e s p o n s e t o i l i e r e a l i z a d o n o f l h e i'aci o f
i n g as p a r t o i ' a m o r e e n c o m p a s s i n g s t r u c i m e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is n o t h e i n g c h o o s e r s i n c l u d e s f e l t r e s p o n s e s t o o u r s e l v e s as e m b o d i m e n t s o f v i t a l
a l l l h a t c o m e s a b o u l i n t h e w a k e o f t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a i i i is u p l o e a c h o f u s vales, l l a i s o i n c l u d e s f e l l r e s p o n s e s t o C)iu"selves as c o n s i i i u t e d b y s o c i a l
to d e c i d e f b r ourselves w h a t w e a r e t o m a k e o f cjurselves. A s L o n e r g a n put.s . i i i d c u l t u r a l v a l e s t h a t we i n h e r i i e d , w h i c l i g a v e us s p e c i f i c c a p a c i i i e s for
i l . a k M i g \ v i t h t h i s factual discovery, t h e r e also " e m e r g e s i n consciousness lhe c h o i c e w e w o u l d n e u o t h e r w i s e h a v e . f h e s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l v a i t i e s we h a v e
s i g n fica n c e o f p e r s c m a l valu a n d t h e n i e a n i n g o f p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " ' ' " a( i p i i r e d i n c l u d e l a n g n a g e , scientific nderstanding, a n d t h e insights a n d
fhe signillcance i d e i i i i i l e c i h e r e is t i i e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f valu - l h e valu o f skills fbr p a r u c i p a t i n g in the p a t i e r n s o f c o o p e r a t i o n o f o u r sociei)' in o r d e r
b e i n g a b e i n g w h o c a n a n d dejes m a k e c h o i c e s . T h i s r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i t is l o i n a k e d e c i s i o n s a n d c a r r y o n t a c i i o n s w e j u d g e to b e e i h i c a l l y v a l u a b l e a n d
u p ic) e a c h o f u s l o d e t e r m i n e w h o w e a r e feels m o m e n t o u s , e v e n s i a r d i n g o b l i g a t o r ) ' . O u r f e e l i n g s a l s o f e e l t h e v a l e s o f oui*sel\es as b e i n g p e i c e p u v e ,
a n d d i s o r i e n t i n g . .\ietzsche used t h e i m a g e o f s i a n d i n g before an "abyss" i n t e l l i g e n t , a n d r e a s o n a b l e - t h e v a l e s c i f o u r s e l v e s as c a p a b l e o f o b j e c d v e
to characierize the feelings t h a t a c c o m p a n y this r e a l i z a d o n : " A n d w h e n y o u faciual knowledge. A J I t h e s e v a l u d i m e n s i o n s a r e p r e s e n t as f e l l i n e a c h
l o o k l o n g i i i t c j a n abyss. t h e a b y s s a l s o l o o k s i n t o y o u . " ' - ' o f US as a c h o o s e r . I n a d d i t i o n , p e r h a p s a t l h e p e r i p h e r y , t h e r e wl b e ihe
 l'an MI: Wl.v I s D o i n j . I'hai l l r i n ^ l-.ihicai:-
(iaw'ii o i ' f ' e e l i n g s a b o u t t i i i i i g s wt- l i a v c t l u i u g h i a n c l d o n e d i a l l i a v e l j e i r a ) < ' ( l
o u r c a p a c i i i e s I b r free a n d r e s p o n s i b l e s e l f - d e i e r m i n a i i o n . B u t b e y o n d d n -
vales o f l l i e s e v a r i o u s c o n s t i t u e n t s , t f i e r e is a l s o i h e valu o f e a c h o f us a.s
a p e r s o n w h o chc)Oses, as a "sLitoject i n a c i , e c s t a d c , e m e r g e n t , s i a n d i n g o u l
[ i n o u r ] o w n o r i g i n a u n g f r e e d o m . " ^ ' ^ T h i s is t h e h i g h e s i o f t h e \ ' a l u e s i h a i
w e f e e l i n r e s p o n s e l o k n o w i n g i h e f a c i i c i i y o f c^ursel\'es as c i i o o s e r s .
V V l i e n w e f e e l d i i s c o m p l e x o f x a l u e s , wc d o n o t y e i f u l l y u i i c l e r s t a i i d w l i a l
we a r e f e e l i n g - i n f a c t , i n o u r l i f e m e w e m i g h t n e v e r f u l l y n n d e r s t a n d t l i e
vales o f o u r s e l v e s t h a t w e a r e f e e l i n g . C l i a p t e i - s i 2 a n d i'^ b e g i n 10 e l a b r a t e
s o m e o f w h a i is \.o bc u n c l e r s t o c j d alxUt l i i e v a l e s t h a t w e f e e l i n t h e m i d s t
o f l h i s s e l f - c i i s c o v e r y o f o u r s e l v e s as r e s p o n s i b l e i ' o r w h a t w e a r e t o n i a k e o f
o t u ' s e l v e s , B u t f o r t h e p r e s e n t o u r i'octis is 011 h o w s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n iiseli'
p r o c e e d s i u t l i e w a k e o f i h o s e a w a k e n e d i e e l i n g s a l o u t t h e valu w e a r e .
S e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t h e f u l l e r sense, t h e r e f o r e , also e n d e a v o u r s t o go
b e y o n d I e e l i n g v a l u l o w a r d s k n o w i n g m o r e c o m p l e t e l y t h i s peisc">nal v a l u
of being a chooser M o r e c c j n c r e t e l y , s e l f - a p p r o p r i a d o n s e e k s lo k n o w lhe
v a l u o f c h o o s i n g as t h e c u i m i n a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e c>f t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l
intentionality. In the mcue c o m p l e t e sense, l h e n , self-appropriaon pre-
s u p p o s e s s e l f - a f f u i n a i i o n o f o i i e s e l as a n a g e n i o f t h e s i r u c t u r e C)f e l h i c a l
i n t e n o n a l i t y , n o t m e r e l y as a p o s s i b l e s i r u c t u r e t h a t s o m e p e o p l e niighi
s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w , b u t as t l i e s t r u c t u r e t h a t 1 m y s e l f d o I b i l o w i u a n d t l i r c ^ t i g l i
acts t h a i I p e r f o r m c o n s c i o u s l y . S e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n t h i s f u l l e r s e n s e t h e n
l u r n s t o d i s c e r n i n o n e ' s o w n f e e l i n g s t h e vales t h a t s u c h self-knowledge
evokes, a n d moves i l i r o u g l i f u r i h e r quesiions f b r valu reflection lowards
f u l l e r a n d m o r e p r o b u n d j u c l g m e n t s a b o i i i t h e valu o f i j e i n g t h e being
w h o p e r f b r m s this structure.
F i n a l l y , c o m p l e t e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n raises i h e q u e s t i o n s " W h a i s h a l l 1 d o
i n l i g h t o f t h i s \ ' a I u e - k n o w i e d g e o f m y s e l f as a s e i f - o r i g i n a i i g x a l i i e ? W i l l I
n o w d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o o s e to cc^operate ever m o r e c o n s i s t e n i l y w i t h t h e l e a d
o f m y e t i i i c a l quesons? W i l l 1 e n d e a v o u r to resolve t h e tensions i u m y feel-
i n g h o r i z o n i u f a v o r o f l h e i i i v i i a t i o n s o f tlie u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l u ,
b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d m a n n e r , a n d t h e noinia\'ely o r i e n t e d scale
oi' i e e l i n g p r e f e r e n c e s f o r v a l e s ? " I m p l i c i t i n t h e s e q u e s t i o n s is a l s o lhe
recognion, nascent or full-giown, tiiat occasionally o r perhaps l'requently
o n e h a s i ' a i l e d t o a c t in a c c o r d w i i l i l h e fact a n d v a l u o ' o i i e s e l f as a sei-
d e i e r i n i i i i n g clioosei;
S o s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e is c l i o o s i n g d e l i b e r a t e l y t o o p r -
ate a c c o r d i n g t o t h e n o r m s always a l r e a d y opera\'e i n o n e ' s o w n s t r u c t u r e
o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . S e l f - a p ) ) r o p r i a o n i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e is a n a c t o f
s e l f - a c c e p t a n c e - c l i o o s i n g t o a c c e p t t h e valu o f o n e s e l f as a c h o o s e r , a l o n g
w i t h c h o i c e s 1 0 r e o r i e n t p e r v i o u s acts a n d h a b i i s t h a t have b e e n betrayals
o f t h a t valu. C o m p l e t e s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n t h e r e f o r e entaiis a decisin for
Si'll -/VI ) p i I ' p i i;aii '11, r ; i i t 11 'M).'<
i i i i J i al C( i n v e r s i n . I t i s a d i : c i s i o i i t o c c i i u m i l ( u i e s e l l " t o m a k i n g t h a l s p o n i a -
ueously operave s t r u c t u r e o f o n e s e l f triily one's o w n , a n d t o take respon-
.iliilih' f o r r i d d i n g o n e s e l f f r o m e x e r y i n f l u e n c e l h a t \ v o u l d u n d e r m i n e l'ully
i l i i n k i n g a n c l l i v i n g t h a l way.
S i i l l , m o r a l c o n v e r s i n is n o l e q u i v a l e n t t o s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n . T h e r e are
niaiiy instances o f m o r a l l y coii\'eriecl p e o p l e - p e o p l e w i i o have c h o s e n to
l i \ li\es s e e k i n g t o k n o w a n c l a c t a c c o r d i n g 1 0 o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n i s o l e t h i c a l
valu i b r g e d w i t l i i n a h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s o r d e r e d b y t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o o n
ot \ a l u e , b y b e i n g - i n - l o v e i n a n u n r e s l r i c i e d m a n n e r , a n d b y t h e n o r m a t i v e
M ale o( valu p r e f e r e n c e . P e o p l e m a k e t h i s decisicu i v i i h o u t l i a v i n g t h e
u i i i i "self-appropriac^u" f o r w h a t t i i e y a r e d o i n g . B u t s e l i ' - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n
1 h e c o m p l e t e s e n s e m e a n s a l s o k n o w i n g w l i a i o n e is d o i n g w h e n o n e makes
lilis decisin a n d strives to live a c c o r d i n g l y . C o m p l e t e seif-ajpropriaon
combines self-knowledge o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality w i i l i t h e
decisin 1 0 live i n ficielii)' 1 0 i l .
F v e n s o , t h i s o r a n y b o o k c a n o n l y faciltate m a k i n g s u c h a d e c i s i n a n d
u n d e r t a k i n g t o k n o w a l l t h a t is i m p l i e d i n t h a t d e c i s i n . I t c a n n c J t m a k e
l h a t decisin f o r a n y o n e o r i m p l a n t t h a t s e l f - k n o w l e d g e . W h a t this book
: i i i e i i i p t s , r a t h e r , is l o sitate i h a t d e c i s i o n witln a b r o a d e r a c c o i m l ofwhat
is 10 h e d e c i d e d f o r o r a g a i n s t .
W h e n e v e r we oprate w i t h tliis s i r u c t u r e , w l i e i h e r in a full)' seli'-appropri-
;ued way o r n o t , w h a t we tlnk, v a l u , c h o o s e , a n c l d o h a s c o n s e q u e n c e s . In
the c h a p t e r s l o c o m e , we w o r k o u t s o m e o f t h o s e c c i i s e q i t e n c e s - w h a t is
brought about by "'doing iliat."
10.4 Self-Appropriation and Discernment
C h a p t e r 1 p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e a p p r o a c h l o e t h i c s r e s u l u n g frc")ni w h a t L o n e r -
g a n m e a n t b y s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n has s t r o n g afniiies w i l h l h e nc)tions o f
d i s c e r n m e n t I b u n d i n c o m m o n s p e e c l i a n d i n t h e w r i t i n g s o A r i s t o t l e , St.
P a u l , a n d S i . I g n a t i u s . .\'ow t h o s e a l n i i t i e s c a n b e s t a t e d m o r e precisely.
C o m m o n l y , d i s c e r n m e n t is u n d e r s t c x i d 1 0 m e a n g c i i i g I j e y o n d o r d i i i a i " y
I X ' i c e p l i v e ness b y d i s t i n g u i s l i i n g s t i i i i e t h i n g o f v a l u o n i o t h e r phenom-
ena lhat o b s c u r e a n d c o m p e t e f o r o u r attenon. T h i s m e a n s l h a t l h e ver)'
p e r l b r n i a i i c e o f o u r s t r u c t u r e o f e t i u c a l i ' f t i e n t i o n a l i t y is i i s e l i " a n e x e r c i s e i n
discermnent. L i k e discernment, lhe paueriiiiig o f o u r experiences hy d i e
unreslricied n o t i o n o f v a l n e , unrestricted being-in-love, a u d lhe normative
.scale o f v a l n e g o e s b e y o n d o r d i n a r y p e r c e p t i v e n e s s i n a d i r e c o n tovvards
r e f i n e d vales. S o a l s o t h e ' ' s u p e r v e n i n g a c t o f i m d e i ^ t a n d i n g " " ^ g o e s b e y o n d
o u r e x p e r i e n c e s a n c l d i s c e r u s i n i e l l i g i l j i l i t y t o w l i i c h m e r e sensaon is b l i n d .
T t i i s is e s p e c i a l l v t r u e w h e n w e c o m e 10 i m d e i " s t a n d f e e l i n g s t h a t w e have
l i e e i i f e e l i n g , b u t w h o s e m e a n i n g a n d s i g n i n c a n c e has b e e n o b s c u r e 1 0 u s . " '
 U> " I \Ui\s D o i i i ^ I l i a i U c i n g Elhical? Sell-Appropriaiion, Pan II 30.T

l i u t His H M i c o m e s i n t o its o w n w h e n we g o still f u r i h e i - by s u b m i t t i n g ings 1 0 l h e s a m e standards f o r o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d decisions

our m i i l r i s i a n d i i i g s lo ci-iiically relleciive processes w l i i c l i head towards ll 1 w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e c o m e c o i i i m i t t e d b y t h e i r o w n s e l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n .
inljMiii M i s O I a c t a n d v a l n e a n d d e c i s i o n s i m d e i " s t o o d t o be v i r i u a l l y u n c o n - P a u l a n d I g n a t i u s f o c u s e d t h e i r a t t e n o n o n d i s c e r m n e n t o f S|5iritual g i f t s
(li (I. O n l y i n such j u d g m e u L s a u d decisicms d o w e arrive a i i r u i h and 'll lhe divine Spirit, llrsi a m o n g which they coimted lhe gift experienced as
i\' t h e u l t i m a t e o b j e c v e s o f d i s c e r n m e n t as o r d i n a i i l y i t n d e r s i o o d . u n c o n d i t i o n a l love. T h e y b o t h h e l d t h a i these gifts b u i l d u p o n t h e n a t u r a l
I l r u i e t h e a u d i e n d c p r a c i i c e o f o u r e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y i n ancl o f i t s e l f leads p i i w e r s c>f t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n i n g a n c l d o n o t a b r g a t e t h e m .
US l u d i s c e r n a u d d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n w h a i is t i i i l y o f \ a l i i e a n c l w h a t is n o t . I he gifis b o r n o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l love a d d clarity a n d resoluieness about
Vet t h e autheniic prdccG o o u r e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y c a n n o i b e t a k e n f o r i i a n i r a l vales, as w e l l as r e v e a l v a l e s t h a t l i e b e y o n d natural reasoning.
g r a n t e d . A l t h o u g h t h a t s t r u c t u r e d o e s n o l n e e d t o be t a i i g h i , still c o n t e n d - f h e s e spiritual gifts also e l i c i t feelings w h i c h o p p o s e feelings that distort
i n g i d e a s a b o u t k n o w i n g , b e i n g e l h i c a l , t r u t h , r e a l i t y , objecux'ity, a n d valu \,lines a n d s t i n u i l a t e b a d c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n .
can weaken people's confidence i n a n d fidelity to t h e i r o w n intrinsic n o r m s chapter i p o i n t e d o u t that Ignatius's rules a n d d i r e c t o r s (aud Paul
of truth and goodness. Discernment therefore becomes more assiued, as w e l l ) p r e s u p p o s e d o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f n a t u r a l r e a s o n a b o m , w h e i l i e r
deeper, ancl m o i e n u a n c e d w h e n i t is p e i f o i i u e d s e l - r e l e c i i v e l y B e c a u s e .1 p e r s o n was i n a s t a t e o f p i o g r e s s o r decline. There I argued that lhis,
s e l - a p p r o p r i a t i o n i n v o l v e s d e l i b e r a t e l y d e c i d i n g with full u n d e i ^ l a n d i n g lo in t u r n , presupposes b r o a d e r p r a c t i c e s o d i s c e r n m e n t t h a i assist p e o p l e
a c c e p t o n e s e l f as a k n o w e r , v a l u e r , a n d chocjser, i b i s c l e a i ^ a w a y t h e i u i e r i o r i n a r r i v i n g a t s u c h o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n i s o f a c t a n d v a l n e . 1 h i s , c)f c o u r s e ,
static i n o u r i n t e r n a l consciousness a n d makes o u r k n o w l e d g e , evaluaiion,
was t h e bcus o f n i o s t o f f o n e r g n n ' s c a r e e r - f a c i l i l a t i n g p e o p l e i n a p p i c i -
a n d c h o i c e o valuable courses o f a c i i o n i n t h e e x t e r i o r w o r l d all d i e clearer.
p r i a i i n g as t h e i r o w n n o r m s l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d t h e n o r -
This means, therefore, that self-appropriation adds the " s o m e t h i n g exiia"
m a i i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e . By c o n i p a r i s o u , Paul a n d Ignatius were
thal A r i s t o d e , P a u l , a n d I g n a d u s i d e n i i ' i e d as t h e d e e p e r s o u r c e s o f the
(oncerncd with a p p r o p r i a i i n g the norinauvity of unrestricied being-in-
cliscernment o f truih a n d goodness.
love. For e x a m p l e , a m o n g t h e d e c i s i o n s t h a t are c o m p a t i b l e w i t h n o t i o n
F o r A r i s t o t l e , d i s c e r n m e n l is g r o u n d e d i n a s p e c i a l a n d e v e n r a r e p e r - o l A a l u e , t h e s p e c i f i c w a y t h a t a p e r s o n is c a l l e d b y C o d t o m a n i e s t G o d ' s
s o n a l c p i a l i t y euphnia. liphuia is a c p i a l i t y o r h b i l o f b e i n g g o o d a i a i m i n g g l o r ) , as I g n a t i u s p u t s i t , w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d to a decisin k n o w n o n lhe
f o r w h a t is t r u e a n d g o o d i n e l h i c a l o p i n i o n s as r e f m e d b y d i a l e c t i c a l e x a m i - basis o f u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e .
n a i i o n . Euphuia arises f r o m t h e s e l f - r e t l e c t i v e r e c o g n i t i o n by d i a l e c u c i a n s B c j d i P a u l a n c l I g n a i i u s c o i m i e d as a g i i r o m [ h e d i v i n e S p i r i t i l i e a b i l i i y t o
o f l i l e n a t u i a l o i i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d s t r u t h a n c l gcujclne.ss t h a t r e s i d e s within d i s c e r n t h e diferences anicjng t h e movenieuLs i n feelings ancl i l i o u g h i s t h a l
themselves. T h i s self-recogniiion is t h e ' s o m e t b i i i g e x t r a " t h a t m a k e s pos- ( o u i e f r o m t h e S p i i i t a u d those t h a t issue f r o m e i t l i e r n a t u r a l p o w e r s o r evil
s i b l e t h e i r r e f i n e d acts o f d i s c e r n m e n t . It a l s o m e a n s t h a t lia\ chosen s o u r c e s . I g n a t i u s w e n t urther, o f e r i n g s i r u c t u r e d e x e r c i s e s t o assist p e o p l e
to o p e i a t e in ihe l i g h t o f this self-recognition, becanse Aristotle portrays in h e i g h t e n i n g t h e i r experiences o f l h e s e movements i n i n t e r n a l conscious-
s u c h p e o p l e as n o t j u s t h a v i n g , b u t a l s o as u s i n g euphuia. ru'ss, n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e m b v m e a n s o f t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o t h e g o s p e l i i a r r a -
,'Vs w i t l i euphuia, s e l f a p p r o p r i a t i o n is b o d i s e l f - r e c o g i d i i c j u a n c l c h o l e e t o livi-s, a f f i r m i n g i h e m , a n d m a k i n g c h o i c e s ( " e l e c l i o n s " ) i n t h e l i g l u o f t h e s e .
live i n a c c o r d w i t l i t h e o r i e n i a l i o u t o w a r d s o b j e c t i v e v a l u t h a t o p r a l e s n A m o n g t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l e l e c l i o n s is t h e d e c i s i n o f c o n v e r s i n t o t h e
t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y . A s s e l f r e c o g n i t i o n , t is t h e n d e r - valu o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v i n g , a n d t h e ccui;equent d e c i s i o n s t o live i n f i d e l i t ) '
standing a n d judgment o f the orientation o f one's own siructure o f elhical l o l h a t s u b l i m e valu. T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s to w h a t i g n a t i u s l u e a i i i by d o i n g t h e
intentionality towards i r u t h a n d goodness that comes rom the unrestricted w i l l o f G o d . t is n o t m u c h o f a s t r e t c h t o say, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e I g n a t i a n e x e r -
c p i e s t o n i i i g s p i r i i o f t h e n o t i o n o" v a l u . A s c h o i c e , s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n is < ises i n c l i s c e n i m e i u h e l p p e o p l e t o a|)ply t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o i i a l -
the ccmmitmeni to pursue all p e r i i n e n t questions t h a t l l o w f r o m this u n r e - i i y t o l h e s i r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y i t s e l f , e s p e c i a l l y as i n f o r m e d a n d
s l r i c i e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e . A i i s t o t l e ' s d i a l e c t i c a l m e t h o d i t s e l f is f o u n d e d < m g u i d e d b y t h e f e e l i n g s o f u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . VVe c o u l d say, t h e r e f b r e ,
j u s t s u c h a c o n i i i i i i m e n i . B u t t h e s e l f - r e c o g n i t i o n o f euphuia m a k e s i t pos- d i a l l . o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o a c h t o d i s c e r n n i e n i as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a d o n f o c u s e d p r i -
sible to go b e y o n d t h e q u e s i i o n i n g m e t h o d o f d i a l e c d c a n d to select the 111.uil)' o n w h a t l i e c a l l e d i h e w a y f r o m b e l o w u p w a r d , w h i l e P a u l a n d I g n a d u s
e t h i c a l stances t h a t are i n h a r m o n y w i t h t h e o r i e n t a t i o n tcjwards t r u t h . l u d i r e c t e d t h e i r c o n c e r n s to the m o v e m e n t f r o m alxtve d o w n w a r d . " ' '
l l i e s a m e way, s e l f - a p p r o p r a t e d p e r s o n s a r e a b l e t o d i s c e r n w h a t is l r u e a n d 1 h a v e p l a c e d g r e a t e m p h a s i s o n d i s c e r n m e n t , b u t t h e r e is g r e a t danger
g o o d i 11 w h a t o t h e r s say a b o u t e t h i c a l a n d o t h e r m a t t e r s , b y s u b j e c t i n g t h o s e as w e l l . M y e m p h a s i s h a s I>een o n m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s o n d i e basis o l c a r e f u l
 aOti ' " ' " I U l i \s D o i n g ' l ' h i i i B e i n g Elhical?

anruMuM, Mii<'IIigeiii u i i d e r s i a n d i n g , a n d criucal J u d g n i e n i o f i h e movements PART FOUR

a n d I. w.u nis i n o u r h o n z o n o f f e e l i n g s . B u i l h i s e m p h a s i s has l h e o b v i o u s d a n -
gi I d i . i i p e o p l e c a n b e b a d h ' m i s i a k e n a n d Gven paibologically deluded aboul
i h e i r (<-elings. T h i s is e s p e c i a l ! } ' i n t e i n d i e case o f f e e l i n g s a b o u l l h e i r u e valu
n i b e i n g a n d m a k i n g o n e s e l f F o r a l m o s i e v e r ) ' o n e t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i t is u p
lll i h e m l o d e t e r m i n e w h a i k i n d o f p e i w n lhey b e occiu"s i n a c o n f l i c d n g What Is Brought About by
h o n z o n o f feelings. P e o p t e c a n a n d d o i r u s i w r o n g leelings, d i s o r i e n i e d a n d
e\'en h o n e n d o u s f e e l i n g s , as l h e y f o n n i h e i i j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e a n d d e c i s i o n s
a b o u l w l i a l k i n d o f p e i ^ o n l h e y w i l l b e . VVhen a | j e i ^ o n ' s h o n z o n o f raines is
Doing That?
d i s t o n e d , t h e r e is n o g u a r a m e e h e o r s h e w i l ! c h o o s e l o u v e a c c o r d i n g t o d i e
s u u c i u r e o f e i h i c a l i n i e n u o u a l i i y w i t h its n o r m s o f t h e t u i r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f
v a l n e , u n r e s t r i c i e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , a n d d i e n o n u a u v e s c a l e o f valu p r e f e r e n c e .
Such a p e r s o n needs a c o m m u n i t y i h a t includes persons a n d i r a d i d o n s w h o
have b e c o m e m a t u r e i n d i s c e r n m e n t . T h i s nieans p e o p l e w h o have l e a r n e d
tor t h e m s e l v e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n o i d e r e d a n d di.sordered feelings, a n d
who h a v e a l s o l e a r n e d e l T e c u v e ways l o assisi o i h e i s i n d i s c e r n m e n l . l l m e a n s
p e o p l e w h o h a v e d i e w i s d o m t o k n o w w h a t t o say a n d t o r e c o m m e n d , as w e l l
as h o w a n d w h e n t o c h a s t i s e t h o s e less a d v a n c e d i n d i s c e r i m i e m , w h o bave
m i s t a k e n t h e i r b i a s e d fselings i b r a n o r m a u v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e s . T h i s
c a n o n l y b e a c c o m p l i s h e d n a f a c e - i o - f a c e c o i m n u n i t y , b e c a u s e t h e c o n c r e t e
i n s i g h t s a n d J u d g m e n t s n e e d e d t o assist s p e c i f i c i n d i v i d u i s t o g r o w n d i s -
c e r n m e n l c a n n e v e r b e e n t i r e l y c a p t u r e d i n a w r i t i e n lext.'-'^
Paul a u d I g n a t i u s a r e e x p l i c i t a b o u t t h e n e e d o f a c o i i i m u n i t y f o r g r o w t h
i n d i s c e r n m e n l o f t h e v a l u t h a l o n e is a n d is i n v i t e d l o a c c e p l , b u t t h i s n e e d
is a l s o i m p l i c i t i n A r i s t o d e . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , raises t h e c p i e s i i o n o f h o w t o
addiess t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e p o t e n u a l o r a c t u a l distortions i n a c o m m u n i t y ' s
s h a r e d h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s a b o u t v a l e s . VVe w i l l r e t u r n l o t h i s p r o b l e m i n
c h a p i e r s i 5 a n d 16.
F i n a l l y , s e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n i n v o l v e s d i s c e r n m e n t a n d is t h e g r o u n d o f d i s -
c e r n m e n l . Self-appropriation involves d i s c e r n m e n t because b o l h begin wUh
t h e luessy c o m b i n a t i o n o f f e e i i n g s a n d t h o i i g h t s i n i n t e r n a l consciousness
t h a t c o m p e l e f o r cjur allegdance. G r a d u a l l y , a n d w i t h t h e g u i d a n c e o f a p r o p e r
communit}', b o t h progress towards e n h a n c e d and refined atlenuveiiess lo
feelings a n d t h o u g l i L s , i m p r o v e d nderstanding ancl ) i i d g m e n t , r e l u i e d feel-
i n g r e s p o n s e s , a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f t h e s e , as t h e y a l l e n t e r i n t o t r ) i n g l o
f i g u r e o u t w h a t is t h e b e s i i h i u g t o d o , S e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n is t h e g r o u n d o f
d i s c e r n m e n t , s i n c e k n o w i n g w h a t o n e is d o i n g w h e n o n e e n d e a v o u i s t o b e
e t h i c a l b r i n g s c l a r i t y a b o u l w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o i n a hf_>si o f c o n c r e t e c i r c u m -
stances. Discernmenl as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n provides the "somediing exua"
t h a i makes possible d i s c e r n m e n t a b o u t what to d o i n c o n c r e t e circumstances.
A l i i s p i n n a c l e , s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n is a d e c i s i n . I t is a d e c i s i n t o b e a n d
live a c c o r d i n g ic) t h e d i s c e r n i n g s t a n d a r d s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . Self-
a p p r c j p i i a i i o n , t h e n , is t h e d e c i s i n t o b e d i s c e r n i n g .
 11 T l e H u m a n Good Describcd

lll ollier looirls. luliile sficcalave and faciual hisiglils are concerned, to lead lo Inioiol
i'/lge of being, fractical insighis are. coacenied lo lead lo lhe viahing of being. llieir
objecl'me is nol whai is bul whai is lo be done.
H e i ' i i a r d 1 . o i i e i ' g i i i i , lii\i'Jn

I 1.1 Iiilrdiiction

lll chapier i | , I p r o p o s e d i l i a i I^onergaihs c o i i i r i b i i i i o n s l o eihics can lie

explored p r o l h a b l y b y rneans o f l i n e e cpiesiions d i a l p a r a l l e l bis linee
<|iiesiions c o n c e i a n n g c o g n i o n , e p i s i e n i c i l o g y , a n d r e a l i l y . O n c e a g a i n . l h e
i h r e e C|uesiions f o r e i h i c s are "VVhai a n i I d o i n g w i i e n I a m b e i n g e l h i c a l ? "
"VVIiy is d o i n g l h a i b e i n g e i l h c a t ? " " ' V V h a i is b r o u g l i l a b o m . b y d o i n g d i a l ? "
An a n s w e r l o i h e f i r s i c p i e s i i o n was o l T e r e c f i n c l i a p i e r z\ flowever, becanse
leelings play f i m d a r n e n i a l , c o m p l e x , and fretpienih' misundersiood roles
i n w l i a l w e d o w h e n w e ai'e b e i n g e i l i i c a l ? s e v e r a l a d d i o n a l c h a p i e r s V V C K '

n e e d e d \o c o m p l e l e i h e answer lo i l i a i l i r s i quesiion. A g a i n , because o f t h e

< ( n n p l e x i t : y o f f e e l i n g s , i l i e a n s w e r \.o l h e s e c o n d C|iieson r e q u i r e d l h a t i n
c h a p i e r 8 we h r s i e x p l o r e ihe p h e n o m e n a o f conversin in general a m l
moral con\'ersion i n p a n i c u l a r . T h e s e e x p l o r a o n s l e d us l o a d d r e s s i n
h a p i e r g l h e Issue o f o b j e c i i v i l y i n j u d g m e n L s o f v a l n e so l h a t i n cha|jier
I () w e c o u l d e x a m i n e l i o w a m o r a l l y c o n v e r i e d j ^ e r s o n a c n g i n a c c o r d w i l h
l h e n o r i n a l i v e s i r u c l u r e o f e l h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y c o u l d be i r u l y said lo be
n< l i n g e i h i c a l l y .
lu lhis c h a p i e r we l u r n l o i e t h i r d c p i e s i i o n : ' A V h a l is b r o u g h t a b o n l .
b y d o i n g i h a i ? " I n o l h e r wcncls, w l i a l is a c l i i a l i z e r i w h e n l i u m a n b e i n g s a c l
 T h e H u m a n C o o d Dcscriled '.' \
:t|ll l';irL IV: VVhiU ls l i r n u g i i i A b o u l by D o i n g That? i

o i l l i c a l l y - acL as m o r a l l y c o n v e n e d p e r s o n s f a i i h f u l t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i - . m d c o o r d i n a t e d a c t i o n s o f m a n y i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n s . T h o s e p a t t e r n s of c o l -
cal i n t e n t i o n a l i t y ? l . i b o r a i i o n c o n s i i t u t e social structurings o f the good. Therefore, to fully
T h e s i m p l e a n s w e r is t h a t g o o d is b r o n g h i a b o u t . A u i h e n t i c e x e r c i s e s o f i i i s w e r w h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u l b y " d o i n g t h a t " r e c p i i r e s a n e l a i x r a t i o n of
t h e s u a . i c t t i r e o f e i b i c a l i i u e n t i o n a l - i t y c i i h n i n a i . e i u l i m r i a n acts oichoosing llie various c o m p o n e n t s a n d s t r u c t u r i n g factors that aie consiiiuents o f the
vales k n o w n i n o b j e c t i v e j u t l g m e n i s o f valu a n d a c t i n g u p o n those c h o i c e s )\ l o d .
a n d j u d g m e n t s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e \'alues k n o w n i n o b j e c t i \ judgmenis of There are o l h e r reasons to t h i n k that the simple answer is t o o simple.
v a l u a r e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g acts o f c h o o s i n g aud acting. VVhen h u m a n b e i n g s j u d g e , c h o o s e , a n d a c t a u t h e n t i c a l l y , t h e y b r i n g a b o u t
l i e c a u s e o b j e c t i v e vales a r e g o o d , g o o d is b r o u g h t a b o u t b y " d o i n g t h a t . " ivhat L o n e i g a n c a l l e d t h e h u m a n g<:)ocl. B u t t h i s h u m a n g o o c l is n o t n e c e s -
I n g e n e r a l , t h e n , g o o d is i n t e n d e d b y t h e s t i u c i m e o f e t h i c a l i n t e i u i o n a l - s.u i l y a l l l h e r e is t o t h e g o c d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t g o o d s
i t y S t i l l , t h e g o o d so i n t e n d e d is a n i n t e g r a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f g o o d s . h m n a n decisions a n d a c t i o n s c a n a c t u a l i z e , w e a l s o ask a b o u t t h e vales
T h e s t r u c t u r e f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is c o n s u t u t e d a n d g n i d e d by t h e d y n a - .111(1 l l i e g o o d n e s s o f n a t u r e t h a t p r e c e d e a n d a r e a c t u a l i z e d independently
t n i s t n o f o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e . T h a t n o t i o n is o u r d e s i r e f o r t h e ol h u m a n acting, For over a centmy, ihe conservaiion and environmen-
g o o d as m a n i f e s t e d i n o u r cpicstions for practical insight, evaluation, and t.il m o v e m e n t s h a v e b e e n r a i s i n g a w a r e n e s s a b o u l a g o o d n e s s i n i r i n s i c t o
d e l i b e r a u o n . B e f o r e we k n o w t h e g o o d , c h o o s e i t , o r e n a c t i t , we desire t h e u a t u r e t h a i is i n d e p e n d e n t o f h u m a n choices or uiilizations. In addiiion,
g o o d . T h a t d e s i r i n g g u i d e s o u r s u b s e q u e n t acts o f s e e k i n g p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s , wi- c a n a l s o ask s t i l l f u r i h e r c p t e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a goodness
etlncal r e f l e c t i o n , c h o i c e , ancl a c t i o n . W h e n e v e r h u m a n tjeings t h i n k a n d dial iranscends both natural and h u m a n goodness. Since the unrestricted
act o u t o f a converted h o r i z o n of feelings in accord w i t h the structure o f n o t i o n o f v a l n e i n t e n d s i h e g o o c l t h a t is t o b e k n o w n b\ a n s w e r s t o c///ques-
ethical iruentionalitv, tlierefore, thev antheutically a n d objectively answer l i o i i s o f v a l n e - uot. j u s i t h e q u e s o n s o f v a l n e t o be f i n a l l y s e t l l e d b y h u m a n
questions that arise f r o m the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f t h e g o o d . W h e n human ( h o i c e a n d a c u o n - t h e questicns o f t h e n a t m - a l a n d t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d
b e i n g s a c t a u t h e n t i c a l l y i n r e s p o n s e lo t h i s i m r e s t r i c t e d c l e s i r e f o r t h e g o o d , .liso m u s t he considered,
t h e y mo\'e f r c m i m e r e l y t h i n k i n g a b o u t a n d e v e n k n o w i u g w'hm would be l u nsighl, Lonergan w r i i e s t h a t f o r h u r u a n s t h e deiniiicui o f b e i n g can
goocl, to b r i n g i n g a b o u t w h a t t h e y k n o w to be w o r t h a c t t i a l i z i n g . B u t t h e o n l y b e "o t h e s e c o n d o r d e r . " ' T h a l is \o say, h n m a n s c a n n o i d e f i n e being
cptesdons t h a t arise f r o m this desire are d i f f e r e m i a i e d a n d structureci, and as s u c l i , f o r d e f i n i i i o n s f o r m l a t e acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n c l t o u n d e i ' s i a n d
so t h e y i n t e n d a s t r u c t u i e o f d i T e r e n t k i n d s C)f g o o d s . ' f l i e m o s t complete being, one would have to undersiaud everyihing about exeivihing. So
a n s w e i s tC) q u e s t i c > n s from this u n r e s t r i c t e d desire are t h e actions t h a t a c t u - insiead Lonergan offers a secoiidorder approach lhat defines being not ou
a l i z e l h e vales k n o w n t o be w o r t h a c t t i a l i z i n g . B u t l i e c a u s e vales so k n o w n l l i e liasis o n d e r s t a n d i n g w h a t b e i n g is, b u t r a t h e r i n l e r t n s o f how t is t o
a r e r e l a t e d tcj o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s i u the stnicture o f e t h i c a l intentionality, b e k n o w n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , " B e i n g . t h e n , is t h e o b j e c t i v e o f i h e p u r d e s i r e
ethical aciicms t h e r e f o r e a c t u a l i z e m o r e t h a n valu a l o n e ; t h e y a c t u a l i z e a l o k n o w [ a n d ] ... c a n b e d e f m e d , a i a s e c o n d r e m o v e b y s a y i n g t h a t i t r e f e r s
s t r n c t u r e n w h i c h v a l u is t h e k e y component. l o ; d l t h a t c a n be k n o w n b y i n i e l l i g e n t g r a s p a n d r e a s o n a b l e a f l i r m a t i o n . " -
l l e n c e t h e s i m p l e aiKswer is t o o s i m p l e . W h a t is b r o t i g b i a b o u t b y a u t h e n - l h e same h o l d s t r u e for i h e deluiton o f tbe g o o d . f l u m a n bengs cotdcl
t i c c h o o s i n g a n d a c t i n g is g o o d , b u t t b e g o o d is n o t a l l o f o n e p i e c e . M o s t o n l y d e f i n e t h e g o o d f t h e y a l r e a d y k n e w e v e r y i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e r y g o c j d
obviously vales a r e b r o u g h t a b o i u . , b u t n o t o n h ' vales. C h o o s i n g aud 1 h i n g , T h e r e f o r e shoi't o f sticli o n m i s c i e n i nderstanding o f v a l n e , a h u m a n
e n a c t i n g any valu s i m u l t a n e o u s l y lealizes o t h e r d i s t i n c t c o n q j o n e n t s ofthe d e f i n i t i o n o f l h e goocl m u s t also be defuid indirectly, a l a s e c o n d r e m o v e .
g o o d as w e l l - t b e g o o d s o f b o t h a n i u s t i i u t i o u , a n d t h e m e e t i n g o f a p a r t i c u - lhat second-order defmidon is t h e f o l l o w i n g : " T h e g o o d is t h e o b j e c t i v e
lar h u m a n n e e d , f o r e x a m p l e , m i g h t be realized s i m u l t a n e o u s l y in a single o l l h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o i i o n o f v a l u . T h e g o o d is w h a i is icj b e k n o w n n l h e
c h o i c e o f a valu. W h i l e o b j e c t i v e vales are g o o d s , so a l s o a r e t h e c o m p o t o i a l i t y o f answers t o t b e t o i a l i t y o f cpiesiions o f valu."
n e n i s t h a t a r e r e a l i z e d a l o n g w i t h t h o s e vales. I n a d d i t i o n , w h a t is b r o n g l i l l ' l ' h i i s t o say t h a i w h a i is b i o u g h t a b o u t b y h u m a n e t h i c a l a c t i o n is g o o d
a b o u t b y h u m a n c h o l e e a n d a c t i o n is a g o o d d y n a m i c a l l y s t r u c t u r e d i u iw<t is l r u e as f a r as i t g o e s , b u t i l l a c k s d i f T e r e i i t i a t i o n . T h e h u m a n g o o d is p a r t
ways. F i r s t , b e c a u s e a l l h m n a n e l h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y is d y n a m i c , t h e g o o d ol the g o o d , because i h e h u m a n decisions ancl acons t h a t r e a l i z e it rest
t h a t results frcjm ils p e r f o r m a n c e is a l s o s t r u c t i n e d d y n a m i c a l l y . Second, u p o n o b j e c v e a n s w e r s t o q u e s o n s o f v a l u . B u t t h e h u m a n g o o d is n o t
t h e g o o d t h a t r e s u l t s ls a l s o s t r u c t u r e d b e c a u s e m u c h o f t h e h u m a n g o o < l is the whole o f t h e g o o c l . P e o p l e a s k , " W h a t is i h e g o o d o f thai}" bul they
b r o i i g h t a b o u t t h r o u g h collaboration - t h r o u g h the c o i n b i n e d , struciint-d, m e a n m a n y d i f f e r e n t sorts o f t h i n g s w h e n t h e y ask s u c h q u e s t i o n s . Lhere
 P a n I V : W h a i ls B r o u g h t A b o u t b y DoingThat? T h e H m n a n Cood Descnbed :il:

a r e n i a n y k i n c l s o f g o o c i s , a n c l p e o p l e u s e t h e t e r m " g o o d " i n v a r i o u s ways. 1 In r c f o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e g o o d t h a t we h u m a n b e i n g s d e s i r e , l o v e , a u d

s o m e t i m e s e v e n i n e c p i i v o c a l , c o n f l a t e d , a n d c o n f l i c t i n g ways. I n d e e d , jusi m i l n d t)y o u r e t h i c a l a c t i v i t ) ' is u n r e s t r i c t e d , t h e l i m i t e d g o o d t h a t w e a c t i i -
w h a t s o r t o f a g c j o d is a valu? H o w c l o e s i t r e l a t e t o o t h e r c o n c e p t i o n s ol >lh b r i n g a b c ) u t m o s t d i r e c t l y is t h e g o o d o f o u r o w n lives. A s Lonergan
t h e g o o d ? Its g o o d n e s s needs to be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m a n d r e l a t e d to o t h e i pul i t . l h e life o f a n i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n "is t l i e w o r k o f t h e free a n d respon-
k i n d s of g o o d n e s s . i i h l c s u b j e c t p r o d u c i n g l h e First a n d o n l y e d i i i o n " ' o f h e r s e l f o r himself.
Therefore this a n d ihe foIlo\\mig chapters explore the ways t h a t o i i i B\s i u t : t a p l i o r , L o n e r g a n rightly likens rhe w o r k o f h u m a n choosing to
approach to the ethics of discernment opens out mo a full, heurislii lili I omposiiion o f a l i t e r a r y w o r k , to a sior)' i n w h i c h actions are asseiii-
a c c o t i n t o f t h e g o o c l - a n a c c o u n t t h a t is e x p a n s i v e a n d o p e n lo t h e w h o l e o t h l r d i n t o a n a r r a t i v e t h a t e x p r e s s e s t h e m e a n i n g a n d valu o f a h u m a n life.
t h e m e a n i n g s o f g o o d . T h i s c h a p t e r b e g i n s ih;U. e x p l o r a t i o n w i t h a d e s c r i ) ^ I he g o o d o f a personal life, therefore, is a s e q u e u i i a l , d y n a m i c , narrave
ti\'e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n s b y " t h e h u m a n g o o d . " C h a p t e r i u I-OIKI. S t i l l , a l i f e is g o o c l o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e s e q u e n c e is r h e r e s u l t
delves m o r e d e e p l y i n t o the e x p l a n a t o i y foundaons f o r L o n e r g a n ' s claims ol < onsiany a n d a u l h e n t i c a l l y f o l l o w i n g l h e normavity o f t h e s t r u c t u r e
a b o n t t h e h u m a n g o o d , I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t takes u p takes u p i h e c p i e s t i o n o f w l i y ol itlcal i i i i e n t i o i i a l i t ) ' . ^fhis m e a n s c o n t i n u a l l y r e s p o n d i n g to t h e cali o f
I.onergan claimed t h a t the struciure of t h e h u m a n g o o d is invariant, and questions by o b j e c t i v e l y assessing o n e ' s s i t u a t i o n , i n t e l l i g e i u l y c o m i n g up
offers a jusncation t b r his c l a i m . C h a p t e r i 3 explores the relauons among t v i i l i c i e a v e i n s i g h i s a b o u t w h a i c a n b e d o n e , f o s t e r i n g a h o r i z o n of feel-
t h e h u m a n g o o d , t h e natiu'al goocl, t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d , a n d tlie n o r m a - lii|;s g e n u i n e l y o p e n tc> a l l v a l e s i n t h e i r Cbjective s c a l e , r e f l e c t i n g abour
t i v e s c a l e o f \'alue. F i n a l l y , c h a p t e r t addresses the p r o b l e m o f a foundaoti q u e s l i o i i s o f v a l n e p e r s i s t e u y u n i i l k n o w l e d g e o f t m c o n c l i i i o n a l v a l u is
f o r L o n e i g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f the n o r m a v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . .iti.iiiieci, a n d atithencally clicjosiiig a n d a c t i n g o n the v a l u e - k n o w l e d g e o f
ivhai o n e s h o u l d d o . T l i i s secpience o f a c t s o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y is a l s o
II. 2 Parameters o f the Hiunan G o o d s i i l l i i s e d w i l h t h e j i e r s o n ' s hciizou o f f e e l i n g s . l i is r h e w h o l e n e s s o f r h a r
M - q u r i i c e o f c h o i c e s r h a i is o r i e m e d b y a felr h o r i z o n o f vales t h a t I b i i i i s

I . o n e i g a i V s m o r e s p e c i h c a n s w e r t o " W h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u t b y p e o p l e d o i n g ( v h a i w e m e a n b y a h u m a n l i f e . I t is a a b r i c o f i u t e i r e l a i e d c h o i c e s a n c l o t h e r

t h a t ? " is " l h e g o o d i n a h m n a n s e n s e , " o r i l i e h u m a n g o o d . ' F o r h i m t h e ,11 ts t h a t c o n s t i t u l e s t h e w h c i l e l i f e o f t h e relleciig ancl c h o o s i n g huiran

h u m a n g o o d h a s b o t h p e r s o n a l a n d s o c i a l d i m e n s i o n s , as w e l l as d y n a m i c s u b j e c t . T h i s is n o t a s t a t i c w h o l e n e s s , b u t r a t h e r a d y n a m i c , developing

a n d s t r u c t u r a l aspects. Personally, i t is t h e g o o d o f a n i n d i v i c l u a l p e r s o n ' s vholeiiess. T h e g o o d o f a h u m a n l i f e is t h e g o o d o f a d e v e l o p i n g whole of

life, w h i l e socially i t has to d o w i t h t h e g o o d o f h t m i a n r e l a t i o n s a n d interac- l i l i ii<"es. T h e b a d ness o f a h u m a n l i l e s t h e d e l e ricjra l i n g w l i o l e t h a t r e s u l t s

ti<:)us. T h e d y n a m i c a s p e c t is t h e e n t i r e t y o f h u m a n h i s t o r y . T h e s t r u c t u r a l ll0111 a s e q u e n c e o l c h o i c e s t h a r d e v i a r e f r o m r h e n o r m a v i t y o f t l i e u n r e -

a s p e c t is w h a t L o n e r g a n called the invariant structure o f the h u m a n good. -iiicted n o t i o n o f v a l n e , from being-in-love unresiriciedly, a n d from the

T h e followiug sections explain these parameteis o f the h u m a n good.
II. 3 T h e H u m a n G o o d as P e r s o n a l : T h e G o o d
an A u t h e n t i c H u m a n L i f e
n o i i n a v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . I n s u c h lives, e a r l y i n i n o r peccaclillos
e s i . i h l i s h a n o r i e n i a o n t o w a r d s r a t i o n a l i z a i i o n ancl i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o f e e l i n g s
of ' ' I r e g r e t a n d g u i l t . I f s u c h a n o r i e n t a t i o n is s u s t a i n e d t l i r o u g h o i i t o n e ' s l i f e ,
ih<-se e a r l y mnc")r s e l f - b e t r a y a l s a r e f o l l o w e d l a t e r b y i n c r e a s i n g l y b o l d e r a n d
m o r e evil actions t h a t c c j r r u p i t h e w h o l e o f a p e r s o n ' s life.^

The m o s t e l e m e n t a l o f a l l h u m a n d e s i r e s s t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d clesire f o r t h e r i i e r e f o r e , o u r lives d o n o l i i i e r i r res[^cci jiisr because we f r e e l y choose

g o o d , t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i c m o f \'alue. S t i l l , h u m a n b e i n g s f i d f i l l t h e i r u n r e o i i i p a i l i s n l i f e . T h e v a l u o f a l i f e is c o n s t i t n i e d by w/ic//vales a r e chosen
siiicted desiring fbr the good not all a t o n c e b u t only o n e choice ata time. , i n d hinv the c h o i c e s are a r r i v e d at ancl i n w h a t s e q u e n c e . P e o p l e can live
T h i s i n e v i i a b l ) ' m e a n s t h a t t h e c p i e s t i o n a b o m , h o w b e s t t o l i v e o n e ' s o w n lii- h\es l h a t c o n s s t e n t l y w e a v e n e w u n c o n d i t i o n a l vales i n r o t h e f a b r i c o f t h e
is ne\'er c o m p l e t e l ) ' s e t l l e d b y a n y o n e d e c i s i n . E v e i y h u m a n c h o i c e r a i s e s , un o i i d i t i o n a l vales t h a l h a v e m a d e u p t h e i r lives t o t h e p r e s e n t . O r they
a n d is f o l l o w e d by, f u r t h e r q u e s o n s a b o u t t h e g o o d t o b e p u r s u e d b y l i v i n g I .Ul ( o i i t i i u i a l l y m a k e choices t h a t evade f u r t h e r p e i t i u e n t cptestions for
a u d acting. For l h i s reason h u m a n choices a n d actions f o r m a sequeiwe, intelligence, factual j u d g m e n t , a n d v a l u e j u d g m e n t . H u m a n beings choose
w i l h t h e e a r l i e r o n e s s e t t i n g t h e stage f o r l h e later. T h e series o f h m n a i i i g . n o h l e as w e l l as n o b l e l i v e s , evl as w e l l as g o o d l i v e s . T h e niediocrity o r
c h o i c e s is l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n t o a s e q u e n c e , a w h o l e l i f e , b y e v e r f u r t h e r cpies- w.iNi<- o f a h u m a n l i f e s c o n s u t u t e d b y t h e f o r g o n e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o r e a l i z e
ons a b o u t i h e w o r t h w h i l e courses o f acon to bc followed. o b j e t live vales, o r b y t h e evils t h a t h a v e b e e n c h o s e n in place o f positive
 3l'l WIKII IS BrLighi A b o u l by D o i n g T l i a ' T h e l - l u i i i a n G(.)d f)escribe(:i MI."

v a l n e s , I n i l i c s e cases, \vhai.ever g o o d s u c h lives i n i g h i . h a v e is IVagmenved s u c h l i b e r a i i o n , t h e n , is i e q u e s u o n as l o w h e i h e r o r n o i a n y t h i n g b e y o n d

and hioken, and die chaos o f i n o u n u n g p r o b l e m s and incomplei.eness a u i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n b e i n g ' s e i h i c a l r e d e c t i n g , d e c i d i n g o r d o i n g is c a p a b l e
i n c r e a s i n g l y L h r e a i . e n lo o v e r w h e h n i h a i g o o d . T h e s u c c e s s i o n o f i n a u d i e n - o f s e i i i n g h e r o r h i s p e r f o r m a n c e a r i g h t , T h i s is a l o p i c t o w h i c h Lonergan
l i c c h o i c e s y i e l d s s u c c e s s i v e l y g r e a i e r c o n l l i c i s a n d c h a o s i h a i , in d i e l i m i i , d e v o t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a i i e n u o n i h r o u g h o u i b i s c a r e e r I t is a l o p i c t o w h i c h
l i e a d io\\'ards c o m p l e l e breakdown. we w i l l r e u i r n i n t h e s e c o n o f c h a p i e r i 3 devoied to the goodness o f b e i n g
Yei no h u m a n life is c o m p t e i e l y d e i e r m i n e d by l h i s o r ihai panicular and the problem o f evil."
c h o i c e . T h e r e a l i l y o f a h u m a n l i f e is, r a d i e i ; i h a i o f a ser/i/e> ice oi'c\iO\ces. The
g o o d ( o r 11) o f a h u m a n life is l h e g o o d o r 11 o f a w h o l e s e q u e n c e o r p a i i e r n 1 1.4 T h e H u m a n G o o d as S o c i a l
of c h o i c e s . I i i s a d e v e l o p i n g g o o d , a g o o d o n i l i e way; i i s n e v e r s e i d e d b v a n v
o n e decisin i n i h e s e q u e n c e . A i a n y s i a g e i n i h a i s e q u e n c e iis g o o d n e s s is W h i l e h u m a n beings constrnci ihe wholeness and the valu o f their own
always o p e n to d e c l i n e awa\ f r o m i l i e l i m i i e d g o o d n e s s a c h i e v e d i l i u s far, o r to lives o n e c h o i c e a l a m e , n e i t h e r t h e i r c i i o i c e s o r t h e w h o l e n e s s o f i h e i r
rise a b o v e t h a i l i m i t e d g o o d n e s s . A p e r s o n c a n b e i r a y a p r e v i o u s l y d e c e n t life lives a r e c l o s e d i n u p o n l h e m s e l v e s . T h e y a r e n o t i s o l a i e d r n o n a d s . Human
by m a k i n g i n a u i b e n c J u d g m e n i s o f v a l u a n d d e c i s i o n s . O r c o n v e r s c l y , ihe { h o i c e s a n d lives ;n-e m : i s s i v e l y s i i u a i e d . X o i o n l y a r e a n i n d i v i d i i a l ' s c h o i c e s
ill o f a h u m a n l i f e is a l w a y s o p e n l o l h e r e v e r s a l i h r o u g h a c o n v e r s i n , r e s i i u -
siinated wiiin die stream o f h e r o r his o t h e r cholees i a t p r e c e d e and
i i o n , and lo healing and r e b u i l d i n g towards imresincted goodness.
follow t h e m , they are also situated i n i h e stream o f q u e s i i o n s a n d acts o f
l - l e n c e t h e r e w i l l b e m o m e n i o u s d e c i s o n s ai o n e o r m o r e p o i n i s i n a l i f e , practica! insiglit, i'esporisible r e l l e c o n , l i o r i z o n s o f feeling, a n d judgmems
d e c i s i o n s i a i largely, if n o t c o m p l e i e l y , d e t e r m i n e t h e f u i u r e s e q u e n c e o f of valu thai they presuppose.
Olher decisions. S u c h decisions may reverse a previous life o f evasin. Such for this reason our human choices are also siiu:u.ed in the midsi of
decisions will shift o n e ' s h o r i z o n o f feelings towards f u n d a m e n i a l concern " w h a i . is g o i n g o n . " By v i n u e o f o u r c p . i e s t i o i i s , o n r c i i o i c e s a r e r e l a t e d 10
f o r all vales in t h e i r a s c e n d i n g scale. S u c h d e c i s o n s o f c o n v e r s i n shift onr experiences o f tbe concreie nauiral and interpersonal situaons out
tlie constellation offeelings in o n e ' s h o i a z o n o f T e e l i n g s , VVitli d e c i s i o n s for o f w h i c h those q u e s t i o n s arise a n d to w h i c h i o s e choices r e s p o n d . We d o
converson, ihe unrestricted n o u o n ofvalne and being-in-love u n c o n d i u o n - i i o l c o n s t r u c t o u r lives i n a v a c u u m o r i n f a n l a s y l a n d , W l i : i i we d o w i l h o u r
ally shift f r o m tbe margins lo the very centre o f one's h o r i z o n o f feelings, lives is p r o f o u n d l y a n d i n e s c a p a b l y c o n d i t i o n e d by f a c t o r s i h a t w e inherit
thus c h a n g i n g utterly die o r i e n t a i i o n w i i h i n which ethical rellecons and o r e n c o u n i e r , n o t o n l y by i e factors i a t we c h o o s e . T h e n i e a n i n g o f t h e
choices occur.
s e ( j u e n c e o f o u r c h o l e e s - t h e m e a n i n g o f o n r lives - ls a l w a y s c o n s t r u c t e d
B u l d i e r e c a n also be m o m e n t o u s d e c i s i o n s t h a t t u r n a w a v f r o m a u t h e n i i c i n r e s p o n s e 1.0 U i e g i v e n n e s s o f i e s i t u a i i o n s t h a i f o r m l h e c o n t e x i s w i t h i n
r e n e c i i o n a n d c h o i c e , lowards a life t h a t begins to evade o r d r i l i o r deliber- w h i c l i we m a k e lliose choices. M o r e o v e r , b y o u r r e s p o n s e s w e affect what
a t e l y c l i o o s e l o n e g a t e v a l e s o n t o f s p i t e a n d ressenl'niumi a g a i n s i an o n l e i - w i l l b e L'oin*'- o n " i n t h o s e s i t u a i i o n s a f t e r w e c h o o s e a n d a c t .
o f reality a n d v a l e s ihat one did n o t c r a t e oneself T o the e x t e n t that o u r 'fherefore, wlhle the most direct and irmnediate good ( o r ill) realized
c h o i c e s a r e a r r i v e d ai f r o m a n y t h i n g s h o r t o f a c o n v e r i e d h o r i z o n , i h e u bv l h e p e r f b r m a n c e o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y is o n e ' s o w n
o u r lives will b e v i u a t e d , t o a l e s s e r o r t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n i , b y t h e u n i m e l - a u i h e n c ( o r i n a u i b e n c ) h u m a n l i l e , o t h e r g o o d s are also b r o u g h t a b o u t
l i g i b i u e s a n d d i s v a l u e s t h a t c o n s u t u t e a "surd," an i n c o h e r e n t n d x t n r e ol hy l h e v e r y s a i n e a c t s o f e t h i c a l l y r e f l e c t i n g a n d c h o o s i n g . F r o m o n e point
v a l u a n d disvalue.'^ S i n c e this s u r d , r a t h e r t h a n p e r f e c t a u t h e n c i t y , c h a i o f v i e w , e a c h h u m a n c h o i c e a n d a c o n is r e l a i e d t o t h e o t h e r c h o i c e s a n d
acteriz.es d i e lives o f m o s t p e o p l e , to a l e s s e r o r g r e a i e r e x t e n t , it p o s e s i h e ,11 ( i o n s m a d e b y t h a t i n d i v i d u a l t o f o r m t b e m e a n i n g a n d v a l u o f t h a t p e r -
profound quesuon aboul ihe possibility o f liviug a truly good, audieniii s o n ' s Ufe; b u t f r o t n a n o t h e r p o i n t o f v i e w , e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c h o i c e a n d a c o n
b l e . I l is r e l a t e d t o K a m ' s f a m o u s tbird quesuon: " I n w h a i m a y 1 lio|>e?" is s i m i i h a n e o n s l y r e l a t e d 10 i e c h o i c e s a n d a c o n s o f o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s
fhe possibility o f l i b e r a i i o n f r o m inauthenucity, therefore, leads beyond , i i i d , i n d e e d , 1.0 its s e t n g i n t l i e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t .
q u e s u o n s t h a l are s t r i c d y e t h i c a l to q u e s u o n s i h a t are i n h e r e n d y religious, As l . o n e r g a n p u l i t , " T o a n o t a b l e e x t e n t [ h u m a n ] o p e r a t i n g is c o o p e r a i -
I h a t is t o s a y l h e y l e a d t o q u e s u o n s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i b e r a d o n b - o m ing,"' What Lonergan b a d i n m i n d is l h e f a c t t h a t m o s t h u m a n c h o i c e s a r e
those things t h a t v i t i a t e a u t h e n c i t y a n d objecdve vales. T h e y lead beyond h e i w e t m courses o f a c o n t h a t wiif e n t e r i n t o p a t t e r n s o f h u m a n i i i t e r a c -
s t r i c d y e t h i c a l q u e s t i o n s b e c a u s e i h e f a c t o r s i h a t v i i i a t e a n i n d i v i d u i s d<'ci i i o n s , f i l i s is so e v e n w l i e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l d o e s n o t e x p l i c i d y t h i n k o i h e r o r
sions c a n n o i be o v e r e m e by one's o w n v i u a t e d decisions. T h e quesiion ol Ins a c o n as a m a t t e r o f c o l l a b o r a v e a c o n . W h i l e t h i s is m o s t e v i d e n t i n
 316 Pan IV: W h a i Is B r o u g h i A b o i i L by D o i n g ThaL? T h e H u m a n r.{)od Deseribed 'I7

ilie exceedingly i n i r i c a l e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c i e s o f c o m p l e x s o c i e i i e s , i i is a l s o m . i i i u i i o n s , b o l h f o r m a l a n d i n f o r m a l . Insiituuc>ns, i n t u r n , efFiciendy meet

lo be f o i n i d in every social a r r a n g e m e n t i n h i u n a n history. l e i I I I r i n g n e e d s b y a n i n t e l l i g e n t d i v i s i n o f e f T o r t s n t o r o l e s . Y e t w h i l e efl'i-
W h a t c a n s e e m l i k e a p u r e l y i n d i v i c l u a l decisin - s u c h as t o g e t inio I K i i c y is a v a l u , h u m a n b e i n g s d o n o t l i v e b y e f f i c i e n c y a l o n e . Efficiency
(.)ne's o w n c a r a u d d r i v e t o t h e c o o n t r ) ' o r t o p i n c h a s e s o m e t h i n g - is i n fac 1.111 b e p u r s u e d f b r t h e s a k e o f , o r a t t h e e x p e n s e o f , v i t a l , b e a t i t i f u l , f r i e n d l y ,
a c h o i c e l o e n t e r i n i o p a t i e r n s o f c o o p e r a t i o n . T h e a b i l i t y t o safely drive .uid l o \ i n g i n i e r p e r s o n a i relauoiiships, T h e r e f o r e , in a d d i t i o n t o the vari-
lo one's chosen desiination depends overwhelmingly o n the cooperadve o u s p o s s i b l e ways i n w h i c h i n s u t u t i o n a l f r a n i e w o r k s c a n e f f e c t i v e l y meet
elTorts i h a i b u i l d a n d r e p a i r roads, a n d u p o n t h o n s a n d s o f o t h e i x h - i v e r s W I K H ( u n i n g needs, t h e r e a r e also p a t i e r n s o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s t h a t carry
i i u e l l i g e n t l y a n d f r e e l y f o l l o w i i a f f i c laws a n d customs, t h e r e b y m a i n i a i n i n g i m l 1 o n s t i i u t e t h e h o r i z o n s o f valu n o t o f J u s t a n y o n e i n d i v i d u a l b i i i a
a h u m a n l y c o n s i i i u t e d good o f oixlerly highway transporiation. Moreover, \hole s o c i e t y a n d c u l t u r e , 1-uniaii b e i n g s d e b a t e and sirnggle with one
b)' d r i v i n g a c c o r d i n g t o those rules, l h e i n d i v i d u a l d r i v e r c o n t r i b u t e s t o an , n n n h e r to d e t e r m i n e w h a t k i n d ofvalne ( w h a t " t e r m i n a l valu") t h e i r living
o r d e r l h a i s e i v e s o d i e r d r i v e r s as w e l l , e v e n i h c ^ u g h s h e o i " h e m a y n o t hav<' i< i g e d i e r w i l l h a v e . T l i a i d e t e r m i n a i i o n is w o r k e d o u l i h r o u g h t h e d y n a m i c s
l h i s i n i e n i i o n e x p l i c i t l y n m i n d . .VIore c o m p l e x sll a r e d i e m a i i u f a c i u r i n g , o l t h e i r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . T h e ways t h a i p e o p l e i r e a t cjiie a n o t h e r i u t h e i r
comniercial, a n d iranspoitation neiworks thal supply a n d resupply goods p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s d e t e r m i n e b o t h w h a t w i l l be t h e valu o f t h e i r s o c i e i y a n d
offered a i sale a i a s i o r e ( o r w e b s i t e ) , a n d t h e f i n a n c i a l p a t t e r n s l h a t c i r c u - w h a t v a l u \aric)us p e r s o n s w i l l h a v e i n t h a t s o c i e t y .
ale m o n e y a n d creclit l o u n d e r p i n t h o s e p a t i e r n s .
As individuis, we perscmall)' exercise tlie struciure of ethical inien-
H e n e e om- d e c i s i o n s a n d a c i i o n s e n t e r i n t o a n d have effecis u p o n the i i o n a l i t y a l m o s t always w i i h i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e t t i n g o f o u r c o n c r e t e social-
social c o m m u n i i i e s w i i h i n w h i c h we acl. C o m m o n s e n s e praclical insighis, I u l i u r a l goocl. O u r i n d i v i d u a l h o r i z o n s o f feelings are p r o f c u i n d l y s h a p e d
j u d g m e m s o f v a l n e , a n d decisions o v e r w h e h u i n g l y p e i i a i n to the concreie- h\e s i o r i e s , s y n d j o l s , a n d p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s o f o u r c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s .
ness o f t l i e s o c i a l s i t u a t i c m s i n w h i c h \s'e p a r i i c i p a t e . A c o n c r e t e s o c i a l s i l n a - 1 b r o i i g h acts o f b e l i e v i n g , w e d r a w u p o n t h e i n s i g l u s a u d j u d g m e n t s of
l i o n c a n b e p i ' o f i t a b h ' i h o u g h i o f t h e i e f c ) i e as a s o c i a l e c o s y s i e m o f i n d i v i d u - l.iei a n d valu g a i n e d b y o t h e r s i n o r c l e r l o use i h e i n i n o u r p r o c e s s e s o f
is a c t i n g i n a n d t h r o u g h i n s l i l u t i o n s . " E v e r y s o c i a l e c o s y s i e m is c o m p o s e d e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . VVe d r a w u p o n t h e m i n o r d e r t o n n d e r s i a n d a n d j u d g e
o f i n d i v i d u i s p l a y i n g n o w t h i s r o l e i n t h i s i n s u t u d o n , a n d n o w t h a t r o l e n h o w best to place t h e satisfaction o l o u r o w i i needs a n d w a n t s w i t h i n the
a d i f f e r e m i u s t i t u i i o n , Foi" e x a m p l e , at t h e e n d o f a w o r k d a y a w o m a n leav<'S l . L r g c r e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e c o s j ' s t e i n o f s o c i a l c o o p e r a i i o n , a n d n d o i n g so w e
h e r role i n a business to take u p h e r l o l e i n b e r family, a n d still later ihatev<'- .liso c o n t r i b u t e t o t b e n i a n i e n a i i c e o f t h o s e p a t t e r n s . T o l h e o r d e r l y , i n t e l -
I I i n g s h e s t e p s i n t o h e r l o l e as l e a d e r o f a n e i g h b o u r h o o d c i v i c o r g a n i z a i i o n . l i g i b l e , a n d v a l i i e - l a d e n s t r u c t u r e c)f t h e c h o i c e s o f o t h e r s , w e a d d o u r o w n
I n s i i t u t i o n s a n d t h e i r roles f o r m an i n i e r d e p e i i d e n t a n d d y n a m i c p a i i e r n o f insights i n t o h o w t o m a k e t h i n g s w o r k ancl a d d o u r o w n valuaticMis t o t h e
c o o p e r a u o i i - a social ecosysiem. A t its besi, a social e c o s y s i e m o f i n t e r d e - .11 c i u n i i l a i e d vales o f t h e s o c i a l o r d e r i n o r d e r t o a c c o i n p l i s h w o r t h w h i l e
p e n d e i i t insiitutions f u n c u o n s to i n t e l l i g i b l y insure that t h e collecuve pei- purp(jses n o t j u s t singly b u t cooperatively.
f o r m ; i n c e o f lasks a n d roles m a k e s p o s s i b l e t h e s a t i s f a c i i o i i o f t h e collectivc lhe foregoing is a n a b b r e x i a t e d s k e t c h o f w h a i L o n e r g a n referred to
n e e d s o f l h e g i o u p . I n a n i n i e l l i g e i u l y o i d e i e d socieiy, m y r e s p o n s i b l e p c i - . I S " l h e s t r u c t u r e ol" t h e l i u m a n g o o d . " A l t l i o u g h he revised his a c c o u n t o f
f o r i n a n c e o f m y tasks i n m\ r o l e m a k e s p o s s i b l e t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e n e e d s d i a l s i r u c l u r e s e v e r a l t i m e s , h e set f o r t h h i s n i a t u r e a n d f i n a l v e r s i n o f t h a t
o f s o m e o n e else. w h i l e i h e i r r e s p o n s i b l e p e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e i r i'oles a n d .11 c o u n t i n Mi'thod in Theologs i n t h e f o r m c>f t h e f o l l o w i n g d i a g r a n i (see
l a s k s m a k e p o s s i b l e t l i e s a i i s f a c i i o n o f t h e n e e d s o f s o m e t l i i r d p a r t y , a n d so figure 1 1.1):" '*
o n i n an e x i e i i d e d , n i u t u a l h ' c o n d i l i o n i n g n e i w o r k . T h e m o i e advanced lhe
s o c i a l o r d e r , l h e m o r e i n d i r e c t a n d c o m p l e x is t h a i m u t u a l c o n d i t i o n i n g . ' "
f i g u r e 1 1 . 1 . D i a g r a m o f the S t r u c t u r e ot Itie H u m a n Good
Commonsense l i n d e r s t a n d i n g a n c l j u d g m e n t o f " w h a i is g o i n g o n " o v e r -
Social Ends
w h e l m i n g l y p e r t a i n l o correcdy nderstanding i n a c o n c r e t e siluation I H H V Individual
t o p r o p e r l y p e r f o r m lasks ancl roles i n o r d e r l h a t t h e m u t u a l l y c o n d i i i o n i n g
l'olGntiality Actualion
g o o d o f a n i n t e l l i g i b l e ecosysiem can be sustained a n d renewed. particular g o o d
operation cooperation
capacity, need
As L o n e r g a n n o t e d , a n ecosysiem o f i n t e l l i g e n t a n d \'aluable c o o p e r a t i o n g o o d of order
d e v e l o p m e n t , skill institution role, t a s k
pinslicity, perfectibility
( o r l h e " g o o c l o f o r d e r , " as h e t e r m e d i t ) is e f f e c i e c i t h r o u g h a n i n s t i i m i o i i a l terminal valu
orientation, conversin p e r s o n a l relations
llhorly
f r a m e w o r k - a f r a n i e w o r k t h a t l i n k s t o g e t h e r t h e r e c u r r e n t acvities o f v a r i o u s
 l ' a n IV: W h a t ls l,uihi A b o u l by U o i i . g T h a i ? T h e H u m a n G o o d Deseribed 319

l ' l i f Sil u c L u r e o u U i u c d i n i l i i s d i a g r a n i w i l l b e i l l i i s i r a t e d l u r i h e r i u sec- liom ethical a u i h e n t i c i i y can predomnate, in spite o f the sporadic
i i o n 11.7 o t i b i s c h a p t e r , a n d w i l l b e e x a m i n e d i n a m o r e r i g o r o u s f a s h i o n oc<iirrence ofacts of greed, c o r r u p i i o n , a n d tbe violent abuse of per-
in lhe next chapier. ,j
.oiis. B u l i n a n o i h e r | ? e r i o d . biases c a n d o m i n a t e s o c i a l p r a c t i c e s , so l h a t
disorder reigns a n d increases, and efforts at creaiivity a u d healing are
11.5 T h e H u m a n G o o d as H i s t o r i c a l : T h e C o r p o r a t e 1 i i i . u g i u a l i z e d ( t h o u g h n o t c o m p l e t e l y e l i i n i n a t e d ) . I n still a n o t h e r stage,
Good o f H u m a n History 1 a i ls o f f o r g i v e n e s s , reconciliaon, resignation, a n d l o v i n g self-sacrifice
1.111 r e v e r s e t h e d o m i n a n c e c j f b i a s e s e v e n w h i l e t h o s e b i a s e s c o n t i n u 1 0
I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s i r u c i u r a l a s p e c i o f t h e s o c i a l h u m a n g o o d . t h e r e is a l s o ( l i i p away at t h e edges o f lecovei)'. ( C o n s i d e r , for exaiuple, the Truth
its d y n a m i c a s p e c t . I u f a c t . o u r a c c o u n t o f i h e h u m a n g o o d c a n n o t b e c o n - .md Reconciliaiion processes lhat f o l l o w e d rhe demise o f a p a r t h e i d in the
sidered lully concrete w i i h o u i i n c l u d i n g the d y n a m i c a s p e c t . A scientific
l Ilion of South Africa.)
a c c o u n t o f t h e p l a n e t Mai"s w o u l d b e incomplete i f it i n c l u d e d o n h ' a n
f b e d y n a m i c aspect o f t h e h u m a n g o o d can be viewed i h r o u g h the lens
anah'sis o f ils g e o l o g } ' b u t n e g l e c l e d 1 0 i n c l u d e the a s i r o p h y s i c a l a c c o u n t o f
o l iiisiiuicms. I t w o u l d b e a n o v e r s i g h i 1 0 t h i n k o f i n s i i t u t i o n s a n d t h e i r
its m o u o n a r o u n d t h e s u n . L i k e w i s e , a n a c c o n m o f t h e h u m a n g o o d d i a l
< o n s i i i u e n i r o l e s as r i g i d a n d siac. l u s t u i i o n s a n d r o l e s a i e , r a i h e r , n o d e s
f o c u s e d o n l y c)n i t s s o c i a l a n d c u l i u r a l s t r u c t u r a l d i m e n s i o n s b u t o m i i t e d its
history w o u l d also be incomplete. within aldynamic, flexible, recurring Ilow ( o r social ecosysiem) o f many
h u m a n a c o n s , I l is t h i s d y n a m i c s o c i a l {]o\\' i h a t s e r \ ' e s n e e d s f r o m belo^^'
rVs h u m a n b e i n g s , w e i n c p i i r e a n d f e e l i n r e s p o n s e 1 0 t h e s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n s
a n d e m b o t l i e s vales f r o m a b o v e .
t h a t we i n h e r i t . VVe i i a n s t b r m t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s b y o u r c h o i c e s a u d a c t i o n s ,
Vloreover, institutions and roles are not merely situated within this
i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d ccjllectively, o n l y to set t h e siage f o r f u r i h e r responses a n d
d \ n a m i c flow, f b r t h e y themselves are also d y n a m i c . Roles a n d instnons
i i a n s t b n u a i i o u s . | u s t as l h e w h o l e s e c j u e u c e o f i n d i v i d u a l c h o i c e s a n d a c u o n s
c o n s t i i u l e t h e v a l u o t a n i n d i v i d u a l , p e r s o n a l l i f e , so a l s o t h e s e q u e n c e o f .ue, after all, the construcis o f c o m m o n s e n s e intelligence, ethical reflec-

collecii\'e h u m a n choices a n d a c i i o n s ccjiistiiute the w h o l e , d y n a m i c gcjod tion a n d j u d g m e n t . a n d choice. Like lhe commonsense understandings
o f h u m a n history. .md j u d g m e n t s t h a l c o n s t i i u l e t h e m . roles a n d instuons a r e q u i t e flex-
i b l e . W i t h o u t s u c h t l c x i b i l i t ) ' tlie\ w o n l d s o o n j i e r i s h . T h e i r e f f i c a c i o u s per-
What Lonergan m e a n t by t h e d y n a m i c aspeci ot t he h u m a n g o o d
l o r m a n c e a n d l h e sense t h a t these i n s t i t u t i o n s have i n t r i n s i c w o r t h w i t h i n
t h e " h u m a n g o o d as d e v e l o p i n g o b j e c t " ' - - is i h e e n i i i e t y o f h u m a n h i s -
l h e social ecosysiem'-' depends n o t o n l y o n t h e a c c u m u l a t e d \visdom thai
t o r y , w i t h all its g l o r i e s a n d h o r r o r s , a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d v i o l e n c e . Lonergan
u n d e r p i n s t h e i r s t a b i l i t ) , b u t also o n t l i e " a l least o u e n u t b e i ' ' |3racLical
w r i t e s t h a t t h e h u m a n g o o d "s a histc>r)', a c o n c r e i e , c t i m u l a i i v e p r o c e s s
i n s i g h t " ' a n d j u d g m e u t o f v a l n e t h a t is r e q u i r e d t o a d a p t t h e i r s t r u c i u r e s l o
resuliing f r o m d e v e l o p i n g h u m a n a p p r e h e n s i o n and h u m a n choices lhat
du- i r r e g u l a r l y ever-changing needs a n d circumstances.
may be g o o d or evil. A n d that concrete developing p r o c e s s is w h a i t h e
lu a biological ecosysiem, life flows a n d circuales t h r o u g h c o m p l e x and
h u m a n g o o d i n t h i s l i f e is, t h e h u m a n g o o d o n w h i c h d e p e n d s [human]
i n t r i c a t e patterns a n d c h a n n e l s . B u l these c i r c n l a t i o n s d o n o t m e r e l y r e p r o -
e t e r n a l destiny."'-' L o n e r g a n s p e n t m u c h o f his career t h i n k i n g a b o n t t h e
d u c e l h e natural ecosysiem, f o r i l also evolves. I n fact, i t c o u l d b e argued
d y n a m i c s o l h u m a n h i s t o r y , c o n s t a n t l y r e f l n i u g his a c c o u n t . T h e details
d i a l t h e b a s i c u n i t o f e v o l u i i o n is n o t s o m u c h a s p e c i e s b m a n e c o s y s i e m -
o f h i s l e w o r k i n g o f t h o s e ideas a b o u t t h e d y n a m i c s o f h u m a n h i s t o r y a r e
a 11 a g g r e g a t e o f i n d i v i d u i s a n d s p e c i e s | i i i k e d t o g e t h e r a n d i n t e r a c n g i n
beyc)nd the scope o f this book. B u t i h r o u g l i o n t all those revisions, he
iniricale circnlations o f mutual dependency.
c o n t i n u a l I } ' i d e n t i t l e d t h r e e i u t e r p e n e i r a t i n g tb'namics: progress, decline,
L i k e a biological ecosystepi, t h e h u m a n g o o c l as a s o c i a l e c o s y s i e m not
and recovery (or r e d e m p t i o n ) . Progress comes frotn a u t h e n i i c exercise
o n l ) ' r e p r o d u c e s i t s e l f b u l also evolves a u d d e v o l v e s . B o t h che m a i n t e n a n c e
C)f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y . D e c l i n e l e s u l t s w h e n biases o r
o f s o c i a l s y s t e m s o f i n s t u l i o n s as w e l l as t h e i r posi\'e i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s a r e
c^iher d i s t o r t i o n s i n t h e h o r i z o n o f feelings undercui the propei" unfold-
the results o f h u m a n beings a c t i n g iu a c c o r d with the s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l
i n g o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . Recovery o r r e d e m p t i o n comes a b o u t when
i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . F i e c i u e n t l y o u r acons m o d i f y i n s u t u t i o n a l p a t i e r n s , some-
acts o f r e s i g n a t i o n , forgiveness, o r l o v i n g self-sacrifice h e a l i h e d i s t o r t i o n s
i i i e s i n ways b a r e l y i i o c e a b l e , o t h e r m e s i n ^vays m o s t d r a m a c . O v e r
b r o u g h t inte p l a y b y b i a s e s . W h i l e o n e o r a n o t h e r d y n a m i c c a n dominate
I he l o n g r u n , t h e a c c u m u l a i i o n o f p r a c t i c a l insights will not m e r e l y a d a p i ,
d u r i n g a certain historical period, all t h r e e oprate a n d interpenetrate
b u l w i l l also g r a d u a l l y o r dmmacally t r a n s f o r m t h e roles a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s -
t h r o u g h every stage o f histor)'. I n o n e p e r i o d , collaborave creaviiy a r i s i n g
e\(niiuallv iranslbning even the social, e c o n o m i c , polilical, and cnlimal
 320 Pan l \ h.ii ls B r o u g l i r AhouL by D o i n g T h a i ? T h e H u m a n G o o d Descriled S2 1

I V a i i K w t l l ks ( g o o d s o f o i d e r a n d t e r m i n a l v'alues) t l i a i i n c o r p r a t e t h e m . die\ s e l t h e c o n d i o n s f o r a n a c c e l e r a l i o n o f i n a u t h e n t i c r e s p o n s e s , leading

T l u - i m i g t n c i u s o f v a l u r e a l i z e d i n i n d i v i d u a l d e c i s i o n s w i l l a l s o alTect t h e II l h e l i m i t t o t h e ' ' s o f i t y r a n n y " o f t h e m a j o r i i y , o r t o m o r e f o r c e f u l forms
( p i a l i i \l p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s t h a t c a r r y t h e v a l u o f p e r f o r m i n g t h e s e r o l e s ol'organized v i o l e n c e , t e r r o r l s m , o r nhlism.
in lliese i n s i i t u i i o n a i settings. So i n a f u l l e r view, t h e d y n a m i c s o f h u m a n h i s t o r y f o r m a c o n f l i c t i n g
.\ w i t h i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n Uves, h m n a n c o r p o r a t e c o o p e r a t i o n also has mixture of autheniicity and i n a i i i h e n t i c i t y . I l u m a n h i s t o r y c l e a r l y is n o t
a k i n d o f w h o l e n e s s , a d y n a m i c h i s t o r i c a l w h o l e n e s s t h a t is a g o o d w h e n i t mimtigated o r inevitable progress in goodness. T h e wlujleness o f h u m a n
is p r o d u c e d b y m a n y i n d i v i d u i s a c t i n g a n d i n i e r a c t i n g i n a c c o r d w i t h the h i s i o r y has a Iragile g o o d n e s s , w h e r e the achievements of collaborative
s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . T h i s d y n a m i c w h o l e n e s s is t h e hnman r i h i c a l a n i h e n t i c i i y are ever i h r e a t e n e d , tiegraded. a n d c o r r o d e d by acts o f
g o o d w r i t large t h e l a r g e r story ( h i s t o r y ) w i t h i n w"hich i n d i v i d u a l siories i n a u t h e n t i c i t ) ' . ' f h e C(.uirse o f h u m a n h i s t o r y l i a s a u v i s i c d a n d b r o k e n g o o d -
occur, frotn w h i c h they d r a w t h e i r s i o i y i n g resources, a n d to which they ness, A s s u c h , l h e s t i i c t l y p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f i t s u l i m a t e
make their siory-aliei'ing inpuis.''' Recently, i t has b e e n a l l e g e d t h a t e v e r y d e s t i n y , w h e t h e r g o o d n e s s o r n i h i l i s i n w i l l p r e v a i l , is i m c e r i a i n . Whatever
h u m a n b e i n g has t h e f u n d a m e n t a l i i g h t t o a u t h o r t h e s i o i y o f h e r o r h i s answer m i g h t be possible c o m e s f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s t h i r d d y n a m i c o l recov-
life, a n d t h e r e f o r e has t h e r i g h t to d e t e r m i n e h o w t h a t s t o r y ends. B u t n e i - ery, a n d t h i s is w h a t h e r e f e r r e d t o as t h e " s o c i a l f u n c u o n o f r e l i g i c ^ n . " ' ' T h i s
t h e r t h e b e g i n n i n g wor t h e e n d o f o u r l i v e s is s o l e l y w i t h i n i h e p o w e r o f o u r will be l a k e n u p again i n c h a p t e r 13.
c h o o s i n g . T h e s t o r y w e c o m p o s e o f o u r OWM l i l e p i c k s u p l l i e s t o r y o f h i s i c n ' y
t h a i has b e e n g o i n g o n b e f o r e o u r b i r t h . W e l l a f t e r we a r e g o n e , w h a t we d o ,
I 1.6 Summary
i n c l u d i n g h o w w e d i e , w i l l e n t e r i m o t h a t s t o r y i n ways o v e r w h i c h w e h a v e
l i t i l e c o n t i o l . W e c a n n o t by t o r c e c^f w i l l instlate t h e s t o i y o f c j u r o w n life l l l t h e f o r e g o i n g s e c t i o n s I h a v e a r g u e d t h a t t o a c i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e s t r i i c -
f r o m llie larger history o f liiiuianity. | i i i i e o f e t h i c a l i m e n i i o n a l i t y b r i n g s a b o u t se\eral t h i n g s ai o n c e . First, we
So far I have f o c u s e d o n t h e c r e a t i v e d y n a m i c o f h i s i o i y w h e r e i n s t i t u t i o n s c o n s t i t i i t e t h e h u m a n g o o d t h a t is o u r o w n l i f e . t h e g o o d t h a t p e r t a i n s 10 t h e
a n d personal r e l a t i o n s are d e v e l o p e d t h r o u g h a u t h e n t i c e t h i c a l intenon- set p e n ce o f a d i v i n e s l h a t m a k e u i i o u r o w n i d e n u t y , t h e s i o r j ' a n d " o n e and
a l i t y Lest the t b r g o i n g seem naively o p t i m i s i i c , let m e e m p b a s i z e t h a t this o n l y e d i t i o n " o f o u r o w n l i f e . S e c o i u . 1 , w l u l e ex|"eriences, i n s i g h i s , feelings,
is o n l y t h e t l r s i o f L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o x i m a i i o n s lo the tragedy a n d c o m e d y juilgmenis ofvalne, c h o l e e s , ancl a c t i o n s c o n s t i i u l e o u r o w n i d e n t i t y , t h e y
o f h u m a n history. O f c o u r s e h u m a n b e i n g s also act o u t o f bias - seemingly also s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m a i n l a i n , d e v e l o p , a n d r e p a i r the g o o d o f t h e social
m o r e o f t e n i h a n n o t - i n wax-s t h a t s h o r t - c i r c i i i t , v i l a t e , b e t r a y , a n d s u b v e n <rosystem t h a t is a i r e a d ) ' i n p l a c e - o r d a m a g e a n d c o n t r i b u t e t o a d e t e -
the intrinsic n o r m a t i v i t ) ' o f t h e sii'ticiure ofethical i m e n i i o n a l i t y W h e n they r i o r a t i o n o f t h a i g o o d t l i a i has a l r e a d y b e e n proceecling b e f o r e n s . I n so
d o so, t h e y i n t r o d u c e t i n i n i e l l i g i b l e a n d dis\'aluable e l e m e n t s i n t o t h e cor- i l o i n g , we i n e s c a p a b l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s o c i a l g o o c l o r evil a n d s i m u l t a n e -
p o r a t e h u m a n story. S m a l l i n d i s c r e t i o n s a u d acis o f p e t t y selishness a n d ously c o n s u t u t e ourselves as m e m b e r s o f t h a t social o r d e r f h i r d , we also
p r e j u d i c e at f i r s t i n t r o d u c e s m a l l d i s t o r t i c m s i n t o t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e a n d v a l u - i i i e v i t a b l v i n t r o d u c e i n i e l l i g e n t a n d \ ' a l u a b l e nno\aiicins t h a i g r a d u a l l } ' o r
able fabric o f cooperative lile, a n d are o f i e n i n l u r n m e t w i t h reprisals lhat d r a m a t i c a l l y t r a n s f o r m t h e s o c i a l e c o s y s t e i n . I n d o i n g so, w e h e l p c o n s i i t u t e
o n l y increase t h e d i s o r d e r . Laws are passed a n d b u r e a u c r a c i e s c r e a i e d n I h e d e s n y o f h u i n a n k i n c i as a w h o l e , n o t j u s t o f o u r o w n s o c i e i y , a n d s i m u l -
a l i e i n p t s lo make sure that such infractions never h a p p e n again. However, Miieously consiitute ourselves as m e m b g i ' s a n d parcipants i n t h e grand
e v e n i f t h e s e lepisals s e e m t o m a k e c o m m o n s e n s e , o f t e n t h e i r l o n g - i e n n draiiia of h u m a n histcny
consecpiences are n o t t h o r o u g h l y c o n s i d e r e d . Some atlempts lo prevent l u a m o s t p r o f o u n d s e n s ^ , l o b e a n a u l h e n t i c a l l y e l h i c a l p e r s o n is 10 t a k e
f u t u r e devaiit b e h a v i o u r s c a n have a g r e a t e r e f f e c t o n stfling i n t e l l i g e n t l y (Hl t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r r e c e i v i n g the l i v i n g reality that o n e i n h e r i i s , to
c r e a t i v e a n d p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s e s tc"> c o n c r e t e , u n f o r e s e e n situaiions that do assess i t s r e a l i t i e s a n d v a l e s i n t e l l i g e n t l y a n c l c r i t i c a l l y , t o r e f l e c t a u t h e n -
a r i s e . I f so, i l i e s e l a w a n d b u r e a u c i - a i i e r e s p o n s e s t o i n i t i a l i n f r a c t i o n s a m p l l y I a l l y ab<.iut w h a t o n e s h o u l d d o i n r e s p o n s e , a n d t o c h o o s e h o w o n e is t o
t h e m i n t o i n o r e s e r i o u s d i s t o r t i o n s i n t h e g o o d o f o r d e r a n d p e r s o n a l rela- pass it a l o n g t o i e n e x t g e n e r a o n a n d a c t o n t h o s e j u d g m e n i s o f v a l n e and
t i o n s . Rules a u d laws i n t e n d e d to p r e v e n t a n d r e m o v e s m a l l d e v i a i i o n s f r o m choices. T h i s can h a p p e n e v e n w h e n individuis are n o t t h i n k i n g explic-
t h e s i r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d c a n b e g i n t o m a k e o r d i n a r ) ' l i v i n g increas- ith' a b o u l history. I l h a p p e n s spontaneousi}' whenexer morally converied
ingl)' difTiculi, oppressive, i m p o s s i b l e , o r a b s u r d . As p a t t e r n s b e c o m e more l i u n i a u beings act i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n<}tioii o f v a l n e . unro
characterized by defensive r a t h e r t h a n b y creative a n d c o o p e r a t i v e patierns, slricied being-in-love, a u d l h e n o r m a v e s c a l e o i vales. T l i i s is b e c a u s e
 '^-2'2 Pan IV: VVhai i.s l i r o u g h i A b n u i by D o i n g T h a i T l i c H u m a n Good Deseribed 323

actions that result f r o m asking a n d a n s w e r i n g all the f u i t h e r quesiions felt . m d s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l e c o s y s l e m s a n d e v e n t s f r o m h i s t o i y . S h e c h o o s e s tc^ b u i l d

l o be p e r t i n e n t by a c o n v e n e d h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s w\]\e j u s t t h e right .1 \ e r y s p e c i f i c s t r u c i u r e a t a v e n ' s p e c i f i c n a t u i - a l a n d s o c i a l l o c a t i o n . T h e
a c t i o n s n e e d e d to m a k e b e t t e r w h a t e v e r g o o d h u m a n histcuT has a c h i e v e d f;<i<)d o f h e r a c t i o n s e m e r g e s o u t o l v e r v p a r d c u l a r sets o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a l
so fai". Ho\\'c\'er. i l i e c l i a i i c e s t h a t . p e o p l e w i l l c o n s i s t e n t l y a c t i n s u c h ways
MV i n t r i n s i c to ils c o n c r e i e n e s s a n d r e a l i z a t i o n . T h i s is l h e case w i t h a l l
a i e slim indeed.
i n s t a n c e s o f t h e h m n a n gc>CKl.
f h e b u i l d i n g o f this well d e p e n d e d i n t h e i i r s t p l a c e ii|ou a \ ' e n ' s p e -
11.7 A n llluslration: Building a Water
< ilic n a t u r a l s e l of c o n d i d o n s o u l o f w h i c h i t e m e r g e d . T l i e r e l i a d lo b e a n
Well in Malaya
.Kpiifer b e n e a t h t h e village i n o r d e r i b r t h e p r o j e c t even to be possible, a n d
uian\ p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s i n i o u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r w e r e n e e d e d in o r d e r to
I n o r d e r t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e p o i n t s i n a m o r e c o n c r e t e way, I draw upon \evil
kno^v w h e r e a n d h o w t o d i g a w e l l .
S h u t e ' s n o v e l , A fowv LikeAlke."^ I c h o s e t h i s i l l u s t r a u o n b e c a u s e o f its r e l a -
f h e specifically h u m a n d i m e n s i o n s carne i n t o play when h u m a n b o d i l y
dve simplicity. M o r e comple.x e x a m p l e s w o u l d r e q u i r e far m o r e e l a b o r a U o n .
moxemenis acted u p o n t h e ph)'sical objects a n d n a t u r a l r h y i h m s o f this
A l t h o u g l i A 'ImvH .ikiiiceis a w c u k o f l i c i i o n , its p i o t a g o n i s i , a n E n g l i s h -
n a i u r a l s e t t i n g . B o d i l y i n o v e i n e n t s are a m o n g t l i e m o s i i m m e d i a t e i h i n g s
w o m a n n a m e d j e a n P a g e t , is b a s e d t i p o n a i'eal p e r s o n a n d h e r a c t u a l d e e d s
b r o u g h t a b o u t by f o l l o w i n g the s t r u c t u r e o f etliical i u i e n t i o n a l i i y . B o d i l y
d u r i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d War.-" I n t h e n o v e l , Paget t m e x p e c t e d l y receives a
movements i n c l u d e m o v e n i e n t s o f h a n d s , a r n i s , a n d legs, b u l a l s o move-
s u b s i a n i i a l i n h e r i i a n c e f i o m a n m i e l e s h e b a r e l y k n e w . S h e d e c i d e s t o use a
m e n t s o f speech organs a n d facial muscles t h a t c o m n i u n i c a t e m e a n i n g s . A l l
gt">od p o r t i o n o f h e r n e w i n c o m e t o b u i l d a w a t e r w e l l f o r t l i e M a l a y a n v i l l a g e
l i l i s is v e r y m u c h i n e v i d e n c e i n t h i s s t o n - , as b u i l d i n g a w e l l r e q u i r e s b o d i l y
o f Rala T e l a u g . S h e e x p l a i n s h e r reasons f o r this decisin t o h e r s o l i c i i o r
:icis o f p r o b i n g , c l i g g i n g , b u i l d i n g , a n d r e i n f o r c i n g , b u t also c o m m i i n i c a t i n g
b y l e l l i n g l h e s t o r y o f h e i " c a p u \ ' i t y d u r i n g t h e war.
. m d p e r s u a d i n g p e o p l e a b o u t w i s h e s , d e s i r e s , a n c l b c ) p e s , as w e l l as i n s i r u c -
A t l h e o u t b r e a k o f t h e w a r . P a g e l was w o r k i n g i n .Malaya. S h e l e l l s how
iions for carrying o u t a p p r o p r i a t e bodily actions.
s h e a n d o t h e r f o r e i g n n a i i o n a l s w e r e t a k e n p r i s o n e r by |apanese t r o o p s d u r -
C o n s i r t i c i i n g a water well invoh'cs a great deal m o r e ihaii c l i g g i n g a lile
i n g t h e i r invasin. T h e i r c a p t o i " s s e t t h e m e n t o w c j r k o n b u i l d i n g a l a i l w a y .
w i l h a s h o v e l . 'J'lie s o i l f r o m t b e w ; i l l s o f a n y d e e | j p i t sc:)on l i e g i n s l o l o o s e n
L.ackng a c l e a r p l a n i b r i h e w o m e n a n d c h i l d r e n , they forced-maiched
. m d collapse i n t o t h e h o l e . It recpiires t h e r e f o r e a ccmsiderable a c c u i i i u l a -
t h e m , g i v i n g t h e m l i t i l e f o o d o r m e d i c a l care. O v e r a p e r i o d o i six m o n t h s
l i d i i o f i n s i g h t s i n t o s o i l a n d o t h e r faciCH"s i n o r d e r t o d i g d e e p l y enough
t h e y w e r e c o m p e l l e d b y J a p a n e s e s o l d i e r s 10 w a l k m a n y h u n d r e d s o f m i l e s
l o r e a c h u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r w h i l e also i n s u r i u g t h a t t h e s h a f i w i l l n o t cc^f
aliiist aimlessly, a n d h a l f o f t h e w o m e n a n d c h i l d r e n p e r i s l i e d .
h i p s e . I n a d d i t i o n , s o m e s o r t o f clevice w o u l d h a v e 10 b e c o n s t r u c t e d i n
T h e J a p a n e s e c o h c u t g u a r d i n g t h e w o m e n is g r a d u a l l y r e d u c e d t o a s i n -
o r d e r t o h a i i l w a t e r u p 10 t h e s u r f a c e . P a g e t r e a l i z e s t h a t " w e l l - t i i g g i n g s a
g l e s o l d i e r , w h o e v e n t u a l l y d i e s o f fevei" a t l h e v i l l a g e o l ' K u a l a ' l e l a n g . T h e
s k i l l e d c i a f t " i n x o h i n g m a n y i n s i g h t s , a n d l e a r n s tlire i s j u s t o n e f a m i l y i n
w o i n e n i h e i i c o n v i n c e t h e h e a d m a n o f t h e \'illage t o l e t t h e m stay a n d w o r k ,
l h e v i c i n i t y w i t h t h e r e q u i s i t e k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s . I n a d d i t i o n 10 skillfully
a u d h e negotiates this a r i a n g e m e n t w i t h l o c a l o c c u p y i n g officials. T h i s vil-
d i g g i n g t h e \\'ell, t h e y a l s o h a v e t h e i n s i g h t s a n d s k i l l s n e e d e d to s b o r e up
l a g e b e c o m e s t h e i r r e l u g e f o r t h e d u r a t i o i i o f t h e war. W h i l e t h e r e , P a g e t
ils s h a f i w i t h b i i c k w o r k . - '
a n d the olhers observe a n d pariicipate in ihe hard labour o f t h e "women's
In terms that Lonergan dexelops i n Insight, t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h i s w e l l is
w o r k " o f c a r r y i n g w a t e r t\\'ice a d a ) ' f r o m a s p r i n g a m i l e f r o m l h e v i l l a g e .
an instance o f geneialized emergent probability, where new "schemes of
O u t o f g r a l i i u d e f b r t h e h o s p i t a l i t)' of t h e v i l l a g e r s , P a g e t d e c i d e s 1 0 r e t u r n
K ' c n r r e n c e " arise o u i o f p r i o r s c h e m e s " - i u t h i s case, h u m a n schemes
t o t h e v i l l a g e a n d l o use p a n o f h e r i i i h e r i t a n c e to have t h e w e l l b u i l t .
e m e r g i n g o u t o f n a t u r a l schemes. A t t h e physical level, the m o s t i m p o r t a n t
T h e n o v e l is a v e r y r i c h n a r r a t i v e o f m a n y o t h e r e p i s o d e s a n d d e t a i l s , b u t
schemes o f recurrence are those responsible f b r the r e p l e n i s h n i e n t o f the
1 llave c h o s e n to i b c u s o n this episode Ijecaiise i t a f i b r d s a n o p p o r i u n i t y t o
u i i d e r g r o u u d a q u i f e r Iir t u r n , the well makes i i possible for new schemes o f
l o o k c l o s e l y at t h e c o n c r e t e c o m p l e x i t i e s i n v o l v e d i n a l l h u m a n d e c i s i o n s
w a t e r m o v e m e n t t o e m e r g e f r o m t h e r h y t b m s o f l h e a q u i f e r , as t h e v i l l a g e r s
a n d a c u o n s that b r i n g a b o u t t h e h u m a n g o o d .
r e p e a t e d l y d r a w water to t h e surface. Even at t h e physical level, t h e r e i b r e , a
L o n e r g a n f r e q u e n t l y e m p h a s i z e d t h a t " t h e g o o d is alwaj's c o n c r e t e , " a n d
w a t e r w e l l is m o r e a c c i u a t e l y u n d e r s t o o d i n t e r n i s o f its p l a c e i n t h i s e m e r g -
t h i s s t o i * ) ' i l l u s t r a t e s h i s p o i n t w e l l . P a g e i ' s is n o t j u s t a n y g e n e r a l i z e c l d e c i s i n .
i n g series of r e c u r r i n g s c h e m e s , r a t h e r t h a n m e r e l y as a static o b j e c t s i l i i i i g
I t is a d e c i s i n s i t u a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o v e i y s p e c i f i c a u d c o n c r e t e p h y s i c a l
iu lhe iniddle o f a village.
 I l ' . n i IV: W i i a i ls lidughi A b o u i by D o i n g T h a i ?
\(t l h e g o o d s b r o i i g h l a b o u t by P a g e t " s d e c i s i n g o c o n s i d e r a b l y beyond
csiablisiiing new pathways o f water m o v e m e n t . Cleaiiv tlie p r i n c i p a l inten-
don o f h e r decisin was t o c h a n g e s o n i e o f t h e s o c i a l p a t t e r n s o f t h e v i l l a g e .
P r i o r t o h e r decisin, t h e village's r e c u r r i n g vital needs f o r w a t e r w e r e m e t
t h r o u g h the repeiinve p a t i e r n s o f h n m a n acti\.ies c a i ' r i e d o u l by t l i e v i l -
l a g e ' s w o m e n . T h e w e l l r e n d e r e d t h o s e e a r l i e r p a t t e r n s o b s o l e i e . b u t also
set t l i e c o n d i t i o n s f o r i l i e e m e r g e n c e o f n e w p a t i e r n s . f o r o n e t h i n g , m e n
w o u l d n o w b e c o m e i n v o l v e d n t h e s c h e m e s t j f o b i a i n i n g w a t e r b y w o r k i n g t h e
bucket. In addition, new p a t t e r n s w e r e d e v e l o p e d f o r t a k i n g l u r n s at
the well. Beyond that, the well ( a l o n g w i t h a new a c c o m p a n y i n g wash house
t h a t P a g e t also c o m m i s s i o n e d ) s e i t h e c o n d i d o n s f o r t h e e m e r g e n c e s o f sll
f u r t h e r n e w social p a t t e r n s . T h e s e i n n o v a i i o n s f r e e d g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e
women's d m e a n d also f r e e d t h e m f r o m t h e ph)'sical s t r a i n a n d w e a r o n
t h e i r b o d i e s that CLirrying w a t e r f r o m t h e s p r i n g i m p o s e d . T h e i r n e w l y l i b e r -
a t e d Mine and enetg)' b e c a m e available f o r new k i n d s o f social i n t e r a c t i o u s ,
as P a g e l l i a d i m a g i n e d a n d h o p e d . I n o t h e r v v o r d s , t h e w e l l p r o v i d e d b o t h a
t i m e a n d a place w h e r e t b e w o m e n o v e r a n d a g a i n c o u l d sit a u d talk w h i l e
the w a t e r - d r a w i n g a n d w a s l i i n g l o o k place."''
P a g e t ' s decisin, t h e r e f o r e , e v e n t u a l l y b r o u g h t a b o u t new g o o d s a i b o t h
the p h ) ' s i c a l a n d l i u m a n levis. O n t h e p h y s i c a l l e \ e l , t h e w e l l is t h e s i t e
ofa new recurring scheme o f w-aier m o v e i i i e n i t h a i e m e r g e d o u l o f a n d
is c o n d i t i o n e d by the previously o c c u r r i n g schemes that c o n s t i t u t e d lhe
aquifer. A i the h u m a n lexel, new schemes o f social c o o p e r a t i o n e m e r g e d to
t r a n s f o r m the p r e v i o u s scliemes t h a t had c o n s t i t u t e d the life o f t h e entire
v i l l a g e . T h e l i f e o f l h e v i l l a g e \ras a n i n t r i c a t e , i n t e r d e p e n d e n i s e t o f r e c u r -
ring operalions thal i n c l u d e d fishing, p l a i i t i n g , h a r v e s t i n g ancl cooking
rice, r e p l e n i s h i n g water, m a r r y i n g , a n d b e g e t t i i i g a n d r e a r i n g c l i i l d r e n , to
m e n d o n b u l a lew. T h e n e w s c h e m e s o f s e c u r i n g w a t e r a n d w o m e n ' s gather-
i n g s w e r e o n l y p o s s i b l e ii t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s p r o v i c l e d by t h o s e
O l h e r s c h e m e s . B u t t h o s e cjther p a t t e r n s t h e n i s e l v e s also d e p e n d e d upon a
c o n s i a n t s u p p l y o f water.
A l l o f t h e n e w l y e m e r g e n t s c h e m e s w e r e i n s t a n c e s o f reality, i n t h e sense
d i s c u s s e d i n c l i a p i e i 3 . A c c c u x i i n g 10 l . o n e r g a n ' s a c c c ^ u n t . r e a l i t i e s a r e a c t u a l
i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s k n o w n i n \ ' i r t u a l l y i m c o n c l i i i o n e d i i c i g m e n i s . I n t h e case o f
the K u a l a Telaiig well, the inielligible c o n n e c t i o n s a m o n g the various recur-
r i n g u i o v e i u e n i s o f t h e w a t e r w e r e p r o v i d e d by t h e laws o f g r a v i t a t i o n a u d
hydrodynamics. B u t the inielligible connections a m o n g the various recui-
r i n g h u m a n a c i i v i t i e s w e r e p r o v i d e d by s h a r e d m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f
lhe p e o p l e involved. These new h u m a n schemes were n o t made regular o r
i n t e l l i g i b l e by n a t u r a l l a w s a l o n e : r a i h e r , n e w m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g s w e r e
n e e d e d t o i n t e l l i g i b l ) c o o r d n a t e t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s i n i o n e w s c h e m e s o f sec ur-
i i i g w a t e r for d r i n k i n g , w a s h i n g , a n d o t h e r vital needs. A g a i n , n e w physical
T h e M m n a i i Cood Deseribed $"5
schemes e m e r g e a n d b e c o m e real o n c e a p p r o p r i a t e p r i o r c o n d i t i o n s are
f n l l i l l e d t h r o u g h n a t u r a l processes. B u t i l i c h u m a n schemes b e c a m e real
(Ully after sonie people had the practical insights a n d c o m i i i u n i c a t e d t h e m
lo o t h e r s , w h o t h e n a l l a g r e e d ( d e c i d e d ) a n d a c t e d i n a c c o r d w i t h those
iimiiial understandings. T h e m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g s grasped the inielligi-
biliiies c o n s t i i u u v e o f these n e w schemes. B u l h u m a n d e c i s i o n s (.>f a g r e e -
ment and consequeni c o o r d i n a t e d actions - n o t n a t u r a l processes - were
K ' q u i r c d lo make the inielligibiliues o f those h u m a n schemes o f coopera-
tion real.
Paget's o w n decisin a n d a c d o n s , t h e r e f o r e , i n i i i a t e d a series o f levis
ni e m e r g i n g realilies (schemes o f r e c u r r e n c e ) . B u l o f coui"se t h e r e is y e t
. u i o t h e r p a r t o f t h e s t o r y t h a t h a s 10 d o w i t h t h e vales oi t h o s e r e a l i e s . T h e
p o i n t r o b u i l d i n g i h e w e l l ( a n d w a s h h o u s e ) was n o t o n h ' i h c e m e r g e n c e o f
a new physical scheme o r even th e inangtiration o f new intelligible paiierns
o i s o c i a l c o o p e r a i i o n . .VIost. f u n d a m e n t a l l y t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e w e l l a c t u a l i z e d
Pagei's J u c l g m e n t s o f e d i i c a l valu a n d h e r decisin. T h e a c t u a l i i ) ' o f t h e well
vvas h e r c o n c r e t e a n d p a r t i c u l a r w a y o f e x p r e s s i n g a valu - g r a l i i u d e - w h i c h
i t s e l f was a r e s p o n s e l o t h e v i l l a g e i ^ ' C)wn e a r l i e r e x p r e s s i o n s o f d i e v'alties o f
l i o s p i t a l i l y a n d h e a l i n g tc'>wards h e r a n d h e r f e l l o w p r i s o n e r s o f w a r .
W i l h t h i s d e c i s i n . P a g e t a c t u a l i z e d h e r s e l f as a persiu o f g r a l i i u d e a n d
g<.:ueiosii)'. H e r s was a d e c i s i n o f c o m p a r a t i v e \ ' a l u e - o n e t h a t s h e c a m e 1 0
o n l y a f t e r a p e r i o d o f s e r i o u s r e t l e c t i o n , w h i c h s d e s e r i b e d i n s o m e d e t a i l
i u d i e n o v e l . A i i h e t i m e s h e l e a r n e d o f t h e i n h e r i n n c e , s h e was n o l m a r -
l i e d a n c l l i a d a v e r y d r a b l i f e as a s e c r e t a r y i n a w o n i e u ' s sli_e a n c l l u n i c l b a g
f i c i o r y . ' t h a v e n ' t g o l a n y c n h e r l i f e , " as s l i e p u t i t . - ' S h e d i d n o t t h i n k i t
"was a o b w o r i h d o i n g , " e x c e p l I b r i h e i n c o m e . - ' ' So s h e S ] " j e n L s o i n e time
r e l l e c i i n g a b o u t p o s s i b i l i t i e s : " I f I a m g o i n g \o d o w o r k a t a n y t l i i g , I w a n t
ii l o b e r e a l l y w o r t h w h i l e . " ' ' ' S h e c o n s i d e r e d v o l i u i t e e r n g a t a h o s p i t a l c)r
charitable o r g a n i z a i i o n o r culii\'ating an a p p r e c i a i i o n for the fine arts. She
also c o u l d h a v e c h o s e n t o l i v e a n m i c h a l l e n g i u g l i l e o f c o m f o r t s u s u i i n e d
hy l h e h e a l t h y i n c o m e f r o m h e i ' i n h e r i t a n c e . B u t a f t e r r e f l e c t i n g a b o u l t h e
\ ' a r i o u s p a t h s s h e c o u l d u i k e , s h e a r r i v e d at i h e j u d g m e m i h a t i h e v a l u o f
h a v i n g t h e w e l l b u i l t was l h e b e s t c o u r s e f o r h e r p e r s o i i a l l v . H e r f e l t s c a l e
ol'valne preference f o r m e d tlie context for lhat j n d g m e m o f comparave
\'alue a n c l d e c i s i n .
11er d e c i s i n 1 0 b u i l d t h e w e l l c o n s t i t u t e d t h e k i n d o f p e r s o n s h e w o u l d
he. b u l s i n i i i l t a n e o u s l y . - w a s a l s o a decisin t o a c t u a l i z e a social \'aliie t h a l
w o u l d be i n d e p e n d e n t o f h e r o w n p e r s o n h o o d . I i actualized a m o r e effi-
( i n i t , less o n e r o i i s w a y o f r e g u l a r l y m e e n g t h e v i l l a g e ' s v i t a l n e e d s for
waier, Ii w o u l d m a k e "life easier f o r t h e m , as t h e y m a d e life easier for
u s , " as P a g e l p u l i t . " " T h e n e w r o l e s a n c l s k i l l s l h a t w e r e n e e d e d f o r t a k i n g
l u r n s i u p u l l i n g water u p f i o i n t h e well w e r e actualies e n d o w e d with lhe
 ..... > .111 IV. \ M.il I.s l l l u i i ^ l i l .Alxiiil hy !)< i j n ^ Thair

SDcial v a h i f o l ' g r e a l t r i - l T i c i f iicv a i u l i l i c x a l i i c of l i h c i a l i t i g w o i i i o i T s l i t l l f l
ancl s i r c n g l h l o r o i h e i " w o r t h ) ' endeavotirs. l i n t m o r e i h a n l h a i . by c h o o M
i n g to accepl ihe w e l l , i h e village J o i n e d Paget i n a c t u a l i z i n g a new
g r e a i e r v a l o r i z a t i o n o f t h e w o m e n i n t h e village, Paget r e f l e c i e d caief'ullv
a n d deliberately a b o m . h e r i n t e n t i o n to orignate a small b u t sigiiiricaiit
t r a n s f o n n a t i o n o f t h e c u l t m a l valu o f t h e w o m e n : " t h e g i f t o f a w o m a n
f o r w o m e n , a n d i n i h i s i h i n g [ w e ' l l a n d w a s h l i o u s e ] t h e m e n s h a l l d o as i h r
w o m e n say" as s l i e p u l i l . - ' ' '
I I history or with o u r actual decisions aiui actions a u d tlu-ir coiise-
( p i i u< I s f o i l h e s t o r y o f h i s t o r y .
and
l u i c . i l i i ) ' a u f i i u \'alue, e a c h a n d e v e r y h u m a n d e c i s i n a n r l ; i c d o i i a f f e c i s
to ' i i o i \f h u m a n h i s i o r y . I t a f f e c t s t h e s i o r y as a uiholc. - h o w t h e whole
i i o M u u i i s ( u i t - n o t ust t h e l a s t e p i s o d e w i t h w h i c h t b e s t o r ) ' e n d s . The
K I o l d i a l s t o r y is t o b e d i s c e r n e d i n t h e h i s i o r y o f t h e ever-changing
p l i l i I ns o l ] ) e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , J u s t as t h e r e a l m i s s i o n o f a n i n s t i t u t i o n is t o

disi e i n e i l i n t h e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a m o n g its m e m b e r s a n d t h o s e w i t h
A few o f t h e \illage w o m e n i n i t i a l l y " l o o k e d s h o c k e d a t t h i s heresy," a n d
H h i i i u it i t u e r a c t s .
w o r r i e d " w h e t h e r i t was u o t i m p i o u s l o w i s h l o a h e r a n - a n g e i n e n t s that h a d
satisfied t h e i r m o t h e r s a n d their grandmolhei"s before them."-''' T h e women B( ( . u i s e t h e d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s o f e a c h a n d every h u m a n b e i n g con-

reflected t o g e t h e r a n d even tually came to t h e v a l u e j u d g m e n t t h a t this w o u l d i i i i i i u - s o m e p a n o f t h a t d y i l a n i i c p a t t e r n o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , w h a t is a t

i n d e e d b e a g o o d i n n o v a i i o n . Yei P a g e l w a s alsc) v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o l h e c u l t u r a l t . i k e i n e a c h o f o u r d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s is l u n n a n d e s t i n y , t h e s t o r y o f
a n d g e n d e r vales a t s t a k e i n i h i s v i l l a g e . V V h e n s h e m e t w i d i t h e h e a d m a n h u m . u i i t y . VVe c o n s t i t u i e o u r s e l v e s as p e r s o n s i n a u d t h r o u g h o u i " e x e r -
to p r o p o s e t h e p r o j e c t , s h e f o l l o w e d t h e c u s t o m s a n d p r o t o c o l s a n d s p o k e I Krs a n d evasioiis o f m o r a l self-lranscendence. B u t j u s t as c o n c r e i e l y , we
respectfully. L i k e i h e w o m e n , he t o o i n i d a l l y expressed t h e \'ew l h a t w h a t lillei 1 t h e c o n s i i i u i i o n o f t h e h i s i o r y o f j j e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n w h i c h we
I m e i g c as p e i s o u s .
h a d b e e n g o o d e n o u g h f o r t h e i r m o t h e i s a n d g r a n d m o i h e r s s h o u l d also b r
I h e r e l b r e , t h e new realities o f physical a u d b u m a n patierns, the new
g o o d e n o u g h f o r t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n . B u t P a g e t b u i l t h e r case o n vales
Irxcis o f social a n d c u l t u r a l saines and personal relations. a n d their
a n d r e c e n t h i s i o i y t h a t w e r e already o p e r a t i v e i n t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e village.
t o n i i i b n t i o n s to t h e valu o l h u m a n histoiy all emerged intertwined
h l p a r t i c u l a r , s h e q n o t e d l o t l i e h e a d m a n f r o m a s i i i a i u t h e Qjtr'an: ''Ifye be
l o g e i h e r a t K u a l a T e l a n g . J u s i as t h e p h y s i c a l r e a l i l y o f t h e w e l l emerged
k i n d l o w a r d s w o m e n a n d f e a r t o d o t h e m w r o n g j A l l a h ] is ^vell a c q u a i n t e d
w i t h w l i a t ye d o . " S h e t h e n i n t e r p r e t e d , " l i w o u l d be k i n d l o l e t t h e w o m e n oiu o f lhe c o n d i d o n s s u p p l i e d by p r i o r physical scliemes (in conjunc-

have t h e i r well." lioii with the actions o f t h e w o r k m e n ) , so a l s o t h e n e w v a l e s emerged

' o n l f t h e p r i o i " s c h e m e s of m e a n i n g a n d valu t h a t i n f o r m e d t h e life
The h e a d m a n was p e r s u a d e d , b u t n e e d e d lo bring tlie proposal for o l l h e village. Pagei's ideas, feelings, r e l l e c i i o n s , valu j u d g m e m s , deci-
deliberation among tl'ie v i l l a g e eldei's. It l o o k i l i e m two days l o come
sions. a n d a c t i o n s i n a n g u r a i e d t h e a c i u a l i z a i i o i i o f these realiies and
10 t h e j u d g m e i u t l i a t t h e n e w w e l l w o n l d b e a g o o d i h i n g , a u d l h a t t h e
vales, b u l s h e was n o t s o l e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r e m e r g e n c e s . I n ihe
i n n o v a i i o n w o u l d n o t be displeasing to A l l a h . W h i l e all this m i g h t seem
liist place, l h e full r e a l i z a t i o n o f h e r decisin d e p e n d e d u p o n tfie reali-
pretty insignificant on the grand order of w o r l d history. the careful
ii<'s a n d v a l e s t h a t w e r e a l r e a d y i u p l a c e , w h i c h p r o v i d e d l h e c c u i d i t i o n s
d e l i b e r a t i o n s b)' P a g e l , t h e \'illnge w o m e n , a n d i h e e l d e r s S1H:>W t h a t they
for the possibility of diese innovaiions. In a d d i i i o n , the realilies and
u n d e r s t o o d thai ibis p r o p o s e d cliange s o m e h o w liad ar-reaching c o n -
vales b e c a m e a c t u a l o n l y b e c a u s e o l h e r l u n n a n b e i n g s (village women
secpiences. T h a i is t o say, t h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h a t w h a t t h e y w e r e contem-
p l a t i n g a n d p i x i p o s i n g m a i i e i e d a n d h a d valu precisely foi t h e siory of uul elders, a n d l h e workers f r o m cuiiside) caine lo i h e i r own j u d g m e n t s

h u m a n bisloi)'. of A a l n e , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s t h a t c o o p e r a t e d w i t h P a g e t ' s j u d g m e n t s ,
decisions, a n d aciions. T h e s e a c i u a l i z a i i o n s w e r e l h e result r)f m a n y acts
VVhen we l o o k o u t a i i h e great forces and movement o f history, we ol h u m a n c o o p e r a t i o n i h a t arse f r o m t h e exei'cise o f e i h i c a l iniention-
n i i g h t b e t e i u p t e d t o say n o t h i n g w e c a n d o w i l l c h a n g e i t s o u t c o m e . B u t alit)' b)' n u m e r o u s p e o p l e w h o m t h e stry reveis t o be o f h i g h d e g r e e s
l h i s is b e c a u s e we a r e t r a p p e d i n o u r i m a g i n a t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n engag-
of luoral coii\ersion.
ing in self-irausceiidence to c o n c r e i e l y i h i n k a n d evalate t h e reality B e f o r e she r e u i r n e d t o M a l a y a t o have l h e w e l l b u i l t , Paget l o o k e d b a c k
a n d v a l u o f h i s t o r y . VVe n i i g l i i w i s h a n d i m a g i n e t h a t w e c o u l d s t o p a n (MI h e r t h r e e )'ears o f c a p i i v i t y a n d l i f e i n t h e . M a l a y a n v i l l a g e . S h e s a i d t o
i m p e n d i n g war or e n d poverty by some a c t i o n we m i g h t take. We might h e r s o l i c i i o r , " I t was t h r e e y e a r s w a s t e d , ust c h o p p e d o u t o f o n e ' s l i f e ... A t
i m a g i n e t h a t s u c h a c i i o n s are t h e o n l y a c t i o n s we c o u l d d o t h a t w o u l d l e a s l I s u p p o s e i i was. 1 k n o w a l o t a b o i i i .Vlalays, b u t t h a t ' s n o t w - o r t h i m i c h
affect l h e o u t c o m e o f history. B u t those are j u s t famasies a b o u r history. h e r e i n E n g l a n d . " T h e s o l i c i i o r r e s p o n d e d s a g e l y , " Y o u w o n ' t k n o w i f i t is
I n t h i n k i n g t h i s way, w e w o u l d n o t b e e n g a g i n g w i t h t h e r e a l i l y o r t i u e w a s t e d u n t i l ) ' o u c c j m e l o l h e e n d o f y o u r l i f e ... P e r h a p s n o t i l i e n . " ' ' " O n c e
 l ' a i i IV; vvii:u ls H i o i i g h i A b o m by D o i n g T h a i ?
i h e w e l l a n d w a s h i i o n s e l i a d b e e n biLt a n d s h e r e c o g n i z e d i h e g o o d ol'
l h e c h a n g e s she i n a u g L n ' a t e d , she t a c i l l y a c c e p t e d t h e w i s d o m o f h e r soHci-
t o r ' s w'i d s . A s s h e Drepai'ed t o l e a v e K n a l a T e l a n g b r t h e n e x l s t a g e o ' h e i '
l i f e , s h e b e c a m e a w a r e t h a t ''she was l e a s i n g t h i e e years o h e r l i l e b e h i n d
hei", a n d t h a t is n e v e r a v e r y e a s y t h i n g t o d o . " ^ ' T l n s is n o t t h e s o n o" t h i n g
she w o n l d have said a few m o n t l i s earlier. T h e well a n d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
o f t h e l i f e o t h e v i l l a g e g a v e m e a n i n g a n d v a l n e e v e n t o t h o s e t h r e e y e a n
o f l o s t r e e d o m a n d s u f l e r i n g . B)' l i e r J u d g m e n t s o f valu, d e c i s i o n s , a n d
aciions - a n d the r e c i p r o c a t i n g decisions o f others w h o j o i n e d w i t h h e r in
e n d o i s i n g those vales - Paget t r a n s f o r m e d tliose h o r r i b l e years into
experiences w i t h t h e p o t e n u a l f o r n e w v a l u . W i t h t h e s e a c t i o n s s h e gave
a n i e a n i n g a n d valu t o l h e s u f f e r i n g s s h e endurec d i u i n g t h e t h r e e years
o f c a p l i v i i y 1-ler s u f f e r i n g s w e r e n o : o n l y t h o s e o f t h e p h y s i c a l d i s c o m f o r t s ,
p a i n , a n d disease she w o u l d n o t have b a d t o e n d u r e i n a j u s t , w e l l - f u n c -
t i o n i n g g o o d o f ordei". M o r e i m p o r t a i i t l y h e r sufferings i n c l u d e d h a v i n g lo
e n c i m e i u s o r r o w t h e u n j u s t d e a t h s o f so m a n y c o m p a n i o n s . Yet h e r a c t o f
b u i l d i n g l h e w e l l a u d a l l t h e g o o d s t h a i f o l l o w e d f r o m it t r a n s l ' o n n e d t h o s e
e a r l i e r suferings f r o i n a n i e a n i n g l e s s waste i n t o a p o t e n c y o u t o f w h i c h
e m e r g e d n e w vales t h a t e n d o w e d t h e s u f f e r i n g s w i t h w o r t h . I n n o w a y was
t h e h o r r o r a n d e v i l cf s u f f e r i n g s g i v e n a j u s t i f i c a i i o n . R a t h e r , P a g e t svas a b l e
t o r e l u r n g o o d s f o r t h o s e e v i l s . S h e was a b l e t o r e d e e m t h o s e e a r l i e r e v e n t s
f i o m l h e c j b l i v i o i i o f u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y ancl e v i l , a n d l o h e l p m a k e t h e m i m o
s o m e t h i n g t h a t played a r o l e i n t h e o n g o i n g goocl o f h u m a n history, She
was a b l e t o t t u n t h o s e e v e n t s i n t o s o u r c e s f o r n i e a n i n g a n d v a l u b e y o n d
the horrors.
A l t h o u g h t h e e p i s o d e i n S h u t e s n o v e l is i c t i o u a l , t h e r e a r e numerous
r e a l s i o r i e s a b o u l t h e ways l h a t wells o r c o n d u i i s t o villages i n d e v e l o p i n g
c o u n i r i e s d r a m a t i c a l l y i r a n s f b r m t h e i r s o c i a l lives, ancl e s p e c i a l l y t h e c u l -
t u r e s o f w o m e n . : ' " J h e stcu"y t h e b u i l d i n g o f a w e l l a t K u a l a T e l a n g provides
a concrete illustraiion o f Lonergan's account o f the c o m p o n e n t s in the
siructure o f the h u m a n g o o d , a n d o f the d y n a m i c s that are b r o u g h t abonl
w h e n p e o p l e act i n d i v i d u a l l y a u d c o o p e r a t i v e l y i n a c c o r d w i d i t h e s t r u c t u r e
of ethical inienuonalit)'.
B r i n g i n g a b o u t t h e g o o d t h a t b e i n g e t h i c a l i n t e n d s is a m a t t e r o f d i s -
c e r n i n g h o w t h e g o o d is e m e r g i n g a n c l c o n t r i b u t i n g t h e n e x t i n t e t l i g e i U ,
criucal, a n d ethically responsible t h i n g needed lo build u p that g o o d . But
we d o n " t i n a k e o u r c o n t r i b u u o n by l o o k i n g a i a b l i i e p r i n t o r p l a n o f the
h u m a n g o o d a u d t h e n u s i n g i t t o g u i d e o u r a c t i o n s Hke a b u i l d i n g c o i i -
t r a c t o r R a t h e r , we d i s c e r n ancl c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e h u m a n goocl p r e c i s e l y hy
d e s i r i n g i t t h r o u g h o u r u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f valu, a n d i h e n p u r s u i n g
l h a t desidertum t h r o u g h Fidelity lo o u r s i r u c t u r e o f e l h i c a l i n i e n l i c m a l -
ity. W e d i s c e r n i h e g o o d t h a t w e a r e c a l l e d t o b r i n g a b o u t b y a s k i n g a m l
T h e H u m a n G o o d Deseribed V\)
iiiswiring t h e questions that arise o u i o f the c o n c r e t e situations i n t o w h i c h
wi . l i e i h r o w n , a n d d o i n g so u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f feelings o f prefer-
f o r l h e n o r m a t i v e s c a l e o f vales. O u r a c t i o n s a r e c o u t r i b u t i o n s Ic^
l l i e i l e v e l o p m e n i o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l i n s o f a r as w e a r e f a i i l i f t i l l o t h e c a l i s
\m e v e r f u r t h e r p e r d n e n t q u e s t i o n s w i t h i n a m o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d h o r i z o n
MI leiiingS.
We ( a n d i s c e r n a l l t h i s a t wc>rk i n t h e s t o r y a b o u i J e a i i P a g e t ' s d e c i s i n
m d ils c o n s e c p i e n c e s . T h e n o v e l i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r e l a i i c n i s h i p b e t w e e n m o r a l
I n i n t i s i o n a n d the siructure o f the h u m a n good, i n the m a n n e r discussed
m c h a p t e r 9, section q.g. T h e i i a r r a l o r tells i l i e r e a d e r i h a i siories c i r c u -
l.iied w i d e l y i n E n g l a n d a n d M a l a y a a b o u t J e a i i Pagei's n o b i l i t y , c o i i i p a s -
Mini, p r u d e n c e , a n d s t r e n g t h o f c h a r a c i e r u n d e r duress d u r i n g h e r war
I ,ipu\iiy. H e r decisions a n d a c u o n s d u r i n g ca|)tiviiy a n d later i n t h e n o v e l
i e \ e a l l h a t h e r e t h i c a l f o c u s is p r i m a r i l y o u t h e l h i r d l e v e l o f Lonergan's
. i i i i c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y r e v e a l e d in her concern
lili p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s n o t o n l y a m o n g i h e w o i n e n i n t h e village b u l also
liei r e s p e c t b r t h e c u l t u r a l a u d r e l i g i o u s t r a d i t i o n s t h a t gave m e a n i n g a u d
\ M n i l i 10 l i l e i n t h e v i l l a g e . S l i e c h a n g e d i n s l i i u i i o u a l p a i i e r n s by c l i a n g i n g
lhe o p e r a l i o n s a n d c o o p e r a t i o n s by w h i c h basic n e e d s w e r e satisFicd. B u t
s . i i i s f a c t i o n o f n e e d s was n o t h e r p r i m a r ) c o n c e r n ; h e r p i i m a i ) ' c o n c e r n
v.is l o n u r i u r e t h e e m e r g e n c e o f e v e n m o r e v a l u a b l e p e r s c m a l r e l a t i o n s o u t
' i | d i o s e t h a t h a d g i v e n t h e v i l l a g e its p r i o r v a l u o r i e n t a t i o n . Y e t s h e svisely
imdi-rsiood that i m p r o v e d personal relations are iniimately l i o u n d u p with
.111 intelligibly f u n c t i o n i n g g o o d o f order, a n d w i t h the reasonable satisfac-
litni o f r e c u r r i n g l i u m a n needs. Because lhis k i n d o f c o m m i t m e n t to t h e
h n m a n g o o d o i i t h e l h i r d l e v e l is a k e y i n d i c a t c > r o f m o r a l c o n v e i s i o n , i t is
l . i i i t o sa)- t h a t t h e H c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r o f J e a n P a g e t is a r e i i e s e n t a t i v e o f
moral conversin,
l l is p o s s i b l e l o d i s c e r n t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e s t r u c i u r e a n d d y n a m i c s o f
l h e h u m a n g o o d n o t o n l y i u Ficiional b u l also i u a c t u a l h u m a n d e c i s i o n s
.md aciions taken in concert with the ethical decisions and acuons o f o t h -
( i s , D i s c e r n i n g w h e n t h i s h a p p e n s i n social ancl h i s t o i i c a l s i t u a t i o n s c a n b e
e n h a n c e d by a n appropriate i n e i l i o d in ethics. Lonergan's account o f the
.iiucture o f the h u m a n g o o d contribiites an i m p o r t a n t heuristic lo such
.1 m e t h o d . C h a p t e r s 15 a n d 16 w i l l e x p l c ) r e L o n e r g a n ' s c o n t r i b u d o n s t o a
n i e t h o d i n ethics m o r e fully. T l i e r e i t w i l l b e c o m e e v i d e n t that g e n u i n e prac-
iice o f i h i s n i e t h o d d e p e n d s u p o n s e l f - a p p r o | i r i a u o i i i n t h e ullest sense.
f h e n e x t c h a p t e r , h o w e v e t ^ is d e v o t e d t o t h e m o r e l i m i t e d g o a l o f e l a b o r a t -
iiig the heuristic structure o f t h e h u m a n good, a n d e x a m i n i n g Lonergan's
( l . i i i u t h a t i t is a n " i n v a r i a n t " s t r u c t u r e . H i s c l a i m t h a t t h e s e e l e m e u i s of
l h e s t r u c t u r e ancl d y n a m i c s o t h e h u m a n g o o d a r e t o be f o u n d i n e v e r y
instance o f cooperative h u m a n relationships goes well beyond what can be
 csuihlishjci o n t h e b a s i s o f a d e s c r i p t i v e , lustraiive s i o r ) ' , e v e n i f i h a i s i o r y
w e r e i l i e actual r a t h e r i l i a n the f i c t i o n a l h i s t o r y o f a single village. A differ-
e m a p p r o a c h , a n e x p l a n a i o r y a p p i o a c h , is r e q u i r e d l o j u s t i f y s u c h a c l a i t n
12 T h e H u m a n Good:
a b o u t lhe generality o f thestriictuie a n d dynauiics o f lhe h u m a n good.
nexl chapter therefore t u r n s f r o m d e s c r i p t i o n o f the h u m a n g o o d lo an
The
Explanatory Foundations
e x p l a n a t o r y , f o u n d a i i o n a l a p p r o a c l i r o o t e d i n t h e very s t r n c t u r e s o f e i l i i c a l
intentionality and h u m a n cooperaiion diemselves.

I j. I Introduction

l h e descriptions ol ihe sarions dimensions o f t h e l i u m a n g o o d in the previ-

ous c h a p t e r raise f u r d i e r q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g its s t r u c u n e . First we might
.isk. " W h a t is t h e p o i n t o f t h i s c o m p l e x s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d ? W h a t
is i l g o o c l f o r ? W h a t is its t o l e i n L o n e r g a n ' s t h o u g h t ? " A g a i n , we m a y w e l l
,isk. " ) u s i h o w u n i v e r s a l is t h i s s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l ? " l . - o n e r g a n s a i d
d i a l l l i e s t r n c t u r e is " i m ' a r i a n t " a c r o s s a l l s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l arrangements,
w h i c l i c e r i a i n l y im|.ilies i n i i v e r s a l i i y . W l i a t j i i s t i t i c a t i o n c a n be o l f e r e d in
s u p p o r t o f t h a i claim? A g a i n , i n t h e earlier c h a p i e r s o f this b o o k , t h e feel-
i n g s t h a t i n t e n d vales a n c l j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l v a l e s w e r e s h o w n t o p l a y
p r o m i n e n t r o l e s i n e i h i c a l l i f e . B u t j u s t w h a t s o n o f a g o o d is a valu? H o w
does i t relate l o o t h e r c o n c e p t i o n s o f the g o o d ? T h e g o o d n e s s o f a valu
iie<'cls t o b e i d e n t i f i e d , as w e l l as d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m a n d r e l a t e d t o o t h e r
k i n d s o f goctds.
flus c h a p i e r addresses these questions. T h e i r answers require a fairly
l e c h n i c a l a n d e x p l a i i a i o r ) ' a p p r o a c h t h a t is a d e p a r t u r e f r o m l h e d e s c r i p -
ii\'e a p p r o a c b ofthe preceding cliapter,' 'flus technical and explaiiator)'
a p p r o a c h is n e e d e d f o r sevei'al reasons. First, i n c l i a p i e r i i the s t r u c i u r e
o f l h e h u m a n g o o d was s i m p l y p r e s e n t e d as a g i v e n , w i t h o u t a r g u m e n t o r
i i s t i f i c a o n . T h i s t e c h n i c a l a n d e x p l a n a t o i y a p p r o a c h is n e e d e d i n o r d e r t o
p r o v i d e a j u s t i f i c a i i o n . S e c o n d , t h i s e x p l a n a t o r y a p p r o a c h w i l l also provide
greater clarity lo the m e a n i n g o f the terms i n the structure o f the h u m a n
g o o d . T h i r d , l h e discussion i i i this c h a p t e r will also p r e p a r e the gromids
l o r e x p l o r i n g s i i l l f u r i h e r q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e g o o d i n senses t h a t go
he\'oiid t h t : h u m a n g o o d , ancl also f o r q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g the accuracy
 IV:\A-I,a, I - s l l r o u g i n A b o u L b y D o i n g Tiu.L-r T l i e f f u m a r i G o o d : L.^;planau.ry l-oundaii<.ns

ol Loneigan's a c c o n n i o' t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o v a h i e p r e f e r e n c e . 'fliese Kcliable heuristic guidance is e s p e c i a l l y w e l c o m e w h e n we encouniri

f u r t l i e r questions will be taken u p i n t h e n e x t two chapters. l i l i ' h u m a i i c o n d i t i o n i n its niessy a n d c o n f u s i n g m i x t u r e o f g o o d a n d e v i l .
Wc e n c o u n t e r h i n u a n i i y as a t o n c e a i t r a c t i \ - e , f a s c i n a t i n g , disconcertiug,
12.2 T h e S t r u c t u r e o f t h e H u m a n G o o d as H e u r i s t i c d i s g u s u i i g , a n d l i o r r i f y i n g . ' f h i s e n c o u n i e r is m a d e a l l t h e m o r e d i f h c u h
liecause a k " n i g w i t h i t c o m e s a w e l t e r o f c o n f l i c t i n g h u m a n o p i n i o n s a b o u l
Loneigan's i u i e n t i o n n d e v i s i i i g b i s d i a g r a i n o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n , i ; o o d a n d e v i l . I t is I i a r t I 10 k n o w l i o w t o d i s t i n g u i s h g o o d f r o m e \ i l i n w l i a l
g o o d (see s e c t i o n i i .4 o f t h e p i e v i o u s c h a p i e r ) was t o set f o r t h a h e u r i s t i c w r e n c o u n i e r w h e n t h e o p i n i o n s o l f e r e d a b o n t w h a t is g o o d a n d e v i l t h e m -
s t r u c t u r e . T h e w o r d h e u r i s t i c d e r i v e s f r o m t h e G r e e k t e r m heuriskein, mean-
v h e s are so c o n f l i c t i n g .
i n g "to discover" A h e u r i s i i c s u n c t u r e is a n a i d fo l e a r n i n g , discovering,
K n o w i n g h o w 1 0 d i s c e r n w h a t is g o o d a n d l o d i s t i n g u i s h i t b - o m w h a t s
o r problcm-soiving. Lonergan attached great importance to tbe heurisuc
dimensions in his discussions o f s c i e n t i f i c niethods a n d the niethods of e\il is o n e o f t h e f r u i i s o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n . f h a i d i s c e r n m e n t is e n h a n c e d

meiaphj'sics a n d iheolog)'.- hv a h e u r i s t i c s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d i h a i is r o o t e d i n s e l f a p p r o p r i a -
l i o i i . T h i s is \ v h a t L o n e r g a n w a s e n d e a v t j u r i n g t o o f f e r in his d i a g r a m . His
His accotmt of the s t r u c t u r e o f lhe l u u i i a n g o o d extends tlus focus on
l i e i i i i s u c s i r u c t u r e b r i n g s i n i o s h a r p e r f o c n s l h e d i f f e r e m k i n c l s cf g o o d s 1 0
lhe heuristic dimensions o f h u m a n i h o u g h t t o the realm o f eihics. The
he f o u n d i n t h e h u m a n c o n d i t i o n , a n d t h e r e b y also casis i m p o r t a n t l i g h t o n
t e r m s i n his d i a g r a i n o f i l i e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e l i u m a n g o o d offer guirles a n d
l h e fliferent f'orms l h a t h u m a n evl d o e s t a k e . '
anticipations o f t h e sorts o f possible g o o d s 10 be f o u n d i n i h e r e a l m of
l u o r d e r t o a c c o i i i p l i s h a l l t h i s , t h i s heursic s t r u c i u r e o t h e h u m a n g o o d
h u m a n a t f a i r s . V V h e n p e o p l e ask, " V V h a l is t h e g o o d o f thaff" they mean
nmst have a f a i r l y w i d e r a n g e o f applicablty L o n e r g a n c e r t a i n l y regarded
many dilferem sorts o t h i n g s a n d use l h e term " g o o d " in various ways
l h e s t n i c t u r e o f i h e h u m a n g o o d as i r a n s c u l t u r a l . H e s v r o t e t h a i " i l c a n be
that are sometimes ecpuvc>cal, c o i i l a t e d , c o n f l i c t i n g , a n d o f t e n needlessiy
r e s t r i c t e d . A l l 100 C ) f t e n t h e q u e s t i o n is p o s e d i n a u i m p l i c i d y r h e t o r i c a l f a s h - . i [ i p l i e d t o a n y h u m a n g(.)od [ i . e . , s o c i e t y j b x n i i i h e S t o n e age t o t h e p r e s e n t

i o n , l l i e acce|3iable r a n g e o f a n s w e r s a l r e a d y l a k e n fov g r a n i e d i n t h e way lime.":"* a n d t h a i i i is " c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a n y stage o f l e c h n o l o g i c a l , economic,

t h e q u e s t i o n is p o s e d . S u c h r h e t o r i c a l q u e s t i o n s p r e s u p p o s e , for example, |iolliical. c u l t u r a l , regious t l e v e l o p m e n t . " ' ' f o r i h e s e reasons he c l a i m e d t h a t

t h a i t h i n g s c a n n o i be seriously c o n s i d e r e d g o o d uniess they are pleasant, l h i s s i r u c l u r e is "iivari;nil."" f l o w e v e r , h e n e v e r p r e s e n i e d an a r g u m e n t i n

f u i i , <:>r m o r a l l y u p r i g h t , o r w i l l b r i n g a p r o i t , l a m e , p t ) w e r , I n x n r i o n s p o s - s u p p o n o f l i l i s c l a i m i n Method in ''hnoiogy. ' f h e l a i e r s e c l i o n s o f t h i s c h a p t e r

sessic>iis, i n t e l l e c t u a l r i g o u r , a e s t h e t i c s i i b l i n u t y , O T ' l a w f u l u e s s . E a c h o f t h e s e
is a g o o d , b u l n o n e is t h e w h o l e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d .
Lonergan's overall objeciive was 1,0 f o r m l a t e a l i e u r i s i i c s t r u c t u r e t h a t
w o n l d a n u c i p a l e l h e b r o a d e s t r a n g e o f t l i e w a y s i n w h i c h i h e q u e s t i o n , "V\'hat
is t h e g o o d o f t h a t ? " n i i g h t b e a n s w e r e d . T h a t h e u r i s t i c was o p e n t o t h e p o s -
sibilities o f goodness I j e y o n d t h e h u m a n r e a l m - the possibilities o f n a t u r a l
a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d n e s s , as w i l l Ije s h o w n i n c h a p i e r 1Still, his struc-
i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d e i i v i s i o n s a \'cvy wide range o f goods b i o u g h t about
by h u m a n i h o u g h t , c h o i c e . a n d a c t i o n . H i s s t r u c u n e o f t h e h n m a n g o o d ts,
dierefore, a b r o a d a n d iinportuii p a n o f liis o x e r a l l h e u r i s u c o f t h e g o o d .
T h e d i a g r a i i i offers d i e b r o a d e s t possible t e r m s l h a t n e e d t o be b o r n e i n m i n d
w h e n a n y o n e a t t e m p L s l o a n s w e r o b j e c t i v e l y t h e c p i e s i i o n " W h a t is t h e g o o d
o f l h a t ? " a b o u l h u m a n aifaii^s.^ T h e s t o r y o f J e a n P a g e t a n d c o n s u u c t i o i i o f
l h e w e l l i n K u a l a T e l a n g i l l u s t r a t e s t h e m a n y d i m e n s i o n s o f the h u m a n goo<i
t h a t can b e b r o u g h t to l i g h t by u s i n g L.onergan's heuristic d i a g r a m o'the
s u u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . I t can be s i m i l a r i y beiieicial w h e n a p p l i e d 10
n o n - f i c o n a l s o c i a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a d o n s as w e l l , a n d t h e r e b y r e v e a l w h a t
g o o d s t h e r e m i g h t be, g o o d s w h i c h w o u l d be o t h e r w i s e overlooked.
pro[)ose a i u s t i f i c a i i o n f o r his c l a i m o f i n v a r i a n c e , by e x p l a i i h n g d i e i n i e r c o n -
iieciions between tlie structure o f t h e h u m a n good a n d lhe self-appropriadon
o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e d i i c a l i n i e i i t i o u a l i h ' . B e f o r e l a k i n g u p lhat. e x p l a n a t o i y
e l b n , h o w e \ ' e r . i t is n e c e s s a r y f u s t l o e m l ) ; i r k 011 an extended, lechnical
explaiiauoii o f t h e invariance o f liis parallel a c c o i m u j f ilie heuristic s i r u c l u r e
f o r m e t a p h y s i c s , a n d its d e r i v a t i o n f r o m c o g n i d o n a l s u u c t u r e .
u.'jf I n v a r i a n c e o f the H e u r i s t i c S t r u c t u r e o f P r o p o r t o n a t e B e i n g
While l.onergan d i d not provide an explicit justificaiion o f t h e invariance o f
l h e s i r u c t u r e o t h e h u m a n g o o d a n w h e r e i u h i s w r i t i n g s , h e d i d set f o r t h
s u g g e s t i o n s as t o h o w iIis n i i g h t b e done.'"^ H e a l s o d r e w a p a r a l l e l between
l h e h e u r i s t i c s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n gt^od a n d svliai h e c a l l e d " t h e i n t e g r a l
lieurisiic structure o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e being."^'
) i i s i as i l i e u n i v e r s e o f p r p o r d o n a t e b e i n g is a c o m p o u n d of
p o i e n c y , f o r m , a n d a c t , b e c a u s e i t is 10 b e k i i o w i i t h r o u g h e x p e r i -
e n c e , u n d e i " s t a n d i n g , a n d j u c i g m e i i t , so l h e u n i v e r s e o | l i i u i i . i n |
p r o p o r t i o n a t e g o o d is a c < : m i p o u n d o f o b j i - c i s o f d e s i r e , i n i e l l i g i b l e
 ,'!:M P a n I V : W l i a i is Hi O L i g h i A I M U I I b)' D o i n g Thai.'- Tbc H u m a n Goad: L x p l a n a m r y i M a m d a i i o n s I:!:".

o r c l e r s , a n c i v a l n e s , b e c a u s e U i e g o o c l i h a i , [ h u i n a n i t y ] cioes i u i e l - stl U U n e . H e r e f e r r e d l o t h i s p a r a l l e l o r i s o m o i " p h i s m as l h e b a s i c " i h e o r e m "

Hgently and raiionally is a n i a n i f o l d i n t h e R e d o f experience, u l h i s i n e u i p h v ' s i c s . ' ' ' I n m a t h e m a i i c a l u s a g e a t least, t o say t h a t l h e r e is a ihcro-
o r d e r e d by intelligence, a n d rationally c h o s e n . ' " M t i i o f i s o m o r p h i s m i m p e s t h a t l h e r e is a p r o o f f o r i l . L o n e r g a n cloes o f f e r
.111 . i r g u m e n i o f s o r t s f o r h i s t h e o r e m , a l t h o u g h i i is l e r s e a n c l LS s i g n i f n : a n c e
I n this section we e x p l o r e w h a t he m e a n t by t h e sLiucture o f proporton r . i s i l y o v e r l o o k e d . T ' l i a i a r g u m e n t s u c h as i t is r u n s as f o l l o w s :
ate b e i n g , h o w it can be d e r i v e d from cognitional sinicime, and why it
s h o u l d be regarded as a n i u v a i i a n t s t r n c t u r e . I n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n w e use l l f o l l o w s t h a l poiency, fonn, and acl c o n s i i t u i e a u n i t y . F o r w h a t is
this m o d e l to show how the structtne o f the h t m i a n g o o d can be similariy experienced is w l i a t is l i n c l e i s t o o d ; a n c l w h a t is u i i d e i ' s t o o d is svhat is
derived f r o m ibe expanded s t r u c i u r e o f e i h i c a l i n i c n t i o n a l i i s ' . I n d o i n g so, I affirined. T h e d i r e e levis o f c o g n i t i o n a l a c i i v i i y y i e l d a s i n g l e k n o w -
\ve w i l l a l s o shctw w h y t h a t s t r u c t u r e s h c j u i d b e r e g a r d e d as i n v a r i a n t , a n d i n g ; f o r e x p e r i e n c e a l o n e is n o i h u m a n k n o w i n g ; e x p e r i e n c e a u d
w b y its c o m p o n e n t s s h o u l d b e i ' e g a r d e c i as g o o d . i m d e r s l a n c l i n g d o n o t suffice l o r k n o w i n g ; o n l y w h e n the u n c o n d i -
I n c h a p t e r 2, w e i r a c e d L o n e r g a n ' s argument lhat ihe proper heuristic t i o n e d is r e a c h e d a n d a f f i r m a t i o n o r n e g a t i o n o c c u r s d o e s k n o w i n g
d e f i n i t i o n o f b e i n g i n t h e u n c p i a h f i e d s e n s e is t h e l o i a l i t y t o b e k n o w n i n i n t h e p i o p e i - m e a n i n g o f t h e l e n n arise. I n l i k e m a n n e r , l h e c o n -
asking a n d answering all cpicstions for intelligence and refiecdon: " I n its t e n t s o f l h e t h r e e levis o f c o g n i t i o n a l a c t i v i t y c o n s i i t u t e a u n i t y ; o n e
f u l l s w e e p , b e i n g is w h a t e v e r is t o b e k n o w n b y i n t e l l i g e n i g m s p a n d rea- d o e s u o t k n o w a first p r o p < : i r t i o n a i e b e i n g b y e x p e r i e n c i n g , a s e c o n d
s o n a b l e a f f l r m a i i o n . " B u l i h i s l o i a l i i y c a n b e s u b d i v i d e d i n t o r e a l i t y t h a t is by l u i d e r s i a i i d i n g , ancl a t h i r d b y j u c i g i n g ; o n t h e c o n t i a r y , t h e diree
p r o p o r t i o n a t e to h u m a n k n o w i n g a n d reality t h a t transcends h u m a n know- c o n i e u i s coalesce im.o a s i n g l e k n o w n . H e n e e p o t e n c y , f o r m , a n d act,
ing, where " b e i n g t h a t is p r o p o n i o n a i e 10 l u m i a n k n o w i n g n o t o n l y is t o since they are knosvn by e x p e r i e n c e , uiidersianding, and judgment,
b e u n d e r s i o o d a n d a f l l r m e d b u l a l s o is 10 b e e x p e r i e n c e d . " " Henee the are n o t t h r e e p r o p o r t i o n a i e beings b u l i h r e c c o m p o n e n t s i n a single
r e a l m o f r e a l i t y t h a i is p r o p c u t i o u a i e l o h u m a n k n o w i n g c a n b e defined proportionate being.'"
h e u r i s t i c a l l y as w h a i is 10 b e k n o w n by a l l l h e r e a s o n a b l e a f f i r m a u o n s ofthe
i n t e l l i g e n t grasps o f i h e l o i a l i i y ol possible h u m a n e x p e r i e n c e . The realm
liecause lhis a r g u m e n t for i h e ihree coinpcmeuLs c)f a n y e n t i t y w i t h i n
o f r e a l i t y t h a t t r a n s c e n d s h u m a n k n o w i n g , by c o n t r a s t , consisis o f whatever
p r o p o r t i o n a t e r e a i i t y is so c o m p a c i , i i w i l l b e l i e l p f u l t o s p e l l i t o u t a b i t .
w o u l c l b e k n o w n i u a n s w e r s 10 q u e s t i o n s fcr i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e f l e c t i o n t h a t
f h e basic o i i i l i n e s o f t h e a r g u m e n i w e r e a l r e a d y e n c o i i n i e r e d i n c h a p i e r 2,
go beyond h u m a n experience. ( O n e s u c h c p i e s t i c j u , e.g., w o u l c l b e " l s t h e r e
which esiewed Lonergan's a r g u n i e i i i l h a t a l l o f b e i n g is c o m p l e t e l y intel-
a n y t h i n g b e y o n d possible h u m a n e x p e r i e n c e ? " )
ligible. H e r e acldiiional nuances are i n t r o d u c e d because o l ' i h e l e s t r i c i i o n
L o n e r g a n p r o p o s e d l h a t t h e m e i h o d o f metaph)'sics w o u l d p r o f i t by this t u the r e a l m o f b e i n g available to h t m i a n e x p e r i e n c i n g .
divisin, a n d t h a t a n " i n t e g r a l h e u r i s u c s i r u c t u r e " c o u l d be w o r k e d out l h e k e y IC) c o m p r e h e n d i n g L c i n e r g a i f s a r g u m e n t is t o s i a r t a i i h e top
for p r o p o r u o n a i e b e i n g . " B y "//^gT/heurisuc structure," he meant the l i w c l w i i l i t h e act o f f a c i u a l j u c i g i n g , ancl l o t h e n svork o n e ' s way down-
s t r n c t u r e o f " t h e wliole in k n o w l e d g e but not lhe whole 0/knowledge."'-'' w . i r d t o w a r d s e . x p e r i e n c e . I n d e e d , t b e ' a r g u m e n t is r e a l l y g r o u n d e d i n t h e
Tlie whole o f knowledge w o u l d be k n o w l e d g e o f all realilv - knowledge
\<'i\ n a t u r e o f t h e a c t o f a f f i r m a t i v e J u d g i u g o f f a c t s . O b j e c t i s e alfirnia-
of eveiything about everything. B u t the whole in h u m a n knowledge is
ii\'e j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t a r e a h v a y s u n c o n d i t i o n a l a n s w e r s t o q u e s t i o n s for
just k n o w l e d g e o f the s t r n c t u r e o f r e l a i i o n s h i p s a m o n g all t h a t c o u l d be
l e l l e c i i o n ; "Is i t s o ? " A c t s o f a f f i r m a t i o t i alwav's a s s e r i , "Yes, i t is." There-
humanly known.
l i u e . i n g e n u i n e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d affii u i a i i o n s , s o m e t h i n g o r s o m e
. i s p e c t of" s o m e t h i n g is k n o w n t o b e ( " i s " ) . S o m e d i m e n s i n o f b e i n g , of
/2.^. / The hoinorpiiism behocen Human Cognition i e ; i l i t y , is k n o w n . T h e ?O?C///C c o n i e n i o f a w/t a f f i r m a t i v e factual j u d g -
and Poiency, fonn, aud Act m e i i t is w h a t L . c j n e r g a n m e a n s b ) ' t h e m e u i p h y s i c a l e l e n i e n t act. Knowiug
l h e " i s n e s s " is k n o w i n g i h e act o f a r e a l i t y . P r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e t h e s i r u c t u r e
Lonergan never provided a diagram o f the integral structure of proporuouate n i k n o w i n g i n c l u d e s a c t s o f a f f i r m i n g , h u m a n k i i c " ) w i n g is n o i l i m i t e d l o
b e i n g c o m p a r a b l e 10 d i e o n e h e o f f e r e d o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l , b u t h e d i d i d e i i - siuue merely p l i e n o m e n a l o r ideal r e a l m ; h u m a n k n o w i n g sireiches past
t i f y U i r e e l e v i s i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e I s e i i i g - potency, form, and acl''* - t h a t a r e p a r - llu- phenomenal a n d the ideal 1 0 affirm a n d thereby k n o w the real, i h e
allel ( o r m o r e precisely, i s o n i o r p h i c ) t o d i e f u n d a m e n t a l acts o f cognidonal IS. < ) l c n n r s e a ) i a r t i c i i l a r h u m a n a f f i r m a i i v e j u d g n i e n t c l o e s n o l k n o w ////
 :i'H;
^
l ' a r l IV: W l i a i ls l l i n i i g l u A b o u l by D o i n g T h a t ?
I
9
The H u m a n C o o d : Explanaiory l-oundaiions 'W?

ic,ilit\', 1 - / 7 / w l i i u is, b u l c a c l i j u d g m e n l o f f a c k n o w s s o m e i h i n g about ^ I l o w e v e r , t h e potency, form, a n d acl o f s o m e t h i n g r e a l a r e n o t c o n s t i t u t e d

l e a l i t y as t i r e a l l y is. H e n e e , w i t h a c t s o f a f f i i n i i n g , h u m a n s u b j e c i s a c h i e v e as l e a l b y l h e s i r u c t u r e o f h u m a n k n o w i n g . T h e y a r e c o n s t i t u t e d as r e a l b y
cognitional self-transcendence out of the realm of merely iumianenl dir ((Huponent o f act. H u m a n k n o w i n g can k n o w t h a t coinpc"nind objec-
aciivities i n i o the realm o f propCH'tionate being. m r l v b e c a u s e i l is r e a l . H m n a n k n o w i n g c a n d o t h i s b y s u b j e c t i n g its e x p e -
T h i s , o f c o u i s e , is a l l u n d e r i h e p r o v i s o t h a t i e a f f r m a t i v e j n d g m e n t s a r e 1 n i K ing, nderstanding, a n d j u d g i n g to the d e m a n d s o f u n r e s t r i c i e d ques-
g r o u n d e d i n r e n e c l i v e acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g l h a t g e i u i i u e l y g r a s p v i r t u a l l y i i m i i n g a n d t h e r e b y can t r a n s c e n d itself to k n o w t h a t p a r t i c u l a r realit)' i n
unconditioned grounds f o r t h e a l T i r m a t i o n s . .Viere a s s e r i i o n s about facLs m. p:u'icular, a c t u a l o n t o l o g i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s oi poiency. form, a n d acL From
l h a t l a c k s u c h g r o u n d s c a n n o t b e s a i d l o k n o w w h a t is, w h a t is r e a l . S u l l t h e ,ill lilis, i t f o l l o w s t h a l a l l t l i a t c a n b e k n o w n l.)y h u m a n b e i n g s - a l l o f t h e
a r g u m e n t is n o t t h a t a n y p a r t i c u l a r f a c i u a l p r c ) p o s i i i o n d o e s o r m u s t h a v e
MMlies p r o p o r t i o i K i i e t o h u m a n k n o w i n g - h a v e t h i s I r i p a r t i l e s t r n c t u r e o f
s u f f i c i e n t g r o u n d s t o b e j u d g e d a f r m a t i v e l v . R a i h e i " , i h e a r g u m e n t is t h a t
piilnay, form, and act.''
wh'-iiamwe r/o a r r i v e a t g e n u i n e l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d a f U r m a t i v e J u d g m e n t s , we
t
d o k n o w t h a t s o m e t h i n g is - w e k n o w acl. 12.y.2 The Invariance of the Slmctnre of Polen cy, Form, and Acl
Virtually Linconditioned afTirmative human judgmenLs, however, never
o c c u r i n a v a c u u m . ' f h e y a l w a y s o c c u r as l h e l a s t s t a g e o f a s t r u c i m - e d s e r i e s l ' u r i h e r m o r e , t h i s s t r u c t u r e has a c e r t a i n k i n d o f i n v a r i a n c e . T h e i n v a r i -
o f c f j g n i t i o n a l a c t s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e r e is n o s u c h t h i n g i n t h e o r d e r of .uice o f t h e i r i p a r t i l e s t r u c t u r e o f pro|)oriionate beings derives from the
h u m a n k n o w i n g as a p u r , i s o l a t e d k n o w i n g o f act a l o n e . T h e r e f o r e , the iinariaiice o f cognitional strncture. Lonergan presented an argument fbr
cognitional activities o f a n i r m a t i v e j u d g i n g in effect d r a w w i t h t h e m the l h e i n v a r i a n c e o f h u m a n c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e i n nsighl u n d e r the head-
" i l " w h e n t h e y a f f i r m , "Yes, if. is so." T h e " i t " l h a t is a f f i r n i e d t o b e so is n o n e i n g o f the i m p o s s i b i l i i y o f revising the revisen'^ T h e r e he a r g u e d that any
other than l h e intelligibility a b o u t w h i c h a cpiesiion for reflection inc|uired, . u i e m p t l o re\'ise h i s a c c o i m l o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f h u i n n i i k n o w i n g w o u l d
'Is Uso?" T l i i s i n e a n s t l i a t e v e r y h u m a n a c t o f a l T i r m i n g aTu'ms t h e r e a l i l y o f .imoiint to a c l a i m t h a t l h e r e was s o m e t h i n g a b o u l t h e e x p e r i e n c e s of
s o m e i n t e l l i g i b l e " i t . " VVhen p r o p e r l y f o r m u l a t e d i n a n e x p l a n a t o r y fashion, Imiuan knowing that Loneigan had not correctly undersiood. This c h a l -
t h a t i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y is t h e form c o r r e s p o n d i n g lo lhe act. l e n g e to his a c c o u n t , however, wcmld involve a use o f t h a t cognitional
F u r t l i e r m c > r e , h m n a n acLs o f n n d e r s u m d i n g t h e m s e l v e s always a r i s e as ',1 r u c i u r e i t s e l L A n y s u c h o b j e c i i o n w o u l d b e t h e a r i i c u l a t i o n o f l h e j u d g -
a n s w e r s t o q u e s o n s " W h a t , w h y , w h e r e , w h e n , h o w is //?" B u t t h e " i t " r e f e i ' r e d ment lhat a different imdersianding of the h u m a n cognitional experi-
t o i n t h i s q u e s t i o n is d i f T e r e n t f r o m t h e " i t " f o r r e f l e c d o n a u d j u d g m e n t . The e i u e s is t h e c o r r e c t o u e o r m o r e i i e a r k c o r r e c t t h a n L o n e r g a n ' s o w n . I n
"it" reierred lo in the cpieslion for reneciion is a n i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . w h e r e a s . i i i e m p i i n g to revise L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t , l h e r e v i s e r w c n i l d be employing
t h e " i t " r - e f e r r e d t o i n d i e C | u e s t i o n f o i " i n i e l l i g e n c e is t h e itoemalic conten ol' l h e basic acts o f l h e s t r n c t u r e i i s e l f In other words, ihe objecior would
s o m e rioeticaci o f e x p e r i e n c i n g t h a t g a v e rise t o d i e q u e s t i o n f o r inielligence. be i n v o l v e d i n t h e " p e r f o r m a t i v e c o n t r a t l i c i i o n " o f ' u s i u g w h a i he o r she
' f h e i n s i g l n t h a l a n s w e r e d t o t h a t q u e s t i o n f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e g r a s p e d an i n t e l -
ilisclainis i l l words.
ligibility. VVIien t h e i n s i g h t o c c u r s , i l m i g h t o r n i i g h t n o t be a c o r r e c t l u i d e r - Lonergan was c p d c k l o a g r e e t l i a t i l i e i n v a r i a n c e o f c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c -
s i a n d i n g o f /f?inrelligiblityof t h a t e x p e r i e n c e d c o n t e u L B u i o n c e i h e i n s i g h t l u r e does n o t r u l e o u t l h e " p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e n i i n o r revisions t h a t leave
( o r i l s c o n e c i e d r e v i s i n ) i s j i i d g e d l o b e c o r r e c t , t h i s m e a n s i t is //^intelligi-
basic lines i n i a c t b u t a t t a i n a g r e a t e r e x a c t i t u d e a n d a g r e a t e r fulness of
b i l i i y of t h e c o n t e n o f l h e e x p e i " i e n c e . l l is n o t j u s t a n y i n s i g h l b u l t h e i n s i g l n
d e t a i l . " ' - ' B u l t h e basic lines w h i c h t h e ret'ision w o u l d have t o leave i n t a c t
i n t o ///i-experienced c o n t e n t i l i a t h a s b e e n j u d g e d as c o r r e c t . T h i s i n t e l -
.ue the structural relations a m o n g i h e acls o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , questions
l i g i b i l i t ) ' o r form a f f i r n i e d l o b e r e a l is t h e r e f o r e s i i n u l t a n e o u s l ) ' a f l i n n e d t o b e
or i n i e l l i g e n c e , i n s i g h i s , q u e s t i o n s f o r r e d e c i i o n , relective u n d e r s t a n d -
the real i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f t h e c o n t e n i o l t h a t e x p e r i e n c e , w h i c h L o n e r g a n calis
ings o f t h e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a u d j u d g m e n i s o f f a c t . 'fhese alone
poleniy. I n t h i s way, l h e c o n t e n t o f d i e a f l u ~ i n a t i v e j u d g m e n l (act), the intelli-
are c r u c i a l to L o n e r g a n ' s accoiuit o f the invariance of human cogni-
g i b l e c c ^ i i i e n i i t a f f i r n i s (form), a n d t h e e x p e r i e n t i a l c o n t e n (potency) thereby
iional struciure.
made inielligible constiiule a u n i f i e d c o m p o u n d , w h i c h logeiher are k n o w n
.Since p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g is w h a i is t o be k n o w n b y t l i e cognitionally
t o be so - k n o w n t o be a r e a l e i i i i l y T h e pattern of relauonships between
s i r u c t u r e d secpieiice o f those acts, e v e r y r e a l i t y p r o p o r t i o n a t e to l h a t s t r u c -
potency, form, a n d act w i t h i n a parcular r e a l i t y is i s o n i o r p h i c t o d i e p a t t e r n o l
i u r e o f k n o w i n g w i l l h a v e t h e tripart t e s i r u c t u r e . S o t h e t r i p a r i e s i r u c i i u e
relauonships between experiencing, u n d e i s t a n d i n g , ancl j u d g i n g because
1 l p r o ) ) o r t i o n a t e b e i n g is a l s o i n v a r i a n t , s i n c e i t is b y d e f i n i t i o n w h a t is t o b i -
tliose acis r e l a t e t h e i r c o n t e n t s b y m e a n s o f t h e i r d y n a m i c s t r u c t u i ' e .
k n o w n by h u m a n c o g n i i i o n a l s i r u c t u r e .
 l ' a n IV: VVhai ls l i r o u g h i A b o u l b y D o i n g T b ; i L - T h e l - l u m a n C o o d : l ' . x p l a n a L o r y Koundaiion.s ^M)

/2.5.J7 Furiher Dbiiensions of lhe Integral Heuristic Siructure \ \ ii^ i i s e l f is d y n a m i c ( " e \ ' o I v i n g " ) i n a m a n n e r t l i a t r e f l e c t s t h e v e r y d y n a -
of Profortionate Being iinMii o f l h e s t r u c i u r e o f h m n a n k n o w i n g , Fie a r g u e d that proporiionate
lll I U ) ; i i s e l f has a n " u p w a r d l y b u i i n d e t e r m i n a i e l y d i r e c t e d d y n a m i s m " a n d
W h i l e l h e iripai^tiie s i r u c i u i ' e o'pro]:)oi"iionaie b e i n g s c a n i l i e r e f o r e be said In iiiimeci l h a t d y n a m i s m "geiieialized emergent p r o b a b i l i t y . ' " - ' ^ T h i s is t h e
l o be i n v a r i a n t , still l h e i n t e g r a l heuristic s i r u c l u r e o f p r o p o r t i o n a i e being h u . u n i c w l i o l e t l i a l p r o v i c l e s ie s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r a t i o n cjf a l l o f t l i e s e " m e i a -
is n o i i d e n t i c a l w i t h i h e i r i p a r i i i e s t r u c t u r e . T h e s t r u c i u r e o f p i o p o r i i o n a t e pli\sii'al elements" laken togeiher into ihe integral heuristic siructure o f
b e i n g as s u c h is i h e s i r u c t u r e o f t h e w h o l e o f w h a t c a n b e k n o w n b y p o s -
piopoitionaie being.
sible h u m a n e x p e r i e n c i n g , nderstanding, a n d udging. T h a t w h o l e does
Itigorotis a r g u i u e n t s for these m a n y details a n d asseriions, and tlieir
n o l n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e l h e s a m e s i r u c t u r e as t h e m u l t i t u d e s o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e
L i i m 10 f b r i i i i n g a n i n v a r i a n t i n e t a p h ) ' s i c a l s t r u c i u r e , w o u l d t a k e us toe
b e i n g s t h a t p o p l a t e i i . A s I j : ) u e i g a n p u l i t , t h e t r i p a r t i t o s i r u c t u r e is " n o l
1,11 . i l i e l d f o r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s . Y e t L o n e r g a n was c p i i t e e m p l i a t i c t h a t a n y
an instance o f a n integral heiu-istic sii'ucture, for it does iioi exhaust the
l l l i o u s i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t w o u l d h a v e 10 be o p e n l o t h e possibility o f all
resources o f rlie h i u n a n m i n d i n a n t i c i p a i i n g . " ' " ' T h e l i - i p a r i i t e s t r u c t u r e is
o f t h e b e i n g s i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a t e u n i v e i - s e , b i u i t is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y the i| d i e s e d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o' r e a l i t y as i e n d e a v o u r e d to u n d e r s t a u d cor-

s t r u c t m ' e o the whole o f all the f u n d a m e n t a l relationships a m o n g those 0 ( ily the universe o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . As s u c h , he e u v i s i o n e d that this

beings. T h e structure o f those r e l a t i o n s can be a p p r o a c h e d by consider- l i e i n i s t i c s t r u c t u r e w o u l d b e f r u i t f u l i n b r i n g i n g 10 l i g h i m a n y aspects o f

i n g o t h e r a s p e c t s o f i h e ways t h a t t h e a c t i v i d e s o f c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c i u r e a r e le.iliiy lhat woulcl be otherwise oxerlooked o r m i s t a k e n l y a s s u n i e d to be
lelated lo o n e another. u n r e a l . H e also p r o p o s e d t h a t t.he i n t e g r a l h e u r i s t i c s i r u c l u r e o f propor-
iioiLiie b e i n g w o u l d p r o \ ' e u s e f u l i n r e s o l v i n g cleep-seat.ed cc~)nlicts a b o u t
Further components i n t h e i u i e g i a l h e i u isc s u u c i u r e o f p i x j p c j i i i o n a t e
i i i e i a [ ) l i y s i c a l issues.^''
b e i n g , t h e r e i b r e , f b l l o w f r o i n a t t e n d i n g t o o t h e r ways i n w l n c h a c i s i n t b e c o g -
n i u o n a l s t r u c i u i - e a r e r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r . F i r s t , f r o m t h e natm^e o f n e g a - 1 /.,( T h e S i r u c t u r e o f t h e H u m a n G o o d as I n v a r i a n t
u v e j u d g m e n i s t h e r e f b l l o w h e u r i s u c a n t i c i p a t i o n s o f diTerent k i n d s o f real
d i s t i u c t i o i i s w i i h i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e being."" S e c o n d , basic differences among We i i o w t u r n t o L o n e r g a n ' s c l a i m i h a i i l i e h e u r i s t i c s i r u c t u r e o f i l i e l i i i m a n
the d i f l e r e n t k i n d s ofinsights a n d their c o r r e s p o n d i i i g inielligibiliiies i m p l y i ; o o d is a l s o i n v a r i a n t . T h e s u p p o r t f o r tiis c l a i m , I w i l l a r g e , is t o b e f o u n d
f u r i h e r d i s t i n c t i o n s w i t h i n i n the i r i p a r t i l e strticiui'e Cf |3roportionate b e i n g . m l h e fact that l l c a n be s i m i l a r i y d e r i v e d from lhe structure ofethical
T h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l s u c h d i f f e r e n c e is l h a t b e t w e e n e x p l a n a t o i y i n s i g h i s n i i e i i t i o n a l i t y . L o n e r g a n i n i e i i c l e c l t o d o s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h i s i n lusight 10
into the relations a m o n g dala, a n d explanatory insighis i n t o ihe intelligible 1 le vv a m e i h o d o f e t h i c s a n d a n a c c o u n t o f t h e g o o d " f r o m knowledge
11 n i lies o f d i f T e r e i u . d a i a . T h i s i m p l i e s a d i T e r e n i i a i i o n o f t h e i r i p a r t i l e s t r u c - ol lhe c o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e o l ' o n e ' s k n o w i n g a n d doing."-"^ However, he
t u r e intC) c e n t r a l p o t e n c y , f o r m , a n d a c t ( w h i c h a r e h e u r i s u c a n u c i p a t i o u s never lully realized l h a t i n t e n t i o n . I n fact, given the way he ap|>roached
o f u n i f i e d e n u t i e s t h a i he e a r l i e r called " t h i n g s " ) a n d conjgale potency, e i h i c s a n c l t h e q o o d i 11 nsi^hl. i t is u n l i k e l v t h a l h e c o u l d h a v e d o n e s o - t b e
brin, a n d a c t ( w h i c h a m i c i p a t e w h a t c a n be h u m a n l y k n o w n a b o u t the l e s o u r c e s a t l i i s c l i s p o s a l Vorn c o g n i t i o n a l s i r u c t u r e a n c l m e t a p h y s i c s alone
real relations a m o n g i.hiugs).''- T l i i r d , d i s i i n c t i o n s a m o n g fundamentally .is h e c o n c e i v e d o f t h e m ai lhat time were not sulficieni.-^ F u r t h e r m o r e ,
different kinds o f explanatory relations mean that the integral lieurisiic his n e w i d e a s a f t e r /'5g'//concerning t h e levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i l i e dis-
s i r u c l u r e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g m u s t be p r e p a r e d for t h e possibility o f dis- iiiK ti\'e n o t i o n o f v a l n e , f e e l i n g s t h a t i n i e i i d vales, a n d a u t h e n t i c i t y w o u l d
l i n c t l y s \ ' s t e m a i i c , n o n - s y s t e m a t i c , g e n e i i c , a n d d i a l e c t i c a l process.-:' F o u r t h , I etpiire some revisions to the a c c o u n t o f tbe c o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w -
b e c a u s e s o m e i n s i g h t s w i l l b e r e l a i e d t o o l h e r s as " h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s , " s c i - ing aud d o i n g that he presented i n insighl. The objective o f chapters 4
entific investigadons o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e being must thereibre amicipate lhe I l i K u i g h 9 o f t h i s b o o k h a s b e e n 10 w o r k o u t t h e i m p l i c a i i o n s o f Lonergan's
possibility o f d i s t i n c t a n d even hierarchically a r r a n g e d explanatory genera Liiei ideas br a revised account of lhat structure, This revised accouni
ancl species o f i l u n g s , events, ancl r e c u r r i n g s c h e m e s . F i f t h , t h e i n t e g r a l h e u - now makes possible w h a t was r e a l l y n o t p o s s i b l e g i v e n the more limited
ristic s t r u c t u r e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g w o u l d a m i c i p a t e t h e possibility a n d I e s o n r c e s i n fnsiglU - namely, to actually g r o u n d n o t o n l y i h e strncture o f
e v e n |3iobabilites o f m o r e c o m p l e x s p e c i e s o f d i i n g s a n d s c h e m e s emerg- l h e l u m i a i i g o o d , b u t t o a l s o a i g u e f o r t h e g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g n loto. The
ing within genera, and developing f r o m the potencies p r o v i d e d by e a r l i e r f o i i n e r s t h e o b j e c t i v e ofthe p r e s e n t s e c i i o n . ^flie l a i t e r will be ta k en u p
a n d less d i f e i e n i i a i e d species.''' F i n a l l y , L o n e r g a n a r g u e d d i a l p r o p o r t i o n a i e lll l h e n e x l c h a p t e r .
 340 l ' a n IV; W l u i i . ls B r o i i g h i . A b o u r by O o i n g T h a i : - T h e H u m a n G o o d : iLxplanaloiv l-oniidaiions M\

2.^. Heurisuc Definition of tlie Human Good \ T2.^.2 Derivatiou of ifw Heuristic Slnicuiv of the Httman Good

T h e derisation o f lhe heurisiic s u u c t u r e o f ' p r o p o i t i o n a i e b e i n g began with I h e keys t o t h e d e r i v a d c ^ n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d a r e t h e c o n n e c -

the h e t u i s c d e f l n i u o n o f b e i n g i n g e n e i a l . So a l s o t l i e d e r i v a t i o n ofthe tions a m o n g die acdvides o f ihe s t r u c t u r e o f e d i i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y , o n die o n e
structure o f t h e hiLuian g o o d begins w i t h a heurisuc d e f i n i t i o n o f die g o o d h.md, and the identity o f operaung and cooperaiing, on the o i h e r hand,
iu g e i i e r a f As was a r g u e d i n c h a p t e r 8, e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g lias a n u n r e - Loneigan r e m a r k e d t h a t " l h e h u m a n g o o d is a i o n c e i n d i v i d u a l and
s t r i c t e d d e s i r e f o r e v e r y t h i n g g o o d t h a t is r e v e a l e d througli our questions .o( i a l " a n d t h a t h i s h e u r i s i i c s i r u c t u r e o f f e r e d a n " a c c o u n t o f t h e w a y t h e
f o r v a l u r e f l e c u o n , c h o i c e , a n d a c t i o n , ' f h e r e f o r e , j t i s t as b e i n g is d e t u i e d uv( a s p e c t s c o m b i n e . " : ^ ' T h i s is r e f i e c t e d i n t h e f a c t t h a i h i s d i a g r a m i n l e -
h e u r i s l i c a l l y as l h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e p u r u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w w h a i is, l'.i;iies b o d i aspects i n i o a u n i f i e d . m o r e c o m p r e l i e u s i v e h e u r i s t i c , T l i e first
so a l s o t h e g o o d m a y b e d e i u i e d as t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e two c o h m u i s i n his d i a g r a m fall u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g ' I n d i v i d u a l , " w i t h t h e
for lhe good - t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu (see seciion i i .i of the
114-xt c o l u m n e n t i t l e d " S o c i a l . " T h e l i n k b e t s v e e n o p e r a i i n g a n d c o o p e r a i i n g
previous chapter).
esiidjlisbes the r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g i h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d social d i m e n s i o n s o f
B e c a u s e t h i s n o t i o n o f v a l n e d e s i r e s a n d i n i e n d s a l l t h a t is g o o d t h r o u g h I h e s i r u c t u i e of l h e h i u n a n good.
l h e t o i a l i t y o f q u e s t i o n s o f v a l u , i t a l s o i n c l u d e s w h a t e v e r is h u m a n l y g o o d . We begin, therefore, with an e x a m i n a i i o n o f how certain elements in ilie
Lonergan proposed a hemistic defuiiiion for the m o r e limited n o i i o n o f l u - i i r i s t i c s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n gocd f o l l o w f r o m l h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i -
lhe h u m a n good; "fhe good is h u m a n i n s o l a r as i t is r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h ( ; i l i n t e i u i o n a l i i y as i t is e x e r c i s e d by individuis, a n d t h e n s h o w h o w t h e
hiiuum apprehension and choice.""" (This corresponds lo the limited heu-
l e m a i n i n g social e l e m e n i s c o m e to l i g l u w h e n t h e c o o p e r a t i v e nature o f
r i s i i c d e f i n i t i o n o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g as w h a t is l o b e k n o w n b y i n t e l -
i h o s e e x e r c i s e s is recognized.
l i g e n t g r a s p a n d r e a s o n a b l e a l f i r i u a i i o n o f l h e t o i a l i t y o f i>ossible h u m a n
experience.) fn w h a t follows 1 will assume that by " a p p r e h e n s i o n " Loner-
2.^.^ Terminal Valu, Originating Valu, Orimiation,
g a n here m e a n s w h a t results f r o m t h e exercise o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l
Conversin. Liberty
intentionality

C l e a r l y t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n c i f t h e gO(jd goes b e y o n d i h e n o i i o n o f f i r s i . t h e n , consider h o w the s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e i i i i o n a l i i y bears i n i p l i -

the h m n a n g o o d , f o r t h e r e s m u c h g o o d n e s s t h a t is n o t t h e p r o d u c t o f
h u m a n a c i i o n . H u m a n b e i n g s c a n a f f i r m t h e g o o d n e s s o i ' w h a t has n o t b e e n
h u m a n l y m a d e . H u m a n beings also can choose lo a d m i r e , accept, endorse,
p r a i s e , a n d l o v e \\'liat l h e y a O l r m t o b e o f \'alue b u t h a v e n o t m a d e . So l h e
w h o l e o f t h e g o o d is w h a t is s o u g h t b y h u m a n i n q u i r y i n t o l h e g o c j d , i n t o
w h a t is o f v a l n e w i i h o u t l i n i i i .
Comersely, i n t h e m o s t f u n d a m e n i a l sense, t h e l i u m a n g o o d consists
in w h a t we d o i n o u r s t r i v i u g foi- t h e c o m p l e t e l y u n r e s t r i c t e d g o o d . The
h u m a n g o o d is a d y n a m i c , " d e \ e l o p i n g o b j e c t a n d d e v e l o p i n g subject,"^"
' f h e h u m a n g o o d is t h e u n f o l d i n g s t o r y o l h u m a n h i s i o r y a n d a l l t h e c h a | >
tei's w r i t t e n i n t h e lives o f e a c h a n d every h u m a n being, the ston' o f o u r
corporate siriving lor the imresiricted good. f h i s consists o f the c o m b i n e d ,
s t r u c t u r e d e f f o n s o f s t r i v i n g a s w e l l as t h e r e s t r i c t e d , c o n d i i i o n a l g o o d s l h a t
a r e t b e p a r t i a l a t i a i n m e n i s b r o u g h t a b o u t b)' t h a t s t r i v i u g . ' f h e h u m a n g o o d
as i m r e s t r i c t e d s t r i v i u g t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e s a l l t h e s k i l l s a n d f o r m s o f c o o p -
e r a t i o n used t o a c h i e v e i l i e g o o d s a l o n g t h e way t o w a r d s t h e u n c o n d i d o n a l
good. Henee, Lonergan's differeutiaiion o f t h e kinds a n d meanings ofthe
g o o d i n t h e h u m a n r e a l m a n d b e y o n d s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r k e e p i n g t h e q u e s -
uon o f the g o o d radically open.
I a l i ( H I S f o r w h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u l w h e n w e p e r f o r m i t w i t h fidelity A s was t h e
(ase with t h e d e r i v a t i o n o l the h e u r i s t i c s t r n c t u r e o f p r o p o r u o u a t e b e i n g
I r o m c o g n i t i H i a l s t r u c t u r e , w e s h o u l d b e g i n a t t h e t o p , so t o s p e a k . T h i s
nu-ans we s h o u l d b e g i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n w i t h what c o m e s last i n t h e o r d e r o f
e d i i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y - t h e acts o f d e c i d i n g a n d a c t i n g .
h is w i t h d e c i d i n g a n d a c i i n g t h a t e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y r e a c h e s a s t a g e
o f c o m p l e t i o n . As a first a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n s by
terminal vales i n h i s d i a g r a m o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o l t h e h u m a n g o o d : "lermi-
n a l vales a r e t h e v a l e s t h a t a r e c h o s e n . B u l t h e r e is m o r e t o l h e m a t t e r
iban mere choice. Choices (and conseqiient actions) a l o n e d o n o t acltial-
i/.e t e r m i n a l v a l e s : t h e y d o so o n l y w h e n o u r d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s b r i n g
, i b o u t t h e vales t h a t w e h a v e j u d g e d o b j e c t i v e l y t o b e w o r t h a c r u a l i z i n g .
l u p a r t i c u l a r , i f o u r decisions a n d a c i i o n s result f r o m s u s t a i n e d efforts at
objective self knowledge a n d consequeui dehbeiaie elhical reneciion a n d
1 l i < ) i c e , t h e n o u r r e s u l u n g p e r s o n h o o d is a n i n s t a n c e o f t e r m i n a l v a l u .
( ) u r decisions, however, usually a c t u a l i z e m o r e t h a n t h e valu o f o u r o w n
p e r s o n h o o d a l o n e . I n a l n i o s i every i n s t a n c e we b r i n g a b o u t vales t h a t l a k e
on a l i f e o f t h e i r o w n t h a t is i n d e p e n d e n t o f o u r s e l v e s , i f o u r decisions
and a d i o n s b a v e b e e n based u p o n o b j e c t i v e j u d g m e n t s o f vales. T h e n o u r
 342 P a n IV: W h a i ls B r o u g h i A b o u t by D o i n g T h a t ? The H u m a n C o o d : Explanatory Fouudaiions 343

d e c i s i o n s a c t u a l i z e t e i u i i n a l v a h i e s t h a t pass b e y o n d c ) u r s e l v e s i n t o t h e c o n - l h a t o r i e n t a u o u is c o r r e l a i e d w i d i " d e s e l o p r n e n t . " T h e s e , p e r h a p s , lepre-

s t i t u t i o n o f i b e h u m a n g o o d , i n a d d i i i o n to a c t u a l i z i n g t b e g o o d o f o u i " o w n
pei'sonhood.
Our personhood, however, a l o n g w i t h the o t h e r entities that we b r i n g
i n t o b e i n g , m a y o r i n a y n o i b e i n s t a n c e s o f l e r m i n a l v a l u . VVe m a y f o r m o u r
p e r s o n h o o d w i t h l i i t l e oi" n o o b j e c t i v e self-iellection o r delibeiate choice
r e g a i d i n g t h e k i n d o f l i f e we c h o o s e t o l i v e . VVe m a y b r i n g a b o u t e v e n t s
w i t h o u t s u f n c i e n t e t h i c a l r e l l e c i i o n , a n d w h e n we f i o s o , w e c o n i a m i r i a t e t h e
h i u n a n g o o d w i t h t h e evils o f u i n n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d d i s \ ' a l u e .
Besides t h e t e r m i n a l vales t h a t w e o r i g n a t e ( i n c l u d i n g o u r s e l v e s ) , we
o u i ' s e l v e s a r e a l s o w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l l e d originaiing valiies.'^''^ I n Insight, origi-
n a t i n g v a l u is a v a l u t h a t , o n c e c h o s e n , f e e d s b a c k t o t h e c h o o s e r i u t h e
f o i ' r n o f e n h a n c i n g o r d i m i n i s l i i n g h e r o i " h i m as a n o r i g i n a i o r o f f u t t u ' e
vales. A s L o n e i g a n p u t s i l , vales " a r e o r i g i n a i i n g i n a s m u c h as d i r e c d y a n d
e x p l i c i d y o r i n d i r e c d ) ' a n d i m p l i c i t l y l h e fact thai the)' are chosen modifies
o u r h a b i t u a l w i l l i n g n e s s , o r e T e c t i v e o r i e n t a t i o n i n t h e u n i v e r s e , a n d so o u r
c o n t r i b u t i n g to t h e dialectical process o f progress o r decline."^'
T h e vales t h a t w e c h o o s e p r o f o u n d l y m o d i f y w h a t k i n d s o f choosers
we b e c o m e . W h a t w e ha\'e m a d e o f o u r s e l v e s u p l o a t i ) ' ] 3 o i i n . i n l i m e p r o -
f o u n d l y d e t e r i i l i n e s i l i e k i n d s o t s a i n e s t l i a l we c a n t h e n b r i n g a b o m . O r i g i -
n a t i n g vales set t h e c o n d i i i o n s t b r i h e k i n d s o f p e r s o n s , t h e k i n d s o f o r i g i -
i i a i o r s o f v a l e s w e b e c o m e . By o u r p r e s e n i a n d p a s t d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s
w e m a k e C)urselves e i t h e r m o r e or less c a p a b l e o f l i v i n g i n f i d e l i t y t o o u r
own siructure o f ethical intentionality. Not only o u r habitual valuing and
w i l l i n g n e s s b u t also o u r o w n h o r i z o n o f feelings a n d o u r existenal scale
o f valu p r e l e r e n c e s c a n be m o d i l l e d b y t h e vales a n d d i s v a l u e s t h a t w e
c h o o s e . S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , i n s o l a r as o u r c h o l e e s m a k e u s n i c j i e e f f e c d v e i y
free to clioose objective t e r m i n a l vales, t h e y are i n s t a n c e s o f o r i g i n a u n g
vales i n t h i s sense. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , l o l h e e x t e n t t h a i cmr pievious
c h o i c e s m a k e u s e v e r less c a p a b l e o f c o o p e r a i i n g w i t h t h e n o r m a t i v i t y o f
ethical i n t e n t i o n a l i t y , they really s h o u l d be called " o r i g i n a i i n g evils" or
" o r i g i 11 a ti n g d i sva 111 es."
l u Meihod in 'l'heology, L o n e r g a n s h i f t e d t o s p e a k i n g o f t h e p e r s o n hei*self
o r h i m s e l f as s u c h as o r i g i n a t i n g v a l u . W h i l e t h e v a l e s w e c h o o s e afTect
t h e k i n d s o f v a l u i s a n c l c h o o s e r s w e b e c o m e , s i i l l i t is w e o u i " s e l v e s w h o a r e
t h e r e a l o r i g i n a t o r s o f n e w t e r m i n a l vales.
O r i g i n a t i n g valu has a p e c u l i a r status i n L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f t h e s t r u c -
t u r e o f l h e h u m a n g o o d . E v e n t h o u g h i is g i v e n p r o m i n e n c e i n b o t h Insight
a n d Meihod in Theology, it cloes n o t a p p e a r e x p l i c i t l y i u L o n e r g a n ' s diagram
o f the heurisiic structure o f the h u m a n good. W h a t does appear explicidy
i n t h e d i a g r a m i n s i e a d is t h e i m p a c t t h a t t h e s e c h o s e n vales h a v e o n us
as p e r s o n s u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g o f " o r i e n t a U o n , " a n d h e c o m m e n t s furthei^
'.eni o r i g i n a t i n g valu i n i h a t d i a g r a m .
Orientation is e n d D e d d e d in o u r h o r i z o n offeelings, o u r habitual valuing,
.111(1 o u r h a b i t u a l w i l l i n g n e s s . By o u r p r e s e n t a n d p a s t d e c i s i o n s w e modify
' iiir horizons offeelings a n d habiis o f v a l u i n g a n d chcjosing. T h o s e horizons
. m d h a b i t s set l h e c o n d i t i o n s f b r o u r f u t u r e e l h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n s ancl c h o i c e s .
f h e ) ' c l i s p o s e us as o r i e n t e d l o w a r d s s o m e o r a l l s'alues a n c l as t o w a r d s t h o s e
vales w i l h a c e r i a i u s c a l e o\' p r e f e i e n c e , ' f b e vales t h a t w e c a n effectively
,i( l u a l i z e a r e c o n d i t i n e d p r o f b u n d l y b v w h a t w e h a v e p r e v i o u s l y m a d e of
nurselves, b y o u r o r i e n t a t i o n s . ( O r i e n t a u o n also has a c o m n u i n a l d i m e n -
s i n . 1.0 w h i c h w e w i l l r e t u r n l a i e r i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f p e r s o n a l relations.)
L o n e r g a n w r o t e t h a i i h e m o s t b a s i c " o r i e n t a t i o n o f i l i e i n d i s i d u a l ... c o n -
slsis i n l h e i r a i i s c e n d e i i i a l n o t i o n s t h a t b o t h e n a b l e us a n d r e c p h r e us l o
. i d v a n c e i n n d e r s t a n d i n g , t o j u d g e i r u t h f u l l y , t o r e s p c m d \o s a i n e . " ' ' ' flus
is l r u e e v e n svhen o u r a c t u a l j u d g m e n t s o f v a l u , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s d e v i -
aie occasionally o r even habitiially f r o m lhe normati\'ity o f the orientation
i n v i t e d b y t h e t r a n s c e u d e u t a l n o d o n s a n d b e i n g - i n - l o s ' e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y . As
was a r g u e d e a r l i e r , t h e i r a n s c e i i c l e n i a l n c T i i o i i s a n d b e i n g - i n - l o v e nncondi-
l i n u a l l y a r e always o p e r a t i v e i n e v e r y h u m a n h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s , at least
marginally. 'fherefbre, s v h i l e e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n has s o m e p a n i c u l a r
e x i s t e n t i a l o r i e n i a i i o i i d i a l effectisely g u i d e s h e r o r his delibei-aiions a n d
(hoices, t h e i i o r m a i i v e o r i e n t a u o n also r e m a i n s as a p e r m a n e n t , invari-
: i i i i f e a t u i e o f e v e r ) ' h u m a n b e i n g ' s e x i s i e u i i a l o r i e n t a t i o n . Bacl j u c l g m e n t s ,
( li(_)ices, a n d a c i i o n s r e g i s i e r i n f e e l i n g s as d e v i a i i o n s f r o m t h e normative
( u i e n t a t i o n . S i n c e f o r s o m a n y p e o p l e d e v i a t i o n o c c u r s n o t ust o c c a s i o n -
a l l y b u t svith s o m e r e g u l a r i i y , t h e e f f e c t i s ' e o r i e n i a t i o i i s m a n i f e s t e d i n i l i e i r
: u t i i a l paiierns o f e i h i c a l relleciion, decisin, a n d action m i g h t beiter be
c a l l e d t h e evil o f disorientatitu.
H e n e e while the iranscendenial n o t i o n s are indeed at t h e root o f a l l
e x e i x i s e s o f valu r e f l e c t i n g , d e c i d i n g , a u d a c t i n g , t h e y b e c o m e t h e t r u l y
e f f e c u v e o r i e n t a t i o n s o n l y a m o n g p e o p l e svho have d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n to
live by i h e n i . l . o n e r g a n c(_)mmeiiis t h a t because we "can k n o w a n d c h o o s e
autheniicity a u d self-transcendence, originating and terniinating valu can
loincide."'^'^ B u t c l e a r l y sve c a n a l s o i g n o r e o r r e f u s e a n t b e n i i c i i y a n d self-
iranscendence. Then sve as o r i g i n a t i n g vales a r e a l i e n a t e d l i o m t h e t e r -
i n i n a l vales i n t e n d e d b y t h e u n r e s l r i c i e d n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d
beiiig-in-los'e.
f h a t is t o say, i h e t r a n s c e n d e n i a l n o t i ( . n i s o f b e i n g a n d s'aliie a u d u n c o n -
d i i i ( m a l b e i n g - i u - l o v e a r e t h e e f e c t i v e o r i e n t a t i o n s o n l y o | ) e o p l e whct a r e
ronverled m o r a l l y as svell as i n t e l l e c t u a l l y a n d r e l i g i o u s l y i n L o n e r g a n ' s s e n s e .
B e c a u s e e v e r y h u m a n d e c i s i n is a c o n t r i b u i i o n t o t h e o r i e n t a u o n o f t h e
p e r s o n d o i n g t h e d e c i d i n g , o r i e n t a t i o n t h e r e f o r e is a c o n s t a n t c o m p o n e n i
 'M\n I V : V\'liai Is l i r o i i g l i i A b o u l b ) ' D o i n g Tliai? The H u m a n C o o d : Explanatory Foundalions M'D

in the s t r u c i u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l . I n a d d i i i o n , b e c a u s e i h e basic o i i c u l . i o l o l h e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . M o r e f u l l y , l i b e r t y is i h e p o s i t i v e c a p a c i t y t o a c t u a l i z e
lions are ahvays l o t r u e t e r m i n a l vales i n t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d sense, convnsioti t h o s e vales t h a t w e a f f i r m i n j u c l g m e n t s . Liberty belongs in the heurisuc
is a l s o a h v a y s a n i s s u e ( i f n o t a h v a y s a n a c h i e v e d r e a l i t y ) i n t h e h u m a n g o o i t N t i u c i i i r e b e c a u s e i t is a b s o l i i t e l v i n d i s p e n s a b l e to b r i n g i n g a b o u t each ancl
O n t h e C)ne h a n d , t h e n , o r i g i n a t i n g valu is t h e v a l u o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t wv 1 \er\e o f t l i e h u m a n g o o d . W i i l i o u t i t , t l i e r e c o u l d b e n o g o o d i n l h e
c o n s i i t u t e f o r o i u s e l v e s as w e s p o i u a n e o u s l y exercise o u r structure o f ethi p o i p e r l y h u m a n sense - t h e g o o d b r o u g h t a b o u i b)' h n m a n s . W i t h o u t l i b e r t y ,
c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . V\'e d o t h i s e i t h e r b y h o n e s d y f a c i n g a n d r e s p o n d i n g l o all \i . i c t i o n s w o u l d b e f u l l y c l e t e i t u i n e d b y t h e f o r c e s a n d laivs o f t h e n a i t u a l
t h e q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d b\ t h e n o t i c j u o f raltie and unconditional being-iu-ltm \\t>\ W i t l i o i i t l i b e r t y , o u r b e l i e f i n o u r s e l v e s as a g e n t s o f c m r o w n making
o r e v a d i n g t h e i r cali to u n r e s t r i c t e d goodness. O n t h e othei" h a n d , we i . u i a u d as a g e n t s o f g o c x l n t h e w o r l d w o u l d b e a n i l l u s i o n . A l l o f o u r efTorts a t
also m o d i l ) ' t h e k i n d s o f c h o o s e r s we w i l l be n o t j u s t by o u r spontau(ou^
eihi( al r e f l e c i i o n a n d d e c i d i n g w o u l d be a sbani. But self-appropriation in
exercises o f e i h i c a l intentionality, b u t even m o r e securely i f w e deliberateh
l h e I n l l sense i n c l u d e s a f f i r m i n g l i b e r t y as r e a l . " L i b e i i y m e a n s , o f c o n r s e ...
cho(Jse t h e valu o f a u i h e i u i c l i v i n g . K a n t o b s e i v e s t h a t a l t h o u g h (udi
selhdeiermination,"'" Self-ap]3ropriation i n t h e full sense, t h e r e i o i e , stands
i i a r y m o r a l i n n o c e n c e is a g l o r i o u s t h i n g , " u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t d o e s n o t kerp
Ul o p p o s i i i o n 10 t h e s u g g e s i i o n t h a t l i b e r t y is a n i l l u s i o n .
\'ery w e l l a n d is e a s i l y lecl a s t r a y " b y c o r r u p t i n g i n l u e n c e s . L o n e r g a n s i m i
L i b e r t y is m a n i f e s t i u e v e r y d e c i s i n a n d a c t i o n t h a t b r i n g s abc">iit a n y
larly o b s e i v e d t h a t l h e s p o n t a n e o u s g e n u i n e n e s s " o f the siiuple a n d hom-sl
h u m a n g o o c l . I t is s o m e t h i n g t h a t w e h o l d as a m o s t p r o f o u n d a n d precious
s o i i L is a fine t h i n g , b u t f o r m o s t o f us fidelity to o u r structure o f ethical
) ; o o i l , b u t i n a n d o f i t s e l f i i is n o t a t e r m i n a l v a l u . I t i s r a t h e r a c a p a c i t v t h a t
i n i e m i o n a l i t y is s o m e t h i n g t h a i h a s t o b e " w o n b a c k " i f u o u g h sel-scruliuv
i n . n n f e s L s i i s e l f as w e a c t u a l h ' b r i n g a b o n t t h e \'alue o f o u r s e l v e s a n c l vales
and uhimately thicjugh self-appropriation, i h e fully delibrate decisin lo
l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o t h a t s t r u c t u r e . * ' * T h i s is a d e c i s i n w e c o m e t o i f a n d w h r n d i s i i n c i fi'.iin o u r s e h ' e s . T l i o s e vales c o u l d n o t b e w i t h o u i l i l i e r i y , b u t l i l >

w e r e a l i z e t h a t i t is u p l o u s tc> d e t e r m i n e w h o w e a r e t o b e . I f m a d e , i is , i e l i\ is n o t o u e o f t h o s e vales. I . i b e r t y is a g o o d , b u t its g o o c l n e s s is n o t t h e

d e c i s i n o f m o r a l c o n v e r s i n . T h i s is t h e l i i l l e s t m e a n i n g cjf c l i s c e r n m e n t
s e l - a p p r o p r i a u o n , as was a r g u e d i n c h a p t e r i o. O r i g i n a t i n g v a l u as n o r m . i
live o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e n , also b e c o m e s a t e r m i n a l valu w h e n e x p l i c i t l y u n d r i
stood, o b j e c t i v e l } ' j u d g e d lo be o f valu, c h o s e n , a u d e n a c i e d i n m o r a l , r e l l
gious, ancl i n t e l l e c t u a l conversin.
W h e t h e r as s p o n t a n e o u s a u d i m p l i c i t , o r as c h o s e n a n d e x p l i c i t , o r i g i n a l
i n g v a l u as o r i e n t a t i c m is t h e e x e r c i s e o f o u r c a p a c i t y f o r liberty. A s L o u e i
gan puts it,
as ^',oodiiess o f a t e r m i n a l v a l u .
L i b e r t y i n t h i s s e n s e is n o t t h e s a m e as p o l i l i c a l l i b e r t y . P o l i l i c a l l i b e r t y is
,1 t e r m i n a l v a l u f b r w h i c h m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e y e a r n , b u t a v a l u r e a l i z e d i n
o n h ' a lew very s e l e c t pLUteriis o f h u m a n c c t o p e i a t i v e li\'iiig. O p p o s e d to l h e
11 u e \'alue o f p o l i d c a l l i b e r t y is t l i e d i s v a l u e o f t y r a n n y T y i - a n u ) ' c a n be o b v i -
o u s a n d b r u t a l , b u t i l c a n a l s o b e soft a n d h i d d e n - t h e s o f t i y r a n n \ I b i i u c l i n
d e m o c r a c y , a b o u t w h i c h d e T o c c p i e v i l l e w a r i i e d . ' ' P o l i d c a l l i b e r t y , as w i t h a l l
o t h e r l e r m i n a l v a l e s , is d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e m o r e ftniclaniental meaning
o f l i b e r t y as t h e h u m a n ca|.)acity t.o o r i g i n a t e a n d a c i i i a l i z e x'alues.

W e e x p e r i e n c e o u r l i b e r t y as t h e a c t i v e t h r u s t o f t l i e s u b j e c t t e r n i i - r2-f.f Operation, Skil, OeuelopmenI, Plasticity, Perfectibility

n a t i n g t h e process o f d e l i b e r a u o n by s e i d i n g o n one ofthe |X)ssibIe
c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n a n c l p r o c e e c l i n g lo e x e c u i e i t . N ' o w i n s o f a r as t h a i Further dimensions o i the s i r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d c o m e i n t o view i f
t l i r u s t o t h e self l e g n l a r l y o p t s , ncji br t h e m e r e l y a p p a r e n t g o o d , b u l we n o w m o v e d o w n w a r d cjne level i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y .
I b r t h e l r u e g o o d , t h e s e l f t h e r e b y is a c h i e v i n g m o r a l self-tiansceud- | u i l g i n e n i s o f v a l n e . d e c i s i o n s , a n d acticns a l l p i ' e s t i p p o s e p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s .
e n c e ... constitu i n g [ i t s e l f ] as a n o r i g i n a u n g \'aliie a n d ... b r i n g i n g Practical insights grasp the iutelligibilities l h a t are a l the h e a r t o f a l l courses
a b o u t t e r m i n a l s'alues.^'-' o l a c t i o n . I t is t h e s e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e s o i " a c t i c u i t h a l a r e j u d g e d t o b e , or

n o t t o be, o f v a l n e .
L i b e r t y , as L o n e r g a n u n c l e i s i a n c i s it, therefore, is o u r c a p a c i t y 'or trulv Vales a i e always k n o w n i n j u d g m e n t s o f valu t o b e t h e valu o f s o m e
a c t u a l i z i n g i n o u r d e c i d i n g a n c l a c t i n g t h e \'aliies t h a t w e h a v e j u d g e d wn- intelligibility. Actual vales a r e vales t h a t s o m e actual i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y is
i h y L i b e r t y d o e s e u t a i l f r e e d o m as r a d i c a l c o n u n g e n c y as was d i s c u s s e d in known 10 h a v e . A n objective j u d g m e n t o act knovvs t h e a c i i i a l i t y o the
chapter 4 - the fieedom o f a n a c t o f d e c ; i d i n g t h a t is r a d i c a l l y undeiermincd i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y , w h i l e a n o b j e c t i v e J u d g m e n t o f \'alue k n o w s l h e v a l u o f l h a t
by a n y d i i n g else, i n c l u d i n g e v e n o n e ' s o w n e t h i c a l j u d g m e n t s a b o u i t h e val- a( t u a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . P o s s i b l e vales a r e t h e v a l e s o f s o m e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t h a t
es o n e s h o u l d c h o o s e . B n t l i b e r t y is n o t o n l y n e g a t i v e f r e e d o m , as absen< i * is p o s s i b l e b u t n o t y e t a c t u a l - o r a t l e a s t n o t y e t k n o w n t o b e a c t u a l .
 34(i Par IV: W h a t ls B r o u g h t A b o u i b y D o i n g T h a i ? The Human Good: Explanaiory Foundadons 347

Pi-aclical iiisights luider'staiid the iiitelligibiiiiies o f possible courses o' m .1 ( l e r s c u i s horizon o f feelings, competiug orieniaiions are operave.
action. O u r etiucal relleciing ancl juciging determines t h e v a l u o" t h e s e li M e c t i o n a n d a c i i o n w i l l s o m e t i m e s b e i n c o n f o r n i t y w i t h l h e o r i e n t a t i o n
praclical insights - especially o n c e o u r praclical i n s i g h i s have been modi- I ll u i i r d e e p e s t , u n r e s t r i c t e d f e e l i n g s f o r \'alues, a n d at o t h e r m e s i n o p p o s i -
lled and reluied by the sel"-ccurecUng c y c l e o f f i u i h e r C|uestions and i m i i l o t h e m . S u c h p e o p l e w i l l pass i h r o u g h s n c c e s s i v e s t a g e s , b u t t h e p a t -
answers. Pi-aclical i n s i g l u s . there'ore, d e v e l o p . L o n e r g a n i - e m a r k s liat a n i i r u will n o t have l h e c o h e r e i i t i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y o f d e v e l o p m e n t . I n s t e a d , lhe
a t n h e n d c , c o n v e r i e d o r i e i u a t i o n c a n o n l y be realized a n d efective t h r o u g h .i.iges w i l l f o r m w h a i L o n e i g a n r e f e r s l o as a " d i a l e c t i c a l s e c p i e n c e , " w h i c h
dnietofmmt, a n d practical insights are indispensable to d e v e l o p m e n t in the ls " a c o n c r e t e u n f o l d i n g o f l i n k e d b u t o p p o s e d p r i n c i p i e s o f c h a n g e . " ' " T h e
p i o p e r l y h u m a n sense: " O n e has t o a c c p i i i e t h e s k i l l s a n d l e a r n i n g o f a com- i t p p o s e d o r i e n t a t i o n i n t e r a c t s w i t h o u r basic o r i e n t a t i o n t o p r o d u c e sonie-
p e t e n t h u m a n b e i n g i n s o m e w a l k o f l i f e . O n e has t o g r o w i n s e n s i i i v i t y a n d i l i i i i g analogous l o a v e c t o r s u m , i n w h i c h n e i t h e r o r i e n i a t i o n lias abs<ilute
I e s p o n s i v e n e s s l o vales i f o n e ' s l u u n a n i t y is t o be a u t h e n t i c . " i ' \\.\r t h e o l h e r . I n t h e r e s u l i i n g s e q u e n c e , o i n j u c l g m e m s ofvalne and
Relying o n t h e researches o f J e a n Piaget, L o n e r g a n d e f i n e s a skl as a di-cisioiis are s o m e u m e s v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , b u l scmiemes llawed.
" g r o u p o f c o m b i n a o u s o f dif'erenuateci o p e r a u o n s " w h e r e t h e i c n u " g r o u p " ! . i c h s u c h d e c i s i n m o c h i l e s o u r c o m p e t i u g o r i e n t a t i o n s , s o t h a i t h e v e c t o r
has t h e s p e c i a l , l e c h n i c a l m e a n i n g of b e i n g a b l e t o r e t u r n l o o n e ' s s t a r d n g M i i u i t s e l f is c o n s t a n t l y s h i f t i n g i n a n i n c o h e r e n t , d i a l e c t i c a l f a s h i o n . Per-
| ) o i n t u i d i e s i i a t i n g l y i - ' f o r e x a r n p l e , a s k i l l e d c a r p e i u e r h a s t o be a b l e l o s t o p I n i p s , t h e n , diah'.ctic\o\\\ also be i n c l u d e d a l o n g w i t h d e v e l o p m e n i in the
in the m i d d l e o f a b u i l d i n g project to m a k e u n e x p e c t e d adjustmeuLs, a n d t h e n d i a g r a m o f t h e heuristic s t r u c t u r e o f the h u m a n goocl.
r e t u r n t o t h e opemtiom t e m p o r a r i h a b a n d c j n e d . 1 he a b i l i t ) ' l o d o this s o r t o f S i n c e s k i l l s a n d t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a r e e s s e n t i a l t o l h e r e a l i z a t i o n c>f v a l i i -
t h i n g is a g r o t i p i n g o f g i ' o u p s o f s k i l l s , a u d is d i e I n d e x o f c c j m p e i e n c e a n c l .ible courses o f a c i i o n , likewise the capaciiies for skill f o r m a i i o n a n d devel-
prolciency. S k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t r e c p i i r e s t h e s e l f - e o r r e c l i n g o f p i ' a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s (ipmenial t r a n s f o r m a t i o n - plasticity a n c l perfect ibility - a r e a l s o pars o f t h e
w h e r e I x x l i l ; ' opeiatic^ns yield results a n d e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t d e v i a t e f r o m expec- iiii()lding o f t h e h u m a n gocxl. L o n e r g a n used to remark lhai a newborn
t a t i o n s , r a i s i n g l ' u n h e r c i u e s t i o n s , n e w i n s i g h t s , m o d i f i e d c ^ p e r a t i o u s , a n d so g a / e l l e c o u l d r u n f t f t e e n m i n u t e s afer iis b i r t h , b u t it lakes a b u m a n i n f a n t
on, u n t i l we g e t a u i u i e l l i g i b l y i u t e g r a i e d g r o u p o f o p e i i t u o n s l h a t s i n o o i h l y .1 v e a r t o d e v e l o p i l i e s k i l l s r e q u i r e d t o w a l k . H e w e n t o n t o o b s e r v e t h a i
a c t u a l i z e t h e i n t e n d e d r e s u l t , n o t j u s t o n c e b u t r e p e a t e d l y . T h i s is w h y t h e a b i l - i h i - g a z e l l e ' s n e r v o u s s y s t e m was h a r d - w i r e d t o g i v e i l t h i s s u r v i v a l s k i l l , b u t
ity l o r e t u r n t o a s i a r u n g p c i i n t s c r u c i a l t o m a s t e n ' o f a n y s k i l l . i l i r plasticity o f t h e h u m a n n e r v o u s system m a d e o u r legs ancl o t h e r Iwdy
Bodily-based s k i l l s a r e n o t d i e o n l y k i n d s o f skills t h a t a r e d e x e l o p e d i n t h e p;uts capable o f develcjping a n d being organized i n t o m a n y d i f f e r e n i kincls
h u m a n g o o c l . B e c a u s e t h e h u m a n g o o d is w h a t is r e a l i z e d i n t h e s t r i v i n g o r I ll s k i l l s - n o l o n l y r u n n i n g , b u l a l s o k i c k i n g b a l l s , h i g h j u n i p s , b a c k I l i p s ,
t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d g o o d , t h a t g o o d is n o l r e s t r i c t e d t o v i t a l v a l e s , o r a r e t h e n i p l e Salchows, horseback r i c l i u g , y o g a , a n c l d a n c i n g , 'or e x a m p l e . 1 once
r e c p i i s i t e s k i l l s . I n s o f a r as a s k i l l is a g r o u p i n g o f d i f f e i ' e n t i r i t e d operalions, saw a d o c u m e i i i a r y a b o n t i h e b i r t h d e e c i s c a i i s e c i b y t h e d r u g t l i a l i d o i i i i d e .
t h e n t h e o p e r a ti<:>ns o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o u a l i i y c a n alsc) d e v e l o p . I n a i r u l y f u n - I >ue a d u l t w o m a n v i c t i m h a d been b o r n w i t h o u t arms, b u t she h a d devel-
d a m e n t a l way, t h e r e f o r e , beingethical is a matter of sustained (ei>elol>ing. o p e d a n e x t i a o r d i n a r y d e g r e e o f d e x i e r i t y u s i n g o n l y h e r legs a u d feet. She
It m i g h t b e s a i d t h a t d i s o r i e n i e d p e o p l e a l s o d e v e l o p s k i l l s a u d f e e l i n g s l o l o u l d d r i v e a s p e c i a l l ; ' m o d i f i e d car, c a r e f o r h e r i n f a n t c h i l d , a n d s h o p i n
live o u t t h e i r d e v i a n t o r i e n t a t i o n s . L o n e i g a n however u n d e r s i o o d develop- .1 s u p e r m a r k e i b y p l a c i u g i t e m s i n a s h o j j p i n g c a r i w i t h o n e foot and leg
m e n t i n a p a r t i c u l a r w a y t l i a i m a k e s i i d i l T i c u l i t o a p p l y t o s u c h cases, a n d w h i l e b a l a n c i n g o n the olbei". f h a i i h e l i u m a n b o c l v has t h e plascity a n d
he used "decline" instead lo characierize s u c h processes. T h e r e f o r e devel- p 4 i f e c i i b i l i t y n e e d e d t o c l e v e i c t p s u c h s k i l l s is a m o n g t h e g o o d s o n display
opment and decline are the two m o s t f u n d a m e n i a l o r i e n t a t i o n s o f b o t h iu l h e goocl o r i g i n a i e d b y h u m a n e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y .
individual and c o m m u n a l h u m a n existence.

Lonergan i h c u i g h t o f d e v e l o p m e n t as a n i n t e l l i g i b l e s e c p i e n c e o f opera- 12.4.y Operation, Cooperation, Good of Order, Task, lile,

l i o n s o f s c l f - i r a n s f o r m a i i o n . I n a d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e o p e r a u o n s o f o n e stage Institution, Particular Good
bring about intelligibly transformed and more diflerentiated operalions
t h a t are o r g a n i z e d i n t o a new siage. A p e r s o n w i t h a c o m p l e t e l y converied lu general, pracucal i n s i g h t s assess n o t only physical b u t also human
o r i e n t a t i o n w o u l d exhib t an unclsloried, i n i e l l i g i b l e p a t t e r n o f developing schemes o f recurrence. Practical insighis figure o u l what sort ofojserations
e t h i c a l siages f r o m u u s o p l i i s u c a t e d a w k w a r d n e s s to p o l i s h e d n o b i l i t y i n feel- ,uid skills c o u l d b r i n g a b o u t l h e i n i e n d e d r e s u l t s i n t h a t r e a l m as w e l l . A t
ing, thinking, choosing, a n d aciing. B u t w h e n there are unresolved tensicms ibis p o i t u , t h e r e f o r e , we b r i n g to b e a r t h e s e c o n d key l o d e r i v a t i o n ofthe
 348 IV: VVliiL Is lroughi A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ?
s i r i i c i i u e o f l h e h i n n a n goocl - l h e l i n k b e i w e e n operating u coopeiating.
" T o a n o t a b l e e x t e n t o p e r a t i n g is c o o p e r a i i n g , " ' - " ' as L o n e r g a n remarked.
O p e r a i i n g a n d c o o p e r a i i n g are o n e a n d t h e same c o m p o n e n t i n a course o f
action viewed f r o m two different perspeciives. F r o i n t h e perspeclive o f t h e
e t h i c a l s u b j e c t , o p e r a t i n g / c o o p e r a i i n g is a n a c i i o n - l h e f m a l component
i n bis o r h e r exercise o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . Fi'oui t b e social perspeclive,
o u e a n d t h e s a m e a c i i o n { o i " o p e r a t i o n ) o f a n i n d i v i d u a l is s i m i i h a n e o n s l y
an instance o f cooperaiing, an e l e m e n t coordinated w i l h the operalions o f
Olhers in the s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d .
The rest o f t h e c o m p o n e n t s a n d l e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e s t r u c i n r e o f the
h u m a n g o o d assemble a r o u n d diis identity o f o p e r a t i n g a n d cooperaung.
T h e o p e r a l i o n s o f i h e s t r u c i m e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y o f m a n y individuis
a r e i n t e l l i g i b l y l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n cooperation. In exti'emely p r i m i t i v e situa-
tions, a soliiary p e i s o n c o u l d actualize a capacii)' in an o p e i a t i o n lo o b t a i n
a pariicular good l h a t n i e e t s a p a r t i c u l a r need. VVhen a p a r i i c i d a r g o o c l can
o n l y b e a c h i e v e d b y c o o p e i a i i n g w i t h o l h e r s , h c i w e v e r , o i " i f i c a n b e more
easily a c h i e v e d by c o o p e i a t i o n , the d i r e c t c o r r e l a d o n o f an individual's
n e e d s , o p e r a u o n s , a n d p a i t i c u l a r g o o d s is r e p l a c e d b y m o r e c o m p l e x but
i m e l l i g i b l ) - r e l a t e d iuclii ect r o m e s . T h e i n t e l l i g i b l e a s s e m b l y o f h u m a n acls
o f c o o p e r a t i o n i n t o these m o r e c o m p l e x r o m e s c o n s i i t u t e w h a t L o n e r g a n
c a l l e d a good ofmder. A g o o d o f order, he wriies, "consisis i n an intelligible
p a t t e r n o f r e l a u o n s h i p s that c o n d i t i o n t h e f i d f i l l m e n t o f [ p e o p l e ' s ] desires
wilh [ i h e i r ] c o m r i b m i o n s l o l h e f u i n U m e n t o f the desles o f others a n d ,
s i m i l a r i y , p r o t e c t [ t h e m ] f r o m t h e o b j e c t cjf [ t h e i r ] f e a r s i n t h e m e a s u r e t h a t
[ t l i e y c o n t ] " i b i i t e ] t o w a r d i n g o f f i h e o b j e c l s f e a r e d by cjthei's."'''' S u c h p a t -
i e r n s a r e l o b e f o u n d i n e\'ery i n s t a n c e w h e r e t w o o r m o r e p e o p l e cooperate
10 a c h i e v e s o m e g o a l ,
Practical i n s i g h i s are r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r to n n d e r s t a n d h o w t o make
one's own operalions Hl into the o n g o i n g intelligible paiierns o f coopera-
i i o n w i t h o l h e r s t h a t constitules the g o o d o f o r d e r As L o n e r g a n r e m a r k s ,
"lu h u m a n affairs t h e decisive f a c t o r is w h a t o n e c a n e x p e c t f r o m the
o l h e r f e l l o w . " - ' ' n d e r s t a n d i n g w h a t is e x p e c t e d is a n n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
h c ) w o p e r a l i o n s o f s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u i s a r e l i n k e d lo o n e a n o i h e r , as w e l l as
10 n e e d s a n d p a r t i c u l a r g ( o d s , L ' n d e i s l a n d i n g w h a t t o e x p e c t , a n d how
o n e ' s o w n a c t i o n s w i l l b e u n d e i s t o o d , is c r u c i a l n o t o n l y t o fitting imo a
g o o d o f o r d e r i h a i is a l r e a d y o p e r a t i n g , b u l a l s o t o s e c u r e t h e c o o p e r a t i o n
o f olhers in an inncjvaiive course o f a c i i o n lhat oue j u d g e s a n d chooses
t o b e w o r t h u n d e r t a k i n g . T h a t success w i l l be a c h i e v e d only if others
understaud how to c o m b i n e iheir operalions with o u r o w n a n d choose
t o d o so. I n o r d e r t o c o n i m u n i c a i e n e w ways o f c o o p e r a i i n g , n d e r s t a n d -
i n g w h a i t is c u r r e n t l y e x p e c t e d a n d w h a i is g o i n g o n is a n e s s e n t i a l j o i n i
o f departure.
T h e H u m a n G o o d : Explanatory Foundations 349
In a n y g o o d o f o r d e r t h a t involves a significa U I n u m b e r o f p e o p l e , practical
insiglits are needed i n orcler to grasp intelligible coiinecuons between their
iiidi\iclual o p e r a l i o n s ancl skills, o n the o n e h a n d , a n d t h e taxks assigned
l o ; i v a r i e t y o f roles, o n t h e o t h e r . R o l e s , i n t u r n , a r e o r g a n i z e d i n t o institu-
inms, a n d t h e i n s t i i i i u o n s i n t o r e l a t i o n s w i t h o n e a n o t h e r , w h i c h c o n s i i t u t e
I I K - i n t r i c a t e social e c o s y s i e m o f a g o o d o f o r d e i ' . T h i s social ecos)'siem ofa
t;ood o f o r d e r , this c o m p l e x o f i n t e l l i g i b l y c o o r d i n a t e d efforts, will r e g u l a r l y
leiiew the supply o f p a n i c u l a r goods, o n the one h a n d , a n d actualize the
valu o f t h a t m a n n e r o f c o o p e r a t i v e l i v i n g , o n l h e o t h e r .
The e x a m p l e o f the Kuala Telang well illustrates a b u n d a n d y j u s t how
much human cooperation is r e q u i r e d t o a c t u a l i z e a n i n d i v i d u a r s c h o i c e
ol a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n (see section i 1.7 o f the previous c h a p t e r ) . Paget's
I l i o s e n c o u r s e o f a c t i o n d e p e n d e d u p o n acts o f c o o p e r a t i o n o n t b e p a r t o f
l h e \'illage w o m e n , t h e h e a d m a n a n d l h e e l d e r s , t h e w e l l d i g g e r s , a n d m o r e
i c m o t e l y , u p o n p e o p l e i n t h e legal a n d f i n ; m c i a l institutions t h a i p r o v i d e d
the inconie derived f r o m h e r uncle's will,
j 2.4.6 Personal Relaiions
A n y i n s t a n c e o a n a c t u a l l y f u n c t i o n i n g g o o d o f o r d e r c o m p r i s e s a l a r g e
n u m b e r o f i n t e l l i g i b l y c o o r d i n a t e d i n d i v i d u a l coiii'ses o f a c u o n . E a c h per-
siHi w i l l o r i g n a t e h e r o r h i s c o u r s e o f a c t i o n o n t h e basis o f a j u d g m e n t o f
its v a l u a n d a d e c i s i n t o e n a c t i t . B m a n i n d i v i d u a r s vales b e c o m e a c t t t a l -
i/ecl i n a s o c i a l c o n t e x t o n l ) ' w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f o t h e r s .
E a r l i e i ' 1 s a i d t h a l it is o n l y a frsi a p p n . t x i m a i . i o n 10 clenie t e r n u n a l \'a!ues
-is w l i a t is r e a l i z e d i n a n i n d i v i d u a l e x e i c i s e o f l h e s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e i i -
l i o u a l i t y . Vlcte p r e c i s e l y . l e r m i n a l vales a r e c h o s e n t o g e t h e r b y a c o o p e r a i -
i n g g r o u p . VVhen c o o p e r a i i n g p e o p l e c o n s e n l t o l h e r e a f i z a d c t n o f a valu,
v v h e t h e r e x p l i c i t l y o r l a c i t l y , t h e y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y r e a l i z e t w o v a l e s , j u s t as
i n d i v i d u i s d o : 011 l h e o n e h a n d , t h e y r e a l i z e , say, t h e s o c i a l v a l u o f a new
b r i d g e o v e r a r l v e r ; b u t t h e y a l s o a c t u a l i z e t h e v a l u o f t h e m s e l v e s as a c o i n -
niuiiii)' a c i i n g jointly witli purpose a u d vajue.
I ' e r m i n a l valnes i n t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l h u m a t i r e a l m are u o t d e t e r n i i n e d
solely b y a single p e r s o n ' s decisin o r a c t i o n a l o n e . W h i l e w e i i i i g h l fanta-
'.i/e l h a t w e h a v e o r i g i n a i e d s o i n e d i i n g o f v a l n e a l l b v o u r s e l v e s , t h e fac o f
l h e m a t t e r is t h a i t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f a n i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n a n c l t h e
v . i h i e i t c a r r i e s is a l m o s t a l w a y s a c o o p e r a d v e v e i i i u r e . O t h e i s m u s t c h o o s e t o
. i d d t h e i r o p e r a l i o n s t o o u r s i n o r d e r f o r a n e w m o d i f i c a t i o n i n t h e g o o d o'
I l d e r l o e m e r g e . T h e y m u s t j u d g e t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e g o o d c^f o r c l e r as
i ll v a l u , a n d t h e y m u s t c h o o s e t o a c c e p t a n d i n c o r p r a t e i t i m o t h e i r valu
I o i i i m i i m e n t s , I f t h e valu f o r t h e sake o f w h i c h t h e y c h o o s e t o c o o p e r . e
i u l h e n e w l y m o d i l l e d gC)od o f o r c l e r is t h e s a m e as t h e v a l n e t h a t m o t i v a t e d
 i . i i l IV: VMial Is llini^iu A m i hy D i i i i i j ; llial' lh,.n . . n C n n d : K x p l i i u a m r y |M,uu<lalinu.s

o u r o w n c o u r s e o l a c i i o i i , i h e u o i u " i i u e u l e d valu b e c o m e s a c t u a l i z e d i n : i idi .ilislic r c a l i i r Personal r e l a i i o n s r e s i d e i u tao p e o p l e a c t u : d l y d e a l wilh

s o c i a l p a t t e r n o c o o p e r a t i o n . ut i t i.s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e g r o u p a l u i n n i o t h e r in /fj/^-activities i n i h e i r i n s i i t u i i o n a i a n c l s o c i a l s e t t i n g s .
a n d c h o o s e s t h e v a l u t h a t m o t i v a t e d o i u " o w n c h o i c e , b u t d o e s so a c c o r d - l u M h e r m o r e , t h e l i v e d r e a l i t y o f p e r s o n a l r e l a i i o n s is t h e m o s t concrete
i n g to a scale o f vales t h a t d i f f e r s f r o m o t u ' o w n . F o r e x a m p l e , everyone t i M l i o d i i i i e n i o f t h e t e r m i n a l vales o f s o c i a l i n s i i t u t i o n s . A n i n s u t u d o n m a y
m i g h t a f F u i u t h e v i t a l vales o f e n h a n c e d f o o d s u p p l y t h a t w i l l b e realized
| i i o i l a i m l o f t y vales i n i t s m i s s i o n s i a t e m e n t , b u t t h e a c t u a l i t y o f i t s m i s s i o n -
by b u i l d i n g a n e w b r i d g e , b u l t h e t i l t i m a i e valu f o r t h e p e r s o n proposing
k . i l i i e is r e v e a l e d i n its p a t t e r n o f p e r s o n a l relauc')ns. A g r c m p o f people
l h e p r o j e c t i r i i g h t b e t o i n c r e a s e r e a l e s t t e vales, w h i l e t h e rest o f t h e c o m -
o \e.ils t h e l e r m i n a l vales t o w h i c h t h e y a r e c o l l e c i i v e l y c o m n n t t e c l i n t h e
u u m i t y m i g h t accept t h e proposal because they have d i s c e r n e d it to be t h e
u.i\ lll.11 t h e y r e l a t e t o o n e a n o t h e r a n d t o thctse w i t h w l i o r n t l i e y d e a l o u t -
r i g h t way t o s e r v e G o d ' s p e o p l e , a r e l i g i o u s v a l u w h i c h l h e y c h e r i s h a b o v e
side d i e i n s t i t i u i o n .
a l l else. T h e b r i d g e b e c o m e s a r e a l i t y i n b o t h cases, b u t b e c a u s e t h i s h a d
to be a c o o p e i a i i v e t m d e i i a k i i i g , l h e vales r e a l i z e d a r e t h e c o m m u n i t y ' s l i l i s is p a r i i c L i I a i l y t r u e o f t h e v a l n e o f p e r s < . m h o o d . L o n e r g a n observes

r e l i g i o i t s v a l u c o n s t i t u t e d b y its s c a l e o f vales. I n i h e e n d . t h e p e r s o n f o r d i . I I l h e r e is a n I n u m a t e c o n n e c o n b e i w e e n t h e l e v e l o f p e r s o n a l relauons

w h o m real estale vales a r e u l t i m a t e d o e s n o t f u l l y p a r i i c i p a t e i n t h a i a c t n a l - mil lhe intelligible patierns o f cooperation that occm i n tlie institiuional
i z e d valu o f c o n m u m i t y . level o f t h e goocl o f o r d e r :

VVhen p e o p l e e n g a g e i n c o o p e i - a u v e v e n t u r e s I > e c a u s e t h e y s h a r e the ' f h e t w o c a n a i s o b e u n i i e d i n s o f a r as l h e p e r s o n e m e r g e s w i t h

s a m e vales, l h e s h a i i n g o f t h o s e v a l e s c o n s t i i u i e s t h e i r personal relations. personal siatus w\\h\u l h e [ g o o d o f ) o r c l e r f h e u t h e o r c l e r is a n
People b e c o m e accepted by a c o n u n u n i t y , a n d c o m e to r e g a r d i h e i r i d e n t i l y o r d e r b e t w e e n p e r s o n s , a n d t h e g o o d o f o r d e r is a p p r e b e n d e d ,
t h r o u g h m e m b e r s h i p i n t h a i c o m m u n i t y i n terms o f t h e i r s h a r e d judgments n o t so m u c h b y s t u d y i n g t h e [ i n s i i t u i i o n a i ] s c h e m e s ... b u t b y
o f v a l n e a n d s h a r e d d e c i s i c m s b y w h i c h t h e y c o m u i t o t h o s e vales. N o t a l l
a p p r e h e n d i n g h u m a n r e l a t i o n s ... ' f h e s i m p l e s t a n d m o s t e f e c t i v e
p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a r e positive, b u l a l l p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a r e carriers o f val-
a p p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e g o o c l o f o r c l e r is i u t b e a p p i " e l i e n s i o n o f
es a n c l d i s v a l u e s . " S o p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s v a i y f r o m i n i i m a c y t o i g n o r a n c e ,
personal relations.'"
f r o m love l o e x p l o i t a i i o n , f r o m respect \o c o n t e m p t , f r o m f r i e n d n e s s t o
e n n u i y T h e y b i n d a c o m m u n i t y t o g e t h e r or t h e y i e a r i t a p a r i . " ' ' ' j
Lonergan's u s e o f i h e p h r a s e " p e r s o n a l s i a t u s " h e r e r e f e r s ic> h o w a p e r -
Personal relations are irianifested i n h o w p e o p l e t reat o n e anoiher. Two
s o n is a c t u a l l y v a l u e d i n a c u l t u r e , e f f e c t e d a n d constituted socially by die
p e o p l e can p e r f o r m e x a c t l v t h e s a m e t o l e s ancl tasks (e.g., n u r s e ) i n t h e
e n t i l e p a t t e r n (.if p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . A u i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r s o n a l v a l u ( " p e r -
v e r y s a m e k i n c l c)f i n s t i t u t i o n (e.g.. h o s p i t a l ) i n t w o d i f f e r e n t c i d e s , b u t l h e y
s o n a l s t a t u s " ) is i m p l i c i t l y d e f i n e d b y h e r o r h i s p l a c e i u a c o n c r e t e , really
m i g h t b e r e l a t i n g t o t h e i r p a t i e n l s a n d c o - w o r k e r s i n ver\ d i f f e r e n t ways.
e x i s i i n g pattern o f relations a m o n g o t h e r persons. f h e m e a n i n g s a n d val-
T h o s e d i f f e r e n t ways o f interacng w i t h i h e p e o p l e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s a m e
es o f r e c u r r i n g p a i i e r n s o f i n s i i t u i i o n a i i n i e r a c i i o n s a r e w h a t Lonergan
insiituiionai patterns constiiule the differences in their ccmcrete patterns
c a l i s c u l t u r a l vales.^'" C u l t u r a l vales a r e c a r r i e d i n t l i e ways t h a t p e o p l e i n
o f personal relations. These pauerns o f personal relations consiitute the
lhat c u l t u r e ( o r s i i b c u l i u r e ) relate to (tne a n o i h e r , iu t h e p a t t e r n o f iheii"
d i f f e r e n t ways t h a t i n s t i t u t i ( j n s " f e e l " t o j e o p l e w i t h i n t h e m . W h a t people
intricate a n d i n i i m a i e personal relations. T h i s paiiern o f cultural vales
feel a r e l h e t e r m i n a l vales e m b o d i e d i n d i e s e p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . T h e wa)'S
iiLiv be expressed i n s i o r i e s . l e g e n d s , g e s t u r e s , r i m i s , n i o n u m e m s , a u d so
l h a t p e o p l e r e l a t e t o o n e a n o t h e r i n , say, t h e i r h o s p i t a l r o l e s u s u a l l y r e f l e c t
o u , b u l those expressions derive t h e i r m e a n i n g f r o m a n d live o n i n the
I h e p a t t e r n o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s o f t h e l o c a l c u l t u r e - say, l h e l o c a l m i i n i c i -
pality. O n e hospital w i l l feel w a r n i a n d w e l c o m i n g w h i l e a n o t h e r will feel o n g o i n g p a i i e r n o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . ' f l u ; c u l t u r a l v a l u a t i o n o f a p e r s o n is

c o l d a n d b u s i n e s s - l i k e , e v e n t h o u g h b o t h hc>spiials m i g h l b e e q u a l l y g o o d ( ( u i s u t u t e d b ) ' t h e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n i n t o w h i c h s h e o r b e is i h r o w n .

a l t r e a t i n g m e d i c a l prc>blems (i.e., a c t u a l i z i n g v i i a l vales). H o w g i o u p s of ( C e r t a i n vales w i l l h o l d t h e h i g h e s t p l a c e n t h e c u l i u r e o f o n e s e t o f p e r -

p e c j p l e tlate l o o u e a n o t h e r w h i l e p e r f o i i n i n g t h e i r i n s i i t u i i o n a i l o l e s c o n - s o n a l r e l a t i o n s , w h i l e o t h e r \s w i l l b e p r o m i n e n t e l s e w h e r e . I n o n e s o c i -
stitules their neiworks o f personal relations. ety, c o m p e i i d o n a n d s u c c e s s i n b u s i n e s s o r s p o r t s w i l l p r e d o m n a t e , w h e r e a s
//)/ / / ' T ^ / I / . ' W I 1 be p r e - e n i i n e n t i n another. Likewise, e c o n o m i c efcieucy, love
P e r s o n a l r e l a u o n s o r i g n a t e ii f e e l i n g s ( i . e . . f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s t h a l i n t e n d
o f lhe m o t h e r l a n c l / f a i h e r l a n d , o r love o f t b e proletariat can a n d have been
vales), b u l lhey d o u o t reside m e i e l y i u t e r n a l h ' i u s e u t i m e n t s . Personal
e x i o l l e d as l h e p r e d o m i n a n i v a l e s i n \ ' a r i o u s c u l t u r e s . O t h e r v a l e s ( e . g . ,
r e l a u o n s also d e p e n d u p o n insighis, b u l t h e y d o n o t reside i n s o m e m e r e l y
liiu'd w o r k , intellectual pursuits, artistic creativity, family affeciion, lumesiy.
 352 l'iiii IV: W'hai ls B r o u g h i A b o u t by D o i n g T h a t ?
loyaliy, niodesiy, generosiiy, eic.) r a n k nearei" o r f a i ' l h e r away IVom
p r e - e m i n e n i vaiiit:, r o r i n i n g a p a n i c u l a r c u i i u r c ' s scale o f valu p r i o r i t i e s .
T h e p i e - e n h n e i u v a l u a n d ts a s s o c i a t e d s c a l e o f v a l e s is l o b e discerned
i u t h e ways t h a t c e r t a i n p e o p l e a i r d t h e r a c t i o n s a r e h o n o u r e d , w h i l e o t h e r s
a r e i g n o r e d . o r e v e n despised. E a c h c u l t u r e valnes s o m e p e o p l e m o i e h i g h l y
t h a n olhers, even w l i e n they espouse universal h u m a n righus a n d ailesi to
t h e u n c o n d i d o n a l x^alue ( d i g n i t y ) o f e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g . I n c o n c r e t e
t u r a l p a i i e i n s o i h o w p e o p l e are a c t u a l l y t r e a t i n g each o t h e r , each pei'son
is v a l u e d m o r e h i g h l y , o r m o r e l o w l y , o r d e v a l u e d c i u t r i g h i , i n l e r m s o f t h e
s c a l e o f vales i m p l i c i t i n t h e s e p a t t e r n s o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e g a r d a n d i n t e r a c -
t i o n . A p e r s o n ' s p e r s o n a l valu is t h e v a l u b e s t o w e d upon (or denied
t h a t pe son i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r , c o n c r e i e n e t w o r k o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n
w b i c h they live.
C l e a r l y t h i s a c c o u n t o f p e r s o n a l v a l u a n d p e i - s o u a l r e l a i i c m s s t a n d s n
s o m e tensin w i t h t l i e a c c o u n t s o i " t e r m i n a l valu, o r i g i n a t i n g valu, a n d
p e r s o n a l v a l u u p t o t i i i s p o i n t . S o far, p e r s o n a l v a l u h a s b e e n understood
as a m a t t e r o f s e l i - o r i g i n a i i o n - e i t h e r s p o n t a n e o u s s e l f - o r i g i n a t i o n o r s e l l -
o r i g i n a t i o n deliberately chosen i n s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n a n d conversin - b u l
n o t as t h e r e s u l t o f s o c i a l c o n s t r u c u o n . H o w e v e r , o u r p e r f o r m a n c e s ofour
e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y a l m o s t always c t c c t i r i n a n i n t e r p e r s o n a l s e t t i n g . T h e
o n g o i n g How o f e.\periences that f o r m i h e p o i n t s o f d e p a r t u r e f o r o u r exer-
cises o f m o r a l s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e o\'erwhelmingly derive frotn o n r experi-
e n c e s o f l h e a c d o n s o f o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s . VVe t r y l o m a k e s e n s e o f w h a t
t h e y a i e d o i n g a n d w h a t t h e y m e a n . VVe t r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r i g h t t h i n g s t o
d o i u response to o u r e s t i m a d o n o f l h e p a t t e r n s o f personal relations w i t h i n
w h i c h we oprate.
T h u s , w h i l e i n p r i n c i p i e p e i " s o n a l v a l u is t h e valu o f a p e r s o n o r i g i n a t -
i n g l h e n i e a n i n g o f b e r o r his b e i n g t h r o u g h t h e a u t h e n t i c e x e r c i s e o f t h e
d y n a m i s m o f e t h i c a l i n t e n i i o n a l i y , n f a c t , l h a t o r i g i n a t i n g is p o w e r f u l l y
s h a p e d a n d e v e n d o m i n a t e d by s o n i e c o n c r e t e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n o f p e r s o i i ; i l
r e l a t i c i n s . N o o n e c o n s t i t u l e s t h e valu o f h e r o r his p e r s o n h o o d ( h e r o r his
p e r s o n a l valu) all a l o n e . R a t h e r t h a n c o n i n g to k n o w a n d valu ourselves
i n i s o l a t i o n as o r i g i n a t c j r s o f v a l n e t h r o u g h a u i h e n u c a l l y e x e r c i s i n g e d i i c a l
inientionality, concreiely w e use t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h a t s t r u c t u r e t o u n d e r -
s t a n c l , f e e l , a n d a c c e p l t h e p e r s o n a l v a l u t h a t is c o i n m i m i c a t e d a b o u t us
a n d t o U S b y o t h e r s who share our culture.
H e n e e t h e p e r s o n a l v a l u t h a t is p r o p e r t o h u m a n b e i n g s as o r i g i n a t o r s
o f v a l u is n o t a l w a y s v a l i d a t e d b y i h e c o n c r e t e personal relations i u iusii-
t u i i o n s a n d c u l t i u e s . J u s t as i n d i v i d u i s c a n a n d d o fal l o a f f i r m o i ' c h o s e
t h e m s e l v e s as i n s t a n c e s o f a u t h e n t i c p e i " s o n a l vales, e v e n m o r e frequendy
c u l t u r e s fail t o c o m n i u n i c a t e a n d cultvate p e r s o n a l valu i n its f u l l and
p r o p e r sense i n a n d t h r o u g h ieir c o n c r e t e p r a c t i c e s o f p e r s o n a l relations.
The Human Good: Explanaioiy foniidations 3D3
the I hev m a y p l a c e ibis or that cultural i d e a l as t h e h i g h e s t g o d , almost
I i i i n p l e i e l y i g n c n i n g i h e d i s t i n c t a n d h i g h e r valu o f t h e p e i s o n to w h i c h
I u l u i r a l i d e i s ina\ b e c o m p a r e c a n c l i n t e r m s o i ' w h i c h t h e y u t a ) ' b e c r i t i -
. i/cd. T h e n t h e r e will be a b e r r a t i o n s i n the c u l t u r e t h a l lead to e i t h e r overt
m s u b t l e d y n a n i i c s o f o p p r e s s i o n , a l i e n a t i o n , a n d msenlimetU, w b i c h wll
I r s u r a n d grow. ' f h e p a t t e r n oi personal r e l a t i o n s will b e c o m e ever more
cul-
t l i s i o r t e d i n response, a n d t h e clisparity b e t w e e n p e r s o n a l valu i u t h e nor-
m a t i v e s e n s e a n c l i l i e vales a.ssgned l o h u m a n b e i n g s by t h e c u l t u r e w i l l
increase, d e v e l o p i n g a social s u r d .
l u r i h e r u i o r e , i t i s n o t possible to just dismiss these a b e r r a n t v a l u a t i c m s c i f
to)
p e i s o i i s b y c u l u i r e s as m e r e i l l u s i o n s . E v e n w h e n s h a n i e f u l l v d i s t o r t e d , s u c h
v . i h i a t i o n s still e n t e r p o w e r l ' u l l y i n t o t h e ccmstituions o f t h e self-valuations
l l l d i e m e n i b e i s o f i h e c u l t u r e . A c e r t a i n k i n c l cjf s t o i c i s n i m i g h t c o u n s e l one
I I t i j . ; m j r e v v h a t s o c i e i y a n d c u l t u r e say a n d t o j u s t b e c u i e s e l f B u t w h a t d o e s i t
liKiui l o b e o n e s e l f - ' N o <.)ne is a solas if>sc. W h e i h e r o r n o t t h i s a d v i c e is t a k e n
seiinush' will d e p e n d u p o n t b e personal i'elations that f o r m the hearei's of
such c o t m s e l . S e l f a p p r o p r i a t i o i i i n the f u l l e s t sense t h e r e f o r e relies u p o n a
i ei l a i i i k i n d o f c o m m u n i i y t o c u l u v a t e t h e n s i g l i i s , J u d g m e n t s , a n d feelings
ne<(led t o arrive at this alternative evaluadon, a c o m m u n i t y o f conversin,
(ll p e o p l e w h o h a v e a l r e a d y e x p l i c i t l y a f f i n n e c l t.he v a l u o f b e i n g agent o f
e i h i ( a l a u t h e n t i c i t y a u d h a v e d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n l o l i v e by t h a t af f i r m a l i o n .
B u t is s u c h a c o m m u n i t y e v e n p o s s i b l e , g i v e n t h e p o w e r f u l i n l u e n c e s o f
p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s o v e r o i i e ' s e i h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d c h o o s i n g ? It s o n l y p o s -
s i b l e i f l h e r e is a c o n i m u n i i y t h a l i n c l u d e s p e r s c m a l l e l a t o n s t h a t c a n n o i b e
u b j u g a t e d to t h e c o r r u p u n g inluences o f b i a s e d p e r s o n a l r e l a u o n s . fhe
p o s s i b i l i i v a n d a c i t i a l i y o f s u c h p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s is a p r o p e r l y t h e o l o g i c a l
q u e s i i o n , W e w i l l r e t u r n l o l h i s issue i n t h e s e c t i o n o f c h a p t e r 13 d e v o t e d to
the p r o b l e m o f evil a n d t h e place o f r e l i g i o u s conversin i n e t h i c s .
I ' i n a l l y , l h e p h e n o m e n a C)f p e i ^ o i i a l vales r e v e a l t h e d e e p e s t m e a n i n g o f
l.iws ; i i i c l t l i e i i ~ p i ' o p e r r o l e s i n s o c i e l ) ' a n d i n e t h i c s . ' I b a H r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n ,
l.iws a r e f o r i h e s a k e o f t h e g o o d o f o r d e r . L a w s c o m m u n i c a i e l h e a g r e e d
up<Mi w a y s t o c o o p e r a t e i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s i n o r d e r t o m e e t
p . n i i c u l a r n e e d s . P e r h a p s i n o r e obvciusly, l a w s a l s o p r o t e c t t h o s e patterns
I I I < i ' o p e r a i i c m b\ i i i s i i r i n g s a n c i i o i i s ( p a r t i c u l a r 'ears) l o d e i e r t h o s e who
would abuse lhe cooperative i r u s t o f o t h e r s n o r c l e r t o sasfy t h e i r n e e d s
w i i h o n t n i a k i n g socially a g r e e d u p o n c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the overall g o o d of
oidei'. B e y o n d the hrsi appi'oximaon, however, die fuller elhical signifi-
i a i i ( < - o f laws has 1 0 d o w i t h p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s anci t e r m i n a l vales. V i o l a -
t<iis o f t h e g o o d o f o r d e r d e n g r a t e t h e t e r m i n a l vales e m b e d d e d in the
p i i s o n a l r e l a u o n s l l i a t I b i i n t h e d e e p e r bundaticm o f t h e m a i m e n a n c e anrl
i m p i o v c m e n t o l ' t h e g o o d o f o r d e r ancl its i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e iid i g u a l i o n l h a t
p e o p l e c:el n r e s p o n s e t o t h o s e w h o b i e a k l a w s is a r e s p o n s e t o l h e olfeuces
 P a n rV: Wli;tt ls l l i u u g h i A b o u i by D o i n g T h a t ? T h e H u m a n G o o d : E x p l a n a t o r y Foundaons 3.55

against tlic personal relaiions a n d t h e i r e m b e d d e d t e r m i n a l vales t h a t a r e li( u r i s l i c n a i u r e o f t h i s s i r u c t u r e a n d its i i n p l i c a i i c m s b r a m e t h o d i n e i h i c s

the m o s l b a s i c c o m m i t m e n i s o f a s o c i e t y a n d ways i n w h i c h i t s m e m b e r s are \\'\\e e x p l o r e d u r t h e r i n c h a p t e r 1 6 .
v a l u e d as p e r s o n s . hl a d d i t i o n , t h e c a p a c i t y br this h e u r i s i i c s i r u c t u r e to i l l u n i i u n t e g o o d s
A l l t h i s is t r u e , o c o u r s e , l o t l i e e x t e n t t h a t laws a c t u a l l y a r e g e n u i n e e x p r e s - .md evils i n a b r o a d . t i ' a n s c i i l i u r a l divei'siiy o f h u m a n s i t u a t i o n s depends
s i o n s o f p e i s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a n d l e r m i n a l vales o f c o n v e n e d p e r s o n s a n d s o c i - I I p o n L o n e r g a n ' s c l a i m t h a t i i is a n i n v a r i a n t s t r u c t u r e . ' f h e l a t e r s e c o n s o f
eties. T h i s a c c o u n t o f t h e p u i p o s e o f laws r o o t e d i n s e l t - a p p r o p r i a t i o n b r i n g s lilis c h a p t e r , t h e r e f o r e , o l f e r e d a jiisfication o f his c l a i m . T h a t a r g i u n e n t
t o l i g h t t h e exls o f d i s o r d e r a n d t h e d e n i g r a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . lol the invariance o f the s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d llegan w i t h Lonei-
^.iii's suggesiion o f a parallel, an i s o m o r p h i s m . between t h e way t h e i n v a r i -
2.4,1 Needs and Particular Goods .uu s t r u c t u r e o f p r c t p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g c a n be d e r i v e d iVoiii c o g n i i i o n a l struc-

i i m e . a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o d e r i v i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e c>f t h e h u m a n g o o d from
lhe m o r e encompassing s t n i c t u r e i l i a i is i n v o l v e d n t h i n k i n g a n d doing
F u n h e r piactical insights conneci skills w i l h lUKds f o i " pariicular goods.
W I K I I i s e t l i i c a l , Fiu-ther, i h a i d e r i v a d o n resis u p o n t w o I b u n d a t i o n s : ( i ) the
Needs as Lonergan understood them are not limited to viial needs
i m a r i a i i t s i r u c l u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' p r e s e n t i u all h u m a n b e i n g s in
r e q u i r e d t o s u s t a i n h u m a n b i o l o g i c a l e x i s i e n c e , s u c h as n e e d s f o r food,
.lll t i m e s a n d places, a n d ( 2 ) t h e fact that a l m o s t all i n d i v i d u a l a c t i o n s are
water, p r o t e c t i o n f r o m extremes o f weather, a n d needs for r e p r o d u c i i o n .
dr f a d o cc)opeiaii\ actions. 'Fogethei, these t w o prcn'ide t h e g r o u n d s f o r
Rather, needs "are 1 0be l u i d e r s t o o d i n i h e broadest sense; t h e y are not
l h e i n v a r i a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e tct"ins i n l h e h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e o f
to be restricted to necessities b u t r a t h e r t o be stretched 1 0 i n c l u d e wants
l l i e h u m a n g o o d , w h i c h is s u i n i i i a r i z e d i n w h a t i o l l o w s . T h e d e r i v a t i o n a l s o
o f e v e r v k i n d . " ' " " ' S t i l l , as L o n e r g a n uses t h e t e r m i n h i s d i a g r a m o f the
pro\'ides e l a b o i a t i o n s o f t h o s e t e r m s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s i l i a i e n h a n c e t h e use
h u m a n g o o d , a n e e d is f o r a pariiculargoo/l. A c c o r d i n g 1 0 his d e l n i i t i o n , a
o l t h e h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e i n investigaon o f p a r t i c u l a r h i s t o r i c a l societies.
"jarticnlar g o o d " m e e t s a n e e d o f a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d i u d a t a g i v e n place
and time."^- These k i n d s o f needs a r e n i e l at o n e iustaut, and vanish I ' h e g o o d that. is b r o u g l i t a b o n l b ) ' e a c h i i i d i v i c l t i a r s d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s

onl)' t o r e s u r f a c e l a t e r a n d be satisIled y e t a g a i n . V i t a l n e e d s c l e a r l ) ' meet is ;ilwa)'s a l r e a d y e m b e d d e t l i n t h e l a i g e r c o m p r e h e n d i n g s t r u c i u r e o die

t h i s d e l n i i t i o n . as d o otir needs for expressions of affeciion irom our l i i i u K u i g o o d , a l t h o u g h t h i s is n o t e v i d e n t at f i r s t s i g h t . A s L o n e r g a n p u t it,

b e l o \ ' e d s , as w e l l as o u r n e e d s f o r r e d r e s s o f i n j u s i i c e s . B u t o u r n e e d s f o r " b e c a u s e t h a t s t r u c t u r e s r e c i i r r e n t i u e v e r y a c t o f c h o i c e . i t is u n i v e r s a l o n

n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d l o v e a n d j u s t i c e as s u c h a r e n o t n e e d s f o r s o m e t h i n g t h e s i d e o l h e obeci."'''' A l t h o u g h t h e e t h i c s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y a i first

e p h e m e r a l a n d p a r t i c u l a r to a place a n d t i m e ; t h e y a r e needs i b r endur- m a y a p p e a r t o b e a n i n d i v i d u a l i s c e i h i c s , i n f a c t a n d m o r e c o n c r e i e l y it s

ing goods. Menee n o t all o f o u r needs are for particular goods. Even instead a social ethics. L o n e r g a n ' s account o f t h e structure o f the h u m a n

w h e n t h o s e n e e d s a r e C|uelled f o r t h e m o m e n t , l h e y w i l l r e s u r f a c e sooner g o o < l r e v e i s t h e s o c i a l e t i u c a l d i m e n s i o n s t h a t a r e alwa\ a h e a d y opera-

o r later. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , we all h a v e n e e d s to u n d e r s t a u d , to k n o w live i n o u r i n d i v i d u a l e i l i i c a l r e f i e c i i o n s a n d d e c i s i o n s , e v e n i h o t i g l i it n u i ) '

w h a t is s o a n d w h a t is o f v a l n e , as w e l l as n e e d s b r scjcial o r d e r a n d s e l l - l e c p i i r e s o p h i s u c a t e d d i s c e r n m e n t t o r e c c i g n i z e t h a t t h i s is t l i e c a s e .

w o r t h . W h i l e i t is t r u e i l i a i o u r n e e d s f o r p r o t e c t i o n i u a ) ' b e p a r t i c u l a r , I b u s , h u m a n a c t i c u i s ( o r "operalions") carry o u l decisions a n d ate there-

our n e e d f o r a ust a n d o r d e r l y s o c i e i ) ' is n o t f o r a p a i ' i i c u l a r g o o d t h a l is lore the compleons o f e a c h p h a s e o O u r eihical intentionality. They can

n i e l o n c e , t h e n v a n i s h e s , a n d is n e e d e d a g a i n lomorrow. he o | ) e r a t i o n s o f t h e h u m a n b o d y ( e . g . , u s i n g h a n d s , l e g s , o r v o i c e s ) 01" l h e y
1.111 b e i n t e n o n a l o p e r a l i o n s , s u c h as i i u p r i n g . i u i d e i " s i a i i d i n g , I e e l i n g , o r
12.5 Summary: T h e Heuristics and the Invariance iudgiug. A l l such operauons presuppose c o r r e s p o n d i n g capaciiies, wiihout
o f lhe H u m a n Good which they could not occur. 0)>eiations can be exireniely p r i m i t i v e , b u t
most nieu they are c o m b i n a o n s o f b o d i l y a n d intenonal o p e r a l i o n s i n i o
The early sections o f this chapter a r g u e d that Lonergan f o r m u l a t e d the i i i i e l l i g i b l y c o n n e c i e d g r o u p i n g s o r skills. R e f i n e m e n t s o f skills are b r o i i g l u
s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d in o r d e r 1 0 p r o v i d e a h e u r i s t i c g u i d a n c e i b r . i h o i i i b ) ' deiidopnieutal sequences o f snccessive d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s , w h i c h
discovering the various k i n d s o f goods l h a t are b r o u g h t a b o u t w h e n liiiuian IIK i d i l y , d i ' f e r e n t i a l e , a n d i n t g r a t e m o r e p r i m i t i v e s k i l l s , F u r t h e r m o r e , ust
b e i n g s act in fidelity to the norms that are intrinsic in t h e i r o w n strnctures as o p e r a l i o n s d e p e n d u p o n c a p a c i u e s , so a l s o r e f i n e m e n t s o f s k i l l s d e p e n d
o i e t l i i c a l i n l e n t i o n a l i l v . I l also b r i n g s 1 0 l i g h t t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f evils that upon (he plmlicities a n d perferlihililies r e q u i r e d f o r s k i l l s 10 d e v e l o j i and
result f r o m failures to cooperate ethically. T h e fuller significance o the uot r e m a i n o s s i i e d . S k i l l s ai"e c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d lo produce o r secure
 T h e H u m a n Cood: Explanaiory Konndahons :<r.7
'ifi l ' a i i IV: W'liai. ls l i r o n g h i A b o i i L l)\ D o i n g ThiL?

u a l i / e d i n v a r i o u s societies. F u r i h e r specifications o f lechnological, eco-

particuidr goods i t u i i , m e e t needs o f m a n y d i V e r e n t k i n d s . T h u s , i f s k i l l s a r e
nomic. social, polilical, citltural, a n d leligious i n s u t m i o n s a n d orders are
r e g a r d e d as g o o d b e c a u s e they yield partictilar goods m e e t i n g particular
IM c d e d t o assist t b c s i u d y o f l h e s e c b o p e r a U \ patterns. N o doubt s o m e t b i n g
n e e d s , so also t h e c a p a c i t i e s f o r t h o s e s k i l l s a i e g o o d s i n c e t h e y u n d e i p i n
heiier than Lonergan's own fmal f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h e s u u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n
o p e r a t i o n s . Likewise tlie clevelopmeKits, plasticities, a n d p e r f e c t i b i l i t i e s that
yntn\s l i k e l y t o c o m e a l o n g . S o w h i l e t h e r e is a m p i e r o o m f o i ' i m p r o v e m e m
m a k e advanced skills.possible are g o o d for t h e same reason.
. u n i r e n n e m e n t o f L o n e r g a n ' s account oi ihnx s i r u c t u i x ' . I h a v e endeavoured
V e t m o s t o f t e n a n i n d i v i d u a L s d e c i s i o n s a n d a c t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y ov i m p l i c -
lo show t h a t these r e f i n e m e n l s w o u l d be " t i i i n o r revisions t h a i leave basic
idy d e p e n d u p o n a n d i m p a c t the actions o f others: those decisiotis a n d
l i n e s i n t a c t " c o n c e r n i n g t h e t e n n s a n d r e l a u o n s o f t h e invariant structure thm
a c t i o n s a r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s o m e f o r m o f coopemUon. Cooperations presup-
lollow f r o m c o o p e r a t i o n a n d f r o m lhe siructure o f e i h i c a l i m e m i o n a l i i y .
pose i m e l l i g i b l e c o c ^ r d i n a t i o n s a m o n g h t m i a n decisiotis, a c d o n s , a n d skills
1 he n e x t c h a p t e i " e n d e a \ o u r s to show h o w this s t r u c u n e o f i h e h u m a n
l h a t c o n s d i u t e roles, institalions, a u d orders. W h i l e h u m a n d e c i s i o n s realize
i;o(d is s i t u a t e d w i t h i n a n u i r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e u r i s t i c o f t h e g o o d n e s s o f
l l i e s e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o o i ' d i n a t i o u s o f t h e a c t i o n s o f m a n y , i h e y d o so i n o i d e r
.lll b e i n g , b o t h l h e f i n i t e b e i n g o f t h e u n i v e r s e ( i . e . , p r o p o r t i o n a t e being),
t o r e a l i z e vales a i r i v e d a t t h r o u g l i t h e p r o c e s s e s o f e t h i c a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d
,1% w e l l as t h e g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g t h a t t r a n s c e n d s t b e u n i v e r s e .
j u d g m e n l d i a t l e a d u p t o l h e d e c i s i o n s . S t i l l s u c h vales a r e a l m o s t never
i - e a l i z e d b y i n d i v i d u a l a c i i o n s a l o n e . G i - o u p s o f i n d i v i d u i s use t l i e i r liberty t o
freely a n d reciprocally c h o o s e orders o f i n s i i t i u i o n s that they juclge, explic-
i t l y o r i m p l i c i d ) ' , \o b e w o r t h b i a n g i n g a b o u t a n d s n s i a i i n n g .
The i ' e s u l i i n g g o o d s o f o i x l e r a r e t h e a c t u a l i z a i i t m s o f terminal vales,
which a r e ue\'er s i m p l e o r a b s t r a c t , l i k e t h e v a l u o f l i f e , c o m m e r c e , or
ai't. J u s t as w l i e n o u r f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d t o a g e n t o b j e c t s i n c o m p l e x w e b s o r
c o m p o s i u o n s . so a l s o a c u l t i u e s t e r m i n a l v a l e s is a c o m p l e x o f p r o n n n e n t
v a l e s as m o d u l a t e d a n d m i a n c e d b y a u x i l i a r y vales. T e r m i n a l v a l e s o f a
c u l t u r e ai'e b e s t f o r m u l a t e d i n s y s i e m s o f s y m b o l s a n d n a r r a t i v e s . ' f e i ' i i i i n a l
\alues are o r d e r s o f vales e m b o d i e d iu comjjlex, cooperative imdertak-
ings l h a t take place t l i r o t i g h i n s i i t u i i o n s a n d tbeii" c o m p i e h e n d i u g goods
of order. Ongoing mutual decisions t h a t s u s t a i n c o u u n i t m e n t s tc^ t h e s e
l e i ' u i i n a l \'alues a r i s e f r o m a n d r e i n f o i ^ c e f t u i d a m e m a l orientations t h a t are
m a n i f e s i i n i l i e personal relations a m o n g i h e c o o p e r a i i n g actoi's. F i n a l l y , the
o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e a m h e n t i c a n d t h e t e r m i n a l v a l e s a r e i r u e i n s o f a r as t h e v
p r o c e e d f r o m j t i d g m e n t s a n d d e c i s i o n s o f :fr.'/-/('i-/persons.
A l l these faciors a i e t o be f o u n d i n every h i s t o r i c a l l y e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n
w h e r e p e o p l e use t h e i r s t i ^ u c t u r e s o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y i n o r d e r t o c o o p -
erate. Someiimes lliese factors are f o u n d i n c o m p a c t a n d u n d i f l e r e n t i a t e d
f o r m s i n s i m p l e social ari-angements; at o i h e r l i m e s they are p a r c e l l e d om
a c r o s s m a n y d i f f e r e n t r o l e s a n d classes i n h i g h l y c o m p l e x s o c i e t i e s . Y e t t h e
e n t i r e r a n g e o f c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d m u s t be
b o r n e n m i n d w h e n e v e r w e e n d e a v o u r t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n " W h a t g o o d
is i t ? "
Lonergan's own ariiculationofthis invariantstructure u n d e r w e n t consid-
e r a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t o v e i " t h e c o u r s e o f l i i s career.'^' So w h i l e t h e s l ] a . i c t u r e o f
t h e h u m a n g o o d is i n v a r i a n t , a n y p a r t i c u l a r f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h a t s t r u c i u r e is
n o t necessarily invariant. N i m i e i o u s f u r t h e r details need lo be s u p p l i e d
i n o r d e r t o faciltate l h e s c h o l a r l y s t i i d y o f t h e vales a n d p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s
 T h e N o t i o n and the O n i o l o g \ ' o f ihc C o o d 3.^9

13 The N o t i o n a n d the w o r l d a n d t h e goodness t h a t iranscends this w o r l d . These a r g u m e n i s p r o -

vide t b c bases f o r d i s c e r n i n g d i e s e g r e a t e r vales, a n d f o r w c i r k i n g o u t a
Ontology o f the Good more comprehensive heuristic structure thai anticipates in the broadest
l a s h i o n t h e ways i n w h i c h w e m i g h t a n s w e r t h e c p i e s u o n , " V V h a i is l h e g o o d
ofihat?"

I ;pa T h e Goodness o f the N a t u r a l Universe

The Coodness of lia! Naiural Order as a. Wliole

, M m o s t e v e r y o n e has s o m e a p p r e c i a d o n o f t h e g o o c l n e s s o f n a t u r e . T h i s is
already a p p a r e n t w h e n we s p e a k o f n a t u r a l resources a n d r e g a r d t h e n a t u r a l
w o r l d as a p i o v i d e i ^ o f n a u i r a l g o c x i s t h a t c a n b e u s e d 10 f u l f i l l h u m a n w a n t s
.niel n e e d s . B u t t h e e u v i r o n m e n t a l m o v e m e n t a n d e s p e c i a l l y r e c e c o n c e r n s
a b o u t g l o b a l w a r m i n g a n d c l i i n a t e change have h e i g h t e n e d o u r awareness
d i a l d i e r e is a g o o d n e s s t o t h e n a t i u i i l e n v i i o n m e n i t h a t is u o i e x h a u s i e d b y
roin lhis efforl lherefollow a meihod of eihics lhai paralleLs lhe iuethod oJ Jtietaphysics
i l n r c a t e g o i T o f n a i n i ' a l r e s o u r c e s . I l is a g o o c l n e s s t h a t is i m p e r ' i l l e d b y l h e
and, al lhe same lime, a cosniic or onlological account of the good.
ways t h a t w e l u u ' e b e e n g o i n g a b o u t t h e b u s i n e s s o f u s i n g n a i u i - a l lesources.
B e r n a i c l Lciiuigan, Insighl ( ) f course tire goodness e n v i s i o n e d in conternpor'ai")' ecological concei'iis
is n o l e n t i r ^ e l y n e w . T h o s e w l i o h a v e b e e n a c t i v e i n e c o l o g i c a l movements
liave f o u n d gr^eat a l i i n i t i e s w i t l i p r e - m o d e r n ex|:)ressions o f t h e g o o d n e s s o f
13.1 Introduction
l h e naiLU'al w o r l d , f r e c p i e n i l y g i v i n g a n e w vciice t o vales c o m m o n l v ' h e l d
li\ m e m b e r s o f e a r l i e r c i v i l i z a t i o n s a n d c n l i u r e s .
The p r e c e d i n g c h a p i e r a r g u e d t h a t i n v i r t u a l l y e v e i y case, w l i e n e v e r we
L c j i i e r g a n also h a d a n a p p r e c i a d o n f o r i h e i r i eclncible g o o d n e s s ofthe
exercise o u r ethical inieniionality i n lidelity to o u r nniestricied n o t i o n of
n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e . H e a r g u e d t h a t t h e c o m m i t m e n t 10 t h a t g r e a t e r g o o d n e s s
valu a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e , we s i m n l t a n e o u s l y c o n -
is a l w a y s i m p l i c i t i n e v e r y c h o i c e w e m a k e b e c a u s e p r a c u c a l l y a l l o f o u r e\'alu-
t r i b u t e to a n d c o m m i t ourselves to the intei^ubjective h t u n a n g o o d . But
aiiiig, choosing, a n d a c u n g occurs not only in a c q n i e x i o f o l h e r h u m a n
L o n e r g a n f u i t h e r a r g u e d t h a t by o u r e t h i c a l actix'ity we also c o n t r i b u t e to a
deeds ancl i n s i i i n i i o n s , b u t also i n l h e c c m i e x t o f a n extra-human natural
g o o d n e s s t h a i is a t o n c e m o r e s u b t l e a n d m o r e p r o f o u n d . J u s t as t h e i n d i v i d -
c i u i r o n m e n t . VVhai we d o r e s p o n d s t o a n c l a f f e c i s t h e natiu^al s e t t i n g . O u r
u a l g o o d is s i t u a i e d w i t h i n t h e l a r g e i c o m p r e h e n d i n g d ) ' n a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f
elhical i n t e r u i o n a t i t v begins i n experiences t h a l arise o u t o l ' t h e nattii'al envi-
t h e h u m a n g o o d , s o a l s o i h e h u m a n g o o d is s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e c o s t n i c g o o d
l o n m e n i ancl results i n a c t i o n s t l i a t m o d i f y it. H e n e e , w l i e n we r e s p o n d to
t h a t L o n e r g a n i d e n t i n e d as t l i e d y n a m i c o r d e r o f p i ' o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . J i t s i
o i i r t ^ x p e r i e n c e s w i i h t h o u g h i s , f e e l i n g s , 4 i i d a c i i o n s , w e a r e always a l r e a d y
as e a c h i n d i v i d u a l d e c i s i n a n d a c t i o n is a t l e a s l i m ] 3 l i c i i l ) ' i h e r e a l i z a t i o n ctf
d o i n g so w i t h i n a c o n t e x t o f c o n d i d o n s p r o v i d e d b y i h e n a t u r a l w o r l d , F u i -
a s o c i a l , h i s t o r i c a l g o o c l o f o r d e r a n c l l e r m i n a l v a l u , i t is l i k e w i s e i m p l i c i t l y
a n d simiihaneonsly i h e realization o f a goocl l h a t transcends the h u m a n d i e r m o r e , practicaly a l l o f o u r d e c i s i o n s ar-e caia-ied o m by o u r b o d i h ' m o v e -

g o o d . T h e d y n a m i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d is e m b e d d e d w i t h i n the m e n t s . H e n e e t h e h u m a n g o o d s t h a t we b r i n g a b o u t b y t h e e x e r c i s e ofour

d y n a m i c g o o c l o f t h e n a t u r a l i m i \ ' e r s e , w h i c h i n t u r n is g r o u n d e d i n a g o o d - e t h i c a l intenonality a n d o u r b o d i l y m o v e m e n i s a r e massively c o n d i t i o n e d

ness t h a t t r a n s c e n d s a l l f i n i i e g o o d s .
C l e a r l y t h i s i m p l i c i t c c j m m i t m e n t 10 t h e c o s m i c a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d is
far f r o m o b v i o u s . D i s c e r n m e n t o f lhis i n v o l v e m e n t recpiires t h e assisiancc
ofa c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e l l e c t u a l exercise. As a c o n t r i b u i i o n lo t h a i
lhis chapter explores Lonergan's argumenis for the goodness of lhe whole
hv l h e e n v i r o n m e n t i h a i n o u r i s h e s a n d s u s t a i n s o u r b o d i e s .
I h e f a c t t h a t h u m a n g o o d b i u l c l s u p o n a n d is a c o n n u a u o n o f t h e c o n d i -
t i o n s s u p p l i e d b y n a t u r e is i l l u s t r a t e c l i n t h e s t o r y o f K u a l a T e l a n g i n c h a p -
i e r 1 i . Y e i d i s c e r n i n g l l i a t t h i s is so e x p l i c i t l y c a n b e f a c i l i t a i e d b y a n e x e r -
exercis<',
I ise p i ' o p o s e d b y Dr. M a r ' i i n L u t l i e r K i n g , J r H e is s a i d 10 h a v e e n g a g e d h i s
.ludieuces in an Imaginaiive exercise lo help t h e m i l i i n k aboul llieir elhical
 :(>(I i ' a i i I V ; W l i a t ls l i r o i i g l i i A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ?
rcsponsihililies l o o t h e r s . H e asked his auchences t o recall w h a t t h e ) ' h a d f o r
breakfast a b o u t the difTerent kinds o f foods a u d beveiages. H e t h e n asked
d i c i n l o i h i n k a b o u i h o w those foods r e a c h e d t h e i r piales. I f t h e y d i d n o t d o
t h e c o o k i n g t h e m s e l v e s , d i e n w l j o d i d ? A n d , i n a n y case, h o w w a s t h e e n e r g ) '
f o r t h e c o o k i n g s u p p l i e d a n d b y w h o m ? H o w was d i e e n e i g ) ' d e l i v e r e d t o t h e
siie a t w h i c h t h e f o o d was p r e p a r e d , a n d w h o c a r r i e d o u t t h e d e l i v e i y ? Who
deliveied t h e raw f o o d s a n d beverages? W h o buill a n d r e p a i r e d the roads,
r a i l s , b r i d g e s , \'ehicles, i m d p i p e l i n e s t h a t m a d e d e l i v e i y p o s s i b l e ? A n d w h o
s o w e d , culti\'aied, a n d b a r v e s i e d t h e plas a n d l i t i s b a n r l e d t h e animis f r o m
w h i c h t h e r:nv f o o d s t t i l T s c a m e ? V V h a l f i n a n c i a l m e c h a n i s m s w e r e involved
i n p a ) i n g f o r tems a n d r e i m b u r s i n g l a b o u r ? By t h e e n d o f t h e exercise,
m o s t p e o p l e in the a u d i e n c e h a d b e c o m e aware that they were b e h o l d e n l o ,
t h e c o o r d i n a t e d e l f o i t s o f h u n d r e d s o f p e c ) p l e f o i " s o m e t h i n g as s i m p l e as a
single breakfast meal - a single "pardculai"gocxl" i n Lonergan's lerms.
Lc^nerg-an insists t l i a t l h e g o o d is alwavs c o n c r e t e , a n d K i n g ' s e x e r c i s e b r i n g s
t o l i g h l w h a t is m e a n t b y i h e c o n c i e i e n e s s o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . N o h i u n a n g o o d
e x i s t s a p a r i f i o m t h e c o n d i d c j n s d i a l m a k e i t a c u i a l . A n a c t u a l valu is t b e ralue
o f s o m e actual intelligibility, a n d in l h e h u m a n r e a l m actual i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s are
m a s s i v e l y c o n d i d o n e d . l u p a n , t h i s is w h a t l h e s u u c i u r e o f d i e h u m a n g o o d
reveis. L v e n i f w e r e s t r i c i d i e f o c u s o f o u r a t t e n o n t o a p a r t i c u l a r g o o d , its
a c i u a l g o o d n e s s d e p e n d s u p o n n u m e r o u s |3ei"sonal r e l a t i o n s m o v a d n g m a n y
indiricltials to ccwperate i n instituons d i a i c o o r d i n a t e i l i e p e r f c j i n i a n c e s of
l b e i r capaciues a n d skills i n w i d e - r a n g i n g p a t i e r n s . I f w e focus o n l y o n t b e f r i e d
e g g s i t u n g c m i h e p i a l e b e f o r e us, t h e n we a r e u o t r e a l l ) ' d i s c e r n i n g i h e w h o l e ,
concrete g o o d t h a t we are aciualiy c h o o s i n g . Uniess we realize t h a t we are
c h c j o s i n g l h i s e g g - m e a l c/.v m a d e real a n d w o r t h w h i l e by all its c o n c r e t e c o n d i -
ons, w e a r e n o t fully c o g n i z a n i o f t h e a c t u a l g o o d w e are c h o o s i n g .
K i n g ' s exercise can be e x p a n d e d to i n c l u d e n a t u r a l ecosyslems. T h e com-
plex, interconnected h u m a n operations t h a l m a k e a breakfast meal pos-
sible are themselves d e p e n d e n t u p o n e n \ i r o n n i e i i t a lc o n d i t i o n s . Before t h e
f o o d s t u f l s c a n be h a r v e s t e d , t r a n s p o n e d , p r e p a r e d , ancl H i i a n c e d by h u m a n
a c u o n s , t h e y h a v e t o grow in a naiural e n v i r o n m e n t that provides proper
s o i l , m i n e r a l s , water, a t m o s p l i e r i c carbn c l i o x i d e ancl n i t i ' o g e n . s u n l i g h t ,
a n d v v a r m i h . T h o s e e n v i r o n m e n i a l c o n d i t i o n s h a v e l o b e r e p l e n i s h e d by
n a t u r a l processes, a n d those n a t u r a l processes themselves e m e r g e d out of
m o r e p r i m i t i v e c o n d i t i o n s . Before energn' can be m a d e available f o r trans-
p o r t i n g a u d cooking, ii too h a d to be f o r m e d by n a t u r a l processes thal
e \ ' o l v e d o v e r m i l l i o n s o f yeai's.
Lonergan's a r g u m e n t for ihe goodness of tbe natural w o r l d follows f r o m
t h e s e r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e c c t n c r e t e n e s s o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . I f w e c h o o s e aii)'-
i h i n g as g o o d , we d o so b e c a u s e we have c o m e t o k n o w i t as a v a l u w o r t h y
o f o u r choice t h r o u g h o u r ethical reflections a n d j u d g m e n t s o f e t h i c a l raliK'.
T h e N'odon a n d t h e O n t o l o g ) ' o f l h e G o o d 361
B u l w h a t is c h o s e n as v a l u a b l e is s o m e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n i n a l l its
cinci'eieness - l o r e x a m p l e , u s i n g skills a p p r o p r i a t e t o d i e a c t u a l c o n c r e t e
I o n d i i i o n s i n orcler to acquire a p a n i c u l a r good. Since some o f those c o n d i -
ons a r e f r o m t h e p r e - h u m a n r e a l m o f b e i n g , t h e n c h o o s i n g ie concrete
);oocl (le[neto m e a n s i\\so c h o o s i n g those c o n d i o n s as w e l l . I n t h e i r a c i u a l i t y ,
w h a t e v e r w e c h o o s e c o n c r e i e l y is i n e x i r i c a b h ' b o u n d u p w i t h l h e c o n d i t i o n i n g
h u m a n a n d p r e - h u m a n s c h e m e s o f r e c u r r e n c e a n d events t h a t elvate t h e i r
Iliere i n t e l l i g i b l e possibilities i n t o v i r t u a l l y lincondioneci i n t e l l i g i b l e realies.
I h e a c t i t a l i i y o f b o t h a s t i c c u l e n t f r u i i (as o b j e c t o f h u m a n clesire) a n d t h e
l i i i i i f a r m (as a n i n s t i t u t i o n i n a h u m a n g o o d o f o r d e r ) d e p e n d s u p o n r e c u r -
I i n g r e p l e n i s h n i e i i i b)' e n v i r c n i m e n t a l f a c i o r s ( b o t h n a t u r a l a n d s o c i a l ) t h a l l i e
h i ' \ ' o n d t h e b ' u i t o i " the f a r m t h e m s e l v e s . F o r L o n e r g a n , d i e w h o l e evolving,
o n g o i n g d y n a n c p r o c e s s o f t h e u n i v e r s e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g ' ts t h e | x ; n i i l -
l i m a t e c o n d i t i o n f o r all l h e eveiiLs a n d s c h e m e s t h a t c o m e l o be, e s p e c i a l l y o u r
o w n c h c i i c e s t o a c t u a l i z e i n t e l l i g i b l e c o u r s e s o f a c o n a n d vales.
Lonergin f o r m u l a t e d t h i s a r g u m e n t i n t h e f o l l o w n n g c o m p a c t foriii:
I f t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e cuders o f h u m a n i n v e n t i o n a r e a goc)d because
they systeinatically assiire t h e satisfaction o f d e s i r e s , l h e n s o are t h e
i n t e l l i g i b l e cjrders | n a t u r a l ecos)'Siemsl t h a t l u i d e r l i e , c o n d i d o n ,
p r e c e d e , a n d iiicliicle | l u u i i a i i ] invenon. Finally, i n t e l l i g i b l e ordei"s
a n d t h e i r c o n t e n t s as p o s s i b l e o b j e c t s o f r a t i o n a l c h o i c e , a r e v a l e s ;
b u l t h e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r , w l c l i is g e n e r a l i z e c l e i n e r g e m p r o b a b i l i t y ,
c o n d i t i c t n s ancl p e n e t r a l e s , c o n ects a n d d e v e l o p s , every p a r t i c u l a r
orcler; a n d raticmal self-consciousness cannoi consistently choose the con-
ditioned and reject. the condition, choose t.he part and repct the whole, choose
" the conseqaent and reject the antecedent. A c c o r d i n g l y , since [ h u m a n i t y ]
is i n v o l v e d i n c h o o s i n g a n d s i n c e every c o n s i s t e n t choice, at least
i m p l i c i t l y , is a c h o i c e of u n i \ ' e t s a l o r d e r , t h e r e a l i z a d o n o f u n i v e r s a l
o r d e r is a t r u e v a l u .
Lonergan is a r g u i n g t h a t f r e a l i z i n g [ h e a c t u a l , c o n c r e t e v a l u o f the
i i u e l l i g i b i l i i y e m b o d i e d i u a n y r e f i e c t i v e h u m a n c h o i c e is gC)od ( a n d i t w i l l
h e g4)od i f c h o s e n i n f i d e l i t y t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y b y m o r -
, i l l \d p e i w i i s ) , then t h e a c t u a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' o f t h e w h o l e (which
u n d e r l i e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h a l c h o i c e ) is a l s o g o o d . A s he
p u l s i i , " e v e r y c o n s i s t e n t c h o i c e , a l l e a s t i m p l i c i t l y , is a c h o i c e o f u n i v e r s a l
o i d e r , " : ' I n O t h e r w o r d s , w h e n e v e r w e c h o o s e , o u r c h o i c e is a c o n t r i b u i i o n
l o l h e o n g o i n g i n t e l l i g i b l e o r c l e r cjf p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g .
Lonergan calis this universal o r d e r " g e n e r a l i z e d eniergeiii probability."
1 h i s is l . o n e r g a n ' s n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e v o l u i i o n . ' T h e w h o l e n e s s o f g e n e r a l -
i/ed e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y s a n " u p w a r d l y b u l n o t d e i e r m i n a t e l y d i r e c t e d
 3(i2 I ' a r t I V : Whii ls B r o u g h t A b o u t by D o i n g T h a i ?
d y n a m i s m o f p i o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . " " ' T h i s m e a n s l h a t l i l i s w h o l e n e s s is n o n -
systematic a n d o p e n - e n d e d , yet i n t e l l i g i b l e a n d t h e r e f o r e still a k i n d
o r d e r nonetheless. As L o n e r g a n puts it, generalized e m e r g e n t profiability
h i e i i h e i ' d e n i e s o r n n n i m i z e s S u c h facus as e n t r o p } ' , c a i a c l y s n i , t h e d e a t h
t h a t f o l l o w s e v e i y b i r t h , t h e e x u n c i i o n t h a t t h r e t e o s ever\ s u r v i v a l . I t o f f e r s
n o o p i n i n o n t h e u l t i m a t e fate o f t h e u n i v e r s e . B u t i t insists t h a t t b e nega-
u v e p i c t i i r e is n o t t h e w h o l e p i c t u i e . " ' '
- A c c o r d i n g l o L o n e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n t , b y o u r d e c i s i o n s we c o m m i t otu'selves
l o this o r d e r , this w i l d a n d u n t a m e d process o f e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y , even
w h e n w e a r e n o t e x p l i c i d y a w a r e o f this. VVhen w e d e c i d e t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h
o i h e i - s i n a g o o d o f cjrdei", w e particpate i n t h e m a i n t e r r a n c e o r e m e r g e n c e of
h u m a n l y o r i g i n a t e d c o m p l e x e s o f cyclical processes ("schemes o f r e c u r r e n c e " ) .
Bv m e a n s c t f o u r d e c i s i o n s , n e w e v e n t s a n d n e w s c h e m e s o f r e c u r r e n c e e m e r g e
o u t o f t h o s e t h a l c a r n e b e f o r e a n d l h a t p i j r i d e d d i e c o n d i o n s IOT- t h e n e w
e m e r g e n c e s . By o u r d e c i s i o n s , t h e r e f o r e , w e c h o o s e t o particpale i n d n s o n g o -
i n g e m e r g e n t p r o c e s s ctf g e n e r a l i z e c l e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y , w h i c h e m b r a c e s t h e
w i i c t l e o f n a t u r a l ancl h u m a n h i s i o i T - By c t u r d e c i s i o n s t o p a i c i p a i e i n l h i s p r o -
cess o f e m e r g e n c e , w e e n d o r s e d i e valu o ' i t s o i c l e r i n g o f e v e n t s .
I n o i l i e r w o r d s , L o n e r g a n a r g e s t h a t e v e r y c c j u s i s t e n t h u m a n c h o i c e is
i n f a c t i l i e c h o i c e o a gctc^d w h o l e n e s s - t h e w h c ) l e i i e s s o f w h a t h e c a l l e d t h e
i m i v e i s a i c t r d e r ctf p r o p c t r t i c t n a i e b e i n g - g e n e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t p i ' o b a b i l i t y .
Seen i n t h i s l i g h t , t h e h u m a n g o o d is l e v e a l e d as a n a t u r a l contiuuauon
o f the process o f g e u e i a l i z e d e m e r g e n t p i ' o b a b i l i i y that characieiizes l h e
ev<ihuion o f the goctdness o f t h e n a t i u a l u n i v e r s e .
H o w e v e ] ' , h u m a n b e i n g s d o u o t a l w a y s " c o n s i s t e n t i v c h o o s e , " VVe s e l d o m
take inict e x p l i c i i a c c o u n t i b i s largei' dimensin o f that t o w b i c h w e c o m m i t
o u r s e l v e s w h e n we c h o o s e . E x p l i c i d y a n d t h e m a t l c a l l y , w e u s u a l l y f o c u s o n l y
u p o n a p a i t o l l i e w h o l e o f t h e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r o f e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y -
l h e p a i t i b a t w o u l d i m i n e c l i a i e l y sasfy o u r l i m i t e d i n t e r e s t s a n d c c j n c e r n s ,
die p a n t l i a t is m m e d i a t e l y a p p a r e n t i n o u r p r a c t i c a l i n s i g h t s , p r a c u c a l
r e l l e c t i o n s , a n d delibrate c h o i c e s . Vet i m p l i c i t l y a n d really w e a r e always
c l i o o s i n g t h a t valu p a r t as /arl ofa wholt; good ness. V V i t h o u t t h a i w h o l e n e s s ,
l h e c h o s e n p a n , i h e c c t u r s e c t f a c o n , cctulcl n o i b e a n a c t u a l , c o n c r e t e g o o d
a t a l l . l l w o u l d n i e r e l v b e s o m e i m a g i u a r y antasy. VVe m a y t h i n k o f o u r s e l v e s
as c l i c t o s i n g j u s t t h i s p a n i c u l a r g c t o d i n i s c t l a i i o n , J u s t g o c t d f o r o i u s e l v e s ,
s e l l i s h i y a l o n e , w i i h n o r e g a r d f o r a n y o n e o r a n y t h i n g else. A n d o u r f e e l i n g s
as w e m a k e s u c h c h o i c e s m i g h t b e e c p i a l l y s e l f - c e n t r e d , l a c k i n g i n r e g a r d f o r
l h e f u l l s c a l e o f vales. B u t w h e i h e r w e t h i n k a n d f e e l i n t h i s n a r r o w w a y o r
n o l , a c t u a l l y w e a r e c h o o s i n g a s p e c i f i c v a l u as i t a c t u a l l y is, conditioned.
T h e r e i b r e , j u s t as t h e c h o i c e o f a n y s i n g l e p a r t i c u l a r g o o d is i m p l i c i d y t h e
v a l u a u o n a n d c h o i c e o f t h e l i u m a n goocl o f o r d e r t h a t m a k e s its r e a l i z a t i o n
p o s s i b l e , s o a l s o t h a t s a m e c h o i c e is s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a v a l u a u o n a n d a c c e p t a n c e
ctf l h e n a t u r a l o r c l e r o f g e n e r a l i z e c l e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t c o n d i t i o n s tli<'
^ T h e N^oiion a n d i l i e O n n i l o g ) ' o f die G o o d 3h3
t- m , i l i / a n o n o f l l i a i p a r t i c u l a r g o o d , VVe choctse i t as g o o d b e c a u s e i i is i n t e l -
of l i i n h l e : i i i d l l i e couclictii o f w h a i w e c h o o s e as g o o d . H e n e e , i:he c h o i c e o f a n y
' o i i d i i i o n e d c o u r s e o f acon as g o o c l , p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e i t is c o n d i o n e c i b y a
\s o f e m e r g i n g g o o c l n e s s , is i m p l i c i d y t h e c h o i c e o f l h e g o o d n e s s c t f
i l i . i i w h o l e , w h e d i e r o r n o t t h e c h o o s e r is e x p l i c i d y a w a r e o f i h i s fact, B y e a c h
o| l i n t e t h i c a l r e l l e c o n s , a c i i o n s , a n c l d e c i s i o n s , t h e r e f o r e , w e a r e c c t n i r i b u i -
in|', l o l h e b u i l d i n g n|) o f t l i e i n i e l l i g i b l e w h o l e n e s s o f g e n e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t
p o i h . i l t i l i i y d i a l i n c l u d e s a n d i n c c t r p o r a i e s o n r acctu, a n d l h i s is t h e w h o l e -
ti< which we are choctsiiig a u d lo w h i c h we are c c t m m i i i e d l o by o u r a c u o n s .
ll I o l l o w s , t h e r e ' o r e , l h a i a c i i n g e t h i c a l h ' i u l h e f u l l s e n s e is a l w a y s a n i a i -
l l i o f c o n i r i b u n g tct ancl p r o m o i i u g t h e d e v e l o p m e n i o f t h e generalized
I nii'i g(mt p r o b a b i l i t y o f p i i t p o r u o n a t e b e i n g . Coiiversely, a c t i n g i i n e t h i c a l l y
ilw,i\ [ t r o m o i e s i t s d e c l i n e . T h i s is a l w a y s s o , w h e t l i e r w e e x p l i c i t l y t h i n k
,ilii n i i w h a t w e a r e d o i n g i n t h a t w a y , o r nctt.
( i ) 11 l i n a C r y s d a l e s h o w s d i a l i t i s i l l u m i n a t i n g i o t h i n k o f t h e e d i i c s o f d i s c e r n -
tiiriii l h a t f o l l o w s T_tni t h i n k i n g o t h e g o c t d i n t e r m s o f g e n e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t
p i o h a h i l i i y as a n " e i h i c o f r i s k , " as o p p o s e d t o a n " e d i i c c t f c o n t r o l . " A n e t h i c o f
I o n l rol a i t e m p t s l o g u a r a n lee g o o d b e h a v i o u r ancl otitcctuies u s i n g m e a s u r e s
o l [ l i n s i c a l o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l fctrce. .An e d i i c o f r i s k b y c o n t r a s t is " r e s p o n s i b l e
,11 l i o i i w i t h i n t h e l i m i i s <i" b o u n d e d p o w e r " w h i c h r e s p e c t s i h e c o n u n g e n c y
a n d non-sysiemac c h a r a c i e r o f t h e n a i u r a l a n c l h u m a n r e a l m s . A s C n s d a l e
p u t s i i , t h e " g o a l o f m o r a l a c o n is n o t c o m p l e l e s u c c e s s b u t c r e a c t n o l c o u -
dllictiis w h e i e b y transbriiiaons [ a n d e m e r g e n c e ] m a y take place, l i accepts
n i l i i e i a b i l i i y b u t i i n d e r t a k e s risks i n t h e ame o f lie-aflrming d i g n i t y . " ' S h e
i i i i p h a s i z e s t h a t w h i c h \vill b e i l i e e d i i c a l r i s k s l o t a k e l i a s t o " b e d i s c e r n e d ctver
,iiid over again [intelligently, reasonably, a n d responsibly] i n each new silua-
t i o n ... f i g u r i n g o u t i f i b i s is i l i e l i e s t w a y l o r e s i s t " e v i l a u d i n j u s t i c e . ^
I j.2.2 Tbe Kinds of Goodness within the Naiural Whole
l ' i o m l i l i s g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i n i h a t i l i e w h o l e ctf e m e r g e n t p r c t p o r i i o i i a i e
b e i n g is g o o d , a c c o r d i n g t o L o n e r g a n , d i e r e b l l o w s a l m c t s i i i m n e d i a t e l ) ' a
t e l i n e i i i e i i i w h a t m a t h e n i a i i c i a n s w o u l c l cali a c o r o l l a ry t o t h e g e n e r a l c o n -
i l i i s i o n . T h e c o r o l l a r ) ' is: i f e v e r y i n s t a n c e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g com:trises
l i n c e basic e l e m e n t s ( p o i e n c y , f o r m , aci) c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the i b r e e basic
111^111 t i o n a l a c t s ( e x p e r i e n c i n g , u n d e r s u n i d i n g , j u d g i n g ) , t h e n l h e g o o d n e s s
I ll e . i c l i p i x t p o r o i i a l e b e i n g is l i k e w i s e t r i p l y d i T e r e i i a t e d . ' ' I n o d i e r w o r d s ,
t h e g o o d n e s s o f p r o p o r u o u a t e b e i n g is s u b d i v i d e d i n t o d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s ctf
fMiodiiess, c o r r e s p o n d i n g to p o t e n c y , f o r m , a n d act, respectively:
VVe [ i r o p o s e Ul s p e a k o f a p o t e n u a l , f o r m a l , a n c l a c t u a l g o o d , w h e r e
l h e p o t e n u a l g o o d s i d e n t i c a l w i t l i p o t e n i i a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d so
^ i i K i l u d e s b u l also e x t e n d s b e y o n d (ibjecis o f d e s i r e , w h e r e t h e f o r m a l
 'M'y\n I V : W'hai ls U r o u g l u A b o u l Ijy D o i i i ^ l h a i ? ||. N o i i o n ; < ) m o l o n v o l d u < ;o,.d :m

g o o d is i d e n t i c a l w i t h f o r m a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i i y a n d so i n c l u d e s b u l a l s o MiiiMisc.- l l o w i l o e s Lmerj^an's a i g u m e n l r e k u e l o a n e i h i c s o l "nalur:d

e x i e n d s b e y o u d h u m a n intelligible ordei's, where the aciual g o o d I n ( l.m L f m e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n i b e m a d e n e x a c t l y l h e f o i u i i h ; i l h e p r t : -
s i d e n t i c a l w i t h a c t u a l i n i e l l i g i b i l i u e s a n d s o i n c l u d e s b u t a l s o may
1 n l i (I i n liisig/it?
e x t e n d beyond h n m a n xalues.'"

I -;.-}. I ls Lonergan's Arguirienl. Anihro/mnorphic?

Among other ihings, Lonergai't shows lhat this hetirisiic o f concrete
i n s t a n c e s o f t h e g o o d casLs criical l i g h l u p o n iiliiarian a n d o t h e r e t h i c a l I yU\e ( f b j e c t e d t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s /7,s/g//argument f o r t b e g o o d n e s s o f
t h e o r i e s , f o r w h i c h " t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e t e r m g o o d ' ... has t o b e t h e g o o d as | i o . p o r i o i i a i e b e i n g is a n t h r o p o m o r p h i c . T h a t is t o say, L o n e r g a n ' s argu-
e x p e r i e n c e d , a n d t h a t o p p o s i i e l o t h e g o o d d i e r e is l h e n o less r e a l caiegoiyof Mii m n h g h i s e e m tct r n a k e d i e gctociness ctf t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e dependent
e v i l as e x p e r i e n c e d . " " l . o n e r g a n arges i l i a t t h e p r o p e r m e a n i n g o f t h e g o o d upon himian choice a n d h u m a n u t i l i t y - s i n c e i t rests o n the claim that
is a c u i a l i z e d i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' , a n d t h a l n o t o n l y o b j e c t s o f d e s i r e b u l e\'en objects o n e c a u i i o t c h o o s e t h e c o n d i d o n e d w i t h o u t also c h o o s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s .
o f aversin a n d " i n d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t s " c a n be p o t e n a l l y g o o d - p r o v i d e d t h e r e I h l a r g u m e n t w o u l d s e e m 10 i m p l y t h a t i f t h e u n i v e r s e d i d n o t c o n d i t i o n
is s o m e i n t e l l i g n b i l i t v t h a t f o r m s t h e m i n t o s c j u i e d u n g o f u n c o n d i d o n e d ralue. I n i m a u l y c h o s e n ancl o r i g i n a i e d g o o d s , l h e n i h e u n i v e r s e wctulcl have no
A g a i n . flis i d e n i i f i c a d o n o f i l i e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s o f a n y propcuiionate i',ooducss i n i i a n s i c t o it i n i t s e l f . M e n e e , i t m i g h l s e e m t h a l - o n e r g a n is
g o o d is t h e f u n d a m e n t a ! b a s i s f o r h i s d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n valu a n d the u i . i k i i i g l h e goodne.ss o i the n a t u r a l universe d e p e n d u p o n w h e t h e r o r u o t
g o o d . Vales a n d a c t u a l g o o d s are o n e knd o f gctod, b u t u o t t h e o n h ' k i n d . II I <iiidiions s o m e vales t h a t h u m a n b e i n g s h a p p e n t o c h o o s e .
Particular a n d potential goods, goods o f e n d e r a n d Ibrmal goods a n d their Su< h , h o w e v e r , would n o t be an accurate rendering of Lonergan's
v a r i c t u s c o n s t i t u e n t s , a r e a l s o g o o d . B u l n o n e o f t h e s e a l o n e is t h e w h o l e o f ,u|'.uineiii, H i s a r g u m e n t , r a t h e r , c o n c e r u s hctw h u m a n b e i n g s c a n c c t m e
t h e g o o d . L i k e w i s e vales, b y t h e m s e l v e s , a r e n o t t h e w h o l e o f t h e g o o d . I t lo .illirm lhe goodness o f t h e universe - n o t that h u m a n choices consii-
is t r u e t h a t t f i e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o t i o n o f v a l n e u l u m a t e l ) ' i n t e n d s g o o d n e s s
t u t e that g o o d n e s s . U n d e r l y i n g e v e i y case ot h u m a n a u t h e i u i c h u m a n
i n t h e f u l l e s t s e n s e , a n d t h a t t h i s is t h e w h o l e o f a l l v a l n e s a n d a c t u a l g o o d s .
h o o s i n g is a g r a s p , a r e c o g n i t i o n , o f t h e c o u r s e o f a c i i o n as o f v i r t u a l l y
SiU, b y i n t e n d i n g t h a l w h o l e , t h e n o t i o n o f v a l n e als(.) i n t e n d s a l l l h e c o m -
mu (indidoned v a l u . I f i t is, l h e n this means lhat a l l ctf t h e fulllng
ponents that are related to a n d indispensable to actual goods/valucs. So
I oiidiioiis are i n d i s p e n s a b l e c c u i t r i b u t i ( . t i i s 10 i h e \ ' a l i i e b e i n g c h c t s c n ,
t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f the p o t e n t i a l a n d f o r m a l g o o d also a r e g o o d . Still, t h e i r
K i i i m o r e f u n d a i n e n t a l l y . t h e g i a s p o f a v a l u as v i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d
g o o d n e s s is d i s i i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m t h e g o o d n e s s ofvalne,
I S a r e c o g n i t i c t n c t f t h e v a l u ctt o n e s e l f a n d o n e ' s a c t i o n s as p a n c i p a u t s
L o n e r g a n uses t h i s c o r o l l a r ) ' as a h e u r i s t i c i n d e v e h t p i n g h i s t h e o r y o f t h e lu a valuable "iini\'ersal order," a dyuLinuc evolving o r d e r i n w h i c h one's
i n t e g r a t e d s u u c l u r a l r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g v a r i o u s gctods, P r i m a i y among o i v i i h u m a n a c i i c t n is o n l y i l i e m o s t r e c e n t a d d i t i o n , H e n e e , f a r f r o m m a k -
t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s is t h a t h a v i n g t o d o w i t h t h e h i e r a r c h y o f g o o d s , f v a r i - i n g t b e valu o f t h e u n i v e r s e d e p e n d up(tn h u m a n choice, L(.iiiei"gan's
o u s p o t e n c i e s , f o n i i s a u d acts a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m c t n e a n c t t h e r w i t h i n a i g i u n e n t s h o w s t h a t t h e v a l n e ctf a n y h u m a n c h o i c e d e p e n d s upon the
p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g n a h i e r a r c h i c a l series c t f e x p l a i i a t o r v g e n e r a , then ( o n d i u o n i n g v a l u o f t h e e v o l v i n g u n i v e r s e as i l e x t e n d s i n i o t h e o n g c t i n g
t h e r e f o l l o w c o r r e s p o n d i n g d i s t i n c t , h i e r a r c h i c a l l y related getiei'ic orders
story o f h u m a n liistory.
o f vales. F u r t h e r , i f t h e r e r e a l l y a r e d i s i i n c i e x p l a n a t o r y s p e c i e s w i t h i n the
l ' l t i m a t e l y , t h e n , L o n e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n i is n o t a u i b r o p o m o i p h i c . I t d o e s
e x p l a n a t o i y g e n e r a , l h e n c o r r e s p o n d i n g d i s n c t i o n s a m o n g vales w i t h i n
n o l a r g e t h a t t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e s gctctd becaaseof h u m a n j u d g m e n t ancl
each o f t h e d i s t i n c t g e n e i i c o r d e r s o f vales m u s t b e a c k n o w l e d g e d . ' ^ We
( hoice; cjiiiie l l i e c o n i i a i y - l h e pctssibiliiy o f a n ethicall)' valuable h n m a n
will r e t u r n to this topic i n the n e x l chapter.
c h o i c e is s u b s t a n t i a l l y c c t n d i d o n e d u p o n t l i e g o c t d n e s s o f t h e u n i v e r s e .

13.3 Further Considerations

Feeling-Response to the Univeise of Pwportionate Being

Lonergan's a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o d n e s s o f p r o p o r i i o n a t e b e i n g r a i s e s sev- A s e c o n d c o n s i d e r a i i o n has ict cict w i d i t l i e rctle o f f e e l i n g s in arriving al

e r a l f u r t l i e r Cjuestons. T h i s secticii t o u c l i e s o n l y b r i e f l y u p o n j u s t a few, t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e g o o d n e s s o l t h e w h o l e o p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g a n d i i s
n a m e l ) ' : ls l i i s a r g u m e n t a n t l i r o p o m o r p h i c ? C a n t h e j u d g m e u t o f v a l n e of dynamic siructure of emergent probability. The preceding chapiers have
p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g be m a d e w i t h o u t a f e e l i n g o f the valu o f the natural argued that feelings f o r valu p l a y a n i n d i s p e n s a b l e r o l e i n t h e f u l l and
 I ' a r t I V : V\^hai Is B r o u g h t A b o u t b y D o i n g T h a t ? T h e N o d o n a n d t h e Ontolog)M:)i" t h e C o n d 'if)?

piopei" knowledge ofvalne, a n d especially in a r r i v i n g at j n d g m e n t s ofethi- Ul l h e i n t e r i o r o f s t a r s , a n d t h e B i g B a n g i t s e l L A v i r t u a l l y t m c o n d i t i o n e d

cal valne. H o w e v e r , the a r g i m i e n t p i e s e n t e d in the previous sections does p i d g m e n t a b o u t t h e g o o d n e s s o f p r o p o r d o n a t e b e i n g In n o way
not i n v o k e a n y f e l t i i u e n t i o n s o f valu. h i fact, at o n e p o i n t L o n e r g a n seems
to insist t h a t everj' c o n s i d e r a t i o n - o f feelings m u s t be e x c l u d e d IVom the d e n i e s o r a t l e m p t s t o n i i n i m i z e p a i n o r s u f l e r i n g , so i t has n o t t h e
j u d g m e n t o f t h e valu o f t h e universe. H e w r i t e s : " I t w i l l n o t b e amiss to s l i g h t e s t i m p l i c a t i c m c>f a d e n i a l o f u n o r c l e r e c i m a u i b i d s . o f d i s o r d e r ,
asseit e r n p h a t i c a l l y t h a t t h e i c l e n t i i i c a t i o n o f b e i n g ancl t h e goocl bypasses
o r o f lalse vales. Eor l h e m i d d l e t e r m i n t h e i d e n t i r i c a i i o n o f t l i e
h u m a n f e e l i n g s a n d s e u t i m e n t s t o t a k e its s t a n d e x c l u s i v e l y u p o n i n t e l l i g i b l e
g o o d w i t h b e i n g is i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . T h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f t h i s u n i v e r s e is
o r d e i " a t i d r a t i c m a l valne."'-^
to be g r a s p e d n o t o n l y b\ d i r e c t b u t a l s o by i n v e r s e i n s i g h t s . ^ "
H o w e \ ' e r , t h e c o n t e x t o f h i s s t a t e t u e m m a k e s c l e a i " t h a t h e has i u m i n d
only sell-regarding desires a n d aversions regarding p a r t i c u l a r gocjds and When we think explicitly about a universe whose intelligible order
e\'ils, n o t t h e f a r r i c h e r r e a l m o f f e e l i n g s t h a t i n t e n d a b i o a d s c a l e o f x ' a l u e s . lili l u d e s b u t rises a b o v e t h e s e massive d i s j i l a y s o f b r c e , s u f l e r i n g , d i s o r d e r ,
L l e n c e , vvhile L o n e r g a n d o e s n o t e x p l i c i t l y a d v e r t t o t h e m , i n fact t h e r e a r e ,111(1 e v i l , t h i s c e r t a i n l y e v o k e s p o w e r f u l f e e l i n g r e s p o n s e s . N o J u d g m e n t of
feelings t h a t e n t e r i n t o to m a k i n g a j u d g t n e n t o f valu a b o u t t h e o r d e r of v.iliie o f l h e goctdness o f t h e n a t u r a l r e a l m c o u l d be cjbjective i f i t i g n o r e d
p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g as a w h o l e . I I K - entrop)', v i o l e n c e , caiaclysms, a n d e x t i n c t i o n s that are truly p a r t o f t h e
K a n t f a m o u s l y c o n c l u d e d h i s Crilique oJ Practical Reason with an e n c o m i u m iiiilolcling o f generalizecl emergent probability.
o f just s u c h a f e e l i n g : " T w o t h i n g s fiU i h e m i n d w i t h e v e r n e w a n d i n c r e a s i n g l V e i j u s t as K a n t i n s i s t s t h a t t h e f e a r a n d t e r r o r c a n n o t b e t h e d e t e r m i n i n g
a d m i r a i i o n a n d ie\ei ence, t h e m o i e o f t e n a u d m o r e s i e a d i l y o n e reflects o n .iriors f o r a j u d g m e u t a b o u t t h e s u b l i m e , sci alsci t h e y c a n n o i b e t h e u l i i -
t h e m : thestarry heaveiis above me and tJie moral law within w/."'' i i K i i e d e t e r n u n i n g 'actors l o r a j u d g m e n t a b o u t t h e g o o d n e s s o f l h e n a t u r a l
L a t e r , i n h i s Crilif/ne of Judgmenl, K a n t e x a m i n e d n g r e a t e r d e t a i l l h e l e l a - universe. K a n t f i n d s t h a t t h e positive f a c t o r for a j u d g m e n t o f t h e s u b l i m e
tionships a m o n g t h e s e f e e l i n g s o f a c l m i r ; i t i o i i a n c l r e v e i ' e n c e by e x p l o r i n g mus a r i s e b e c a u s e a I e e l i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g e\'en g r a i i c l e r arises o u l of
the diferences between Judgnients regarding the beautiftil aud the sul> diese m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e p o w e r s o f n a t u r e : " f h e e n e r g i e s o f t h e s o u l l a r e
l i m e . T h e b e a u t i f ' t t l , h e says, p e r t a i n s t o t h e p u r p o s i v e n e s s found in nature di awn] above t h e i r accustomed h e i g h t a n d d i s c o v e r i n u s a f a c u l t y o f resis-
represenied as a s y s t e m i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h l a w s . " ' ' ' T h e sublime, o n the i . m c e o f a C|tiit.e cliTerent k i n d , w h i c h g i v e us c o u r a g e t o l u e a s u r e o u r s e l v e s
o t h e r h a n d , has t o d o w i t h "fcjrmiessness" a n d "boimdlessness" y e t s t i l l as .iH.iinsi t h e a p p a r e n t a l m i g l n i n e s s o f n a t u r e . " ' " l u t h i s way K a n t s o u g h t to
a "lotality""' - what Lonergan w o u l d r e g a r d as t h e n o n - s y s t e m a t i c process h i i i i g t o g e i h e r t h e two great feelings o f a d m i r a u o n ancl respect w i t h w l n c h
o f t h e n a t u r a l a n d h u m a n u n i v e r s e . K ; i n t c i t e s as e x a m p l e s o f t h e s u b l i m e I n - o u c l t i d e s b i s Critique of Practical. Reason.
"hold, overhanging, a n d as i t w e r e t h r e a t e n i n g r o c k s ; c l o u d s p i l e d u p i n I'he l'eelings i n s u p p o r t o f a j u c i g m e n t o f t h e valu o f t h e univei"se o p r o p o r -
t h e sky, m o v i n g w i t h l i g h t n i n g flashes a n d t l u m d e r peis; v o l c a n o e s i n all i n n i a i e b e i n g c e r t a i n l y have to i n c l u d e awe f o r h u m a n m o t x i l self-transcendence
t h e i r v i o l e n c e c>f d e s t r u c t i o n ; h u n i c a n e s w i t h t h e i r t r a c k o f d e v a s t a t i o n ; t h e .lll t u g w i t h awe b e f o r e t h e m a j e s t v - o f t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e . B m f o r Lonergan,
b o u n d l e s s o c c a n i n a s i a t e o f t u t u u i t ; t h e lofy w a t e r f a l l o f a m i g h t r i v e r , a n d I m m a n moral self iranscendence is n o l i s o l a t e d i n t h e n o u i n e n a l r e a l m , sepa-
s u c h l i k e . " ' " W i t h t h e f e e l i n g o f t h e s u b l i m e , K a n t says, o n e is " n o t merely i . i i e d f r o m t h e p h e n o m e n a l r e a l m o f t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d , as i t i s t b r K a n t . R i t h e r ,
a t t r a c t e d ... bt.it is e v e r b e i n g a l t e r n a i e l y repelled."'^ iiifiial self-transcendence emerges o n t o f the evolving n a t u r a l universe d i r o u g h
It w o u l d s e e m th;it sotneihiiig like the Ieeling br the sublime would l h e s;nne o r d e r o f g e n e r a l i z e c l e m e r g e n t probability that embraces b o t h . So
llave t o be i n v c i h e c l i n a n y " f u l l y c o n s i s t e n t , " s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t e d h u m a n act w l i ; i i I v m t calis t h e s u b l i m e w o u l d b e a e l t c o m p o n e n t i n a n e v e n g r a n c l e r a w e
of choosing. F e e l i n g s o f awe a u d e v e n t e r r o r b e f o r e t h e p o w e r s o f n a t u r e \i n a g o o d n e s s d i a l e n c o t i i p a s s e s b u t sinpasses b o t h i l i e d y n a m i s m o f the u n i -
u u i s t b e i n g r e d i e n t i n a n y o b j e c t i\ j u d g m e n t a b o u t t h e v a l u o f t h e emerg- M-ixe a n d t h e s e l l - u - a n s c e n d e n c e of h u m a n diought and action.
ing universe. Anyone who really understands what Lonergan means by Not m a n y p e o p l e stop a n d t h i n k a b o u t , let a l o n e p e r m i i themselves to
e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y as l h e o r d e r o f t h e u n i v e r s e w i l l k n o w t h a t i t is o p e r a - Ieel t h e i r efbrts at, e t h i c a l li\'ing a n d m o r a l s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e as infmi-
t i v e " n o less i n f a l s e s t a r i s a n d i n b r e a k d o w n s t h a n i n s t a b i l i t y a n d p i o g r e s s lesiinal a u d yet indispensable pariicipanis in the cosmic unfolding of the
[ w h o s e ] triis w i l l f a r o u t n i m i b e r i t s successes, b u t t h e triis a r e n o less p a r t u n i v e t s e o f g e n e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y . B u t t h o s e w h o s t r i v e f o r self-
o f t h e p r o g r a m t h a n t h e s t i c c e s s e s . " ' - ' E m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y g i v e s r i s e to lhe .ippinpiiaiion will be led l o s u c h feelings a n d c o n s i d e r a i i o n s . Thejudg-
destructive violence o f tsunamis a n d volcanoes, t h e r m o n u c l e a r explosin iiiriit about the goodness of die whole o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e being, therefore.
 iii.'i l ' a n IV: V\i ls B r o u g h i A b o u l by D o i n g T h a t ? T h e N o d o n a n d the O n t o l o g ) ' o f i h e C o o d 369

(I<|)cnds b o t h u p o n s u c h f e e h n g s a n d u p o n a s u s t a i n e d i n i e l l e c t u a l e x p l o r a - K .1 U n e v a l u " b e c a u s e i l is i m p l i c i t i n e v e i y c o n s i s t e n t " l a t i o n a l c h o i c e "

n o n o f all o f t h e c o n d i i i o n s i h a i a i e i n v o l v e d i n t r i d y b e i n g e t h i c a l . ' l l a s p e c i c a l l y h u m a n valu.'''' I n insight, h o w e v e r , h e sa)'s t h a t a h u m a n
These remarks aie b u t m e a g e r indicaiions o f t h e furihei" study that needs I hoice can be c o n s i d e r e d r a i i o n a l i n s o f a r as it is " c o n s i s t e n t w i t h [ones]
10 b e d o n e r e g a i d i n g t h e f e e i i i t g s t h a t a r e p r e s u p | 3 0 s e d i n a j u d g m e n t a b o u t 1 iMiwing,''-' T h e p r o b l e m w i t h t h i s c l a i m resides i n w h a t L o n e r g a n meant
the g o o d n e s s of p r o p o r t i o n a t e being. M u c h f i u i h e r discussion o f this topic \>s " k n o w i n g " a t l h a i p o i n t i n t h e b o o k . U p t o t h a t s i a g e , ln.<iight h a d o n l y
is n e e d e d , i n c l u d i n g how this approach compares a n d contrasts n o t o n l y iieaied knowledge o f facts. K n o w l e d g e o f valnes h a d n o t b e e n menlioneci,
w i t h K a n t ' s a p p r o a c h , b u t a l s o w i i h t h a t o f h i s s u c c e s s o i ' s . B i u t h i s wl have let a l ( m e a n a K s e d p r i o r to L o n e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n t f o r t h e gooclness o f pro
lo s u f f i c e f o r i h e p r e s e n t . piiinnaie b e i n g - a n d i t teceives ver)' l i i d e attenon i n t h e r e m a i n d e r of
l h e b o o k . So i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t r a t i o n a l c h o i c e w o u l d h a v e l o b e c o n s i s t e n t
tviili s o m e k i n d o f f a c i u a l k n o w t e d g e rather ihan wilh knowledge ofthe
i j . j j Tfic Goodness of Proporiionate Being and Naiural Law Eihics JJ
e l h i c a l valu o f w h a t o n e o u g h t t o d o .
Lonergan's argtUTieut h a s i m p o r t a n t i m p i i c a o n s f o r a u e t h i c s o f natural I , ( m e r g a n c e r t a i n l y gives d i e i m p r e s s i o n d i a i he d i o u g h t i i w o u l d be pos-
l a w as w e l l . ' ' ' T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l l o n g t r a d i t i o n s o f n a t u r a l l a w e t h i c s . E a c h sible t o d e r i v e a n a c c o u n t o f i h e g o o d i n p a r t i c u l a r a n c l e t h i c s i n g e n e r a l
uses s o m e m o d e l o f n a t t u e , a n d e s p e c i a l l y iis t e l e o l o g i c a l d i m e n s i o n s , as tli.it r e l i e d o i i l y o n t l i e a c c o u n t o f f a c t u a l k n o w i n g :
t h e basis f o r a r g u i n g a b o i u w h e i h e r c e r t a i n h u m a n a c t i o n s a r e e t h i c a l o r
i m e i h i c a l . These uadions have been severely c r i t i c i z e d by m o d e r n and So ar o u r a n a l y s i s has b e e n c o n c e r i i e d w i t h t h e g o o d i n a h u m a n
p o s t m o d e r n t h i n k e r s , i n p a r t c o n t e n d i n g t h a t w h a t is p r e s e n t e d as a " n a t u - s e n s e , w i t h c>bjects o f d e s i r e , i m e l l i g i b l e o r d e r s , l e r m i n a l a n t l o r i g i -
r a l " f o n n d a i i o n is i n f a c t n o m o r e t h a n s o m e h i s t o r i c a l l y r e l a v i z e d o r i d e o - n a i i n g v a l e s . B u l as t h e c i s e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n melaphysics a n d
logically l i m i t e d idea a b o u l n a t u r e .
e i h i c s s u g g e s t , i i s h c t u l d b e p o s s i b l e 10 g e n e r i i l i z e t h i s n ( i i o n a n d ,
B u l L c > n e i g a n s argumeiM g o e s l o t h e h e a r t o f c e r t a i n weaknesses i u n a t u - i n d e e d , t o c o n c e i v e t h e g o o c l as i d e n t i c a l w i t h i h e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y t h a t
r a l l a w e i h i c s by p o i n t i n g o m t h a t t h e k e y t o i h e g o o d n e s s o f n a t u r e is is i n i r i n s i c tC) being.--'
its v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y " f l i e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f n a t u r e is a
d y n a n c , e i u e r g e m i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y . B e c a u s e i t is n n d e r p i n n e d by u n i e s i r i c t e d B u l as w e h a v e s e e n , ls a c c o u n t o f t h e m e l a p h y s i c s ( j f p r o p c t r i i o n a t e
i n q u i r y a n d a u i h e n c r e s p o n s e s t o l h e piestic^ns i i p o s e s , h u m a n d e l i t y t o h e i n g is g r o u n d e d i n l h e self'-aTirmaiion o f i l i e c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f f a c -
the s i r u c u u e o f e t h i c a l i m e n i i o n a l i t y partakes i n this d y n a m i c intelligibil- iual k n o w i n g . In atiempng to g r o u n d an ethics (or a consecpient account
ity a n d is i n that p r e c i s e s e n s e " n a t u r a l . " T h i s c o i u i e c i i o n p r o v i d e s impor- lll t h e goocl) f r o m factual k n o w i n g a l o n e , L o n e r g a n falls p r e y 1 0 t h e c r i t i -
t a n t l e s o u r c e s fbr a s s e s s i n g t h e g o o d n e s s o f h u m a n uses a n c l a b u s e s o f t h e ( i s i n s o f H u m e a n d S c h e l l i n g t h a t i t is i m p o s s i b l e 1 0 d e r i v e " o u g h t " f r o m
natural e n v i r o n m e n t , f o r t h i n k i n g a b o u t " i n i e r v e m i o n s " i u h u m a n natu- " i s . " as w e l l as t o w h a t C E . . V l o o r e c a l l e d " t h e n a i u r a l i s t i c f a l l a c y " - t h e f a l -
ral b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s , f o r a r r i v i n g at v i r i u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u c l g m e n t s l.ic)' o f e q u a t i n g l h e g o o d w i t h o r d e f m i n g it i n l e r m s o f a merely natural
a b o u t l h e n a t u r a l g o o d n e s s o f t h e h u m a n p r o c e s s cf d y i n g , a n d for c r i t i c a l l y eiitity'''
assessing t b e wavs i n w h i c h h u m a n t l e c i s i o n s c o o p e r a t e w i t h or vilate that Uuergan d i d p r o v i d e a way i n w h i c h this p r o b l e m c o u l d be a v o i d e d in
natural goodness. However, w o r k i n g o n l t h e d e t a i l e d impiicaons o f these Insight. ' f h e r e h e said that be w o u l d derrve his eihics f r o m " t h e c o m p o u n d
s u g g e s t i o n s f o r a n a t u r a l l a w e t h i c s is b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s b o o k . H e r e I s i i i u i u r e o f o n e ' s k n o w i n g and doing,""' a n d later h e a r g u e d t h a t l h e rao-
c a n o n l y p o i n t o u t a f e w o f t h e waya t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s ai g t i m e n t for l h e g o o d - u.iliiy o f choice c o m e s in response to an exigence ( d e m a n d ) for consistency
ness C)f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g c a n b e o f v a l n e i n s u c h d i s c u s s i o n s . lieiween k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g that goes b e ) o n d knowing."^ However, he d i d
lll ll i n t r o d u c e e i t h e r t h e idea o f this e x i g e n c e o r a n ) ' t l i i n g like an a r i i c u l a -
j y.3.4 i'he Inadequacy of the I n s i g h t Argument t i n i i o t h e c o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g u n t i l after h e pre-
sented his a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o d n e s s o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g .
T h e a r g u m e n t presented in section 13.2.1 is a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e argu- L n i i e r g a n t h u s d i d n o t p r o v i d e i n Insight a s u f f i c i e n t basis f o r his a i g u -
m e n t fbi l h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e o f p r o p o r i i o n a t e b e i n g as Lonergan meni fbr the gocKlness o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . However, lhe expanded
p r e s e n t e d i t i n insighl. There a r e t w o dilTicules w i t h h i s a r g u m e n t as he .Hiouiii o f l h e s t r u c u n e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' does p r o v i d e a n ampie
actually p r e s e n i e d it. Firsi, h e a r g u e d t h a t " t h e realization o f u n i v e r s a l order l i . i s i s I b r ls c o n c l u s i n . I n l h i s e x p a n d e d a c c o u n t c i i o i c e s a r e m a d e o n t h e
 370 l>;,iL IV: W ' h a i Is B i o u g l u A I ) o i n by D o i n g T h a i ? 'I'he \ o L i o n a n d t h e O n i o i n g ) ' o l ' t h e G o o d 'M1

basls o f o b j e c t i v e knowledge o f v a l n e s , n o t f a c t s a l o n e . H e n e e , i l i e r e is n o dc\'oid of any ultimate meaning or purpose, period. Lonergan asked
x'iolaiion o f t h e natnralistic fallacy i n the m o d i f i e d a r g u m e n t p i e s e n t e d in ivheihei" a n o t h e r conclusin m i g h t be d r a w n c o n c e r n i n g t h e m e a n i n g of
secMon 1 3 . 2 . 1 . E v e r y " c o n s i s t e n t " c h o i c e o f a n i n t e l l i g i b l e cotn\se o f a c t i o n dic ( o n i i n g e n c i e s o f i h e universe or h u m a n efforts t o live ethically:
known to be xirtually unconditiVjually valuable does c o i m n i i one to tbe
goodness o f the d y n a m i c o r d e r o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g , because t h a t o r d e r T o d e l i b r a t e a b o u t d e l i b e r a i i n g is t o ask w h e t l i e i " a i i \ d e l i b e r a i i n g
is t h e w h o l e l u w h i c h o n e ' s c h o s e n v a l t i e a r i s e s a s j t i s t a p a r t . I n c h a p t e r 1 5 is w o r t h w h i l e . H a s " w o r d i w l i i l e " a n y u l l i m a l e m e a n i n g ? Is m o r a l
we will l e t i u i i t o l e l a i e d p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g L o n e i g a n ' s methcid o f eth- e n t e i p r i s e c o n s o n a n t w i t h t l u s w o r l d ? ... is t h e u n i v e i ' s e o n o u r s i d e ,
i c s i n nsighl a n d h o w they, t o o , c a n be resolved by m e a n s o f t h e expanded o r a i e we just g a m b l e r s a n d , i f g a m b l e i ^ , are we n o t p e r h a p s fools,
account o f e t h i c a l intentionality. indi\'idually s t r u g g l i n g for a i n h e i u i c i t y a n d colleciively endeavoring
There is a s e c o n d problem wiih Lonergan's argumeni i n nsighl: he 10 s n a t c h p r o g r e s s i o m i h e e v e r m o u n i i n g w e l t e r o f d e c l i n e ? The
c l a i m s m o i e t h a n h i s a r g u m e n t e s i a b l i s h e s . H i s f u l l c l a i m is l h a t " t h e g o o d t[uestoiis a r i s e a n d , c l e a r l y , o u r a t u t u d e s a n d o u r r e s o l u t e n e s s m a y b e
is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i m r i n s i c t o b e i n g , " a n d i h a t " t h e m i d d l e p r o l b u n d l y a l f e c t e d by t h e answers. D o e s d i e r e o r d o e s t h e r e n o t nec-
lerm o f t h e ideniification ofthe g o o d w i t h b e i n g is i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . ' " ' ' L l o w - e s s a r i l y e x i s t a t r a n s c e n d e n t , i n i e l l i g e n t g r o u n d o f t h e u i i i x e r s e ? ls i h a i
ever, h i s a r g u m e n t o n l y e s i a b l i s h e s t h a t l h e g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l - g r o u n d o r a r e we l h e p r i m a r v i n s t a n c e o f m o i a l consciousness? Are
l i g i b i l i t y i n t i i n s i c t o nvjmrlionate b e i n g (i.e., t h e a c t u a l , u n i v e r s a l o r d e r of cosmogenesis, biological e v o l u d o n , hisiorical process basically c o g n a l e
emergent p r o b a b i l i t y ) . His a i g u m e n t does n o t establish thal the e n t i r e t y t o U S as m o r a l b e i n g s 01 a r e t h e y i u d i l f e r e n t a n d s o a l i e n 10 us?^^
o f b e i n g w i t h f i i i i c p i a l i f i c a t i o n is gC}od. T o m e e t t h a t d i f f i c u l t y w e m u s t t a k e
i n t o a c c o u n i n o l on\y t h e q u e s i i o n o f i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g , b u l a l s o t h e q u e s -
i L o n e r g a n ' s way o f r e s p o n d i n g l o h i s o w n q u e s t i o n arises f r o m o n e o f h i s
tion o f i i s i i ' a n s c e n d e n i g o o d n e s s . ' I b t h o s e issues w e n o w t u r n .
I m p o r i a n i c l a i m s - n a m e l y , d i a l " i l i e r e a l is c c ^ n i p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e . " - ' - ' I f t h e
i c a l is c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e , t h e n c o n u n g e n c y c a n n o i b e t h e final w o r d . I f
13.4 T h e Transcendent G o o d l h e r e a l is c o m p l e t e l v i i i i e i l i g i b l e , t h e n t h e r e c a n b e n o u l t i m a t e , b r i i t e m a i -
i c i s (f f a c t - " n o m e r e m a t i e r s o f f a c t t h a t r e m a i n u l i i n i a l e l y u i i e x p l a i i i e d . " ^ ' '
1 Iranscendent Being as Ullimale Condiiion of Our Valu Choices from these o b s e r v a t i o n s Loneigan arges t h a t l h e r e m u s t t h e n exist a
I x - i n g l h a t is b o t h s e l f - e x p l a n a i o r y a n d e x p l a n a t o i y o f e v e r y t h i n g e l s e . T h i s
L o n e r g a n ' s a r g i n n e n t c a n b e e x t e n d e d s t i l l f u r t h e r , l e a d i n g t o t h e affinnauc">n uieaus that p r o p o r i i c m a i e being c a n n o i be the whole o f being, and there-
cf l h e g o c ) d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e o f b e i n g w i t h o u t l e s i r i c i i c m t r a u s c e u d e u t b e i n g hn<' b e i n g must. i n c l u d e a t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g .
as well as p i o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g . I n nsighl, L o n e r g a n s e e m s t o a s s i n u e t h a t h e D r a w i n g u p o n l l i e s e c l a i m s , i t is p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d b i s a r g u m e n t a b o u t
already achie\'ed this wlien h e a r g u e d d i a i n o c o n s i s t e n t c h o i c e can c h o o s e l h e i n t r i n s i c g o o d n e s s o f | > r o p o r t i o n a i e b e i n g 10 l h e g(.)<.)cliiess o f t r a n s c e n -
t h e c o n d i d o n e d w i t h o u t alsc c h o o s i n g d i e c o n d i d o n s , a t l e a s t i m p l i c i d y . Y e t , i n dent being, a u d therefore, the goodness t i f belugas a whole.
the a r g i m i e n t t h a t h e a c t u a l l v p r e s e n t s , i h e o n l y c o n d i d o n s d i a l h e idenfies l l l t h e a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e ctf p r o p o r t i o n a t e being,
e x p t i c i d ) ' a r e l l i o s e s i i p | j l i e d b y t l i e i m d e r h ' i u g i n t e l l i g i b l e o r d e r s (i.e., n a t u r a l o u e o f t h e c r u c i a l s t e p s was t h e c l a i m t h a t i n a n y act o f c h o o s i n g d i a l w h i c h
a n d h u m a n s c h e m e s o f r e c u r r e n c e a n d ecosyslems) a l o n g w i t h the d y n a m i c I'. g r o u n d e d i n a v i r t u a l h ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t o f valu, w e a r e choos-
w h o l e n e s s o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e l x : i n g (i.e., " t h e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r , w h i c h is g e n e r a l - ' " ^ as g o o d all l h e c o n d i i i o n s f o r d i a l v a l u a l o n g w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c valu
i z e d e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y " ) . ' ' H i s a r g u m e n t as e x p l i c l ) - set f o r d i , d i e r e f o r e , i i s e l f al l e a s l i m p l i c i d y I n l i g l u o f t h e f u r i h e r r e l l e c t i o n s a b o u t t h e existence
d o e s n o t j u s t i f y h i s c l a i m t h a l g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i d i t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y i n u i n s i c o l a i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g t h a t is t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r a l l c o n t i i i g e i i t g o o d s , w e c a n
to d i e t o i a l i i ) ' o f b e i n g , a n d especially not to t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g . n o w sa)' i h a i i m p l i c i t l y w e c h o o s e i t as g o o d e v e n i n o r e t h a n t h e u n i v e r s a l
B u l i t i s p o s s i b l e l o r e f i n e a n d 1 0 e x t e n d h i s a r g m i i e n t so as 1 0 a c h i e \ t h e f u l l oidi'i ol generalized emergent probability i h a i c o n d i d o n e d lhe emergence
generality d i a t h e i n i e n d e d , for n e i t h e r any reality w i t h i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g o l t h e ct)iiditoiis o f t h e valu we c h o o s e . I n L o n e r g a n ' s o w n w o r d s , 'the
o r p r o p o r t i o n a i e I x ' i i i g a s a i d i c i l e is s e l l < o i i d i i i o n n g . A s L o n e r g a n o b s e n ' e s , M tual course o f generalized emergent p r o b a b i l i t y is b u t o n e among a
" t h e u n i v e r s e o f | } r o p o r d o i i a t e b e i n g is s h o t t h r o u g h w i t h conungence."^'' l.uge n u m b e r o f o t h e r probable courses ... [ d i a i ] is n f a c t w h a t happens
From the pervasiveuess o f c o n t i n g e n c y , other philosophies have ccni- l o b r . " : * ' B i l l f b e i n g is c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e as L o n e r g a n argued, dien
c l u d e d t h a i t h e r e s n o t h i n g f u r t h e r 10 s a y VVe l i v e i n a c o i i i i n g c i i t u n i v e r s e l h e . i c l i i a l Cmrse o f l h e e v o i n t i o u a i y h i s i o i " ) ' o f t h e n a i u r a l universe and
 T h e Noon and ihe Oniolog)' o f t h e Cood 373

h u m a n k i n c l c a n n o t b e a m e r e i n a t i e i " ot" fac. B e y o n d l h e m e r e l ) ' defacto, \\.\ c o m p l e t e l y i n t e l l i g i b l e , i t was t h e r e f o r e a l s o ' ' t h e p r i m a r y g o o d . " ' - ' As
coiuingeni, conditioned course o f t h e histoiy o f proportionate being, there o li.ive s e e n , h o w e v e r , L o n e r g a n ' s o w n a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o c l n e s s o f t h e
is t h e f u r t h e r c o n d i i i o n t h a t m a k e s t h a t p r o c e s s i i l t i m a t e l v i n t e l t i g i b l e , n a m e l y , \dio|[' o f b e i n g is p r o b l e m a t i c ; h e n e e , h i s a r g u m e n t f o r t h e g o o c l n e s s o f t h e
t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g d i a t is b o t h e x p l a n a t o r y o f i t s e l f a n d explanatory
iLins c u c l e n t b e i n g is a l s o p r o b l e m a t i c .
ofall l h e c o n d i t i o n s o f e v e i y t h i n g t h a t is m e r e l y v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d .
I lowe\'er, i n l i g h t o f t h e strengthened argument for the goodness of
' f h e u l t i m a t e reason a n d valu f o r t h e a c t u a l u n i v e t s e b e i n g a n d evolving
I M i n g w i i h o u t r e s t r i c o n , i t is p o s s i b l e t o sitate L o n e r g a n ' s nsight identi-
i n t h e wavs t h a t i t d o e s is ius u l t i m a t e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y . T h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g is
lii . I l i o n o f lhe i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d as G o d , where
t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n y t h i n g a n d e v e i y t h i n g . l l is t b e r e a s o n w h y
I . o d s c o n c e i v e d o f as a n u n r e s t r i c t e d a c l o f n d e r s t a n d i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e ,
s c h e m e s a n d e v e n t s a n d t h i n g s a r e t h e wavs i h a i t h e v a r e , a n d w h y t h e y c o m e
wc c a n also c o n s i d e r Lonergan's a r g u m e n t that G o d conceived o f as a n
l o be t h r o u g h generalized e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y r a t h e r t h a n i l i i x ) u g h sc>me
u u M ' s n - i c t e c I a c t o f u n c l e r s i a u d i n g is a l s o i d e n t i c a l l y a n u n c c t n d i t i o n a l a c t o f
other means. Loneigan condueles, therefore, that the transcendent being
| o \. A f t e r p l a c i n g t h e s e c l a i m s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s t r e n g t h e n e d a r g u -
"is t h e g r o u n d o f \'altie, n n d i t is t h e u l d m a t e c a u s e o f causes f o r i t o v e r c o m e s
i t i i n i a b o v e , we w i l l also s h o w h o w t h e m o r e f u l l y e l a b o r a t e d s t r u c i u r e o f
c o n i i i i g e n c e a t L S d e e p e s t level."'^'^ T h e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g w o u l d h a v e t o b e
I d i i < : i l i m e n i i o n a l i t y e x p a n d s L o n e r g a n ' s a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n o f G o d as
l h e ultmate c o n d i t i o n o f t h e condions cif o u r e t h i c a l choices.
,111 n m e s t r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t o a n a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n o f G o d
T h e r e f o r e e a c h c o n s i s t e n t a n d c^bjecve h u m a n c h o i c e o f a g e n u i n e v a l u lis .11) u n c o n d i t i o n a l a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , v a l u i n g , c h o o s i n g , a n c l l o v i n g .
i m p l i c i t l y c h o o s e s as v a l u a b l e a l l o f i t s c o n d i o n s - n o t o n l ) ' p r o p c u i i o n a t e ^ I u liisiglii, L o n e r g a n " e x i r a p o l a i e d " a n a n a l o g i c a l c o n c e p i i o n ctf a n " u n r e -
b e i n g as a w h o l e . b u l a l s o i i s u l t i m a t e i n t e l l i g i b l e s o u r c e , t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t j i icted act o f nderstanding."'" A n y a n a l o g i c a l cc)nceptiou relies upctn t h e
b e i n g . If o u r c h o i c e s a r e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y e t h i c a l a n d c o n s i s t e n t , l h e y are b.isic S t r u c t u r e o f analog)':
g i o u n c l e d i n objecve v a l u e j u d g m e n t s . //ihe valu j u d g m e n t s a r e o b j e c v e ,
t h e y a t f i r m w h a t is g e n u i n e l y o f v a l n e i n t h e c o n i e x t o f t h e n o r m a v e s c a l e p A:B::C:X
o f vales, ff t h e y a f n n w h a t is g e n u i n e l y v ; i l u a b l e , t l i e y a f f i r m s o m e t h i n g as
o f x ' i r t u a l l ) ' u n c o n d i t i o n e d v a l u - as o f \'aliie i n a n d t h r o u g h a l l ius f u l l l i n g l u l h e s i a n d a r d p a r a d i g m f o r a n a n a l o g ) ' , t h e r e a i e f o u r t e r m s (A, li, C, X)
c o n d i t i o n s . " f h e r e f o r e , i m p l i c i d y i n every g e n u i n e l y e t h i c a l c h o i c e we i m p l i c - .md ihree r e l a t i o n s symbolized by l h e cctlons. fctsiting a n anloga a m o u n t s
i d ) ' a f f i r m a n d c h o o s e t h e v a l u o f t h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g as t h e u l t i m a t e l o lhe asseriion t h a t two o f t h e relations are identical w i t h o n e another-''
c o n d i o n o f w h a t w e chocase. H e n e e , if we c h o o s e e t h i c a l l y a n d c o n s i s t e n dy, l l l the s)'mbolizecl versin above, t h e r e l a t i o n s b e i w e e n A a n d B ( s y m b o l -
w e a l s o c h o o s e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g as t h e u l m a t e c o n d i t i o n f o r i e a c t u a l - ( / e d by t h e c o l o n between ihem) ls t h e s a m e as t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n C
ity o f g e n e r a l i z e d emergent p t T j b a b i l i t y , a n d as t h e u l t i m a t e c o n d i o n for .111(1 A' ( l i k e w i s e s y m b o l i z e d b y i h e c o l o n b e t w e e n t h e m ) . ' f h e d o u b l e c o l o n
t h e c h o i c e w e m a k e l h a t has i t s p l a c e w i t h i n t h a t e m e r g e n t u n i v e r s a l o r d e r . between B a n d Csymbolizes the relation o f idenuty - not the identity o f B
T r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g a n d its m i e r t y i r a T i s c e n d i n g valu t h e r e f o r e underlies \\\tU C, b u t t h e i d e n t i l ) ' o f t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n A \ a n d C j X, respectively.
every g e n u i n e l y ethical choice. F u r t h e r m o r e , since i h e t r a n s c e n d e n t l>eing l u l i l i s a n a l o g ) ' . A, B, a u d C a r e p r e s e n t e d as k n o w i i s , w h i l e A ' i s p r e s e n t e d as
is e x p l a n a t o r ) ' o f i t s e l f a u d o f e v e r y i h i n g e l s e , i b i s m e a n s l h a t t h e reason .111 u n k n o w n . I n s o f a r as A a n d /are k n o w n , t h e n t h e i r r e l a t i o n {A:B) is a l s o
why, t h e valu f o r e v e i y t h i n g else, t h e u l t i m a t e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o f e v e r y t h i n g I i i o w i i . I n s o f a r as C i s a l s o k n c t w n , a n c l i t s r e l a t i o n l o A ' i s k n o w n f r o m A:B,
e l s e , is t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l g o o d n e s s o f t h e i r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g . T h i s means I I M I I X is k n o w n b y m e a n s o f t h i s r e l a t i o n t o C,
t h a t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t is, is s h t i t d i r o u g h w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y l h a t is L o n e r g a n uses d i i s i d e a o f a n a l o g ) ' i n h i s i n d i r e c t ( a n a l o g i c a l ) definion
u n c o n d i i i o i i a l g o o d n e s s . ' f h e w h o l e o f b e i n g , t h e r e f o r e , is g o o d . o f l h e u n r e s i r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , l i e a p p r o a c h e s i t as a n u n k n o w n ,
\ w h i c h h a s t h e s a n i e r e l a t i o n t o t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e t o k n o w as a s i n g l e
13-'l-2 Tmnscevdent Being as Un der sianding and Loving i n s i g h t lias t o lis c o r r e s p o n d i n g q u e s u o n . T h u s ,

T h e a r g u m e n t o l f e r e d i n t h e p r e \ i o u s s e c t i o n is a l s o a m o d i n c a o n o f l h e h u m a n cpiestion for i n t e l l i g e n c e : h u m a n insight::

one thal Lonergan u s e d i n nsighl t o s u p p o r t the conclusin o f t h e good- huiuLm u n r e s l r i c i e d desire t o k n o w : u n r e s t r i c t e d act o f n n d e r s i a u d i n g
ness o f G o d a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g i n g e n e r a l . T h e r e h e d i c w
u p o n h i s c o n c l u s i n t h a t t h e g o o d n e s s ctf a l l b e i n g is i d e n t i c a l w i t h i t s i n t e l - f h e f o u r t h l e r m i n l h i s a n a l o g ) ' , t h e luux^sM'iciecI a c l o f n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
ligibility H e t h e n p r o c e e d e d lo arge t h a t because t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g is m i l d e f i n e d d i r e c t l y . T h i s is b e c a u s e l u n n a n n s i g l i i s p r e c e d e a n d a r e t h e
 :!7f l ' a n I V : VVIuu Is B r o u g h i A b o u l by DoingThai? Ttie N o t i o n and ilie O n t o l o g ) - o f the C o o d 37.5

basis o f h u m a n f o i i m i l a t i o n s o f d e f i n i i i o n s a n d c o n c e p i s . ' - So i n o r d e r to i h u m a n question for ethical leflection: h i u n a n act ofchoosing::

define an u n r e s l r i c i e d a c i o f n n d e r s i a u d i n g directly, we w o u l d have t o first [ l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n c n i c n i o f valu''-': K
n n c l e r s i a n d w h a i i l is l o u n d e r s t a u d w i t h o u i l i m i t o r r e s i r i c t i o n ; f a i l i n g l h a t , I

our concepuon o f ihe u n r e s l r i c i e d a c l o f l i n d e i s i a n d i n g can be o n l y i n d i - ^ 1 h e use o f A ' i n t h e b u r t h p o s i i i o n i u tlis a n a l o g y i n d c a l e s t h a t i l d e n o t e s

rect, i m p e r f e c t , analogical.*^ | .111 u n k n o w n , as w a s a l s o t h e case w i t h t h e p h r a s e " u n r e s t r i c t e d a c t o f u n d e r -
L o n e r g a n w e n i o n lo arge d i a l a n l u i r e s u i c t e d a c t o f i i n d e i " s t a n d i n g w o u l d ' i i . i n d i n g " i n t h e p r e v i o u s a n a l o g ) ' . VVe r e a l l y d o n o t k n o w d i r e c d y a t a l l w h a t
possess l h e e s s e n u a i f e a i u r e s o f a i i a n s c e n d e u i b e i n g - d i a i is, i t is b o t h self- ls m e a n t b y l h e p h r a s e " u n r e s t r i c t e d a c t o i u n d e i s t a n d i n g . " I t s o n l y b y t h e
e x p l a n a i o i y a n d e x p l a n a t o i y o f e v e r ) ' t h i n g e l s e . " T h a t is t o say, b y i i i i d e i " s t a n d - l i i f l i r e c t i n e a n s p r o v i d e d b y i h e o t h e r t h r e e t e r m s i n l h e a n a l o g } ' t h a t i t is
i n g evei-)'ihing a b o u t e \ e i y d i i n g , i h e u n r e s u i c t e d a c i o f nderstanding w o u l d possible a i a l l l o a f f i r m even s o m e very l i m i t e d things a b o u l t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d
u n d e r s i a u d d i e ans\\'ei's t o t h e q u e s o n s a b o u t l h e r e a s o n f o r ils b e i n g , h o w i t ai 1 o! n d e r s t a n d i n g - s u c h as t h a l i t is o n e , s i m p l e , s e l i ' - e . x p l a n a t o r y , and
c o u l d l>e, a n d h o w e v e i y t h i n g e l s e c o u l d I x ; m a d e t o b e . T h i s u n r e s l r i c i e d a c t
ihii'cb>' e x p l a n a t o i y o f a l l else. B m e v e n t h e a b i l i t y to m a k e s u c h l i m i t e d
o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , h e furier a r g u e d , w o n l d also h a v e d i e o i e r c l i a r a c t e r i s c s
l u d g i i i e i i i s sll l e a v e s t h e f u l l n e s s o f t b e u n r e s l r i c i e d act. o f u n d e r s i ' U i d i n g
i r a d i o n a l l y a t t r i b n t e d t o G o d b y classical C h r i s i i a n t l i e i s m - i t w o u l d b e one,
IS i i u k n o w n .
s i m p l e , e t e r n a l , t h e c a u s e o f a l l t h a t is, a n d so on.'-'' I . x ) n e r g a n also argued
I ' h e s a m e is t r u e o f w h a l e v e r is d e i i o t e d b y A ' i n t h e s e c o n d a n a l o g ) ' . S h o r t
l h a i b e c a u s e i e u n r e s t r i c t e d a c t o f u n d e r s u m d i n g w o u l d Ixr u n c o n d i o n a l l y
ol U S a c t u a l l y n n d e r s i a u d i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d c h o o s i n g e v e r y t h i n g g o o d a b o u l
i n t e l l i g i b l e , t w o u l d b e t h e p r i m a r y a n d u n c o n d i u o u a l g o o d , a n d w o u l d t h e r e -
i v r r y d i i n g , w e c o u l d n o t o f f e r a d i r e c t d e f i n i t i o n o f A'. . N e v e r t h e l e s s , d i e r e
f o r e be t h e c o n d i t i o n o f d i e g o o d n e s s o f a l l c o n t i n g e n i g o o d s . L i n a l l y , h e a l s o
.11 r .1 l e w l i m i i e d t h i n g s l h a t c a n b e s t i l l s a i d a b o u t A'. T h i s is w h a t is m e a n t
c l a i m e d d i a l t h e i n i r e s t r i c i e d a c t o f u n d e i ^ t a n d i n g w o u l d a l s o be i d e n t i c a l l y
\>\m a n a l o g i c a l , i m p e r f e c t denniiion.
"a c o m p l e t e l y p e r f e c t act o f loving."*'' T h i s follows, h e a r g u e d , f r o m t h e c o m -
F i r s t o f a l l . A" w o u l d s o m e h o w b e r e l a i e d t o i h e f e e l i n g o f u n r e s t r i c t e d
p l e i e n e s s a n d p e r f e c t i o n o f i m r e s l r i c t e d n d e r s t a n d i n g . Fcji, i f c o m p l e t e a n d
hi-ing-in-love. L o n e r g a n defined beiiig-iii-lo\'e i n a n u n r e s t r i c i e d ashion
p e r f e c t l o v i n g w e r e disiici r o m n n r e s r r i c t e d n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
. I S " t h e basir f u l f i l m e n t " a n d " t h e //r/>?r f i i l I m e n i " o f a l l o u r c | i i e s t i o i i i n g . ' ' "
1 Siill, he d i d n o i d e f i n e being-in-love as t h e :W///)// f u t f i l l n i e m o f t h e i n t e n -
t h e n t h e p r i m a r y b e i n g w o u l d b c i n c o m p l e t e a n d i m p e r f e c t a n d n i M u i a l i t y o f a l l o u r c p i e s t i o n i n g . F\'eu t h o u g h u n r e s t r i c t e d being-ii-lo\'e is
n e e d o f f u r t h e r acts o f a T i r n n g a n d l o v i n g t o b e c o m p l e i e d aud i
pieseiit a r g u a b l ) ' n e v e r ) ' h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s , iieverilieless those who
perfecied. M e n e e , o n e a n d t h e s a m e r e a l i t y is a t o n c e u n r e s t r i c i e d
. u i e i i d to this e x p e r i e n c e o f heing-in-love still have l u r t h e r quesons a b o u t
nderstanding and the p r i m a r y intelligible, refiective undersiand-
ll . u i r l its i m p l i c a i i o n s .
iig a n d t h e u n c o n d i t i o n e d , p e r f e c t a f f i r m i n g a n d i h e p r i m a r ) ' t r u t h , ( > n l h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e a n a l o g y a b o v e a l s o sitales A' i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e
perfect loving and the p r i m a r y good.'^
u n r e s l r i c i e d d e s i r e t o k n o w a n d valu, b u t i n s u c h a way l h a t A ' w o u l d h a v e
l o I K - t h e complete f u l f i l l m e m o f e t h i c a l i n i e m i o n a l itv. S o w h i l e u n r e s t r i c t e d
F r o m the logic o f l.onergan's a t g t i m e n t , i l follows that the unrestricied beiiig-ii-lo\'e is n o t e x a c d y t l i e A ' i n q u e s t i o n , t h e t w o a r e s o m e h o w c l o s e l y
a c t o f n n d e r s i a u d i n g is a l s o n i i c o i i d i t i o i i a l l o v i n g .
I e l a t e d . L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f o f i e r s a l i i i i t as t o h o w t o t h i n k a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n
Y e t i t is p o s s i b l e to offer an a r g u m e n t diat makes luore directly evident
b e i w e e n being-in-lc\'e n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d . f a s h i o n a n d t h i s u n k n o w n A': " T h i s
t h e i i n i i y o f Ccjd's t r a n s c e n d e n t being, unrestricted nderstanding and
\w o f r e l i g i n is s u s t a i n e d w h e n God is conceivad as tbe supreme fulfilment of
u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o \ i n g as l h e c o n d i t i o n I b r t h e g o o d n e s s o f a l l g o o d s . T h i s
llu Iratiscetalental notions, as s u p r e m e inielligence, t r u t h , realit)', rigliteoiis-
alteriiave a r g u m e n t follows f r o m L c ^ n e r g a n ' s pos.l-sig/U realizadon that
n e s s . goodness."-"''
the unified luiresiricled desire encompasses b o t h the unrestricted noon
Lfmergan's u s e o f " s u p r e n i e " as a i n o f l i f i e r o f " f u i n i l m e n t " is r e s e r v e d
o f v a l n e as w e l l as t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o o n o f b e i n g . T h a t s l o say, o n e and
loi (^)d exclusively a n d unequivocally. F l e r e h e is b o t h a g r e e i n g w i t h the
t h e s a m e u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e i i i o t i \ ' a t e s a n d s m a d e m a n i f e s t i n a l l q u e s o n s
I. i i i g i i a g e s of religious t r a d i t i o n s a n d also d r a w i n g f r o m them evidence
fbr i n t e l l i g e n c e , i b r factual refiecon, a n d f b r valu a n d e t h i c a l relleciion.
loi his way o i ' a p p r o a c h i n g the p h e n o m e n a o f religin. T h a t is t o say,
VVe d e s i r e l o u n d e r s t a u d , k n o w , \ ' a l u e , a n d c o m m i t o u r s e l v e s t o e v e r y t h i n g
lhe supreme a n d c o m p l e t e answer to all quesons for i n t e l l i g e n c e would
g o o d a b o u t e v e i y i l i i n g . O n t h i s b a s i s i t is p o s s i b l e t o f o r m l a t e a n o t h e r k n d
o f analogical concepiion: b<- s u p r e m e intelligence; to all q u e s i i o n s f o r i'actiial r e f l e c t i o n , supreme
II. ictiial) truth and r e a l i t y ; t o a l l C j u e s i i o i i s 'or ethical valu, s i i p r e n i t '
 H7(i l ' a r l I V : W h a i ls B r o u g h t A b o u l b v D o i n g T h a l ? ^ The .\oiion antl ilie O n t o l o g ' o f ihc Good 377

rigliieousness; lo all questions o f v a l n e wliaisoever, be s u p r e m e goodness. l h i r d . f h i s a n a l o g ) ' is n o t b a s e d s o l e h ' o n t h e r e l a t i o n o f a q u e s i i o n br

I u might, Lonergan derived the s u p i e m e goodness o f G o d f r o m his theo- d h ( ; i l r e f l e c u o n t o a j i i d g m e n i o f v a l u . I t is b a s e d , l a t h e r , o n t h e u n i f i e d ,
r e m o n the g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g a n d the natiu'e o f t h e u n i e s t r i c i e d act of m u c s i r i c t e d d e s i r e e n c o m p a s s i n g b o t h t h e u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f \'alue as
uudei'sianding. B i u i f w e begin i n s i e a d w i l h ilie s e c o n d analogy based o n WfW as l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o f b e i n g . O u r u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e d e s i r e s
l h e i m r e s i r i c t e d d e s i i e l o k n o w a n d valu, a l l o f t h e a n a l o g i c a l predica- n o l o n l y to k n o w t b e b e i n g a n d valu o f e v e r y i h i i i g a b o u t e v e r y t h i n g , but
lions about G o d follow directly f r o m the n a u n e o f G o d as u n c o n d i i i o n a l ll .liso raises q u e s i i o n s ol choice - quesiions aboul choosing evervtliing
l o v i n g . T h a i is l o s a ) ; s u p r e m e intelligence, supreme truth, supreme real- i ; o o d . I t d e s i r e s t h e c o m p l e t e u n i n w i t h a l l t h a t is g o o d t h a t c o m e s o n l y
ily, s u p r e m e righieousness, supreme goodness all f o l l o w because they lully with choosing. This choosing s h o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d on the mis-
w o u l d be cc^niained in lhe X t h a t is t h e c o m p l e t e a n s w e r t o t h e whole il . i i l i n g a n a l o g y o f | j o s s e s s i o n , p r o p e r i y , c o n t r o l , o r d o m i n a i l o n . T h e kind
lange of questions intended i n the unrestricted desire for intelligibility ol ( h o i c e involved h e r e is a c h o i c e o f a c c e p t a n c e . P o s s e s s i n g ever)'thing
and truth aboiu being and goodness. o l \e is a n i m p o s s i b i l i i y , a n d i f i t is a t t e m p t e d c a n o n l y l e a d t o r u i n o u s
This means, o f course, t h a i w h a t e v e r e l s e c a n b e s a i d o f A', i t m u s t c e r - 1 onsecpiences. B u t a c c e p n g a n d e m h r a c i n g everything o f v a l u is pos-
t a i n l y b e s a i d t o b e t h e u n i e s t r i c t e d a c i o l n d e r s t a n d i n g ; i t follo\vs f r o m a b l e . So t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d d e s i r e t o k n o w a n d v a l u w o u l d fintl supreme
tbe second analog)'Just as m u c h as f r o m t h e f i r s t , t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e no l i i H i l l m e n i i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d a c c e p t a n c e o f e v e r y l l i i n g g o o d ab(.iui e v e i ) -
unanswered questions for eiiher intelligence or reflection In X, and there- i l n i i g . In o r d e r to d o this, i l woiiltl have to u n d e r s i a u d the u u c c u i d i i i o n a l .
f o r e it w o u l d b e t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d a c i cif n n d e r s i a u d i n g . I i w o u l d imdei-stand .11 m a l i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y o f e v e r y i h i n g a n d a l s o t h e v a l u of e v e r y a c t u a l a n c l
eveiyihing about everyihing. It w o u l d n o i o n l y be a n u n r e s t r i c i e d act of possible inielligibilily.
direct nderstanding, m e e i i n g all questions for inielligence. I l \vould also A teriii that can be appropriaieh' used fbr compleiely uncondiiional
b e a n u n r e s t r i c i e d a c t C)f r e f i e c t i v e t i u d e i s i a n d i n g , g r a s p i n g e v e r y t l i i n g l h a t . K c e p i a n c e is l o v e . L o v e has m a n y meanings, iiiaiiy o f t h e m corrupted
is u n c o n d i o n a l l y . W e l i u m a n b e i n g s n e e d l o r a i s e l u r t h e r p e i ' i i n e n i cpies- u s . t g e s . B u l "uncondilicjnl a c c e p t a n c e " is a t l e a s t o n e meaningful way of
tioiis a b o u l o n r l i m i i e d i n s i g h i s b e t b r e we can k n o w w l i e i h e r o r ncn t h o s e
i p r a k i n g a b o m l o v e . T h i s is l o v e n e i d i e r as c l e s i r e , o r a f f e c t , o r n i o o d . I i
fnte u n d e r s t a n d i n g s are u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y c o n e c t . W e n e e d lo nnderstand
ls r a t h e r l o v e as a u a c t o f c h o i c e t h a t a r i s e s o u t o a n m i c o i i d i t i o n a l being-
under what conditions lhe conditioned intelligibility o f o u r insighis c o u l d
i u - l o v e t h a t is a n a l o g o u s l o a n a f f e c t o r a i n o o d as a f e l l I n t e n t i o n o f valu.
reasonably be said to be real. B u l f o r a n u n r e s l r i c i e d act o f undei'sianding
I n c o n d i t i o n a l beiiig-iii-lo\'e woulcl be the u n r e s t r i c t e d felt response l o w h a t
there would be no furiher quesiions whatsoever, p e r i i n e n t o r otherwise.
I S k n o w n i n a n u n r e s t r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n c l a n u n c o n d i t i o n a l act
l-lence, i n o n e a n d t h e s a m e u n r e s t r i c t e d act it w o u l d u n d e n ; i a n d e v e r y i n i e l - I
I ll l o v i n g a c c e p t a n c e w o u l d b e g r o u n d e d in this unrestrictedly affectioiiate
l i g i b i l i i y a l o n g w i i h w h e t h e i ' o r n o t i t is a n u n c o n d i t i o n e d , r e a l i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y .
nderstanding a n d j u d g i n g .
Someihing s i m i l a r is a l s o t h e c a s e f o r x a l u i n g . l u t h e h u m a n s t r u c t u r e
o f e t i u c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y , we first c o m e to a p i actical i n s i g h t a n d t h e n ask I ;P5 T h e G o o d n e s s o f B e i n g a n d the P r o b l e m o f E v i l
whether or not t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e coiu-se o f a c t i o n i t p r o p o s e s is vahiable
enough f o r o u r c o n i i n i i i n e u t a n d a c i i o n . W e ask f u i t h e r p e r t i n e n t q u e s - l u l h e p i e v i o u s s e c t i o n s w e l o l l c i w e c l L o n e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n t fcjr l h e i n i r i n s i c
ons a b o u t its e t h i c a l valu b e c a u s e o u r n d e r s t a n d i n g is l i m i t e d and jMiodness of being. It w a s n e c e s s a r ) ' to r e f i n e t h a i a r g u m e n t in o r d e r to
i n c o m p l e t e . a n d n e e d s t o be c o m p l e i e d t h r o u g h o u r f u r t h e r valu reflec- o \ e i ' c o m e c e n a i n l i m i t a t i o n s , b m we still c a m e to L o n e r g a n ' s conclusions,
i i o n . We c a n n o t responsibly and eihically pronounce a b o u t t h e valu o f ! i i . m i e l y , l h a t b e i n g is g o o d a n d t h a t d i e k e ) ' lo t h e g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g is its
t h a t i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y u n u l we h a v e a s k e d a n d a n s w e r e d LI t h e f u r t h e r p e r t i - u i i e l l i g i b i l i t y . O r , as L o n e r g a n puts it, b e i n g a n d the g o o d are converble
n e n t q u e s u o n s a b o u t o u r inial n n d e r s i a u d i n g , c o r r e c i i n g aud refining b e c . u i s e o f t h e i n i r i n s i c i n t e l l i g i b i l i i ) ' of bolh being and the goocl.This
ii into a viiiually uncouditicjual c o r r e d miderstanding of the valuable
m e a n s t h a t w h a t e v e r is, is i n t e l l i g i b l e a n d t h e r e f o r e good.
t h i n g I O d o . B u t a n u n r e s t r i c t e d a c t o f n d e r s t a n d i n g w o u l d always a l r e a d y
However, before p r o c e e c l i n g to the f m a l p o i m o f this cliapter in the
u n d e r s t a u d e v e r y t h i n g a b o u l e\er\'tliing. l l w o u l d have n o f u i t h e r ques-
ne\ s e c t i o n , n a m e l y , t h e h e u r i s t i c d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e g o o c l n g e n e r a l , it is
ons whaLsoever. L l e n c e it w o u l d always already u i i d e r s t a n d b o t h t h e valu-
iie< essary t o d i g r e s s i n o r c l e r to a d d r e s s a n o b v i o u s o b j e c i i o n . N'o dcmbi
able i h i n g to d o i n every c o n c r e t e c i r c u m s t a n c e a n d also t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l
S I u n e r e a d e r s w i l l o b j e c t t h a i it is a b s u r d to say t h a t w h a t e v e r i s , is g o o d . It
valu f o r d o i n g i t .
s e e m s o b \ ' i o u s t h a l m a n y t h i n g s t h a t a r e , a r e n o t g o o d a t a l l , .Vlau)' t l i i n g s
 :IVH l ' a n IV: W ' l i a i ls B r n u g l i i A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ? | T h e .\'oion a n d l h e O i i i o l o g v o f t h e C o o d fi79

are desirnciive a n d d o w n r i g h i evil. Poisonous snakes kill c h i l d r e n . Tsima- . m d p a r c e l cjf a n e c o s y s i e m i n \\'hich m a n y s p e c i e s i n t e r a c t i n a complex,
mis a n d o t h e r n a t u r a ! disaslers k i l l h i u i d r e d s o f d i o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e . V o l - h i o l o g i c a l l y i n t e l l i g i b l e p a t t e r n . So e v e n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y
l a i r e r i d i c i i l e d L e i b i i i i z ' s c l a i m i h a i i b i s is l h e b e s i o f a l l p o s s i b l e worlds. o l l h e l i l e c>f a n i n d i \ ' i d u a l r a b b i t h a s a f u r t h e r i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' w i i h i n t b e more
lleidegger objected l o l - l e g e l ' s c l a i m t h a i t h e r e a l is t h e r a t i o n a l , a n d for omprehending i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y of nature, which Lonergan called general-
g o o d reasons. Lonergan seems to be m a k i n g ihis same egregions error,
urt] emergent probability.
a u d 1 s e e m lo be f o l l o w i n g his b a d e x a m p l e . N o t h i n g i i seems c o u l d be
S o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r can be said a b o u t n a t u r a l disasiei^ o n much larger
m o i e real t h a n t h e h u m a n a u o c i t i e s l l l l i n g every d e c a d e o f the t w e n t i e t h
M.iles: e a r i h q u a k e s , volcanic erupiions, isunamis, hurricanes, lhe impact
ceniury - a c e n t u r y that may have been the most i n h u m a n e in the history
o l .1 m a s s i v e a s t e r o i d . e v e n t h e c o l l i s i o n o f t w o g a l a x i e s i n t o o n e anoiher.
(,)f h u m a n i t y . a
\ l l t h e s e b r i n g a b o u l iii;issi\'e d e s i r u c t i o n o f t h e g o o d , i m e l l i g i b l e f u n c i i o n -
m|; o f i n a n y d i i n g s . I n d i v i d u a l s t a r s , p l a s , a n i m i s , a n d h u m a n lives a r e
^.y.i T/m Unin/dligibilily and Non-Value of Evil \ rirsiroyed. Cosiinc sysiems, ecosyslems, anrl h u m a n g o o d s o f o r d e r are dev-
. i M . i i e d . I n e v e r y c a s e t h e r e is a n e v i l , b e c a u s e t h e loss cjf t h o s e e x i s t i n g i n t e l -
I-lo\\'ever, L o n e r g a n ' s e r r o r is o n l y a p p a r e n t . f l i s w r i t i n g s s h o w h i s o w n hor- l i n i b i l i i i e s is t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g g o o d . T h e s e e v i l s a r e r e l a t i v e to
r o r a t t h e e v i l s o f h u m a n histoi")', e s p e c i a l l y d i e h i s i o r i c a l p e r i o d o f h i s o w n 1 h e i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s n e g a t e t l hy t h e d e s i . r u c i i \ ' e f b r c e s , B u t t l i e s e a i e n o t a b s o -
l i f e w h e n h e r e f e r r e d l o e v e n t s o f t h e t w e n i i e t h c e n t i i r v as " a n e a r i h h ' hell"^-^ l i i i e evils. T h e laws o f p l i ) s i r s , c h e i i i i s i r y , a n d biologx' c a n a l l ije a p p l i e d on
a n d t h e " i n o u s t e r t l i a l has s t o o d f o r t h i n o i u ' t i m e . " ' ' ' T l i e r e is l i i t l e q u e s t i o n w i d e scales t o p r o v i d e i n t e l l i g i b l e a c e o i u i L s o f w h y a n d w l i e r e a n d l i o w o f t e n
t h a t his efforLs i n p h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e o l o g ) ' w e r e d e d i c a t e d b e y o n d all else t o l l u s e e v e m s o c c u r , a n d w h a t t h e i r i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e . .All o f
a d d r e s s i n g t l i e p i o b l e i i i o e v i l , I n d e e d t h e w h o l e o Insighl leads u p t o t h e diese evems o c c u r w i t h i n the m o r e c o n i p t e h e n d i i i g intelligible goodness
c u l n i i n a t i n g c h a p t e r d e v o i e d to t h e p r o b l e m o f evil, i >\i L o n e r g a n c a l i s g e n e r a l i z e c l e m e r g e n t prc:)babilit\'. V V i t h o u t g e n e r a l -
If Lonergan w a s t h e r e i b r e so k e e n l y preoccupied with the problem o" i/ed e m e r g e n i p r o b a l i i l i t y iiself, n o n e of t h o s e g o o d s c o u l d h a v e c o m e lo
exnl, h o w c o u l d h e h o l d s o m e t h i n g so a p p a r e m l y n a i v e , as w h a t e v e r is r e a l is h e c o n c r e t e h ' o r to be goocl at all i n t h e flrsi place, ' l ' l i e i r a c t u a l g o o d n e s s
g o o d ? H i s a n s w e r : t h e r e is s o m e t b i n g u n r e a l a b o u t e v i l , a n d i t is p r e c i s e l y t h i s \.is c o n d i d o n e d by l l i e m o r e f u n d a m e n i a l g o o d n e s s o f w o r l d process - by
u n r e a l i t ) ' d i a l m a k e s e v i l so h i d e o u s . T h i s a n s w e r g o e s b a c k t o L o n e r g a n ' s f i i i e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n t prohabiliiy, which includes not only the condidons
argumeni ihai "the middle term in lhe ideniification o f thegoofi with being ,11 i d p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f e m e r g e n c e o f g o o d t h i n g s a n d o c c u r r e n c e s , b u l also o
is i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . "'^'' L o n e r g a n a r g e s t h a i e v i l is p r e c i s e l y t l i e l a c k o intel- l l i e i r survivals a n d detnises,
l i g i b l litv,"'** a n d t h u s a l a c k o r e a l i t y . S i n c e Iwing is w h a t e v e r is t o b e known We m i g h t i m a g i n e o r w i s h we c o u l d e x t r a c t s o n i e o f t h e vales w e most
in die toialii)' o f answeis lo quesiions foi' inielligence a n d faciual reflecuon, I h e i ish f r o m t h e p r o c e s s o f g e n e r a l i z e d e i u e r g e m probability that brought
a n d e \ e n ' q u e s i i o n f o r r e f l e c t i o n " l s it? " p r e s u p p o s e s a n i n t e l l i g i b l e " i t , " t h e n i l i e i u i n t o b e i n g i n t h e H r s t p l a c e . B u t t h e n w e w o u l d be v a l u i n g i h c i s e vales
i f t h e r e is n o i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y , d i e r e c a n b e n o a f i r m a t i o n o f t h e b e i n g o f t h a t m e i e l y as w e i m a g i n e t h e m , n o i as t h e y t r u h ' a r e . T h e r e is n o d e n y i n g the
i n t e l l i g i b l e a b s e n c e . So i f e v i l is a n a b s e n c e of i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' , l h e e v i l is not. t i u h ' l a m e n i a b l e loss c i f g o o c l n e s s t h a t c o m e s w i t h i h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f i i i i e l -
H o w e v e r , n o t ever\ d e f e c t of i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a m o u n t s t o a n a b s c j l u i e noii- lij, i b i l i d e s . B u l t h e s e e v i l s a r e u o t a b s o l u t e . T h e r e is a c o m p e n s a t i n g higher
e x i s i e n c e o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . N o n - i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y c a n be a r e l a t i v e a b s e n c e , so m i e l l i g i b l e g o o d n e s s t h a t e x p l a i n s w h y iTiese losses o c c u r . I t is t h e t e r r i b l e
t o speak. f o r e x a m p l e , i f a h a w k altacks a u d kills a r a b b i t , i t l e r m i n a t e s \r\(Mne i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d g o o c l n e s s o f t h e u n i v e r s e , o f generalized
the intelligible funciioning o f that creature. from the viewpoint of thal emeigeui p r o b a b i l i t y , t h a t m a k e s s e n s e o l " w h y s u c h losses o c c u r . l i m a ) ' w e l l
r a b b i t , a n evl h a s h a p p e n e d , a u d i l i a i e v i l is t h e c e s s a t i o n o f t h e i n t e l l i g i - l e q u i r e i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d m o r a l convei"Sou f o r s o m e o n e t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t
b i l i t y a n d v i t a l valu t h a t c o n s i i i u t e d iis way o f l i v i n g . N o t o n l y r a b b i t s b u l diere is s u c h a g o o c l n e s s b e y o n d d i e s e losses, a g o o d n e s s comprehended
h u m a n b e i n g s also can feel i l i e d i s v a l u e , d i e evil, o f t h e d e a t h o f a rabbit, o i i h i n l i g h l o f t h e f u l l s c a l e o f vales. C e r m i n l y , t o c o m p r e h e n d that there
B u l r o m t h e b r o a d e r v i e w p o i n t o l t h e w h o l e o f n a t u r e , t h a t e v e n t is q i i i u - h .1 \ a l u e h ) r t h e s a k e o f w h i c h t h e s e l o s s e s o c c u r d o e s n o t m a k e t h e m a n y
intelligible. H u m a n beings can e m p l o ) ' ihe meihods o f biological science less p a i n f u l o r s o r r o w ' i d . B u l i t d o e s r e m c j v e t h o s e losses f r o m t h e ab)'ss of
to c o m p r e h e n d t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y o r a b b i t s a n d o f h a w k s - a n d n o t j u s t o f .ibsolnle meauiiiglessness.
an individual r a b b i t or hawk b u l o f tbe inieraciions a i n o n g p o p u l a d o n s o' .Vs w i l h n a t u r a l d i s a s l e r s , h u m a n evil does involve ilie clesii'iicii(m of
r a b b i t s a n d h a w k s a s t h e y b r i n g a b o u t statiscal b a l a n c e s . T h e s e a r e a l l p a r i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s . P r o p e r i y a n d h u m a n f a b r i c a t i o n s are stolen o r desiroyed.
 380 Wu-i IV: W h a t ls B r o u g h i A b o u l b y DoingThat? 'flic N o t i o n and the Ontolog)' o f lhe G o o d 3S1

Iniricale neiworks of iriisi and cooperaiion aie rined. C u l i u r a l and ai ( j i h r e d m a i i \ i n s i g l i t - s n o i ' d e r tc> b e a b l e t o u s e t h e i r b o d i e s i n s u c h ways,
religious i n s i i i n i i o n s once d e v o i e d to c u l i i v a i i n g h i g h e r vales a r e cor- . m d i n t h a t l i m i t e d wa)', t h e i r b o d i h ' a c t i o n s a r e i n t e l l i g i b l e . T h e i r insighis
rupted. H u m a n beings are killed and lo\'ing p a i i e r n s o f personal rela-
and lhe insiglus o f tlie science of physiology explain h o w t l i e i r b o d i e s ai'e
tions are shattered.
. i h i c 10 m o v e as t h e y d o so as t o c a r i y o u t t h e c h o s e n c o u r s e o f action.
B t i i t h e i e are also p r o f o u n d d i f f e i e n c e s . T h e inosi p r o f o u n d d i f f e r e n c e - r \ i i ' \ ' i l n n g i n t h e i r c o u r s e o f a c t i o n is i m e l l i g i b l e . e x c e p t b r t h e d e c i s i n
w h a t m a k e s e\il p r o p e r l y h i u n a n - is d i e c o m p l e t e a b s e n c e o f a n y higher ih.ii inaugurales t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n itself. T h a l decisin lacks any reason
i n i e l l i g i b l e o r d e r t h a i e x p l a i n s o r j u s i i r i e s t h e d e s i r u c t i o n . T h i s is b e c a u s e
lll valu.""
e v i l i n l h e s i r i c t l y h u m a n s e n s e a r i s e s f r o m d e c i s i o n s f o r w h i c h i h e r e s n o
I .ikewise, i h e c o n s e c p i e n c e s i n i t i a t e d by t h e n c j u - b e i n g o f t h e decisin
p r o p e r valu, n o j u s d f i a b l e reason. Properly ethical decisions follow from
1.111 lbllo^v nielligibly f r o m the c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , a n d these c o n s e q u e n c e s
j u d g m e n t s o f v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d valu t h a t are t h e l e a s o n s f o r t h e d e c i -
.ue all t o o real. A c t s o f r o b b e t y , rape, o r m u r d e r all have i n t e l l i g i b l y c o n i -
sions. r h e j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e c o n s i i t u t e t h e e n s u i n g c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n as v i r -
pieheiisible i'esnlts, T h e laws o f physics, c h e n i i s t r y , b i o l o g ) ' , a n d ps)'cliol-
t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c > n a l i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s . B u t as was a r g u e d i n c h a p i e r 4 , h i u n a n
ijp 11 c o m b i n a t i o n can explain how the destruction oi iutelligibilities
d e c i s i o n s are n o i d e t e r n i i n e d o r c a u s e d by j u d g m e m s o f valu. H u m a n deci-
aud d i e i r associated vales o f v a r i o u s kinds result from the i:iriginatiiig
s i o n s a r e r a d i c a l l y f r e e . a n d so a r e n o l d e t e n n i n e d e i t h e r by n a t u r a l forces
liodil)' aciions u n d e r t a k e n by i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n beings. S u c h aciions pre-
o r brain f u n c t i o n i n g o r a u i o i i o i n o u s t h o i i g l u piocesses o r eveu judgments
d i i l a L i l y d e p r i v e p e o p l e o f t h e i r h u i d , t h e i r access t o w a t e r , meaningful
o f v a l n e . ^ ' T h e r e always r e m a i n s t h e r a d i c a l possibility o f d e c i d i n g n o i 1 0 g o
wiuk. healthcare, t h e i r s a v i n g s , t h e i r v o i c e s n d e t e r m i n i n g tbe institu-
a l o n g w i t h w h a t o n e t h i n k s o r b e l i e v e s o r j u d g e s u> b e r i g h t o r w r o n g . When
t i i n i a l d e c i s i o n s i l i a t a e c t t h e i r lives, t h e i r p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e l l - b e i n g ancl
t h e r e is a f a i l u r e tc> c o m p l y w i t h w h a i o n e knows 1 0 be l h e \aliiable thing
. I . i b i l i t y - a n d , u l t i n a t e l ) ' , t h e y s n u f f o u l t h e i r lves o r t h e l i v e s o f those
t o d o , i h e i e is n o r e a s o n oi" i h e d e c i s i n , i n s t e a d , o n e is l e f t w i t h radical
di<)' love most.
uninlelligibiliiy.-"'^
All t h e s e e\'il c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e real, 'l'hey all follow quite intelligibly,
This i n c o h e i e n c e and inconsistency b e t w e e n o n e ' s valu k n o w i n g and f;i\'eii l h e b o d i h ' a c i i o n s originaied b)' b u m a n actors. But what cloes n o l
o n e ' s c h o o s i n g is t h e o r i g i n o f a l l e v i l n t h e s t r i c t l y h u m a n s e n s e . I i is f o r h i l l o w i m e l l i g i b l v o r w i i l i a n y v a l n e w h a t s o e v e r is t h e d e c i s i n i h a i was ihe
this reason that there is n o h i g h e r inielligibilily that compnsales for or I l l g i l c)f t h e b o c l i l ) ' m o v e m e n t s a u d t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n . A d e c i s i n m a d e
e x p l a i n s cu" j u s t i f i e s h u m a n e v i l . I f t l i e r e w e r e , t h e n i h e h i g l i e r i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y w i d i n u i s u l T i c i e n t \ a l u e a n d r e a s o n is l a d i c . i l l y u n r e a l . B e c a u s e t h e r e is n o
wt^uld e i i h e r m a k e t h e c o n s e q u e n i a c u o n a p u r e l y physical o r neurologcal
l e . i s o n br t h e c l e c i s i c m iself, i t f o l l o w s t h a l uUhnalely t h e r e is n o r e a s o n o r
i n a i i e r t h a t c o m p l e t e l y bypasses h u m a n f r e e d o m o r p i o v i d e i h e g r o i m d s f o r
\ . i l i i e br t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s . W h e n d e c i s i o n s a r e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , t h a t u n i n t e l -
a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n l t h a t pro\'ides t h e t r u e valu f o r t h e f r e e
ligibliiy propgales a n d infecs the consecpieuces, T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s a c c i i -
l u n n a n decisin.-^*-' B u t s i n c e i h e f o c u s h e r e is u p o n h u m a n d e c i s i o n s t h a i
i m i l a t e to f o r m w h a i L o n e r g a n called t h e "social surd' - a complex corn-
a r e f r e e l y m a d e ti v i o l a l i o n of t h e p e r s o n ' s o w n v a l u k n c i w l e d g c o f w h a t s
I " l u t i c l c^f i n t e l l i g i b l i l v a n d u n m e l l g i b i l i t v . ' " H u m a n s e x p e r i e n c e s i i f f e r n g
l i g h l a n d w r o n g , s u c l i h i g h e r i n i e l l i g i b i l i d e s a r e n o t n play
when tliey e n c o u n t e r ibis c o m p o u n d of inielligibilily and tinintelligibilit)',
This means there is a r a d i c a l n o t b i i i g u e s s at t h e h e a r t o f h u m a n evil. n i d l h a t s u f f e r i n g is f e e l i n g i i s n o n - v a l u e , i t s e \ i l .
' i ' h e r e is n o - i h i n g l o e x p l a i n why humans d e c i d e t o a c l i n ways t h a i go l i ) say t h a l l h e r e is a n u n r e a l i t y ici e^til t h e r e f b r e does not rnean ihai
a g a i n s t vales a n d r e a s o n s l o r acung. e \ i l ( l o e s n o t r e s u l i i n s u f f e r i n g . O b \ ' i o u s l y i t d o e s . T h i s k i n c l o f s u f l e r i n g is
H o w e x ' e r , t o say t h a t r a d i c a l u n i m e l l i g i b i l i t y a n d u n r e a l i t y is a i t h e rool ' . u l h n i n g t h a t is u i i i n i e l l i g i b l e a n d ^ \ ' i t h o u l v a l u . S i n c e i n L o n e r g a n ' s pie-
o f evl h u m a n d e c i s i o n s is n o t 10 say t h a t t h e i r consequences uve unreal or iu I ise a n d t e c h n i c a l s e n s e l h e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e is n o t , t h i s m e a n s t h a t we sufTer
e v e i y s e n s e u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , W h i l e t h e d e c i d i n g i t s e l l is u i i i n i e l l i g b l e , s t i l l t h e l-( a i i s e o f t h e u n r e a l i t y . B u t t o c a l i e v i l u n r e a l s e e m s t o d e n g r a t e p e o p l e ' s
course o f action u p o n which i t decides does have certain intelligibiliues. '.iilfering. LJndeniably, t h e i r suf'ering is r e a l , b u t w h a t t h e y s u f f e r is n o t a
O n c e t h e d e c i s i n f'or w h i c h t h e r e is i i l l i m a t e l y 110 valu has b e e n made, l e . i l i i ) i u t h e sense o f a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d intelligibility. T h e y suffer
i t is e x e c u t e d b o d i l y - c a r i y i i i g a w a y s o m e o n e else's p r o p e r i y , assaiilting lhe nniuielligibility o f lhe anniliilation o f s o m e i h i n g intelligible for no rea-
s o m e o n e else b o d y , p u l l i n g a t r i g g e r , o r u s i n g o n e ' s b o d y t o e x p r e s s o n e s e l f M m . (n' (if b e i n g forceci to u n d e r g o c o n d i t i o n s l h a t lack intelligibilit)'. f h e i r
so as l o h u r a n o t h e r ' s f e e l i n g s o r r e p u i a t i o n , t o i n c i t e v i o l e n c e o n l h e par M i t l e r i n g is r e a l e n o u g h a n c l w h a t t h e v s u f f e r has a n i n m i e d i a i e r e a l i l y . i i is
o f otheis, o r lo initiate c o r r u p t schemes o f recurrence. People n e e d to have u h i m a t e l y u i n e a l b e c a u s e i t s u n i n t e l l i g i b l e . ' ' '
 :W r a i l I V : W h a t U ltuiii>>lii A l x i u i liy 1 )<>iiig Thal? I h r Nol Ion : i i i d d i r ( nlnlo^V o l h e ( a i o d UH!;

T h i s w a y o f c h a r a c i e r i z i n g t h f i i n r e a M i y o e v i l does iiui sil weil w i i h w l i i i r M I I M i i i r consciousness of l h e u n r e s l r i c i e d n o i i o n o f valu a n d l u i r e s i r i c t e d

Lonergan calis ihe counier-posiiion on lealiiy."'' T h a l couniei-posiiion hl I n g i n - I o v e . T h e n m a n y f u r t h e r p e r n e n t c p i e s o i i s a r e n o t r a i s e d , a n d o f
aiienipts lo reduce r e a l i t y t o w h a t is " a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e n o w , " v i s i b l e a u d d t o s c l h a i a r e rai.sed, m a n y g o u n a n s w e r e d . T h e n c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n l h a t a r e
l a n g i b l e . A c c o r d i n g t o i h i s c o i m t e i - p o s i i i o n . e v i l is r e a l e n o u g h a n d n l h '
u m i r i l a k e n w i l l l a c k t h e f u l l y c o r r e c i e d i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y t h a t is t o b e discerned
evident i n die desiroyed ruius that are out tliere in the w o r l d a n d iiiiern;dl)
l u p u l g m e n t s t h a t t r u l y a r e v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i c j n e d . S u c h cases i n v o l v e c e r -
in people's sufierings.
I l l u degrees o f ignorance. W h i l e they lack i h e cold-hearted deliberateness
But on the posilion o f self-appropriaticjn, reality in the proper sense MI e\pliciily g o i n g againsi w h a t lhey k n o w they sliould do, nevenheless,
is w h a t is k n o w n , n o i j u s t b y e x p e i i e n c i n g w h a i is a l r e a d y o u t t h e r e , b u l ilies<' f l e g r e e s o f i g n o r a n c e are never fully i n n o c e n i . People with good
also by nderstanding a n d by v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g u i e n t s t h a t the inienons o f t e n l o o k b a c k w i t h regret ancl a c k n o w l e d g e t h a t the\ s h o u l d
n d e r s t a n d i n g is c o r r e c t . W h a t e v e r s o n l y e x p e i i e n c e d b u l n o t yei u n d e i - h,i\ k n o w n beiter. S o m e i i m e s i b i s is b e c a u s e o f i l i e i r o w n i n d o l e n c e . Scjuie-
stood or j u d g e d n i a \ w e l l b e a c o n i p o n e n t o l r e a l i t y , b u l i t is n o t realily I l i n e s I is b e c a u s e t h e y i n i s i e d o t h e r i n d i v i d u i s , o r e v e n t h e i r own culture,
itselL T h a t p e o p l e e x p e r i e n c e s u f f e r i n g does n o t t h e r e f o r e i m p l y l h a t they n h e i i i l i e v ' s h o u l d h a v e p a i d a i l e n o n l o wisp>'. l i n g e r i n g c p i c s t i o n s abom
e x p e r i e n c e a reality. Experiences can be c o m p o n e n i s o f intelligible and d i e ( r e t l i b i l i t y o f t h e i r s o u r c e s . B u l i u a l l s u c h cases, p e o p l e i n a k e decisions
affirnied r e a l i t i e s , b n t t h e y c a n a l s o b e e x p e i i e n c e s f o r w h i c h t h e r e is
loi w h i c h t h e r e is n o u l t i m a t e , jnsfying valu. W h e n they d o , the n o n -
no corresponding intelligibility. As Lonergan r e m a r k s , we need inverse
(,ilue . u i d u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' o f t h e decisin p r o p g a l e s a n d infecs l h e w o r l d ,
i n s i g h t s as w e l l as d i r e c t i n s i g h t s i n o r d e r t o m a k e s e n s e o f i h e f u l l r a n g e o f
l i l i l i u l i i i g t h e i r o w n lives.
o u r experiences. l u p a r t i c u l a r , " t h e e v i l o f d i s o r d e r is a n a b s e n c e o f i n i e l -
f h e r e f o r e , wlle fi'om t h e n a t u r a l w c j i l d t h e r e is s o m e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y a n d
l i g i b i l i l y l h a i is t o b e u n d e r s t o o d o n l y b y i h e i n v e r s e i n s i g h t t h a t g r a s p s i l s
\u l o d i l l l e r m s o f w h i c h i n t e l l e c t u a l l y a n d m o r a l l y c o n v e n e d p e o p l e c a n find
lack o f intelligibility.
I o n s o l a t i c j u i o r l h e s o r r o w s o v e r losses, d i e r e is n o s u c h c o n s o l i i i g h i g h e r
T h e experience o s u f f e r i n g e v i l is r e a l , b u t a f u l l u n d e i " s t a n d i n g o f t h a t suf- H I l h a t c a n sticcessfully e x p l a i n away h u m a n l y o r i g i n a t e d evil.
f e r i n g d o e s n o t a m o m a t i c a l l ) ' i m p l y t h a t t h e source of l h a t s u f T e r i n g is r e a l
i n l h e f u l l s e n s e . T h e s c m r c e o f l h a t s u f l e r i n g is i m i m e l l i g i b l e . n i e a n i n g l e s s . i The Eihics of Bringing C-ooi Oul of Evi!
u n r e a l . W e k n o w u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y i n l i m i i e d negau\'e j u c l g m e n t s - ".S^does n o !
h a v e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y 7." T h e s e d o n o t a l f l r m i l i e e x i s t e n c e o f s o m e unintelligi- I ls a c c o u n t o f h u m a n e v i l . i u s p i i e o f a l l i l s s o p h i s i i c a o n . s e e m s t o l e a x e
bility, b u t simply d e n y the existence o f s o m e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y , So a l s o we know US n o b e t t e r c)fT r e g a r d i n g t h e g o o d n e s s o f b e i n g . I t s e e m s t h a t h i i n i a i i e v i l
e\nl, d i s v a l u e o r n e g a t i v e v a l u i n n e g a t i v e i u d g m e n t s o f \ a h i e . VVe k n o w t h i s l m us l h e i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y o f t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e i n t o a c o m p l e x s u r d , a iiiix-
I j y d e n y i n g t h a t l h e r e is a n y finite i m e l l i g i b i l i i y o r v a l u t o t h e s u f l e r i n g a n d i i i i e ot intelligibilit)' a n d unimelligibility. Since i l i e g o o d n e s s c j f b e i n g is
b y d e n y i n g t h a t t h e eveuLs i h a i a r e h a p p e n i n g a r e i n t e l l i g i b l e . VVe j u d g e t h e p l e d i c a t e d o n t h e basis o f i l s i n t e l l i g i b i l i t ) ' . t h e n it s e e m s t h a t b e i n g c a n n o t
e v e n i s lo h a v e i i e g a i i v e vales, i n e f f e c t s a y i n g t h a t t h e y a r e abysses o f v a l n e .
he w h o l l y g o o d b e c a u s e it. is s h o i d i r o u g h w i t h t h e i ' a d i c a l u n i m e l l i g i b i l i i . ) '
W e say l h e y a r e a b s o l u t e l y e v i l w h e n l l i e y l a c k a n y valu whatsoever
di.II o r i g i n a l e s f r o m evil h u m a n decisions.
T h e u n r e a l i t y o f e x i l h u m a n d e c i s i o n s c a n c o m e a b o u t i u a t least t w o ways. A l i h o u g b l h e r e c a n b e n o i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y t h a t ex|3lans o r j u s t i f i e s h u m a n
The i i r s t a n c l m o s t o b v i o u s way is w h e n h u m a n b e i n g s a r r i v e a l \ i r i n a l l y u n c o n - e\il, ibis does n o t m e a n t h a t the consecpieuces o f h u m a n evil c a n n o i be
d i d o n e d , fully objecti\'e j u d g m e n i s o f x a l i i e a b o u l a p r o p o s e d c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , m . u l e i n t e l l i g i b l e i n s o m e o t h e r way. I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t s u l >
b u t t h e n d e c i d e i u ccunpleie o p p o s i i i o n l o w h a t they have iidged. T h e y k n o w M f p i e i i t h u m a n decisions a n d aciicms c a n n o t d r a w goocl o m o f e v i l , c a n n o t
f u l l w e l l w h a t l h e y s h o u l d ( o r s h o u l d n o t ) d o , a n d d i e y co othenvi.se."-' I l e a u - m e a n i n g o u t o f u n i m e l l i g i b i l i t y , c a n n o t heal l h e injusiices ancl b u i l d
B u t t h e i e is a s e c o n d , m o i e s u b d e , m o r e c o m m o n , m o r e i n s i d i o u s , a n d , iiew paiierns of cooperation u p o n the r i i i n s o f those clamaged o r eradl-
i n l h e l o n g r u n , m o r e d e s t r u c t i v e o r i g i n o f evil h u m a n d e c i s i o n s . T h i s has I . l i e d by evil deeds, o r c a n n o i c o n s t r u c t s o m e i h i n g t h a t valorizes lives t h a t
to d o with decisions t h a t a r e m a d e o n t h e basis o f s o m e t h i n g o l h e r than wcie uieaninglessly destroyed. Given greatness o f s o u l , uiiinielligibilies
o b j e c t i \ ' e , v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g m e n t s o f valu. S u c h d e c i s i o n s may I .Ul b e c o m e lhe occasions a n d t h e p o t e n c i e s , s o t o s p e a k , f o r h u m a n acts
proceed fiom d e l i b e r a u o n s a n d refieciions clone in a h o r i z o n o f leelings 1 h.u b r i n g a b o u t goocl,"''Jean Pagei's decisin a n d the s u b s e q u e n t a c t i o n s o f
r i d d l e d w i t h msenl/nieni cyv t h e f o u r b i a s e s ( d r a m a c , i n d i v i d u a l , g r o u p , o r o l h e r s al K u a l a T e l a n g , f o r e x a m p l e , m a d e s o m e t h i n g o f a s t o n i s h i n g valu
g e n e r a l ) , o r o t h e r d i s i o r u o n s t h a t p e r v e r t t h e o b j e c t i v e s c a l e o f vales a u d o u l i>f l h e h o r r o r s o f h e r w a r experiences.
 38'1 Pan IV: W'hai Is B f o u g i n Abuiit. by D o i n g T h a i ? The . \ o o n a n d i e O m o l o g ) ' o f lhe G o o d .38.5

Lonergan's a r g u m e n t for the goodness o f the wholeness o f being, there-
fore, includes the possibility and i n d e e d the actuality o f g o o d that comes
o u t o f e\'il, a g o o d t h a t m a k e s w h o l e w h a t is l e f t f r a c t u r e d a n d o n l y p a r t i a l l y
i n t e l l i g i b l e f r o m t h e \t o f g e n e i - a l i z e d e m e i g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y a l o n e .
T h e g o o d n e s s o f t h e w h o l e n e s s o f b e i n g is a n e m e r g i n g g o o d n e s s , a n d t h a t
e m e i g e n c e i n c l u d e s t h e o v e r c o i n i n g a n d h e a l i n g of i n i j u s i i f i a b l e s u f f e r i n g ,
d e s t i ' u c t i o t i , d i s o r d e i " , a n d d i e i n l i i l i s m o f false vales.
. oiM c r n e c l t o m e e t the i i n i n t e l l i g i b i l i t v and disvalue o f t h e w o r l d by discern-
i i i j ; h o w t o valu a n d c o l l a b o r a i e w i t h G o d a n d o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s i n this
u'ork o f l o v e , o f tikkun olani, l o v i n g r e p a i r o f t b e w o r l d , flo\vever, f u r t h e r
11.1 b o l ; i i i o n o f l h i s is t b e t o j j i c f o r a n o i h e r b o o k .
t \.U T h e N o t i o n of t h e G o o d a n d C o n c e p t i o n s of t h e G o o d

According lo Lonergan, this b r i n g i n g g o o d o i u o f the iminlelligible l l is s a i d t h a t n o t o n l y de" w e e a c h h a v e o u r o w n c o n c e p t o f t h e g o o d , b u t

n i o i a s s o f e v i l is t h e e m e i g e n c e o f a " h i g h e r integiaon.""" This higher ,iKo t h a t w e h a v e a f u n d a m e n t a l r i g h t t o f a s h i o n o u r o w n c o n c e p i i o n ofthe
integration, he says, is a n e w kind of good of order, a collaboration l',ood. Conceptions o f i l i e g o o d i n this sense a r e n o t " t h i n " a b s t r a c t i d e a s
beiween human b e i n g s a n d Cod.''** The Ibundation of this collabora- hu e i i r i c h e c i " t h i c k " i d e a s a b o u t t h e g o o d t h a t h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m answers
t i o n is t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e o f C o d , w h i c h e n d o w s h u m a n b e i n g s w i t h 10 qiK"Sticns a r i s i n g o u t cf r e a l - l i f e s i m a t i o n s . C o n c e p u o n s o f the gcjod are
being-in-love i n a n u n r e s t r i c i e d f a s h i o n . Because t h e s o u r c e o f ihis over- n o l ust i d e a s a b o u l w h a i m i g h l b e p o s s i b l e i n s i t u a t i o n s , b u t t h o s e i d e a s as
comiug is u l t i r n a t e l y t h e t i n r e s t r i c t e d n d e r s t a n d i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d love ' l c \ ; u e d i n t o o b j e c d v e a n c l c o m p e l l i n g vales by r i c h h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s
o f G o d , t h i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n h a s t h e c a p a c i t y t o t r a n s f o r m e v e r so g r a d u a l l y b u \ ; i l i i e s a n d by v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d j i i d g m e n l s o f \';ilue. T h e s e con-
lhe u u i n t e l l i g i b i l i i y c>f e v i l into a whole thai is c o m p l e t e l y intelligible 11 p i i o u s o f t h e gcocl. t h e r e f o r e , b e a r t h e s l a m p o f t h e h o r i z o n s o f feeling
and good beyond all limitation. Such a collaboration, Lonergan writes,
iviihln w h i c h lhey w e r e b o r n . T h e y are the e n r i c l i e d a n d r e f i n e d results o f
involves a
.i'.kiiig ancl a n s w e r i n g t h e m a n y q u e s u o n s p e r t i n e n t tci w h e t h e r t h e i d e a s
, i i r i r u l y w o r t h r e a l i z i n g , a l l e a s l as d e i e r m i u e d by d i e l i m i t s o f a person's
d i a l e c t i c a l a t t i t u d e o f w i l l ... l o r e t u r n g o o d f o r e v i l . F o r i t is o n l y lioii/.on o f feeling.
i n a s m u c h as ( h u m a n s ] a r e w i l l i n g l o m e e t e v i l w i t h g o o d , l o l o v e I'i i ( n ' t o c o n c e p t i o n s o f t b e g o o d , t h e n , d i e r e a r e t h e p r o c e s s e s o f e t h i c a l
t h e i r enemies, to pray for those t h a t peisecute a n d c a l u m n i a i e thern, i n i c n t i c i n a l i i y t h a t p r o d u c e t h e m . Thcse p r o c e s s e s m a y be c a r i i e d o u t w e l l o i '
t h a t t h e s o c i a l s u r d is a p o t e n t i a l g o o d . I t f o l l o w s t h a t l o v e o f God p o o i h ; t h e y m a y b e c a r r i e d o u l c o m p l e t e l y a n d ihcrouglily, o r o n l y | ) a r t i a l l y ,
a b o v e a l l a n d i n a l l so e m b r a c e s t h e o r d e r o f t h e u i i i \ ' e r s e as l o l o v e
' p ' i t a d i c a l l y , ancl i n c o m p l e t e l y . T h e y m a y f a i i h f u l l ) ' f o l l o w t h e demanding
a l l [ h u m a n s ] w i t h a s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g love.'"-'
p . i i h s o f e t h i c a l i n q u i r y , o r t h e y m a y s u c c u m b t o b i a s e s , t i e n t i s o f t h e da)',
ol d e ( l o g i e s , a n d b r u s h asicle f u r t h e r | j e r t i i i e i i t c p i e s i i o n s as a i i i i o ) ' i n g o i "
I t is w o r t h n t J i i n g i h a i L o n e r g a n d o e s n o t say l h a t p e o p l e I n v o l v e d i n t h i s d i i c a i e i i i n g . T h e y m a y b e c a r r i e d o u l by p e o p l e w h o a r e p r o f o u n d l y d i s -
c o l l a b o r a u o n mus e x p l i c i t l y a f f i r m t h a t t h e y are d o i n g these t h i n g s , o r even ( ( I I l i n g about their horizons o f feeling a n d lhe self-iranscending dynamics
t h a t t h e y mus e x p l i c i d y a l l i r i n t h a l d i e y are c o o p e r a i i n g w i l h G o d . A l t h o u g h w i i h i n t h e m . o r b y peo|3le w i t h s l i a l l o w , s u p e r f i c i a l , o r c o n f l i c t e d licuizons
i t was a r g u e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n t h a t G o d c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d analogically o l I e e l i n g t h a t t e n d t o w a r d s c o n u a c o n . VVhen these processes a r e c a r r i e d
as u n r e s i r i c t e d n d e r s t a n d i n g , v a l u i n g , a n d u n c o n d i d o n a l l o v e , i t is a c o n s i l n o u g h well a n d w i t h d i s c e r n m e n t , all the way to virtually u n c o n d i i i o n e d
o f s e l l ^ a c r i f i c i u g love, not professions o r analogical understandings, that |ud^iiienis o f v a l n e ancl t h e c h o i c e s a n d actons l h a t realize t h e m , t h e n the
r e a l l y are the a u i h e n u c signs o f m e m b e r s h i p i n d i i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n . A l l acls i ; o o d is w h a t r e s u l t s ,
t r u l y d o n e o u t o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l love are c o n t r i b u t i o n s to this c o l l a b o r a t i o n , ( : i c a r l ) ' , c o n c e p t i o n s o f t h e g o o d i n i h i s r i c h e r s e n s e a r e t h e r e s u l t s of p r o -
Y e t , i n t h e l o n g r u n , p e o p l e n e e d t o ask a n c l a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s a b o u l w h a t I esses of e t h i c a l i n i e m i c i n a l i i y c h i v e n b y t h e d y n a m i s m s o f t h e p u r u n r e -
t h e ) ' a r e d o i n g a n d why, i n o r d e r t h a t t h e v na)' p e r f o r m a c l s o f s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g . i i i ( ie<l c l e s i r e f o r t h e g o o c l , u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e , a n d t h e n o r m a v e
\ove c o n u n i i o n s l y a n d e l T e c t i v e l y . A m o n g t h e cpiesons w i l l b e w i i a t is r e a l l y M . l i e o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e , B e f b r e l h e r e a r e cc">nceptions o f l h e g o o c l , t h e r e is
m e a n t b y u n c o n d i t i o n a l lo\'e, a n d w i t h w h o m they are i n love, I n t e l l i g e i u t h e p u r w a i i i i g o f w h a t is g o o d t h a t is e x p r e s s e d i n q u e s t i o n s a b o t t t w h a t
a n d d i s c e r n i n g answers t o s u c h q u e s t i o n s w i l l be n e e d e d f o r individuis a n d r . w o r t h w h i l e . I t is t h i s w a n t i n g t h a t h a s t o b e s a t i s f i e d b y i n s i g h i s , c o n c e i >
c o m n i u n i t i e s to sustain l h e w o r k o f i h i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n over the l o n g liaul. l i o n s . j u d g m e n t s , c i i o i c e s , a n c l a c o n s if t h e s e a r e t o b e c a l l e d g o o c l , flie
A n eihics o f discernment g r o u n d e d i n the structure o f e t h i c a l intenon- u i i i e s i r i c t e c i w a n t i n g o f t l i e g o o c l .seis l h e n o r m s a c c o r d i n g t o w l i i c l i b o l h
a l i t y , t h e r e f o r e , o p e n s o u t i n t o a t r u l y a u t h e n t i c r e l i g i o u s e t h i c s , w h i c h is I o i K e | i o n s oi' l h e g o o d a n d ch<ices a r e U l i e a d j i i d i c a t e c l as genuinely
 3K(1 Can IV: VVhai ls B m i i g h i A l j u i i L by D o i n g T h a i ?

g o o d , o r as f a l l i n g s h o r i o f i h e g o o d , o r as d e s t r u c t i v e o f w h a i is g o o d .
T h i s is so b e c a u s e a d j u d i c a t i n g w h a t ls g o o d is a c c o m p l i s h e d |:)recisely h y 14 Explanatory Genera and the
exercises o f l i i e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality in w h i c h hosis o f f u r t h e r
p e r d n e n t quesons c o m e forth f r o m the i m r e s i i i c i e d desire, each quesuon Objective Scale o f Vales:
d e m a n d i n g t o be h e a r d a n d u o t r e l e n d n g unl a i t e n t i o n has b e e n p a i d a n d
satisfaction received.
A Preliminary G r o u n d i n g
A d j u d i c a t i n g whzi is g o o d d o e s n o t p r e s u p p o s e t h e visin o f scjtne p r e -
e x i s i i n g i d e a o f t l i e G o o d as i f i n P l a t o ' s n o e t i c h e a v e n - as i f o n e c o u l d l o o k
t h e r e t o see w h a t t h e G o o d r e a l l y is, a n d l h e n see i f o n e ' s I d e a s a n d j u d g m e n l s
c o n f o n n . T h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e s c>f h u m a n n o r m a x i t ) ' a b o u t t h e g o o d a r e n o t
l h e g o o d as e x p r e s s e d i n s o m e d e f m i o n , n o t d i e g o o d as s o m e f u i h b l o w n
I d e a . Riithei", l h e p r i m a n ' s o u r c e s o f nornia\'ity a b o u t t h e g o o d a r e o u r u n r e -
s t i i c i e d flesire f o r ancl u n r e s l r i c i e d love cd'even'i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e i y t h i n g ,
I n h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t l i e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l " k n o w i n g " o f t h e g o o d s t o
be frjund in desiring, anticipaiing, being-in-love. T h a t d e s i r i n g a n d being-in-
l o v e is u n l i m i t e d . T h a i u n r e s t r i c i e d d e s i r e a n d beng-in-lo\'e d e s i r e s a n d loves
to know and a c c e p t e v e n i h i n g good a b o u t e \ e i y good ihiug.
I f. I [nlroduction
VVe c o n c l u d e this chapter, therefore, by r e l u r i i i n g t o the p o i m made
at t l i e b e g i n n i n g o f c h a p t e r i i , b u l n o w h o p e f u l l y w i t h f a r f u l l e r nder- Wr are n o w i n a p o s i l i o n to take u p soine f u n d a m e u i a l questions l e g a r d i n g
s t a n d i n g . f h e i n o s t f u n d a m e n i a l d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e g c i o d is a second-order, t h o o b j e c t i v e n o r m a v e s c a l e c^f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e s . T h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s
h e u r i s t i c d e f i n i t i o n . l l is a n a n t l c i p a i o i T d e l u i i o i i . i t d e i n e s t h e g o o d n o l r s p l u e d t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e p l a y e d by i b i s scale i u t h e ethics o f d i s c e r n -
d i r e c t l y , b u t i n t e r m s o f h o w the gocjd w i l l be realized. T b e g o o d will be iiirni. Chapier S argned that judgments ofvalne can be objective o n l y to
r e a l i z e d b)' exercises o f t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e l h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y l h a t o)jeraie Mil' e x i e n t t h a t d i e p e r s o n m a k i n g t h e m is m o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d . T h a l is t o sa\',
i n c o n v e r t e d persons, w h e r e t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu, u n r e s t r i c t e d
d u r e w i l l b e v a l i i e o b j e c t i v i t y c i n l y i n s o f a r as t h e p e r s o n m a k i n g t h e s e j i i d g -
b e i n g - i n - l o v e . a n d t h e n o r m a t i v e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e a r e f o l l o w e d w i l h
m e n l s o p r a l e s w i t h i n a h o r i z o n of f e e l i n g s a t l i m e d t o a n d o r i e n t e d b y l h e
f i d e l i t v , AJI o t h e r c o n c e 5 i i o n s o f t h e g o o d d e r i v e d I V o m p e r f o r m a n c e s ol
iimcstricied n o i i o n ofvalne, unresuicted being-in-love, and the normave
t h e s t r u c t i u e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y i h a i f o r m s t h e l^asis o f d i i s e l e m e n t a l
.lie o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e . Clia|3ter 9 d i e w a t t e n t i o n l o each p e r s o n ' s pat-
h e u r i s t i c d e f u i i i i o n . A l l o i h e r c o n c e p t i o n s o f t h e g o o d a r e s u b j e c t l o its c r i t l -
n u l a r , e x i s t e n t i a l scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e u n d e r l y i n g h e r o r l i i s j u d g m e n t s
c i s n i s . T h i s f o r i n s t h e basis o f d i c m e t h o d i n e t h i c s that w i l l b e e x p l o r e d i n
o l c o m p a r a t i v e valu. I t f o l l o w e d L o n e r g a n , S c h e l e r , a n d vc>n H i l d e b r a n d
c h a p t e r s 15 a n d 16. ig|
m c l a i m i i i g t h a l l h e r e is a l s o a s h a r e d n o r n i a t i v e s c a l e t h a t " s h i n e s t h r o u g h "
e.M h o f l h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s c a l e s . T h a t c h a p i e r a l s o n o t e d t h e ways t h a i L o n e r -
i;,iirs a c c o u n t o f l h a t objecii\ scale differs fi"om t h o s e p r o p o s e d b y o t h e r s ,
UK l i i d i n g Scheler and von H i l d e b i a n d .
I l w s e d i f f e r e n c e s raise q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e basis f b r L o n e r g a n ' s account
ol l h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e , and what son of argmneni niight be
. i i h a i i c e d i n its f a v o u r l u t h i s c h a p t e r , I o f f e r o n e a p p r o a c h t o a n s w e r i n g
diese (piesiions. I p i o p o s e t h a t a Justificaiion f o r Lonergan's a c c o u n t o f lhat
scale c a n b e p r o v i c l e d b y c h a w i n g u p o n h i s n o t i o n o f " e x p l a n a t c u ' y g e n e r a . " '
I he first s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c h a p t e r , t h e r e f o r e , a r e d e v o t e d t o e l u c i d a n g w h a t
he iue;uii by "explanatory genera."
 388 \\\n IV; VVh:ii, ls l i r o u g h i A b o u r b)' D o i n g "rbal? I L x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a ancl i h c < ) l ) j c c i i v i ' .Scale u l Vales iW.l

C l i a p i e r g also r a i s e d t h e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t h e r e m i g h t b e Higher Vieupoints

more refmed p r e f e i e n i i a l s c a l e s withiti t>ne o r m o r e o f L o n e r g a n ' s five
generic levis o f v a l n e . W e a r e f r e q u e n t l y c o n f r o n i e d w i t h q u e s t i o n s t h a t l l i e n e x t several sections e x p l o r e how Lonergan's notion of explanatory
a s k US t o m a k e v a l u e j u d g m e n t s a n d c h o i c e s a m o n g t w o o r m o r e o p t i o n s , ^'.ellera c a n f o n n t h e basis l o r h i s s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r e n c e . In order lo do
a l l o f w h i c h fall w i t h i n a s i n g l e lexel o f i h e scale o f vales. A p e r s o n c o u l d * n . i l is n e c e s s a r y t o f i r s t e x p l a i n j u s t w h a t h e m e a n t b y e x p l a n a t o r y genera.
be fully m o r a l l y con\*erted - c o u l d have h e r o r his h o r i z o n o f feehngs Since t h a t n o t i o n i n t u r n rests u p o n bis i d e a o f h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s , w e begin
f i d l y a i . t t m e d to t h e a s c e n d i n g o r d e i ' o f \'ital, social, ctdttu^al, j j e i ' s o n a l ,
tviih l h a t t o p i c .
a n d r e l i g i o u s vales - a n d still find n o g i u d a n c e whatsoever- in making
1 T h e t e r m " h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t " is s o m e w h a t m i s l e a d i n g , as i t has n o t h i n g t o
o b j e c i i v e j u d g m e n t s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valu a n d r e s p o n s i b l e c h o i c e s among
d< > w i t h v i s u a l s i a n d p o i n i s . B y c o i i t r a s i , " v i e w p o i n t " i n L o n e r g a n ' s terniinol-
t h e alternatives w i t h i n a given level o f v a l n e . I return to this p r o b l e m i n
'>i\\s t o a n i n t e i c o i i n e c t e d s e t o f i d e a s t h a t c a n b e u s e d i n e x p l a i n i n g
d i e p e n n l t i r n a i e section o f this chapter, w l i e r e I propose t h a t Lonergan's
noticTU of "explanatoiy species" can p r o v i d e some g u i d a n c e for think- d.iLi o r s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s .

i n g a b o t u t h i s p r o b l e m . I n t h e c o n c l u d i n g s e c t i o n o f t h i s c h a p t e r I also l . o n e r g a n d e v i s e c i t h e i d e a oi' higher viewpoints in order to establish

consider alternative approaches proposed by o t l i e r s c h o l a r s t o m e e t the l h e p o s s i b i l i i ) ' t h a t Lwo s y s t e m s carr b e inlelUgihly r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r as

challenge of providing a g i o u n d i n g of Lonergan's a c c o u n t o f t h e scale l - n v i n ' a n d l u g l i e r without one b e i n g logically declucible f r o m tlie othei".

o l ' vales. I le u s e d t h e r e l a t i n n s h i p s b e t w e e n l w o n u m b e r s y s t e m s - i h e w h o l e n u m -
h e i s a u d r e a l n u m b e r s - ic> m a k e b i s a r g u m e n t . T h e w h o l e n u m b e r s a r e
The extended a n d t e c h n i c a l discussicjus i n this c h a p t e r may seem to
delinee! by snccessive o p e r a t i o n s o f a d d i n g o n e . w h i l e t h e real n u m b e r s
d i g r e s s r a t h e r f a r f r o r n t l i e s u t j j e c t o f e t h i c s , - B u t t h e d i g i e s s i o i i is n e c e s s a r y
.lie d e f i n e d as w h a t . r e s u h f r o m t h e f u l l y g e n e r a l i z e d operalions of add-
f o r t h r e e i'easons. F i r s t , L o n e r g a n ' s c l a i m t h a t t h e r e is a n o b j e c d v e s c a l e o f
iii(;. s u b i i a c i i n g , m u l t i p l y i n g , d i v i d i i i g , e x i r a c i i n g r o o i s , a n d t a k i n g l i m -
v a l u p r e f e r e n c e is c r u c i a l , b u t it is n o l o n g e r p o s s i b l e t o g i v e a s i m p l e a r g u -
tis. B e c a u s e t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s a r e s o d i f f e r e n t , t h e r e is n o wwy o f d e d u c i n g
m e n t i u LS favour; p r e m i s e s t h a t o n c e c o u l d have s i i p | i o r t e d Lonergan's
. i . i i e m e n t s a b c n i t o p e r a t i o n s w i i h i n e m e set o f n u m b e r s f i t m i statements
c l a i m are no l o n g e r widely accepted. Second, l i i s i c i e n t i n c a t i o n o f t h e five
. i h o u i l l i e O l h e r sel. I n fact, f r o m a s t r i c d y l o g i c a l p o i n t of view, e v e n lhe
d i s t i n c t levis o f t h a i s c a l e ( v i t a l , s o c i a l , c t i l i u r a l . p e r s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o t i s ) is
leiiiis " n u m b e r " a n d " a d d i n g " mean s o m e t h i n g entirely d i l f e r e i i i i n lhe
also i n need o f substaiitial s u p p o n since t h e r e are c o n t e n d i n g altcinatives.
vn a x i o m a t i c sysiems.
T h i r d , t h e s u p p o r t I a m p i ' o p o s i n g s d r a w n f r o m L o n e i g a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n s o f
\ ' e \ ' e r t b e l e s s , we d o use e x a c d y t h o s e s a m e vvcncis n t h e w h o l e a n d r e a l
e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a anci species. B u l t h o s e discussions are a m c m g t h e m o s l
i i i m i b e r systems. Lonergan's discussion offers a reason why. H i s t o r i c a l l y ,
t e c h n c a l l ) ' d e m a n d i n g s e c l i o n s o f insighl. There lie p r e s e n t s a n i n t r i c a t e
w h o l e n u m b e r a r i i h m e i i c c a m e fu-st. f h e acti\ities o f dciing w h o l e uum-
a r g u m e n t against t h e "extra-scieniific" a s s u m p u o n that m o d e r n science
hei a r i i h m e i i c p i o v i d e d "a large, d y n a m i c , v i r i u a l i m a g e " f r o m w h i c h new
implies a reductionisni o f huuiaii consciousness and h u m a n freedom to
insiglus e m e r g e d a n d grasjied new possibilities.'' T h e s e new insighis led to
t h e l e v e l o f p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s . So i n o r d e r t o o f f e r s u p p o r t f o r Lonergan's
n e w a n d d i f f e r e n t ways o f d e l l n i n g a n d p e r f o r m i n g a d d i t i o n . s n b t r a c i i o n ,
c l a i m s abc)ui t h e o b j e c t i v e scale o f v a l n e preference, t s n e c e s s a r y t o p r e s -
. m d o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s so t h a t t h e i r ranges b e c a m e m u c h w i d e r .
e n t this somewhat l e n g t h v preliniinary digression.
\n t h o u g h t h e r'eal i i t u n b e r s c a n n o i b e l o g i c a l l y d e d u c e d f r o m t h e d e f i -
L v e n so, t h i s c h a p t e r o f f e r s o n l y a p r e l i m i n a r y e f f o r t a t e s t a b l i s h i n g a basis niiions a n d axioms o f t h e w h o l e n u m b e r ? , ihey are nevertheless i n t e l l i g i b l y
f o r Lc>nergan's a c c o u n t o f t h e o b j e c t i v e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e . It pro- Iel.Ued because t h e ideas f o r t h e real n u m b e r s c a m e h'oiii i n s i g h t s i n t o
ceeds i n d i r e c t l y , d r a w i n g i n t e r m e d i a r y assistance frcmi L o n e r g a n ' s explana- I I K ' experiences of doing whole n u m b e r arithmeiic. These insighis made
t o r y g e n e r a a u d h i s i h e o i e m i h a i " t h e g o o d is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e i n t e l l i g i - II p o s s i b l e t o /nor e v e r v c t p e r a i i o n i u t h e w h o l e n u m b e r s y s t e m \','ith a n
b i l i t y I n t r i n s i c t o b e i n g . " ' ' B e c a u s e t h i s a p p r o a c l i is o n l y i n d i r e c t , i l i i s m e a n s
e q u i v a l e n t o p e r a t i o n newly d e f m e c l i n i h e real n u m b e r system, b u t also t o
t h a t l a m d e v i a u n g f i o m t h e p a t h I have f o l l o w e d up to n o w - t h e m e t h o d
di I far m o r e - f o r e x a m p l e , t o s u b t r a c t a l a r g e r n u m b e r f r o m a s m a l l e r a n d
o f a p p r o a c h i n g e t h i c s d i r e c t h ' f r o m t h e s t r u c i m e c>f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y
i n i i e r a i e a perfectly i n t e l l i g i b l e negativo n u m b e r , to niukijjly iwo negative
iLself I will therefore r e t u r n l o t h e c p i e s t i o n o f t h e basis o f t h e objective
i n n n b e r s a n d get a posiiixe n u m b e r , a n d to ex trac t the r o o t o f a non-perfect
s c a l e o f vales i n c h a p t e r t 6 .
.1 | u a n ' n u m b e r a n d g e t a I e g i i i m a t e i r r a t i o n a l n u m b e r , etc.
 3'-!') I'ai', IV: U h a i ls H n . u g l u A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ? E x p l a n a t o r y G c n e n i a n d t h e O b j e c i i v e Scale o f Vales 3 9 1

14.3 Higher Viewpoints, Natura! Sciences, and Explanatory Genera ^ 1 \

d i i n g that h a p p e n s i n a given p o p u l a i i o n c a n be fidly comprehended
, r p a r t i c u l a r s c i e n c e . t h e n i t is p a n o f a l a r g e r e u c o m p a s s m g popula-
L a i e r i n Insighl L o n e r g a n re\'eals t h e i n i p c n t a n c e o f h i s i d e a o f h i g h e r view- ,h;u Lonergan calis l h e " e x p l a n a t o r y g e n u s " t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s 1 0 that
llon
p o i n t s f o r i h i n k i n g a l j o i u s c i e n i i f i c a n d n i e i a p h \ ' s i c a l issues. T h e r e h e uso
It ll u< e.
i l l o c o u n t e r a p r e v a i h n g s e t o f a s s u m p i i o n s s h a r e d by m a n y scientists a n d . u p p o s e n o w , L o n e r g a n c o n t i n e s , t h a i o n e w e r e t o c a t a l o g u e a l l t b e sys-
philosophers. T h e f u s t o f t h e s e a s s i u n p t i o n s is i h a i t h e final cnlminaiion li m.uic processes a n d r e g u l a r schemes o f r e c u r r e n c e t h a t can be deduced
o f ail scientific research will yield one, single, axiomafic s c i e n t i f i c system iileh lll t h e basis of" l h e laws, c o r r e i a t i o n s , a n d e x p l a n a t o r y properties
t h a t wiil e x p l a i n a l l d a t a - e v e r y t h i n g abc)ut everything.'' T h e second is ,1 l l o n j i i g a t e f o r m s ) o f , say, t h e final v e r s i n o f t h e s c i e n c e o f c h e n i i s i i y." S u p -
m e t a p h y s i c a l a s s u m p t i o n i h o u g h t 1 0 f o l l o w f r o m t h e firsi, n a m e l ) ' t h a t t h e r e t>i i . i - f u r t h e r t h a t d i e r e r e m a i n sets o f c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o u s i b a t i n f a c t o c c u r
l e a l l y ls o n l y o n e k i n d o f e n t i t y , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e o n e , s i n g l e scieiuc. o i'.iikuly, b u l w h o s e r e g u l a r i t y c a n n o t be a c c o u n t e d f o r solely w i t h i n the
T h e v a r i o u s v e r s i o n s o f t h i s m e t a p h y s i c a l a s s u m p u o n , k n c i w n as p h y s i c a l i s n i p i i i \ i e w o f a n y o f t h e s y s i e m a i i c p r o c e s s e s p o s s i b l e o n t h e basis of" t h e l a w s
01 m a i e r i a l i s m , rliffer i n the details b u l are u n i i e d a r o u n d ilie core claini I I h i a n i s t r v a l o n e .
t h a t a l l o t h e r c p i a l i i i e s a n d p i o p e r i l e s { e . g . , l i f e , c o n s c i o u s n e s s , \'alue, per- I Ir' a r g e s t h a l t h i s w o u l d p r ( . ) v i d e t h e g r o u n d s f o r a n i n v e r s e i n s i g h t l h a t
sonhood) are not t r u l y distinct k i n d s o f realities, a n d are u l t i m a t e l y reduc lll' lower v i e w p o i n t o f c h e m i s u y w o u l d be " i n s u f f i c i e n t because i t has t o
ible to c o m b i u a t i o n s o f t h e u l t i m a t e k i n d o f realily. I I j ; . i i d as m e r e l y c o i n c i d e n i a l w h a t i n f a c t is r e g u l a r . " ^ ' f h i s i n v e i s e i n s i g h t
L o n e r g a n a r g u e d t o t h e c o n i i a r y t h a t ( a ) i t is l o g i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t h a t a t t l u - u o i i l d . i u t u r n , motivate t h e search for new h i g h e r viewpoint insights that
e n d o f a l l s c i e n u f i c a d v a n c e l h e r e will r e m a i n several, l o g i c a l l y a u l o n o m o t i i i would provide intelligible explanaiions for the lieretofbre nnaccounted-for
s c i e n c e s , a n d ( b ) i l is a l s o l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e s c i e n c e s w i l l b e a n - a n g e d i n a n 0 nulariiies. These insights w o u l d be expiesseci in the correiations, defini-
a s c e n d i n g , s e c p i e n t i a l o i d e r c o r i e s p o n d i n g t o t b e i d e a o f h i g h e r \.
iions, a n d axioms o f a n e w s c i e n c e (e.g, biolog)'), w h i c h is n o t logically
H e s u g g e s i e d , as e x a m p l e s , i h a i c h e n i i s t r y w o u l d b e a h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t r e l a -
d i i i \ ' a b l e f r o m t h e l a w s o l c h e i n i s i r y , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s is i n t e l l i g i b l y r e l a t e d
t i v e 1 0 p h y s i c s , b i o l o g f ) ' h i g h e r relati\'e 1 0 c h e m i s t r y , a n d s e n s i t i v e psycholog)'
10 i l as a h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t , ' '
highei" relative to biolog)'.
II d i i s w e r e t r u l y a f i i g h e r v i e w p i . > i i i i s c i e n c e , i . l i e n i l s i n s i g h i s w o u l d h a v e
H i s argumeiiLs f o r these t w o p r o p o s i t i o n s d e r i v e d f r o m his a c c o u n t o f tlu* III he a b l e 10 e x p l a i n h o w e a c h o r g a n i s m seis t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h
r o l e t h a t " c l a s s i c a l h e u r i s t i c m e t h o d " jlays i u t h e m o d e r n n a i i n a l sciences. l l i c c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o u s n l i s i n t e r i o r t a k e p l a c e . T h e o r g a n i s m w o u l d c h a n -
A c c o r d i n g to Lonei'gau, insighis a n d juclgments c o n c e r n i n g t h e true a n d nel ( h e m i c a l r e a c i i o n s i n t o r e g u l a r a i u l r e c u r r e n t b i o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n s , a n d
c o r r e d seis o f c l a s s i c a l l a w s ( o r c l a s s i c a l c o r r e l a t i o i i s ) a r e i d t i i n a i e o b j e c t i v e s lhe biological i n s i g h t s , l a w s , a n d c o r r e i a t i o n s w o n l d e x p l a i n h o w l h i s is
o f classical h e u r i s t i c m e t h o d . fhese classical c o r r e l a u o n s fcu'm t h e basic d o n e , f h e b i o l o g i c a l laws o f t h i s h i g h e r s c i e n c e w o u l d n o t o v e r r i d e l h e laws
principies o r axioms o r "laws" o f any e x p l a n a t o r y science a n d impliciily 01 c h e n i i s t r y . I n s t e a d t h e y \ v o t i l d e x p l a i n h o w e a c h o r g a n i s m ' s o r g a n i z a i i o n
d e f i n e a sel ol" e x p l a n a t o r y basic p r o p e r u e s ( c o n j g a t e f o r m s ) l o r t h a t sci- l e g u l a r l y resets t h e c o n c r e t e c o n d i i i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e laws o f chemis-
ence. Eor example, i n w h a t is c a l l e d t h e " S t a n d a r d M o d e l " o f elementaiy 11 \e s o as t o s u s t a i n p r o p e r l y b i o h i g i c a l f u n c i i o n s s u c h as o b t a i n i n g
particle theory i n physics, a p a r t i c u l a r m a t h e m a t i c a l " g r o u p " o f operauons n o i i r i s h m e n t . h o m e o s t a s i s , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c i i o n , a n d so o u .
is t h e s e l o f c o r r e i a t i o n s t h a t i m p l i c i d y d e f i n e s a n d r e l a t e s a s e r i e s o f p i o p - When sciences a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g genera are r e l a i e d as higher
e r t i e s s u c h as e l e c t r c u i i c c h a r g e , l u a s s , s p i n , w e a k i s o s p i n , l e p t o n n u m b e r , v i e w p o i n t s , t h e r e is a r e c p i - o c a l r e l a t i o i i s h i p a m o n g t h e levis. O n t h e o n e
and bar)'on mmd:)er. Cenain c o m b i u a t i o n s o f these properties sen'e to li;iiid, die highei' biological functioning depends u p o n lhe existence o
d e f i n e t h e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f " p a r i i c l e s " (quai^ks, l e p t o n s , a n d b o s o n s ) a u d ( hemical molecules lhat it organizes luto regular patterns of biochemica
t h e i r possible i n i e r a c i i o n s a m o n g , a n d i r a n s f o r m a i i o n s i n t o , o n e anoiher. i < ; u i i o n s ; 011 t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s p e c i f i c c h e m i c a l r e a c u o n s t h a t d o o c c u r
O r agtin, t h e r e l a t i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n lhe chemical periodic liible implic- < o n l < l 1101 h a p p e n s o regularl)' w i t h o u t lhe organism setting die specific
i t l y d e f i n e 1 0 a firsi a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h e c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s ( e . g . chemical 11 i i i d i t i f _ ) n s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i r c o n t i n u a l r e c u r r e n c e .
valences) ihat characierize dilfereiu c h e m i c a l elements a n d t h e i r inierac- S u c h is a v e i y b r i e f s k e t c h o f L o n e r g a n ' s a r g u m e n t . I t is n o m o r e t h a n a n
i i o n s i n t h e vast i"auge of p o s s i b l e c h e m i c a l reacuons. . n g m n e n i f o r t h e possibility o f (a) a series o f l o g i c a l l y a u i o n o m o u s mature
O n c e t h e s e sets o f p r o p e r t i e s h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d t h e y c a n b e u s e d l o i n v e s - S i e n c e s r e l a t e d l o o n e a n o t h e r as h i g h e r v i e v v p o i n t s , a n d ( b ) a c o r r e s p o n d -
ligate a n d n n d e r s t a n d t h e processes t h a t o c c u r i n \arious p o p u l a l i o n s . I f ing liieratchy of explanatoiy genera. His a r g u m e n t does n o t prove that
 E x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a a n d the O b j e c t i v e Scale o f Vales 393

i h c r e is s u c h a s e r i e s , btiL i i d o e s e x p o s e d i e a r b i i r a r i n e s s o f r n e t a p h y s i t a l e m e r g e n c e o f r e g u l a r l y r e c u r r i n g processes t h a t b e l o n g p r o p e r i y t o t h e
n i o n i s n i s s u c h as p h y s i c a l i s n i o r m a i e r i a l i s m . W h i l e it is q u i i e I e g i i i m a t e tt
higher biological level.
ask f o r f u n h e r a r g i L u i e n t s l o s h o w t h a i L o n e r g a n ' s i d e a s a r e m o r e t h a n j u s t
p o s s i b i l i t i e s ( i . e . , t h a t l h e r e a c t t i a l l y a r e a u t o n o m o u s h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t sci-
.\..\ H i e r a r c h i c a l S c a l e o f N a t u r a l Vales
e n c e s a n d t h a t t h e u n i v e r s e a c t u a l l y d o e s d i s p l a y r e a l h i e r a r c h ies o f e x p l a n a -
i
t o r y g e n e r a ) , t h e s a m e can he asked o f t h e m e i a p h y s i c a l m o n i s m s . What
I his n c c o u m o f e x p l a n a t o r y h i g h e r g e n e r a alscj i m p l i e s a h i e r a r c h y ( a s c a l e )
e v i d e n c e is t h e r e i n f a v o u r o f t h e i r a s s u m p t i o n s ? C a n t h e y p r o v e t h a t t h e r r
n i \'aliies. A l t h o u g h L o n e i ' g a n h i m s e l f clcies n o t d r a w i b i s c o n c l u s i n e x p l i c -
a r e n o r e g u l a r i i i e s t h a t c a n n o t b e f u l l y a c c o u n t e d f o r b y i h e o n e , s i n g l e sci-
lllv, h e cloes p o i n t t o t l i i s .)OSsl.)ility i n nsight. " W i t h i n l e r m i n a l vales t h e n i -
e n c e , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e i t is v e t t o b e compleied?
nelves t h e r e is a h i e r a r c h y : f o r e a c h is a n i m e l l i g i b l e oi'cler, b m s o m e o f l h e s e
A l t h o u g h L o n e r g a n h i i n s e l f d i d n o t s u p p l y t h e a r g u m e n t s t h a t w o u l d be
orders i n c l u d e o t h e r s . s o m e are c(.nidi l i o n i n g ancl o l h e r s c o n d i t i o n e d , s o m e
n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h h i s l u e f a r c h i e s as m o r e t h a n p o s s i b i l i t i e s , h e d i d h o l d
conditions are m o r e general a n d .nhers l e s s . " " 'fhe c o n t e x t f o r t h i s pas-
t h a t l h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n s o f t h e m o d e r n s c i e n c e s m a k e i t is l i i g h l v l i k e l y t h a l
a g e was L o n e r g a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n o l h i e r a r c l i i e s o f i n t e l l i g i l i l e o r d e i ' s i n h u m a n
t h e r e are iive d i s t i n c t , h i e r a r c h i c a l l y - r e l a t e c i e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r i c orders -
c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . b u t t h e basis f o r t h e c o m m e m is so g e n e r a l i l i a t i l
t h a t is, t h o s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s u c c e s s i v e l y higher viewpoints o f the
also a p p l i e s t o h i e r a r c h i e s i n t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e as w e l l . l u o i h e i w o r d s , l h e
s c i e n c e s o f p h y s i c s , c h e n i i s u y , bolog\', s e n s i t i v e p s y c h o l o g ) ' , a n d rational
h i e r a r c h i c a l r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e /;////f/7)////>.s d i s u n c t i v e o f a n d p r o p e r
psycholog)'.'" F o r t h e sake o f bre\ny, I w i l l r e f e r l o these c o r r e s p o n d i n g gen-
t o :ach C)f l h e e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a i m p l y i h e i r h i e r a r c h i c a l valu o r d e r i n g .
e r a as l h e p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , s e n s i t i v e , a n d h u m a n . Lonergan
f h i s valu h i e r a r c h y w i t h i n i h e n a i u r a l u n i v e r s e i o l l o w s i r o m l h e prin-
d i d n o t a r g e t h a i i b i s is t h e o n h ' p o s s i b l e s u c h o r d e r C)f e x p l a n a t o r y h i g h e r
ii|)le a r g u e d i n t h e p i e v i o u s c h a p t e r t h a t i d e n t i f i e s t h e g o o d w i t h i h e i n t e l l i -
g e n e r a . o r d i d he arge d i a t there c o n l d n o t be o t h e r e x p l a n a t o r v g e n e r a
f^ibiliivol'realilv: "For ihe m i d d l e term in the identificatioii o f t h e g o o d with
i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n s o m e o f t h e levis l h a t h e p r o p o s e s . R a t h e r , h e s i m p l y
h e i n g is i m e l l i g i b i h i y . "' F h e r e , t h i s p r i n c i p i e was u s e d t o a r g e f o r a d i s t i n c -
s t a t e d l h i s as t h e m o s t l i k e l y m a n i f e s t a u o n o f a h i e r a r c h y o f explanatory
lion a m c m g potential, f o r m a l , a n d actual goods becanse o f t h e disunctness
g e n e r a i n o u r n a t u r a l univei'se.
o l T h e i r k i n d s o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s . T h a l same princi)3le can iiow be a p p l i e d t o
T h i s series o f g e n e r a w o u l d be scientifically e x p l a n a t o r y . logically a u t o n - t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s of e x p l a n a t c n y g e n e r a , i i n p l y i n g
o m o u s , serially r e l a t e d , h i e r a r c h i c a l l y r a n k e d . a n d e m e r g e n t . T h e series of a c o r r e s p o n d i n g h i e r a r c h y o f v a l e s . T h e a r g u m e n t r u n s as f o l l o w s : A c t u a l
g e n e r a w o u l c l be scientiFically e x p l a n a t o r y because t h e i r m e m b e r s would vales a r e t h e v a l e s o f a c t u a l i n t e l l i g i b l e o c c u r r e n c e s , p r o c e s s e s , o r t h i n g s .
be c o n s t i t u t e d by l h e p r o p e r t i e s that are i m p l i c i d y d e f i n e d b y t h e e x p l a n - f h e s e o c c u r r e n c e s , processes, o r t h i n g s are f o i i u d w i t h i n o n e o r another
a i o r y , classical c o r r e i a t i o n s (laws) a r r i v e d at t h r o u g h t h e researches of explanatory genus, within s o m e p o p u l a i i o n whose mend^ers share the same
t h e i r respective sciences. The\ w o u l d be logically a u i o n o m o t i s because g e m s o f e x p l a n a t o r y i n t e l l i g i b l e p r o p e r t i e s . I n s o i i t r as t h e s e g e n e r i c intel-
l h e laws a n d systems o f t h e l o w e r s c i e n c e c a n n o t a c c o u n t f u l l y f o r a l l t h e l i g i b i l i t i e s a r e o r d e r e d b y h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s , t h i s h i e r a r c h y c^f i n t e l l i g i b i l i t i e s
observed regulariiies, therefore r e q u i r i n g a h i g h e r science to i n t r o d u c e i m p l i e s a c o r r e s p o n d i n g h i e r a r c h y o f t h e vales. S o w h i l e l h e a c t u a l ralue of
n e w h i g h e r c c i r r e l a t i o n s a n d p r o p e r t i e s t h a t c a n n o t be d e d u c e d f r o m l h e each e v e n t , p r o p e r l y , process. o r t h i n g w i l l be i i n i c p i e , still t h o s e vales w i l l
lovver cjiies by f o r m a l l o g i c alone. They can o n l y be d e r i v e d by means h e r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e i " h i e r a r c h i c a l l v i n wavs t h a t r e f l e c t i h e h i e r a r c h y o f
o f t b e novelties o f h i g l i e r v i e w p o i m i n s i g h t s . T h e series o f g e n e r a would the genera i n w h i c h they are inembei-s.
b e s e r i a l a n d h i e r a r c h i c a l b e c a u s e t h e i n s i g l u s t h a t u n d e r s t a u d , say, t h e f i l i s m e a n s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e i e s h o u l d be a scale o f v a l n e preference
strictly biological c o r r e i a t i o n s a n d p r o p e r t i e s arise o u t o f the experiences
in a s c e n d i n g o r d e r o f p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , sensate, a u d h u m a n
o f puz/ling regulariiies iu chemical occurrences. The higher viewpoint
vales. T h i s a l s o m e a n s , a c c o r d i n g t o o u r p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n , t h a t a m o r a l l y
insighis would therefore grasp polentialities latent i n the processes of
( ( n i v e r t e d p e r s o n s h o u l d h a v e f e e l i n g s I b r a l l o f t h e s e l e v i s o f x-ilues, a n d
the lower clieinical genus - namely, their potentlalitles for f u n c t i o n i n g
Ieel t h e m p r e f e r e n u a l l y i n t h i s p r e c i s e h i e r a r c h i c a l o r d e r .
in the more comprehensive systems a n d o p e r a t i c m s p r o p e r to l h e higher
Lonergan's r e m a r k a b o u t t h e h i e r a r c h y o f t e r m i n a l vales i n c l u d e s l h e
bicjiogical level. Finally, t h e h i g h e r g e n e r a w o u l d be e m e r g e n t because
phrase " s o m e o f l h e s e o r d e r s i n c l u d e odiei-s, s o m e are c o n d i u o n i n g a n d
non-systeinaiic, c o i n c i d e n i a l convergences o f events a n d processes of the
<iiliers c o n d i t i o n e d , s o m e c o n d i t i o n s are m o r e general and olhers less."
lower c h e m i c a l gems can (eventually) a c c i d e n t a l l y set c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e
l i l i s phrase offers criieria t h a t can prove lielpftil i n t h i n k i n g a b o u l d i s t i n c t
 :ill l'Ltri IV: W h a i Is l l i o i i g l u A b c m i by D o i n g r i u i l r ^ E x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a a n d t h e O b i e c i i v e Scale u f Vales 395

l e v i s i n a n y \'ahie h i e r a r c h y . H o w e v e r , t h e r e m a r k c a n a l s o b e m i s l e a c i i i i H , "I l h e h u m a n s c a l e o f v a l e s , i l is n o t p o s s i b l e lo appeal to established

A l fn-st r e a d i n g L o n e r g a n s e e m s t o b e s a y i n g t h a t t h e l o w e r o r d e r is t h e c o n iMnii.m sciences, g i v e n the o n g o i n g disagreements a b o m the n a t u r e a n d
d i t i o n i n g o r d e r , a n d t h e h i g h e r o r d e r is t h e o n e c o n d i t i o n e d . A f t e r a l l , ihiii l,r.-.ilicLUons a n d e\'eii i h e m e t h o d s o f t h o s e s c i e n c e s . So i n s i e a d o f a r g u i n g
seems to follow f i o i n l h e fact thal t h e processes o f l h e l o w e r gems initiall* lia I l i s i i n c i i o n s w i t h i n t l i e h u m a n g e n u s f r o m d i s t i n c t h u m a n s c i e n c e s , I w i l l
set l h e c o n d i t i o n s o u t o f w h i c h l h e p r o c e s s e s o f t h e h i g h e r g e n u s e m e r g e . n h insiead o n the n o t i o n t h a t the o p e r a t i o n s , p r o p e r t i e s , processes, a n d
B u t l h i s w o u l d i m p l y t h a t t h e l o w e r o r d e r is m o i e v a l u a b l e t h a n t h e h i g h e i , m i e l . i c t i o n s o f a h i g h e r le\el o r g a n i z e , i n c o r p c u a t e , a n d set t h e c o n d i t i o n s
w h i c h was c l e a r l y n o l L o n e r g a n ' s iutent. li>i t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h o s e o f t h e l o w e r le\'el.
I^uher, Lonergan had in m i n d a different sort o f c o n d i t i o n i n g / c o m l i In die first place, t h e n , t b e level o f social c o o p e r a o n , processes, a n d
tioned relatiouship. He was t h i n k i n g i n s t e a d o l t l i e s o r t o f c o n d i t i o n i n g t lenles o f r e c u r r e n c e have specifically social forins o f inielligibility. As
t h a t is i n a u g u r a t e d onceihe regulariiies o f the higher genus have emerged. *in l l . t h e y set c o n d i t i o n s f o r g r e a t e r r e g u l a r i t y i n t h e r e a l i z a d o n a n d m a i n -
Then /uy are sellhig the condiiions nnder which (he lower operations are acta it 11.mee o f human hiologically intelligible functioning. But imelligible
ally occuning. For example, biological functiorng d e i e r m i n e s w h e r e and u.us u l f u n c t i o n i n g c o o p e r a t i v e l y are social vales, w h i l e i n t e l l i g i b l e b i o -
h o w often lhe c h e m i c a l operalions will occtir w i t h i n an o r g a n i s m , a n d in li >yu'.\\s a r e v i t a l v a l e s . H e n e e s o c i a l v a l e s m a k e r e g u l a r v v h a t
w h a i s e q u e n c e s . So i l i e b i o l o g i c a l svstems o f a n c n g a n i s i n w i l l b e c o n d i t i o n U Dtherwise non-sysiemauc n t h e r e a l i z i n g o f v i t a l v a l e s s u c h as h e a l t h ,
i n g lhe occurrences o f t h e c o n d i t i o n e d c h e m i c a l o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s way nt itnigih, grace, vigour, feriility, a n d f l o u r i s h i n g . ' ' C h a n c e in o b t a i n i n g f o o d
l i n d e i ' s t a n d i n g t h e c o n d i i i o n i n g / c o n d i t i o n e d r e i a i i o n s h i p is e m p l o y e d in
h t e d u c e d e v e n w h e n t r i b a l sc>ceiies d e v e l o p s k i l l s a n d o r g a n i z e roles i n t o
t h e n e x i s e c t i o n as i h e basis f o r p r o v i d i n g a j u s t i t i c a i i o n l o r t h e a c c o u n t o l
p e i i t i i \ ' e h i i n i i n g a n d g a t h e r i n g v e n t u r e s . C h a n c e is f u r t h e r r e d u c e d i n
t h e s c a l e o t vales t h a t L o n e r g a n set f o r t h i n Method in Theology.
lhe , i ( l u e \ ' e m e m o f vital vales w h e n societies d e v e l o p a g r i c u l t t i r a l piactices
, u i d i n s i i t u i i o n s . I t s r e d u c e d s t i l l f u r i h e r w h e n c i v i l i z a i i o n s d e \ ' e l o p m u t i i -
14.5 H i g h e r E x p l a n a t o r y G e n e r a a n d the O b j e c t i v e Scale M .ilh c o n d i t i o n i n g systems o f i r a n s p o r i a t i o n , d s t r i b u t i o n , h e a l t h c a r e , and
o f Valu P r e f e r e n c e
I m . m c e . so l h a t t h e p r o d u c i i x ' i t y o f n o n - a g r i c u l i u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d e s
Im.incal a n d o t h e r r e s o u r c e s lor agriciiliiiral schemes, while lhe agricul-
C l e a r l y t h e c a t a l o g u e o f e x p l a n a t o i - y g e n e r a a n d N-alues d e r i x e d t r o i n Insif^fit iiu.il scheines provide c o n d i t i o n s for the p r o d u c u v i t y for u r b a n a n d o t h e r
{physical, c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , sensiuve, and human) does n o t line up l e ^ i o n s . T l i r c ^ n g h c m i all these social d e v e l o p m e n t s , regtilaritv in realizing
w i t h t h e scale valu p r e f e r e n c e t h a t a p p e a r s i n t h e Method in 'l'heology (vital, d i . i l vales is i n c r e a s e d , a l i h o u g i i r a n d o i u n e s s i n p r o v i s i n o l v i t a l v a l e s is
s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , p e r s o n a l , r e l i g i o u s ) . I n o r d e r t o c o i i n e c t t h e s e t w o order.s,
iiever e n t i r e l y e l i i n i n a t e d .
l n e x t e n d e a v o u r t o s h o w h o w t h e Insight c r i i e r i a f o r a h i e r a r c h y o f valur
Still, t h e vales o f t h e social instituons a n d p r o c e s s e s are n o t r e d i i c i b l e
c a n b e a p p l i e d 1 0 t h e v a l u c a t e g o r i e s f o u n d i n t h e Method in Theology sc:\\v.
Ul l h e s u m t o t a l o f t h e v i i a l v a l e s t h a t t h e y p r c ) \ i d e , as L o n e r g a n o b s e n ' e s . ' ^
I p r o p o s e l h a t t h i s c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y r e g a r d i n g t h e Method human lhe achievement o f social s c h e m e s o f c o o p e r a o n is a d i s i i n c t l e v e l of
s c a l e o f v a l e s as a f u r i h e r d i f f e r e m i a t i o n o f w h a t n Insight \s a s i n g l e , u n d i f - v.iliie i u i t s e l f T h e i n t e l l i g i b l e a r r a n g e m e n t s t h a t m a k e possible prodiicuve
f e i e n t i a i e d h u m a n level. T h e same p r i n c i p i e s that underle t h e h i e r a r c h i -
M ; i l c c ) o p e i " a t i o n a r e d r a m a l i c a l Iv d i s t i n c t f r o m i l i e i n i e l l i g i b i l i i i e s o f v i t a l
c a l o r d e r i n g o f t h e n a t u r a l s c a l e cji v a l e s a l s o a p p l y t o t h e o r d e r i n g o f t h e
I Kin b o d i e s . ' ' ' By e n g a g i n g i n d i e v e n ' activities o f C(.)operaung in order
h u m a n scale. I n o l h e r w o r d s , t h e levis o f v i t a l , s o c i a l , c u l t u r a ! , personal,
t u stay a l i v e a n d t o s u s t a i n v i i a l vales, w e g r a d u a l l y r e c o g n i z e a n d accepl
a n d r e l i g i o u s vales c c i r r e s p o n d 10 levis o f i n t e l l i g i b i l i i y t h a t a r e r e l a t e d via
t h . i i c o o p e r a i i n g i t s e l f is g o o d , sai generis. T h e n , insiead of cooperaiing in
h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s i n l h e s a m e ways t h a t t h e levis o l e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a i n
'lder 1 0 live, we live i n o r d e r t o c o o p e r a t e a n d live t o g e t h e r VVe l i v e i u
n a t u r e ( p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , a n d s e n s a t e levis) a r e r e l a t e d (i.r.,
mdet lo e m b a r k u p o n innovative, cooperadve ventures. I n a d d i t i o n , since
conditioned and conditioning).'-'
M U ial \alnes c a n o n l y be a c t u a l i z e d i n social i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d arrangements
L o n e r g a n was a b l e 10 l e K ' u p o n w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d a n d c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d U l w h i c h t h e p e o p l e p l a y i n g t h e roles are healthy a n d s t r o n g e n o u g h , the
n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s i n o r d e r 10 m a k e b i s c a s e i n Insight. H e was a b l e t o a r g u r '.iieial v a l e s i n c o r p r a t e v i t a l \'aliies i n t o d i e i r v e r y a c t u a l i o n . Therefore,
t h a t t h e s e s c i e n c e s c a n b e r e l a t e d tC) o n e a n o i h e r b y m e a n s o f h i g h e r view- M i l i a l v a l e s u n d e r s t o c d p r e c i s e l y as a c t u a l , c o n c r e t e patierns o f h m n a n
points, a n d theiefore i l i a i t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g genera are logically disiiucl 11 l o p e i a t i o n , i n s o l a r a s t h e y a r e i n t e l l i g i b l e , i n t g r a t e a n d set t h e c o n d i t i o n s
a n d l i i e r a r c h i c a l l y o r d e r e d . H o w e v e r , w h e n i t c o m e s t o t h e levis p e r t a i n l n ^ lili t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f vital vales. F o r t h i s v e i y reason, intelligible social
 -'.Hi l ' a n I V : \ \ l K U ls B r o u g h t A b o m by D o i n g T h a i ? Explnalo.-)' G e n e r a a n d t h e O b j e c d v e Scale o f Vales 397

anangeinenis i n t h i s s e n s e a t e h i g h e r v a l e s t h a n \ i i a l v a l e s , usi as i h c H M I i n s i i t i u i o n s as a h i g h e r g e n u s s i a n d s l o a l o w e r o n e . F o r t h i s leason,

h i g h e r e x p l a n a t o r y g e n u s o f t h e b i o l o g i c a l l e a l m is o f g i e a i e r v a l n e t h a n i
i i l i i i i a l vales s t a n d i n t h e r e l a u o n o f a h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t l o social vales i n
the lower chemical realm alone.
dn iibjeciive scale o f v a l n e prefeiences.
A g a i n , c u h t i r e is a h i g h e r v i f w p o i n t r e l a t i v e t h e s o c i a l . C u l t i u - a l v a l e s ( i l ( I n l i u r e s , h o w e v e r , a r e l i m i i e d . H u m a n b e i n g s as a w h o l e a r e m o r e f t i n d a -
t h e y af v a l e s ) a r e c o n c r e t e , w h i c h m e a n s t h e y , t o o , a r e i n t e l l i g i b l e ways o l H ,il s i i l l , s i n c e l h e y are t h e existenal c o n d i d o n s f o r t h e discovery, dis-
functioning cooperatively T h e y c o n d i t i o n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f l h e vales o !
tt iimient, expression, c o m m i m i c a d o n , refinement, acceptance, and prac-
s o c i a l s c h e m e s o c o o p e r a t i o n , a l i h o u g h t h i s is n o t a l w a y s a p p a r e n t . T h a l
ili r n f l h e c u l t u r a l \'alues t h a t a r e a c t u a l l y p u l . i n t o e f f e c i . C u l t u r a l v a l e s
t h e y d o so c o m e s t o l i g h t w h e n s o c i a l insiiiutions and practices need lo
u r n d i d i t i o n e c l b y t h e acts o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , q u e s u o n i n g , n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
a d a p t to c h a n g i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Diastic social changes r e q u i r e sacriflces.''
I. ll i i i . l l i e f ] e c t i c - ) n , f e e l i n g t h a i i n t e n d s v a l u , v a l n e r e f l e c t i o n , v a l u J u d g -
The n e e d f o r sacrices *vill l e n d l o u n d e i i n i n e t h e m i u u a l n n d e r s i a u d i n g ,
i i i i l l l , a u d d e c i s i n o f t h o s e w h o d i s c e r n t h e m a n d c o m m i t t o s u c h vales,
t r u s t , a n d t h e sense o f b e l o n g i n g together t h a t is e s s e n i i a l t o s o c i a l tim-
l l l I ,iuse c u l t u r a l v a l e s ( a l o n g w i t h a l m o s t a l l o t h e r v a l e s ) a r e c o n d i t i o n e d
tioning. I i can confuse a n d inake people anxious, a u d needed reorganiza-
l u I n n n a n b e i n g s w h o are i h e agcnus t h a t b r i n g a b o n t vales, p e r s o n a l valu
t i o n s o f s o c i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s w i l l b e r e s i s i e d . VVh) s h c u i l d w ; c h a n g e ? VN'liy
1. .1 s i i l l h i g l i e r l e v e l o f v a l n e . As L o n e r g a n ptiis it, "Personal valu is t h e
s h o u l d n ' t s o m e o n e e l s e m a k e t h e sacrices? ^
p. i s i H i i n [ h i s o r h e r ] self-transcendence, as l o v i n g a n d b e i n g l o v e d , as
I t is l h e f u n c i i o n o f c u l i u r e ic> d e v i s e i n t e l l i g i b l e p a t t e r n s t h r o u g h
i i i i ( ; i n a t o r o f v a l e s i n [ o n e s e l f a n d i n o n e ' s ] m i l i e i i , as a n i n s p i r a i i o n a n d
w h i c h l o c o m n i u n i c a t e v a l e s 'or t h e s a k e o f w h i c h p e c j p l e w i l l c o o p e r -
l i m i . I l i o n l o O l h e r s l o d o likevvise.'"'-'
ate a n d stay t o g e t h e r , i n s p i i e o f i n e v i t a b l e t e n s i o n s a n d disagreemenis
P e r s o n a l v a l u is m o s t f u l l y r e a l i z e d i u m o r a l c o n v e r s i n , a n d m o r a l c o n -
and n e e d f o r sacriice. I'hese c u l i u r a l vales t r a n s c e n d social f n n c t i o u s
o i s i n n is c o n v e r s i n t o a l l \'alues, u o i j u s t t h e v a l e s o f o n e ' s c)wn c u l t u r e .
and changes. T h e y gixe peo|jle a sense o f i d e u t i t v a n d " r e a s o n s o f the
l i e a n " tliai i n s p i r e p e o p l e to w o r k o u i diTiculties, f i n d s o l u t i o n s , a n d IU . m i h e n i i c a l l y c o n u u i i i i n g o n e s e l f l o f b l l o w t h e c a l i o f i h e t u i r e s i r i c i e d

adjnsi or replace social i n s l i l u t i o n s to meet evei-chaiiging demands. i i i i i i o u o f valu, p e o p l e inevitably c o m m i t themselves ic-> v a l n e s b e y o n d the

Culttiral vales provide ihe meanings c>f b e i n g a people ihai make liiniis o f t h e i r o w n finite c u l t u r e s . W h e t h e r they t l i i n k o f this e x p l i c i t l y o r

some changes acceptable a n d o t h e r s r e p u g n a n i . E v e n a p a r t Vorn t i m e s in l l . u K u a l l y c c m v e r i e d j e r s o n s b e c o m e c i i i z e u s n o t o n l y o f d i e i r o w n polis

o f c r i s i s , c u l t u r a l vales c o n s t a n t l y , t h o u g h less o b v i o u s l y , s e l t b e c o n t l i - hm o f the " c o s m o p o l i s " as w e l l . - ' " Tn o t h e r w o r d s , l h e y b e c o m e d e l i b r a t e

l i o n s f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f s o c i a l v a l e s ( i . e . , s<:)cial i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d I o j i i i i b u i o i s iicH j u s t t o l h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f | ) a r t i c u l a r p r o c e s s e s a n d pracdces
cooperative arrangements). o l i h e i i o w n c u h u r a l \alues, b u l also l o t h e vales o f l h e w h o l e o human
history. I m p l i c i t l y , by m e a n s o f t h e i r feelings, o r e x p l i c i d y , b y m e a n s o f i h e i r
W h i l e a u t h e n t i c c u l t u r a l vales give p e o p l e h i g h e r reasons t h a t set lhe i i i i d < - i s r a n d i n g s a n d j u d g m e m s , t h e y r e a l i z e t h a t h i s i o r y sets t h e c o n d i t i o n s
condiiions f o r social operations and transformations, cultural disvalues i i m U i w h i c h c u l t u r e s rise a n d fall. T h e ) recognize d i a l t h e i r o w n deeds play
are mere ideologies. D i s t o r t e d c u l t u r a l vales g i v e t h e false appearance ,111 i n d i s p e n s a b l e r o l e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o u r s e o f h i s t o r y . I m p l i c i t l y , i f n o t
o f u s i i f i a b i l i t y w h e n d i s i r i b u t i o n s o f t h e s a c r i f i c e s a n d b e n e f i t s a r e i n fac I s p i i i ill)', m o r a l l y c o n v e r i e d p e r s o n s h a v e a i l e a s i a f e l t - a w a r e n e s s t h a t t h e i r
unjust. l l e n c e t h e r e is a n e e d for o t h e r cultural institutions that have the ,11 l i o n s h a \ c o n s e c p i e u c e s f b r t h e d e s t i n y o f h u m a n k i n d . T h e y i m d e r s i a n d
capacity n o t m e r e l y to propgate a n d e n f o r c e , b u t also to "discover, express, I I M I aciions i n l h e p r e s e n t w i l l h a v e p r o f c M i n d c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r t h e lives o f
\'alidaie, c r i t i c i z e , con^ect, develop and improve" ctdtural meanings aud p e o p l e i n l h e f u i u r e w h o t h e y w i l l n e v e r k n o w . P e r s o n a l \ ' a l u e is l h e v a l u o f
vales.'^ S u c h c u l t m a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , n i e t h o d s , a u d p r o c e d u r e s make whai i i i d i \l p e r s o n s as a g e n t s o f t h e w h o l e h i s t o r i c a l d r a m a o f h u m a n c l e s u n y
would otherwise be a r a n d o i n d r i f t o r d l a l e c t l c a l l y destructive d e c l i n e ol d i a l seis t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c l i c u h u r a l . s o c i a l , a n d v i i a l vales a r e
s o c i a l c h a n g e s i n t o a s u s t a i n e d series o f social c h a n g e s t h a t has a n i m e l -
I e.ilized o r u n d e r m i n e d .
ligible uniiy and cultural identity endowed wilh atithentic cultural valu.
Vei p r e c i s e l y b e c a n s e t h e y a r e m o r a l l y c o n v e n e d , s u c h p e o p l e tencl to
T h e regulariues with w h i c h these insdtnuons o f c u l t u r a l criticism f u n c l i u n
b e 11 a l i s l i c a b o m v a l e s , T h e y a r e n o t m e r e l y m o r a l i d e a l i s t s o r i i i o p i a n s .
will sel a u d leset i l i e c o n d i i i o n s u n d e r w h i c h h u m a n beings p e r f o r m theii
I h< \e k e e n l y a w a r e t h a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f c u l t u r a l v a l e s m u s i n s u r e
s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s w i t h t h e a s s t i r a u c e t h a t t h e r e is o b j e c t i v e c u l i u i T i l v a l u I b r
tlie regular, just, a n d m e a n i n g f u l provisin o f l h e v i t a l vales needed
w h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g . l l e n c e c u l t u r a l vales a n d a u t h e n t i c c u l t u r a l i n s i i t u -
l o s n s i a i n h u m a n Uves. T h e y t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a c t i n g w i t h i n llieir
t i o n s s t a n d i n r e l a t i o u s h i p t o t h e s o c i a l vales e m b e d d e d i n social processes
o w i i p a n i c u l a r c u l t u r a l a n d s o c i a l c o n t e x i s , s o as t o b r i n g a h o i i i l i m i i e d
 MW V.m IV: \V1,; h l l n m ^ l n A b n n , i.y 1 )un;> TIK,!? |.\|,|;,M.an,v ( i r n c i a and l i u ' O h j r . live,Scil.'o! Viincs 3')'.)

i r a n s f o n n a l i f u i s i n i l i o s e nstiliitioiial s c h e m e s . T h e y c o m m i t t o c h a n g i n g ^ \ i > i D u l y d o e s t h e gil o f g r a c e (uiuesuicied being-in-l(i\'e) heal aud

t h e i r c L i i t u r a l vales a n d p r o c e s s e s , a t l e a s t n i i n i m a l l y , i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o l i e \ e i s e b i a s e s , i t a l s o m a k e s it p o s s i b l e U ) i n c o r p r a t e t h e f r e e operations
r e a l i z i n g p e i s o n a l valu t o a f u l l e r d e g r e e . S t i l l , m o r a l l y c o n v e r t e d per- lll I m m a n historical citizenslilp i n t o t h e operations o f realizing the infinite
sons c a n n o t have s u c h i n f l n e n c e s nnless t h e y have l e a r n e d a n d embiaced ) ; i i n d i i e s s <')f G o c f s v a l u a t i o u o f h u m a n l i i s t o i ' y ( s o m e t i m e s misleadingly
w h a t is c^f d e e p v a l u i n t h e i i " o w n c u l t u r e s , B t i t t h e y t a k e t h o s e cultuT;it H l e r r e d l o as " G o d ' s p l a n " ) . W h a t is m o s t a m h e n t i c i n e v e r y r e l i g i o u s t r a d i -
m e a n i n g s , ser t h e c o n d i t i o n s l o t i a n s f o r m t h e m , a n d i n c o r p r a t e thern m I U is i t s c o n c e r n w i l h t h e u l t i m a t e d e s t i n y , t h e u l t i m a t e v a l u , o f h u m a n i t ) ' .
i n t o a h i g h e r f o i i n o f Cpei'aiing. T h e y thereby r e v i t a l i z e t h e \'alues o l '
I his is a c o n c e r n t h a t rises a b o v e a n y p a r t i c u l a r - c u l t u r e a n d its vales. I n
iheir c u l t u r e , giving i h e m a d e e p e r g i ' o u n d i n g that appeais to l h e very
L l l 1. il a l s o r i s e s a b o v e a l l vales t h a t c a n b e h u m a n l y c o n c e i v e d and imple-
v a l n e o f b e i n g h t n n a n . So l a r f r o m r e p t i d i a t i n g t h e i r o w n v i t a l , s o c i a l , o r
i i i e i i i e d , e\'en b\ m o i a l l y c o n v e n e d p e r s o n s . I t is c o n c e r n e d w i t h d i s c e r n i n g
c u l t u r a l vales, m o r a l l y c o n v e i i e d p e r s o n s a c t s o as t o rene\ a n d d e e p e n
d i e i n i a l g o o d f o r t h e sake o f w l i i c h G o d has v a l u e d t h e w h o l e n e s s ofthe
t h o s e vales w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t p i o v i d e d by t h e h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t o f per-
n i i l e r o f h u m a n a n c l i n d e e d c o s m i c l i i s t o r y . As L o n e r g a n p u t s i t ,
sonal valu.

They n o l o n l y r e a l i z e l h a t t h e i r cnvn p e r s o n a l a c i s a n c l ihc)se o f otheis ! S o i t is t h a t e v e r ) ' t e n d e n c ) ' a u d I b i c e , e v e r y m o v ' e m e n i a n d change,

affect l h e o u t c o m e o f h u m a n fiisiory; they also d e l i b e r a t e l y act i n a n e f f o r i
l o m a k e h u m a n h i s i o r ) ' be t l i e h i s t o r i c a l f u l f l l l m e n t o f p e r s o n a l valu. T h e y
uudei-stand thai tlieir actions ma)' d r a w t h e best i n t h e i r o w n c u l t u r e b e y o n d
i t s e l f t o a f u l l e r r e a l i z a t i o n o f i t s p o t e n t i a l . T h e y a l s o ai^e a w a r e t h a t t h e i r
a c t i o n s o u b e h a l f o f pei^scmal v a l u c o u l d a l s o b e m e t w i t h h o s l i t y f r o m
w h a t is i n a u t h e n t i c i n i h c i r c u l t u r e . B u t t h e y a c c e p l t h e r i s k s o f d o i n g so,
ancl acr o n b e h a l f o f t h e h i g h e r , pei^sonal valu. T h e y are s o t r i e h o w aware
l h a t t h e i r efforts m i g h t sadly n e e d to be p i c k e d t i p a n d b u i l t t i p o n by m e m -
beis o f s o m e othei' c u l t u r e m o r e capable o f r e n e w i n g tlieir o w n cultural
i n s t i t u t i c m s s o as t o a l i g n w i t h t h e h i g h e r v a l u o f t h e p e r s o n . B u t l h e y a c t
in h o p e t h a t t h e i r w o r k will c o n t r i b u t e to the f u t u r e , w h e t h e r in t h e i r o w n
c u l t u i e or- l h a t o f a n o t l i e r .
Clearly personal valu so understood has t h e relaonship o f higher
v i e w p o i n t t o t h e level o f c u l t u i - a l vahte. M o r a l l y c o n v e r i e d p e r s o n s as j u s t
d e s e r i b e d k n o w t h a t t h e r e a l i z a t i o n cjf t h e f u l l n e s s o f p e r s o n a l v a l u r e q u i i - e s
the c o n d i t i o n s o f c u l t u r a l ancl social i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d t h e provisin o f vital
vales. B u t t h e f u l l c o m m i t m e n t t o p e r s o n a l v a l u l h a t c o m e s w i t h moral
conversin sets n e w c o n d i o n s t m d e r w h i c h a l l i h e s e xalues w i l l be e v a l u -
ated a n d i n i p l e m e n i e d .
f i n a l l y , l e l i g i o n s vales c o n s t i t m e i h e e l e v a t i o n c)f h u m a n h i s t o r y l u t o t h e
l e a l i z a t i o n o f G o d ' s v a l t i e , R e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is a m a t t e r o f s a y i n g " Y e s " lo
lhe invitaticjns implicit in the religious experience of tuiconditioiial being-
in-love. I n d e l i b e i a i e l y c h o o s i n g to c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e invitations o f u n c o n -
d i t i o n a l l o v e , t h e r e is t h e a c k n o w l e d g i n e n t , a t l e a s t i m p l i c i t l y , t h a t h u m a n
p e r s o n a l v a l u ls n o t t h e f m a l o r a b s c i l u t e o r i g i n a u n g \'aiue. R e l i g i o u s l y c o n -
v e r t e d p e r s o n s r e c o g n i z e a t l e a s i i m p l i c i y t h a t t h e r e is a n o r i g i n a t i n g v a l u
e v e n m o r e I u n d a m e m a l d i a n t h e o r i g i n a u n g valu o f t h e v a l u i n g , d e c i d i n g ,
and aciing h u m a n person (i.e., p e r s o n a l \'alue). T h e y recognize that the
u l t i m a t e " o r i g i n a t i n g valu is d i v i n e l i g h t a n d l o v e . " - '
e v e r y d e s i r e a n d s i r i v i n g is d e s i g n e d t o b r i n g a b o m d i e o r d e r o f t h e
iinivei-se i n t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h i n fact t h e y c o n t r i b u t e t o i t ; a n d
s i n c e t h e o r c l e r o f t h e u t i i \ ' e r s e i t s e l l has b e e n s h ( w n t o b e b e c a u s e
o f t h e p e r f e c u o n ancl e x c e l l e n c e o f t h e p r i m a r y b e i n g a n d g o o c l , so
a l l t h a i is fcjr t h e o r d e r ' o f t h e i m i v e r s e is h e a d e d u l t i m a t e l y t o t h e
p e r f e c t i o n a n d e x c e l l e n c e t h a t is i t s p r - i i i i a r y s o u r c e a n d g r o u n d . " "
K < l i g i o i i s l y c c m v e r t e d persons r e c o g n i z e at least i m p l i c i d y t h a t C o d ' s l o v e
s e i s l h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h h u m a n h i s t o r y is t o b e r e a l i z e d . T h e y rec-
i i n u i z e t h a i G o d ' s n i e a n i n g s a n c l vales o f u n c o n c l i t i c : ) n a l l o v e w o r k t l i r o t i g h
diose w h o w i l l i n g l y act to realize G o d ' s m e a n i n g s ancl valu, ' f h i s involves
j ; i v i i i g t o social r o l e s a n d cultui-al c o m m i t m e m s a n e w cjigauiz^aiion a n d c o n -
i e x t w i t h new m e a n i n g s ancl s y m b o l s - as, br e x a m p l e , w h e n liesiid o r agripe
h e c o i n e t h e c r i i e r i a I b r t h e d a i l y d e c i s i o n s o f individuis a b o u t h o w t o r e a l i z e
\, s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l , a n d p e r s o n a ! vales, I t i n v o l v e s e m b r a c i n g t h e p e r s o n a l
vales o f f r e e d o m a n d c l i g n i t ) ' c o m p l e t e l y ancl w i t l i o u t s u b j n g a t i o n , b u t w i t h
l h e e v e n m o r e p r o f o u u d v a l u a t i o n as o f t h e m as g i f t s o f u n c o n d i u o u a l lo\'e,
It l a k e s a v e r y s o p h i s i i c a i e d d e g r e e o f d i s c e r n m e n l t o i d e n f y a n d coop-
e r a i c w i l h t h e r e l i g i o u s vales I s e i n g a c t u a l i z e d i u l i n i t e c o n i e x t s o f v i t a l ,
s c i c i a l , c u l t u r a l , a u d h u m a n p e r s o n a l vales. H o w this m i g h t h a p p e n was
suggesied i n c h a p t e r t t , wliere j e a n P;tget br<:)uglii h e r p r o p o s a l to the
11 i l ) ; t l . h e a d m a n a n d e l d e r s , C l e a r h ' s h e was c o n c e r n e d l o sei n e w c o n d i o n s
i i i K l e r w h i c h t h e c u l t u r e o f i l i e \e w o u l d n o w f u n c d o n . I t is l i k e l y t h a t
s h e i h o u g h t o f i h o s e c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e le\'el o f p e r s o n a l valu - elevat-
iiig lhe personal digiiit)' of the w o m e n o f t h e village. B m she presented
l u r p r o p o s a l i n r e l i g i o u s t e r m s , c p i o i i n g t h e Qiir'an: " I f y e be k i n d towards
w o i i i e u a n d f e a r t o d o t h e m w r o n g [ A l l a h ] is w e l l a c q u a i n t e d w i t h w h a i y e
d o . " W h e t h e r o r n o t P a g e t h e r e e l f w a s m o v a t e d b y r e l i g i o u s vales i n t h i s
^
c o n i e x t , i t is c l e a r t h a t r e l i g i o u s v a l e s d i d e n t e r i n t o t h e d e l i b e r a t i o n s of
 100 [^n-i, IV: W'hat, Is B r o u g h i A b o i j i by D o i n g T l u n ?
Lhe e i d e i s . T i i e y l o o k i w o days lo d i s c e r n w h e i h e r o r n o i i h i s p a r i i c u l a r
i H i d e r i a k i n g w o n l d be an i n s i a n c e o f i h e " k i n d n e s s " i h a t A l l a h wishes, T h i s
was n o i b l i n d , s n p e r s i i o u s a c c e p t a n c e on iheir p a n ihai whalever hap-
p e n s is A H a h ' s w i l l , l l was, r a i h e r , a n i n s t a n c e o f d i s c e r n i n g o f w h a t Allah
wishes t o b e b r c ) u g h t a b o n l , a n d a free a n d i n f o r m e d decisic)n t o c o o p e r -
a t e w i t h A l l a h ' s v a l u i n g . t is a n i n s t a n c e o f A J l a h c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e v a l u o l
h n m a n h i s t o r ) ' by i n v i t i n g h u m a n beings l o j o i n w i t h A l l a h in u s i n g theii"
p e r s o n a l valu i n c o m m o n , l o v i n g p u i s u i t o f t h e u n c o n d i t i o n a l valu t h a t
A l l a h o f f e r s , T l u s k i n d o f d i s c e r m n e n t also a b o u n d s i n [ e w i s h a n d C h r i s i i a n
S c r i p t u r e s as w e l l . " ^
fu t h i s s e c t i o n 1 have e n d e a v o u r e d to s h o w t h a t t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l o i x l e r i n g
o f t h e l e v i s o f vales t h a t L . o n e r g a n i d e n t i f i e s i n h i s o b j e c t i v e s c a l e c a n b e
u n d e r s t o o d o n i h e analog)' o f t h e n a t u r a l e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a a n d t h e i r cor-
r e s p o n d i n g levis o f \'alues. T h e c l i a r : i c t . e r i s t i c s o f h i g h e r \ ' i e w p o i n i r e l a d o n -
s l i i p s l h a t d e t e r t n i n e t h e h i e r a r c h i c a l g e n e r a i n t h e n a t u r a l o i x l e r likevvise
s e r v e t o i d e n i i f y a n d r e l a t e l h e l e v i s ctf vales i n L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e o f v a l u
preferences. L i k e t h e vales r e a l i z e d i n t h e p r c j c e s s e s a n d i n i e r a c i i o n s o l
l h e n a t u r a l p o p t i l a t i o n s cjf e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a , t h e h i g h e r levis i n t h e scale
o f h u m a n vales are a u t o n o m o u s , h i e r a r c h i c a l , a n d e m e r g e n t r e l a t i v e to
the l o w e r T h e h i g h e r vales a r e t l i e g o o d n e s s o f t h e funciioning ordeis,
w h i c h s e t t h e concltic)ns i o r t h e r e g u l a r r e a l i z a t i o n cji' t h e l o w e r v a l e s .
F i n a l l y , t h e p a r a l l e l s b e t w e e n l l i e valu h i e r a r c h y o f t h e n a t u r a l u n i v e r s e a n d
l h e h u m a n s c a l e also i m p l y a s i n g l e e x p a n d e d scale o f v a l n e p i e i e r e n c e : p h ) ' s i -
c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , s e n s a t e , v i t a l , s o c i a l , culturtl, p e r s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o u s
vales i n a s c e n d i n g o r c l e r o f p r e f e r e n c e . T h i s is b e c a u s e t h e i n i e l l i g " i b i l i i i < ' s
c o r i e s p o n d i n g l o e a c h o f l h e s e successiveh' h i g h e r levis o f \alues e m e r g e
f r o m a n d t h e n set c o n d i i i o n s f o r t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f l h e l o w e i ' o r d e r s . How-
ever, t h e r e is a n o p e n n e s s i n t h i s e x p a n d e d scale. T h e a r g u m e n t p r e s e n i e d i n
l i l i s s e c i i o n i n n o way r u l e s o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i i v o f a u t o n o m o u s levis o f v a l n e
i i u e n n e d i a t e l > c t w e e n o r e m b e d d e d w i d i i n d i e levis s p e c i i i e d h e r e .
14.6 Valu Preference within a G i v e n Level,
and Explanatory Species
E a r l i e r w e c o n s i d e r e d t h e p r o b l e m cf h o w 10 j u d g e a n d c h o o s e v v h a i is b e l
t e r w h e n t h e c h o l e e is n o t b e t w e e n vales a l d i f i e r e n t l e v i s o f Lonergan's
s c a l e , b u l a m o n g vales w i t h i n a g i v e n l e v e l o f t h a t scale, ! n t h i s s e c t i t n i I
w o u l d l i k e 10 p r o p o s e t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s n o t i o n o f " e x p l a n a t o i y s p e c i e s " c a n
p i o v i d e s o m e g u i d a n c e h e r e as w e l l .
L o n e r g a n d e v e l o p e d his n o d o n o f e x p l a n a t o r ) ' s p e c i e s i n t n d e m w i l h hi>
a c c o u n t o f l h e h i e r a r c h v o f e x p l a n a t o r y g e n e r a . A s w e saw. l h e i i c n i o u o i a
h i g h e r e x p l a n a i o r y genus arse f r o m p r o b l e m s o f a c c o u n l i i i g ibr observed
E x p k i i i a i o r v G e n e r a a n d i l i e Objecve Scale o f Vales 401
M j ; n l a r i i i e s t h a t c o u l d n o t be e x p l a i n e d b y a l o w e r s c i e n c e . .Vow it is o n e
i l i i n g to d e v e l o p t h e laws, c o r r e i a t i o n s , p r i n c i p i e s , a n c l e x p l a n a t o i y proper-
ues t h a t c o n s t i i u l e a h i g h e r s c i e n c e ; i t is a n o t h e r t h i n g t o f i n d t h e a p p r o p r i -
,ue p r o p e r c o m b i u a t i o n s o f t h o s e p r o p e r t i e s a n d t o a p p l y t h e m i n s u c h a
u . i \s 10 c o r r e c t l y e x p l a i n ie r e g u l a r i i i e s l h a t a r e a c t u a l l ) ' o b s e r v e d i n c o i i -
I o l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h e n C ) i i o n o i ' a n e x p l a n a i o r > ' s p e c i e s has 10 d o w i t h
lliose r e g u l a r i u e s ancl i h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n o f t l i e c o m b i u a t i o n s
ol p i o p e r t i e s t h a t m a k e iliein i m e l l i g i b l e .
f i r s t , as w i t h e x p l a n a t o r y g e n u s , a n e x p l a n a t o r y s p e c i e s is a n a c t u a l , c o n -
( lele p o p u l a i i o n s t r e l c h i n g across generaons w i i h characierisc i i i t e r a c -
iioiis that r e c u r w i t h s o m e r e g u l a r i i y w i t h i n a l i m i t e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l r a n g e .
l l l b i o l o g i c a l i ^ o p u l a t i o n s , we m i g h t t e n d 10 f o c u s o n t h e d i s t i n c t i v e r e g t i -
l.uiiies o f the physiological f u n c u o n s i n t e r n a l to the i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s
' I ,1 g i v e n s p e c i e s . Yet j u s t as i m p o r t a m a r e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e g u l a r i i i e s
U l l h e i m e r a c t i o i i s a m o n g i n d i v i d u a l o r g a n i s m s w i i h i n t h e s p e c i e s , as w e l l
.IS w i l h o t h e r e n t i t i e s i n t h e e n x i r o n m e m t h a t a r e n o t m e i u b e r s o f t h e spe-
I ies [ b o i l i l i v i n g a u d n o n - l i v i n g ) , S e c o n d , d i f f e r e n t b i o l c t g i c a l s p e c i e s a r e
dierefore denied by ihe distinctive, i n t e l l i g i b l e c o m b i n a i i c m s o f biological
piopeiiies t h a i e x p l a i i i both the i n i e r n a l and external regulariiies f o u n d in
t h e I h ; n a c i e r i s t i c b e h a v i o u r s o f its m e m b e r s . T h i r d , t h e r e g u l a r i i i e s c l i a r -
,11 lerisc o f a s p e c i e s d e p e n d u p o n t h e f u i n i l u i e n t o f a p p r o p r i a t e b i o l o g i -
I .ll c o n d i o n s .
I . i m e r g a n s i m i m a r i z e s d i e s e t h r e e p o i n t s . d e f n u g a bit.logical e x p l a i i a -
l o i v s[)ecies as " a n i m e l l i g i b l e s o l i i o n t o a p r o b l e m o f l i v i n g i n a g i v e n
e i u i i o n m e n t , w h e r e t h e l i v i n g is a h i g l i e r s y s t e m a i i z a i i o n o f a conirolled
.iH|.;reg;uion o f a g g r e g a t e s o f a g g r e g a t e s o f a g g r e g a t e s , a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t
l i ' i i d s l o be c o n s u t u t e d m o r e a u d m o r e b y o t h e r l i v i n g t h i n g s . " " '
l ' h r k e y t o t h i s g e n e r a l d e f i n i t i o n o f e x p l a n a i o r y s p e c i e s is l h a i t h e r e a r e
m . i i i v possible wavs to c o m b i n e t o g e t h e r t h e g e n e r i c p r o p e r t i e s d e n e d i n
t .11 l l o t h e a m c ) n o m o i i s , h i g h e r \ i e w p o i n i s c i e n c e s . E a c h c j f t h e s e d i s t i n c -
i h e ways o f c o m b i n i n g t h e e x p l a n a t o r y p r o p e r t i e s w i l l b e a d i f f e r e m pos-
sible way o f o r g a n i z i n g ancl i n t e g r a i i n g t o g e t h e r the regularly r e c u r r i n g
iiper;iii<ms o f t h e l o w e r genus (aggregaies o f aggregates). T h e e n x i r o n m e n -
i,il ( oiidi<ms w i l l d e t e n n i n e w h e t l i e r o r n o t a n y p a r c u l a r p o s s i b l e c o i i i b i -
n.iini w i l l f u n c i i o n s u c c e s s f u l l y T b e m e m b e r s o f an e x p l a n a t o r y species,
i h e i e l o r e . e m b o d y a d i s t i n c t i v e w a y c^f c o m b i n i n g c e r t a i n e x p l a n a t o r y p r o p -
' liles ol the h i g h e r genus t h a t successfully regiilarizes l o w e r genus events
i i i d fimcous w i t h i n a given e n v i r o n m e n t . We m a y also a d d l h a t e x p l a n a -
i o i \s a l m o s t always e v o l v e o m ofa p r i o r species i n a m a n n e r i h a t
I o n e r g a n c h a r a c t e r i z e s as e m e i g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y .
1 ls n o t i o n o f e x p l a i i a l o r v s p e c i e s p r o v i c l e s a m o d e l iVu' i l i i n k i n g a b o u l
^ t p i t ii's o f vales. F i r s t , b e c a u s e a n y a c t u a l e x p l a i i a u u y b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s is
 402 Part I V : W h a i Is l i r o i i g h i A b o u l by D o i n g T h a t ? L x p l a n a t o i y G e n e r a a n d t h e O b j e c t i v e Scale o f Vales 403

a h i s t o r i c a l p o p u l a i i o n o f individuis t h a i has its u n i q u e , i n t e l l i g i b l e Forms ( u i d l u o n e d valu j u d g m e n t s , cholees, a n d actions t h a t realize a new

o f i i u t M a c t i u g a n d r e p r o d u c i n g , i t is t h e r e f o r e also the aciualization ofa .pecies-value t h a t realizes t h e g e n e r i c valu i n t h e c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n .
d i s t i n c t i v e b i o l o g i c a l v a l u . T h i s folivs's f r o m t h e l i i e o r e m that identifies liiiall)', in a d d i t i o n to being explanator), iiuegrative o f lower generic
l h e g o o d w i l h t h e r e a l o n t h e basis o f lis a c t u a l i n i e l l i g i b i l i l y , B e c a u s e e a c h ' i p < ' r a t i o n s , s u i t e d t o e u v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s , a n d e m e r g e n t , t h e r e is a
e x p l a n a t o r y s p e c i e s is t h e a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f a d i s i i n c i i v e k i n d o f i n t e l l i g i - l i h h p r o p e r l y o f s p e c i e s a t t h e b i o l o g i c a l , sensate, ancl h u m a n le\els: v i r t u -
b i l i t y , i t is t h e r e f o r e a l s o a d i s t i n c t i v e k i n d o f a c t u a l v a l u . alh' all m e m b e r s o f t l i e species i n t h e s e g e n e r a also d e v e l o p , W h i l e Loner-
S e c o n d , w h a t is t r u e o f t h e v a l u cf e a c h a n d e v e r y a c t u a l b i o l o g i c a l s p e - (..iii's d i s c u s s i o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t is c o n q ^ l e x , w e may highlight certain
c i e s is a l s o t r u e o f e \ e r y p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , a n c l s e n s a t e s p e c i e s as w e l l . The l e . u u r e s s a l i e n t f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n ctf s p e c i e s o f v a l e s w i i h i n levis ofthe
\'alue o f e a c h s u c h s p e c i e s is t i e d t o i i s s p e c i a l , i n t e l l i g i b l e w a y c i f r e a l i z i n g M .il<' o l \'alue p r e f e r e n c e . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f b i o l o g i c a l a n d h i g h e r spe-
h i g h e r - l e v e l f u n c t i o n s by d i s t i n c t i v e i n i e g i a i i o n s o f o p e r a t i o n s t h a t p e r t a i n 1 ies s h e d s l i g h t o n t h e w'ay t h a t s p e c i e s o f v i r t u e s a l s o d e v e l o p . A s p e c i e s -
l o t h e l o w e r - l e \ e l g e n u s . T h e s e \'alues, t h e r e f o r e , a r e t i e d tc h o w t h e y m e e t .iilinion ro issues o f v a l n e often starts o u t vaguel)', a n d becomes more
l h e c h a l l e n g e s o f r e g u l a r l y cperatiug physically, c l i e m i c a l l y , o r sensitively leiiied US a c o i n n i u n i t ) ' ' s t h o u g h i s a n d feelings d e v e l o p in response to
u n d e r t b e p r e v a i l i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n ways t h a t r e a l i z e t h e p r o p e r t i e s proper e\ei c h a n g i n g situations. Moral d e v e l o p m e n t manifests itself i n refinecl,
to the I i i g h e r genus. I iimp;issionate g r o w i h towards consistently h i i t i n g what Aristotle called
W h a t is t r u e o f t h e n a i u r a l vales o f e x p l a n a i o r y species i n t h e n a t u r a l lhe viritious m e d i a n o f v i r t u e . By w a y o f c o n t i a s t , l a c k o f m o r a l devel-
w o r l d is a l s o t r u e o f s p e c i e s - v a l u e s w i t h i n e a c h l e v e l o f L o n e r g a n ' s s c a l e o f i i p m e n i manifests i t s e l f i n r i g i d a d h e r e n c e t o laws ancl t o t h e i r a p p l i c a -
\Tilues. T l i i s c a n b e i l l u s t r a t e c l a g a i n b y i h e s t o r y o f t h e w e l l i n K u a l a T e l a n g . i i i n i s i n wa)'s that do ncji l a k e i n t o a c c o u n t w h a t s p o s s i b l e in concrete
O n c e l l i e w e l l was c o n s i r u c i e d , t h e r e was a n e w s e t o f e n v i r o n i u e n l a l c o n d i - I IIcumstances. O u ilie o t h e r h a n d , t h e m o r a l l y d e v e l o p e d "great souleci
tions. T h e s e n e w c o n d i i i o n s s e l a n e w ' " p r o b l e m o f l i v i n g , " n o t Just h i o l o g i - peison" (iiiegalupsuchs) is a b l e t o i ' e a l i z e s o c i a l o i - c u l t u r a l v a l e s l h a t a r e
cally b u l h u m a n l y T h e " i n t e l l i g i b l e s o l u t i o n t o a p r o b l e m o f l i v i n g " was t h e . i p p r o p r i a t e to c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h r e m a r k a b l e creativity a n d w i t h o u t t h e
pattern o f cooperation f o r d r a w i n g a n d d i s i r i b u t i n g w a t e r (ancl f o r w a s h i n g
iigidiiy of legalism.
clothes) t h a i e m e r g e d a r o u n d it. This pattern o f cocjperaiion set condi- L o n e r g a n ' s n o t i o n o f e x p l a n a t o r ) ' s]:)ecies, d i e r e f o r e , offers a framework
t i o n s f o r t h e e x e r c i s e s o f b o d i l y a c t i o n s ( a l o n g w i t l i i l i e \'iial \'aliies o f t h e s e l m l i l i 11 k i n g a b o u l i h e q u e s t i o n o f h o w t o j u d g e a n d d e c i d e a m o n g t h e var-
a c d o n s ) o f t h e w o i i i e n w h o w o r k e d t h e w e l l . A n e w species o f social valu I ms ; i l i e r n a t i v e c o u r s e s o f a c i i o i i t h a t a r e p o s s i b l e w i t h i n a g i v e n valu l e v e l .
e m e r g e d o u t o f these c h a n g e d c o n d i d o n s i n tlie f o r m o f t h e c o m m u n i t y o f
people w h o adopted a n d pariicipated in lhis new pattern of cooperation. I 1.7 Altrnale A p p r o a c h e s
B u l t h e n e w p a t t e r n also a c t u a l i z e d n e w v i t a l vales { b o d i l y h y c i r a l i o n ) , as
w e l l as n e w c u l t u r a l , p e r s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o u s v a l e s . T h e s e g e n e r i c vales 'leM'ial scholars o f L o u e r g a i f s i h o u g l i i h a v e also wrestlecl w i t l i i h e q u e s t i o n
w e r e r e a l i z e d i n ways v e r y s p e c i f i c t o t h e l o c a t i o n - i n c l u d i n g t h e collecuon l l l 1 h e I b u n d a t i o n s o f h i s v e r s i n o f t h e o b j e c t i\'e s c a l e o f v a l n e preference.
o f l a l e n i s a n d h a b i t u a t i o u s o f t h e v i l l a g e r s . T h i s was a v e i y s p e c i a l , possibly In lilis s e c i i o n I c o n s i d e r o n e of t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t a l t r n a t e proposals,
u n i q u e p a t t e r n o f h u m a n i n i e r a c i i o u r e a l i z i n g t h e s e g e n e r i c vales i n t h i s I h.u <il K o b e r t D o r a n , " - ' as w e l l as t h a t f r o m a n a n o n y m o u s source.
p a r t i c u I a T ' p o p u l a i i o n . I t was, t h e r e f o r e , a species o f sc)cial v a l u . lu :ulclressing t h e q u e s i i o n o f grc-uindyig for L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f the
V V h a i m a d e t h i s s p e c i e s o f coo|3ei"atn t h e r i g h t c h o i c e , w i t h i n t h e r a n g e
>i . l i e of valu p i ' e f e r e n c e . D o r a n comments:
o f d i f l e r e n t p o s s i b l e ways o f r e a l i z i n g v i t a l a n d s o c i a l vales, was ts a p p r n
p r i a t e n e s s t o l l i e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . j u s i as a b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s is t h e s c i l u t i o n l o l l h a s a l w a y s s e e m e d o b v i o u s t o m e t h a t t h e s c a l e is b a s e d o n t h e
t h e p r o b l e m o f l i v i n g i n a s p e c i f i c e n v i r o m n e n i , so a l s o t h e r i g h t , t h e b e s i increasing degrees o f self-transcendence t o w h i c h e m e is c a r r i e d o r
w a y o f s p e c i f i c a l l y r e a l i z i n g a g e n u s o f vales w i l l b e l h e o n e t h a t m e e t s i h e l o w h i c h a c o m m u n i t y is c a r r i e d i n r e s p o n s e t o v a l e s a t d i f f e r e n t
p r o b l e m s p o s e d by the e x i s t i n g c o n d i i i o n s . A n d p e o p l e figure o u l what thal lexels. . A n d i l has a l s o s e e m e d r i g h t 1 0 a s s u m e t h a t l h e levis o f v a l n e
v a l u e - s p e c i e s s c > l u u o n w i l l b e b y a s k i n g a n c l a n s w e r i n g a l l t h e f u r t h e r cptes- a r e i s o n i o r p h i c w i t h t h e levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , so t h a l v i t a l vales
tions t l i a l arise f r o m t h a t s i t u a t i o n a n d t h a t are g u i d e d by feelings foi" t h e <-orrespond t o e x p e r i e n c e , s o c i a l vales t o nderstanding, c u l t u r a l
g e n e r i c - l e v e l i n t h e scale o f vales. B y f o l l o w i n g i h e l e a d o f q u e s t i c m s p e r t i vales t o r e l e c t i o n a n c l j u c i g m e n t , p e r s o n a l v a l e s t o d e l i h e r L U i o n
n e n t t o t h a t g e n e r i c l e v e l o f v a l u as f e l t , t h e y e v e n t u a l l y a r r i v e a l v i r t u a l l y a n d decisin, a n d r e l i g i o u s vales t o G o d ' s g i f t o f love."''
 ' " " V : W l K H l . H n , g l M A b < H U b y DoingThat? F x p l a n a i o r y G e n e n i a n d i h c O b j e c t i v e Scale o f Vales 405

D o r a n a c k n o w l e d g e s i l i a i i n fac a l l l i v e l e v i s o f c o n s c i o t i s n e s s o p r a t e I r r l l .IS L o n e r g a n h i m s e l l ) rt//go t o c o n s i d e r a b l e l e u g t l i s t o e m p l i a s i z e t l i e

i n t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f a n y o f t h e le\'els o f v a k i e s , a n d h e r i g h t i v i n l e s o n t aitv (lumicon b e t w e e n feelings-states o f s e n s a t i o n (what I have c a l l e d s o m a t i c
o v e i l y s i i n p l i s t i c way o f a r g n i n g f o r t h i s i s o t n o r p h i s m . I n s t e a d , h e p r o p o s r hi|)ii);s) a n d t h e intenonal f e e l i n g s t h a t a p p r e h e n d vital xalues. T h e s e
s o m e t h i n g a n a l o g o u s t o t h e r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e M
mii'.idcriions m a k e i t f l i n i c u l i t o a l f l r m \ v i i h o i i t r e s e r v a t i o n a o n e - t o o n e
and t h e h i n c i i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s i n Meihod in Theologs- f h a t is t o say, a l t h o u g h
i OI i c s p o n c l e n c e b e i w e e n t h e c o n s c i o u s level o f s e n s e - e x p e r i e n c i n g , o n l h e
the a c t i v i t i e s o f a l l levis o f c o n s c i o t i s n e s s a r e o p e r a t i v e i n e a c h a n d e v c i v
t)ii< l i : i n d , a n d t h e l e v e l o f v i t a l v a l e s i n d i e scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e , o n
funcdonal specialty iieveitheless each funcuon specializes on a result
IIM olher.
p r o p e r t o o n e o r a n o t h e r l e v e l . ' ' F o r e x a m p l e , I n i e r p r e t a t i o n uses a l l l e v e U
the c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between t h e level o f i i i t e l l i g e n i consciousness a n d
o f c o n s c i c m s o p e r a l i o n s i n o r d e r to p r o d u c e l e s u l t s p r o p e r t o t l i e l e v e l o|
ihi I c v i l o f s o c i a l vales p o s e s n o s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t y , s i n c e t h e g o o d o f o r d e r ,
i n t e l l i g e n c e . By analog)'. D o r a n a i g u e s , a l l levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s w o u l d
b e i n v o l v e d i n p r o d u c i n g vales n i o s i s i g i u f i c a n t l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a c l i I* l o i i s t i i n t e d by tbe c o m p l e x intelligibilities that c o n n e c i o n e person's

and c o n t e n t s o n o n e s i n g l e level - f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t nderstanding, j u d ^ * itMK w i l h O l h e r p e o p l e ' s a c u o n s . ' - ' ' H o w e v e r , DoraiTs way o f m a k i n g t h e

m e u L s o f f a c t a n d valu, d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s a r e all i n v o l v e d in r e a l i z i n g ) i m i K c i i o n b e t w e e n levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d levis o f vales c a n n o t b e

v i t a l v a h r e s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e s e a r e vales a t t h e Fust l e v e l o f c c j u s c i o u s n i - s i i-.isih e x i r a p o l a i e d t o d i e n e x t l e v e l - l h a t o f t h e c o r r e s p c n i d e n c e b e t w e e n

(experiencing). l>Hiou;il c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c u h u r a l v a l e s . O n t h e e m e h a n d , t h e e f f o r t s o f
lll l i d l e v e l c o n s c i o u s r e f i e c d o n a r e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s a s s e t n b l i n g c o n d i d o n s ,
Doran inay well have h i t uporr the p r o p e i e x p l a n a d o n for Lcuiergan'i
((i.ispiug t h e v i r i u a l l v u n c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d m a k i n g j u d g m e n t s oi' fact. On
scale. H i s a p p r o a c h n i i g h t even be w h a t L o n e r g a n h a d i n m i n d . S t i l l , t h e r e
I h r o t h e r h a n d , w h i l e i t is u n e t h a t c u l u i r a l vales ( s u c h as t h e vales o f
a r e s o r n e d i f i c i i l t i e s t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d h a v e t o a d d r e s s . F i r s t a n d per*
w I r i i c e a n d s c l i o l a r s h i p ) i n c l u d e t h e p r a c t i c e s a n d iiistituons t h a t c r i u c i z e
h a p s oi'eiiiost, D o r a n ' s i s o n i o r p h i s i n relies u p t > n lve c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d
I laims a b o u t f a c t u a l i i i i i h s , c u l t u r a l vales e x t e n d b e y o n d c o n c e r n w i t h t h e
l e v i s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . A l i h o u g h I a g i e e t h a t l h e r e a r e five l e v i s o f c o n -
\A\\U- ol f a c t u a l truilis. Cultural institutions c o i i m i u n i c a t e , cultivate, a n d
s c i o u s n e s s , t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e t h a t L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f t h o u g l i t so a l the
i r l i u c l h e vales t h a t m a k e h n m a n lives, instuons, a n d g o o d s o f o r d e r
l i m e h e w a s w i i i i n g Method in Theology. T o t h e best o f i i i y k n o w l e d g e , t h e firsi
UHMiiingful a n d *vc")rth c h o o s i n g . C u l t u r e s l e l l s i o r i e s a n d s i n g s o n g s a b o u t
me that Lonergan nientioned a fifth level was i n fall I97'J, after Method
I M ' I O C S a n d l i e r o i n e s a n d t h e vales t h e y i n c a r n a i e . C u l t u r e s b u i l d monu-
in Theology h a d b e e n p u b l i s h e d . " ' ' N o w , i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t L o n e r g a n devel-
iiicuts l o g r e a t a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p e o p l e l o b e e i i i u l a t e d a n d t o b e e m b o d i e d
o p e d h i s f o r m u l a u o n o f t h e scale b a s e d o n cliffei-euces i n e x p e r i e n c e s o f h i t
lu i n d i v i d u a l d e e d s a n d i n social i n s t i t u t i o n s . C n l u i r e s devel(.)p u n i v e r s i t i e s
own levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , e v e n t h o u g h h e h a d n o t yet a r t i c u l a i e d t h i s f o r
U K I o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s d e d i c a t e d t o c r i t i c i z i n g c l a i m s r e g a r d i n g vales, i n
h i m s e l f w i t h c o m p l e t e c l a r i t y . Hfjwe\'er, I t h i n k t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e needed
i t d d i t i o n l o c r i l i c p i i n g c l a i m s r e g a r d i n g facts. I n d e e d c u l t u r e s cultvale c o m -
to h a v e at least s o m e k i n d o f v a g u e l y f o r m u l a t e d l i n d e i s t a n d i n g o f t h e fivc
m i t m e m s t o t h e vaha; o / f a c t u a l t r u t h . I t is n o t c l e a r . t h e r e f o r e , t h a t ibis
lex'els o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n o r d e r t o t h i n k o u t five v a l u levis o n t h i s b a s i s .
l i i o . i d l l e l d o f c u l t u r a l vales c a n b e e m b r a c e d w i i h i n a correspondence
A s e c c ) u d d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s w i l h r e s p e c t lo ihe specific correspondences
w i l h the t h i r d l e v e l o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . f h e y s e e m m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e l o l h e
b e t w e e n t h e level o f consciousne.ss a n d t h e p r o p o s e d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h a
l o i i r i h le\'el cf c c j n s c i o u s n e s s .
l e v e l o f v a l e s i n a t l e a s t t w o c a s e s , i f n o t m o r e . I n i d a l l y t h e cor t e s p o n d e n c c
fhese c o n s i d e r a t i o n s led m e to p r o p o s e the altrnale way o f s u p p o i ' t i n g
between i h e level o f e x j i e r i e n c i n g a n d vital vales seems lo m a k e sense,
L o n e r g a n ' s f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h e scale o l valu p i e f e r e n c e that 1 presenied
b u t c o n s i d e r f o r a m c n n e n i s o m e e x a m p l e s o f v i t a l vales: h e a l t h , s t r e n g t h ,
r,u lier i n ibis c h a p t e r . I n fact. D o r a n h i m s e l f p r o p o s e d a s e c o n d a p p r o a c h
vitality, r o b u s i n e s s , ferdlity, fic>urishing ( a l o n g w i t h t h e i r o p p o s i t e s , t h e dis-
( o o i m d i u g t h e s c a l e o f vales t h a t is v e i y c i s e t o m y o w n . H e w r o t e : " F r o m
values o f disease, weakness, l e t h a r g ) , e i c ) . Ifwe restrict ourselves to d i r
I H ' I O W , m o r e basic levis [ o f v a l n e ] a r e r e q u i i e d f o r t h e e m e r g e n c e o f h i g h e r
data o f sense a n d c o m p a i e t h e acts a n d c c ) n i e n t s o f sense e x p e r i e n c i n g
I r v r i s ... w h e r e a s fi'oni above. diese p r o p c ) r t i o n a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s are tbe
w i t h t h e s e v i t a l vales, i is d i f f i c u l t t o d i s c e r n t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s . Seeing
I n i u l i i i o n o f possibilit)' o f the a p p r o p r i a t e schemes o f r e c u r r e n t events at
c o l o u r a n d s h a p e , h e a r i n g p l i c h a n d inbre, f e e l i n g t h e r o u g h , s n i o o t h ,
die m o r e basic levis."'''
p a i n f u l , p l e a s a n t , h o t , c o l d , t a s t i n g sweel, sour, saliy, etc. - these a r e m a i ' k -
H e r e O o i a i i m a k e s a very s u b t l e but very i m p o r t a n t d i s t i n c t i o n . O t l i r r s
e d l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m d i e vales r e v e a l e d i n f e e l i n g h e a l t h y , s t r o n g , e n e r g e l i c ,
i i i i g l i t t h i n k o f c o i i d i t i o n i n g i n o n l y o n e d i r e c o n , f r o m b e l o w : we m u s t e a t
etc. M o r e o v e r , L o n e r g a n ' s t w o s c ) u r c e s , S c h e l e r a n d vcjri F l i l d e b r a n d (as
I n ( u d c r t o w o r k o r p a i n t o r t o pray. W h i l e c o n d i u o n i n g f r o m b e l o w c e r i a i n l y
 '106 Pan. IV: Wh-ai ls lroLighi A b o u l by D o i n g T h a i ?
h a p p e n s , D o r a n l e c o g n i z e s l h a t l h e r e v e r s e is a l s o t r u e , i h e i e c i p r o c a l f o n n
o f c o n d i t i o n i n g f r o m above. VVhen p e o p l e lose a l l sense o f h i g h e r p u r p o s e ,
they a b a n d o n d i e i r plows i u the. fields.
D o r a n clearly recognizes tliis c o n d i t i o n i n g o f i h e l o w e r by the h i g h e r a n d
illustrates his keen o b s e r r a i i o n w i t h examples f r o m all f o u r o f t h e inter^
faces b e t w e e n i h e five levis o f v a l e s . H e says i h a i w h i l e i t s t r u e t h a t t h e
h e a l t h a n d s t r e n g t h (viud vales) o f a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f p e o p l e are n e e d e d
i m p l e m e n t n e w social organizations, o n c e l e c h n o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c , and
p o l i l i c a l i n s i i t t i t i o n s are f u n c u o n i n g actually a n d r e c u r r e n d y , they b e c o m e
t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n d i t i o n s fcir l h e e f f e c t i v e and regular couiinuation of
t h e vales o f h e a l i l i a n d s t r e n g t l i o f i n e u i b e r s o f t b e s o c i e t y Likewise, he
n o t e s l h a t " t h e s o c i a l o r d e r is a d i i " e c i f u n c d o n o f i b e c u l t u r a l vales t h a t
i n f o r m t h e e v e r y d a y l i f e o f d i e c o i m n u n i i ) ' , " ' so t h a t t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e
social o r d e r b e c o m e s crucially d e p e n d e n t upon couiinuation o f cultural
i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d vales. H e a l s o o f f e r s a r g u m e n i s a n d i l l u s t r a i i o n s t h a t t h i i
r e c i p r o c a l relaonship o f the cc>ndioning o f t h e l o w e r f r o m a b o v e a p p l i e s
a l s o l o t h e r e l a u o n s h i p s b e t w e e n c u l t u r a l vales a n d p e i ^ s o n a l i n t e g r i t y a n d
v i r t u e s , a n d b e t w e e n p e r s o n a l i n i e g r i i y a n d r e l i g i o u s vales.^''
I n D o r a u ' s s e c o n d a p p r o a c h . w h a t m a k e s o n e level o f valu h i g h e r t h a n
a n o t h e r is i l s c a p a c i t y , o n c e i t e m e r g e s , t o o p r a l e ' f r o m above" a n d to
sel t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r i h e s u s t a i n e d a n d c o u t i n u e d r e c u r r e n c e o f a w h o l e
series o f x a l u e s a t t h e l o w e r levis. T h i s d o e s n o t n e g a t e l h e fac t h a t t h e
vales a t l o w e r le\'els d o p r c i v i c l e t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e " m a i e r i a l s " o r c o n d i -
t i o n s f o r l h e e m e r g e n c e o f h i g l i e r - l e \ ' e l vales. B u t i t d o e s p o i n t i(.).ward
an explanatory criterion for d i s t i n g u i s l i i n g beiween lower and higher
levis o f v a l n e s . I n t h i s c h a p t e r [ h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d t o e l a b r a t e c r i i e r i a o f
D o r a u ' s s e c o n d a p p r o a c l t , i n h o p e s o f prc)\'idiiig a d d i t i o i i a ! s u p p o r t a n d
specificity.
Linally, a n anc>nymt)us reviewer o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t o f l h i s b o o k proposed
a g r o u n d i n g t h a t I t h i n k is c p i i t e p r o m i s i n g a n d s u b s i a n t i a l l y c o r r e c t , b u l
o n e l h a t is n o t w i i h o u t s o m e d i f i c i d t i e s . S t i l l , t h i s p r o p o s a l n i i g h t t u r n o u l
t o b e t h e m o s t sc">lid a p p r o a c h l o i b i s c p i e s o n .
T h e reviewer wrote:
B y r n e ' s a r g u m e n t - c o r r e c t as f a r as i t g o e s - d o e s n o t b r i n g i m o
clear focus the invariant analog)' u n d e r l y i n g t h e f o r m u l a l i o n o f t h e
s c a l e ... P r o . x i m a i e l y , i i is a n a n a l o g ) ' o f m e t a p h y s i c a l s l i u c t u r e .
p o i e n c y : f o r m : a c t : a g e n l : : v i i a l : s o c i a l : c u l t u r a l : p e r s o n a l vales
L o n e r g a n sets u p t h i s a n a l o g y q u i t e c l e a r l y i n h i s 1 9 G 4 / 5 t r e a t l s e / >
L x p l a n a i u r y G e n e r a a n d i h e O b j c c n v . Scale o l ' Vales
f h i s a r g u m e n t m a y ov m a y u o t b e c o r r e c t - B ) ' r n e h a s e a r l i e r r a i s e d
a g o o d q u e s t i o n a b o u t w h e i h e r v i t a l \'aliies m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h
p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s i n c o n t i - a d i s i i n c t i o n t o g o o d s o f o r d e r - b u t i t seems
l o m e u n d o u b t e c l l y t o be l h e o r i g i n a l gnesis o f L o n e r g a n ' s scheme.
Vloreover, i l relates ( m u c h m o r e d i r e c d y than d o e s B y r n e ' s a r g u -
m e n t ) l h e p r e f c i e i i c e - s c a l e o f vales l o l h e d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n
to p a r t i c u l a r gciocis, g o o d s o f o r c l e r , a n c l t e r m i n a l vales.
hl .Anide 4 ("The C o m p a r i s o n o f G o o d s " ) o f d i e s o o i i - t o - b e - p u b l i s h e d De
ldnii/'liorie,'^' Lonergan presents o n e his m o s t extensive discussion ofthe
d u r e levis o f i l i e i n v a r i a n t s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d . W h i l e h e d o e s n o i
plic i d ) ' s i a i e t h e e x l e n d e d a n a l o g ) ' p r o p o s e d b y t h e r e v i e w e r ( i . e . , p o i e n c y :
l i . t m : a c t : a g e n t : : v i t a l : s o c i a l : c u l t u r a l : p e r s o n a l v a l e s ) , it is t r u e t l i a t t h e
I o u i c M o f Loiiei-gan's i r e a t m e n t d i e r e suggesis s t r o n g c o n n e c t i o n s among
i h r i h r e e levis o f t h e s i n i c i . u i * e o f t h e h u m a n g o o c l a n d t l i e five levis o f d i e
I . l l l ' o f v a l n e p r e l e i ' e n c e - s t r o n g e r t h a n a n y w h e r e else i h a i I a m a w a r e of^'"'
l i i s i , as t h e r e v i e w e r n o t e s , De Redeni/Hioiie does e x p l i c i t l y i n v o k e t h e iso-
luoiphism between t h e t h r e e m e i a p h y s i c a l e l e m e n t s a n d t b e t h r e e levis
l l l di<- l i u m a n g o o c l as d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , a l i h o u g h h e t e h e p r o c e e d s from
dn iilogical rather than philosophical g r o u n d s . Lonergan writes:
l u t h e l i g h t o f i h i s it b e c o m e s i m m e c l i a i e l ) ' c l e a r l h a t c r e a i e d g o o d
is c o m p o s e d o f t h r e e e l e m e n t s , as i t w e r e . T h e r e is t h e p o t e n t i a l
e l e m e n t t h a t ls f o u n d i n p o s s i b i l i t i e s t a k e n s i n g l y : s e c o n d , t h e
f o r m a l e l e m e n t t h a l is d i s c e r n i b l e i u a w i s e o r c l e r i n g ; t h i r d . t h e
a c t u a l e l e m e n t , o r v a l u , w h i c h c o n s i s t s i n its c o m n i e n s u r a b i l i l ) ' t o
an e n d a n d h e n e e ILS worthiness to be chosen.
B i l l w h a i e \ ' e r is f o u n d i n a n y c r e a i e d g o o d n m s t n e c e s s a r i l y b e
p r e s e n t i n h u m a n g o o d s . C l e a r l y , p a r t i c u l a r gc>ods b e l o n g t o t h e
p o t e n u a l e l e m e n t , the g o o d o f o r d e r to t h e f o r m a l e l e m e n t , a n d
cultural g o o d , by w h i c h we are l e d t o t r u e w i s d o m , to t h e actual
e l e m e n t . valu.:**'
Sin ( i n d , De Rede////iorte co\Ma\us l h e m o s t extensive discussion o f c u l t u r e
b\n o f w h i c h I a m a w a r e . T h a t d i s c u s s i o n e n r i c h e s h i s n o t i o n o f
I u l i u r e ancl m a k e s i l c l e a r t h a t at l e a s l a t t h a t t i m e , L o n e r g a n was e x p l i c i i l y
i q u a i i n g " c u l t u r a l valu" w i t h *vhai l a t e r he called " t e r m i n a l valu" i n l h e
.11 i i c t i i r e o f t h e h u r n a n g o o d . H e w r i t e s , f o r e x a m p l e ;
A c c o r d i n g l y , s i n c e t h e r e a r e m a n ) ' p o s s i b l e o r d e r s ... l h e r e is a
t h i n l e l e m e n t i n t h e h u m a n g o o d , w h i c h l i a s t o d o w i t h vales,
w h i c h a i i i i s at r e n d e r i n g i i d g m e u t w i s e a n c l w i l l g o o d , a n d w h i c h
j is c a l h ' d t h e c u l t u r a l good.
 HtH l ' a n I V : VVIiai ls h n . u g l i i A l x . u l by D d i n g T h a i ? ^ E x p l a n a m r y G e n e r a a n d i h e Objecve S.alc ..f V'^inr-, Mi'i

T h e r e is a h i e r a r c h ) ' a m o n g i h e s e t h r e e . T h e g o o c l o f o r c l e r is ... 1 Mialh; althougli the reviewer did iioi exieiid die proposed .ui.ilojp
s u p e r i c > r t o p a r t i c u l a r g o o c l s ... C u l t u r a l g o o d is ... f a r s u p e r i o r t o i l i n d e l h i n g t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e l o its Fifth l e v e l o f r e l i g i o u s \.
the good oforder I
IIMI r o m i e c i i o n is m a d e e \ ' i d e n t b y t b e g e n e r a l c o i i t e x i as w e l l as i h e p . i i
Ul i i l . i r s o f Ue Hedewplioiie. T h e o v e r a l l g o a l o f t h e t e x t s t o p r o v i d e a " d e e p < i

Lonergan later ehiborates hi.s leascjns ibr the ascending h i e r a r c h y ol ind nn)re f r u i t f u l , " albeii an imperfect, analogical i n i e r p r e t a t i o n o l ihc-
p a r t i c u l a r g o o c l s , g o o d of o r d e r , a n d cultiu-;d g o o d . Particular g o o d s . he I luisiiaii d o c t r i n e o l f e d e n q j t i o n . Lonergan r e g a r d s t h a t d o c t r i n e as t h e
obseives, are diose goods t h a t m e e t "the r e q u i r e m e n i s o f l i v i n g " - that I H . itliim;i[ion of "the iiiysiei) oi"Gocfs will, 'to gaiher u p all things in Cluisi.
v i t a l g c j o d s . A g o o d o f o r d e r t h a t w o u l d b e f r e e f r o m d i s o r d e r s o r injustice ilnii^sin hea\enandc^n earth' (Ephesians 1 : 9 - 1 0 ) . " f i i o i d e r to a c c o i i i ] l i s h
w o u l c l p r o v i d e "a c o n s t a n t series o f p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s . " O n t h e o t l i e r h a n d , d n s o h e c i i \ e , L o n e r g a n says, h e n e e d s t o f i r s t c c m s i d e r " h o w e a i i h l y r e a l i -
a c u h u r a l gc>od, i n s o l a r as i t is f r e e o i c l i s t o r u o n s a n d russcntimenls, guides lies :ue to be b r o u g h t t o g e i h e r ... h o w t h e i m m a n g o o c l e s p e c i a l l y is p u t
" w i s e p r c ) g r e s s t o w a r d b e i t e r a n d b e t t e r o i c l e r s " a n c l resists t h e f c u c e s thal lll o r d e r " t h r o u g h h u m a n collaboi-ation.^-' VViihin this t h e o l o g i c a l context,
w o t d d l e a d to spirals o f d e c l i n e a n d d e t e r i o r a t i o n . C u l t u r a l g o o d s , accord- I onergan emphasizes t h e i a c t t h a t h t m i a n o r i g i n a i i n g v a l u is a p a r t i c i p a -
i n g t o De Rcdcmplimie, are ccjnstiluteci a n d n n d e r p i n n e d bv n u i i u a l l ) ' f r i e n d l y n o n i 11 d i v i n e g o o c l n e s s , ' " f o r cli\'ine o r i g i n a t i n g valu is n o t o n l y t h e c o n d i -
and loving interpersonal relations. t i o n l h a t m a k e s p o s s i b l e f i n i t e h u m a n o r i g i n a t i n g valu; h u m a n o r i g i n a u n g

T h i r d , De Rerhniiplinne nho r e f e t s t o l h e s e c o n d l e v e l as t h a i o f t h e "social .iliK- is a l s o t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h d i v i n e g o o d n e s s is r e a l i z e d . I f , t h e n , h u m a n

o r c l e r " as w e l l as t h e " g o o d c i f o r d e r . " T h i s l e n d s s u p p o r t t o t h e reviewer's i i i i g i i i a i i n g \ a l u e is h i g h e r i n t h e s c a l e o i ' v a l u p r e l e r e n c e iban cultural,

identificatic-)!! o f "social v a l u " i n t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e with thr * i M i ; d , a u d v i u i l v a l e s b e c a u s e i t is t h e i r c o n d i t i o n , s o alsc r e l i g i o u s v a l u
"end" ( i . e . , g o o d o f o r d e r ) cjf t h e s e c o n d l e v e l i n t h e s u u c t i i r e o f t h e h u m a n (the goodness o f G o d ) is t h e h i g h e s t i n i h e s c a l e o ' v a l n e s b e c a u s e i t is l h e
g o o d . F r o m this it w o n l d s e e m t o f o l l o w t h a t t h e " e n d " o f t h e Hrst level o l o i i g i n a i i n g c o n c l i t i c m o f a l l o t h e r vales, f i u i s t l i e a n a l o g u e proposed by
the s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d (i.e., p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s ) w o u l d be equaied d i e re\'iewer w o u l c l b e c o m e :
w i t h v i t a l vales.

F o u r i h , L o n e r g a n siiuates his discussion o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the h u m a n potenc)': f o r m : aci: h u m a n agent: divine agent::

g o o d i n De Reitieplione w\ih\i\ m u c h b r o a d e r a n c l r i c h e r c o n t e x t l h a t a l s o v i t a l ; s o c i a l : c u l t u r a l : p e r s o n a l : r e l i g i o u s vales
j j r o v i c l e s s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r t h e r e v i e w e r ' s s u g g e s t i o u o f i n t e g r a i i n g t w i i h lhe reviewer also drew atienuon to Lonergan's extended discussion
p e r s o n a l valu, l u m i e d i a i e l ) ' i o l l o \ v i n g the p a r a g r a p h w h e r e he idendiles
o l l h e s o c i a l o r d e r I n De Redemplioiie, where Lonergan t r e a i s l h e levis o f
the t h i r d l e v e l o f t h e h i u n a n gcjoci w i t h c u l t u r e , L c ) n e r g a n w r i i e s t h a t
doiiiesticii)', technolctg)', economy, a n d politics w i t h i n t h e s e c o n d level of

lhe h u m a n good. T h e s e are lhemselves a r r a n g e d hierarchically, with h i g h e r

[ w e ] a r e o u r s e l v e s i n s t a n c e s o f gCM.)cl o i i g i u a t i n g gppd.S- B y o u r
| e , g . , p o l i d c a l ) c o n d i t i o n i n g I c j w e r ( e . g . , e c o n o m i c ) le\'els.'' T h e reviewer
i m a g i n a i i c j u we r e p r e s e n t l o ourselves p a r t i c u l a r m a i e r i a l g o o d s ; by
i n c | i h r y . i n s i g h t , a u d c o n c e p i i o n w e set t h e m i n a g o o d o f ] o r c l e r ; wrote:
by l e f l e c t i o n , j u d g m e n t , a n d w i l l we m a k e d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h o s r
"Social valnes" d e n o t e w h a i e x e r gciods o f o r d e r , w h e i h e r p o l i l i c a l ,
t h i n g s t h a t w e h a v e i m a g i n e d a n d p u t i n o r d e r . T h e r e f o r e , as o r i g i -
s o c i a l , l e c h n o l o g i c a l . e t c . , m a y b e c h o s e n o r i h e s a k e o f s o m e vales
n a i e d g o o d s are i m a g i n e d , o r d e r e d , a n d c h o s e n , so l h e o r i g i n a t i n g
and i n v e s i e d w i t h m e a n i n g s ... T h u s l e c h n o l o g i c a l , p o l i l i c a l , e c o -
g o o d , as t h a t w h i c h o r i g i n a l e s , is w e o u r s e l v e s , a n c l , as t h a t b y w h i c h
n o m i c a r r a n g e m e n t s are "species" w i t h i n the "genus'" o f t h e g o o d o f
w e o r i g n a l e , is l h e a c t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t i n g , o r d e r i n g , a n d c h o o s i n g .
o i c l e r t h a t s c h o s e n i b r t h e s a k e o f a h i g h e r g e n u s o f c u l t u r a l vales.

I n o t h e r w o r d s , L o n e r g a n e x p l i c i d y sitales t h e o r i g i n a u n g vales t h a t f i l i s w a y o f g r o u n d i n g t h e five levis c i f i l i e i m ' a r i a n t s c a l e o f v a l u p r e f e r -

h t u n a n p e r s o n s a r e , as t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g c i r c m n s t a n c e s f o r l h e r e a l i z a t i o n
oi l h e i n s t t h r e e l e v i s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o i " t h e h u m a n g o o d . T h a t is lo
h u m a n p e r s o n a l vales a r e t h e h i g h e r vales t h a t o r i g n a t e c u l t u r a l , s o c i a l ,
a n d v i t a l vales. i
e n c e s h a r e s t h e o v e r a l l a p p r o a c h t h a t 1 p r o p o s e d a b o v e , as w e l l as D o r a u ' s
say, s e c o n d a p p r o a c h : a l e v e l o f valu s h i g h e r i n s o f a r as it is t h e l e v e l t h a t de
iirii) m a k e s p o s s i b l e t h e c o n u n u e d r e a l i z a t i o n o f vales o n t h e l o w e r l e v e l .
1 l o w e v e r , t h e g r o u n d i n g t h a i d e r i v e s f r o m DeRedemptioiwhas t h e advantages
'UO P a n IV: W h a i ls B r o u g h i A b o u i . by D n i n g T h a i ?

o f boi b e i n g s t r o n g l y s u p p o n e d b y L o n e r g a n ' s o w n w r i t i n g s , a n d o f adding; rART FIVE

g r e a i e r a n d e x p l i c i t s p e c i f i c i t y as t o h o w a n d w h y t h e h i g h e r l e v e l g r o u n U
t h e lower.
There is r n t i c l i t l i a t is \ e r y a r t r a c l i v e i n i h e re\'ewei-'s p i ' o p o s a l f o r d i r
g r o u n d i n g o f t h e s c a l e o f vales, b e g i r u d n g \viih t l i e w a y i n w h i c h i i sitales
doinestic, technological, econondc, a n d p o l i l i c a l vales w i t h i n a scale o Method in Ethics
preference. In a d d i t i o n , the proposal w o u l d t e n d to m e o u t any i n t e r m e d i
a r y levis w i t h i n L o n e r g a n ' s f i v e - l e v e l scale o f v a h i e , a n d I a d m i t t h a t this
a p p e a i s t o m e a g r e a t d e a l . I n a d d i t i o n , i t i n t e g r a l e s t h e t h r e e levis o f t h e
i n v a i ' i a n t s t n i c t u r e o f i l i e h u m a n g o o d i t i t o t h e o t h e r w i s e s e p r a t e five lev-
is o f t h e s c a l e o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e , a n d t h i s also s e e m s coi^rect.
However, t h e r e are a couple o f difflctdties with t h e proposal. ' f h e lirsi
was a c t u a l l y n i e n t i o n e d by t h e r e v i e w e r - t h e d i f l l c u l t ) ' o f i d e n t i f ) ' i n g v i i a l
vales w i t h p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s t h a t I r a i s e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s s e c i i o n . Second,
l h e r e seems l o be a n inconsistency i n L o n e r g a n ' s I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f ' ' t e r m i n a l
vales." W h i l e De Redemptione makes the explicit identiflcation with cultural
vales, e l s e w h e r e h e notes t h a t c i v i l i z a t i o n s can be bave vital, social, o r c n i
t u r a l vales as t h e i r t e r m i n a l v a l e s . ' "
T h e s e d i f f i c t d u e s may n o t be i n s u r n i o u n i a b l e , or m a y be t h e difficulties
w i t h D o i a n ' s s u g g e s i i o n o f r o o i i n g t h e scale o f ralue p r e f e r e n c e i n t h e fi\'e
levis o f l u n n a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s . B u t f o i - t h e m o m e n t 1 d o n o t see a c l e a i
r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e d i f f i c i d t i e s . I t is f o r t l i i s r e a s o n t h a t I r e t u r n l o t l u s q u e s -
t i o n o n c e a g a i n i n c h a p t e r i 6.
 15 M e t h o d i n Ethics I :
Preliminaries

l.md Kindly Ughf... do not asl to see the dstant scene, one step enough for me.
-|<ihii H e n i y Ncwman

/\ may be appndiendingsymboUcally a xieiy liigh nwality even though te seems

lo be apprehending nothing lint the particular good.
- Bci-iiard L o n c i - g a i i , iopics

15.1 E t h i c a l I n t e n t i o n a l i t y as M e i h o d i c a l

' l i l e u ' o i ' d " r n e t h o d " c o m e s f r o m Gi^eck r o o t s h i e r a l l } ' m e a n i n g l h e "w'ay a f t e r "

{meta ho<los) or t h e " p n r s n i i , " e s p e c i a l l y t h e |:)ursuit o f kn(.>\vledge. I n c o l l o -
( p i i a l s p e e c h , a n i e t h o d is s i m p l y a w a y o f d o i n g s o m e t h i n g t o a c h i e v e a g o o d
r e s n i t . I n t h i s sense, t h e n , e v e r y t i m e a l u i i t i a n b e i n g e x e r c i s e s b e r o r h i s
sirnctui-e o f e d n c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' i n l h e a t t e m p t to w o r k o i i ( , d e c i d e u p o n ,
a n d c a t T y o n t a v a h i a b l e c o u r s e c:>f a c t i o n , h e o r s h e is b e i n g n i e t h o d i c a l -
n g a g i n g i n a wav o f d o i n g s o m e t l h n g t o a c h i e v e a g o o d r e s u l t .
W h e n we hear i l i e p h r a s e " b e i n g n i e t h o d i c a l , " w h a t usually c o m e s to m i n d
is m e d c u l o n s a d h e r e n c e t o r u l e s as t h e r i g h t w a y o f d o i n g t h i n g s . Lonergan,
h o w e v e r , l i a d a d i f f e r e n i n d e r s t a n d i n g o f m e t h o d . M e d e f i n e d a m e t h o d as
"a i i o r n i a t i v e p a i i e r n o f r e c u i r e n i a n d l e l a t e d o p e r a u o n s )'ielding cuniula-
ii\ a n d progressive r e s u l t s . " ' F u r t h e r , he p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e e x e r c i s e o f
lhe f m i d a m e n i a l siructure of intentionality thalguides and orients h i n u a n
c o n s c i o u s a c i i v i i y a c r o s s i h e f o u r levis o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s fus t h i s d e f u i i i i o n
o l i n e t h o d . I n f a c t , h e j u d g e d t h i s s t r u c t u r e t o b e so f u n d a m e n t a l t h a t he
( alled il lhe " t r a n s c e n d e n i a l n i e t h o d , " i n i l i e s e n s e t l i a t i t is so u l i i i p h i o i i s
 H'l V: M C I I K H I In l i d i i c s \ l , - l h , i ( l i n l'.ihis I; l'i c l i i n i i i a i ies ^\'^

i h a i I L r a n s c e n d s d i s c i p l i n a n ' a n d e v e n c u l t u i a l b o u n d a r i e s . VVe c o u l d s.u, m e , l l l b ) " m e t h o d I n e t h i c s , " a u d i t is i u t i i n a i e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h w h a t I h a v e

l l i e n , i l i a i evei-)' e x e i x i s e o f e d i i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i i y is a m e i b o d i c a l p r a c i i c e i u 1 ,illed (he eihics o f d i s c e r n m e n l .
L o n e r g a n ' s sense. F o r L o n e r g a n , t h e n , b e i n g m e i h o d i c a l cctnsisis i u caif W h i l e t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s c h a p t e r is a u e x p l i c a t i o u a n d a c l a p t a i i o n o f
fully discerning and faiihfully following l h e norms e m b e d d e d a n d alread\ I . n w r g a n ' s f u n c t i o n a l specialties 1 0 die lleld o f ethics, i i c a n n o t subsutute
siirring in lhe s i n i c i m e s of cognition a n d elhical inteniionalii)'. In oihei lili a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f l h e f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s as e x p l a i n e d i n Meihod in
w o r d s , b e i n g m e i h o d i c a l is n o i p r i m a r i l y a i n a i i e r o f f o l l o w i n g nales. R a l l i e i . theology i t s e l f I t is m y h o p e , t h e r e f o r e , i h a i i h e following pages l e a d read-
I j e i n g m e i h o d i c a l is f o l l o w i n g i h e i m m a n e n i , s e l f - t r a n s c e n d i n g , dynami(
eis l o l a k e u p t h a t t e x t i n o r d e r 1 0 m o r e d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t e i l i e b e n e f i t s of
n o r m s l h a i oprale i n i l i e su-ucimes o f o u r consciousnesses. Indeed, lhe
. i p p o i a c h i n g e t i u c a l issues i n t h i s m e i h o d i c a l way.
exercise o f operations in accorti wiili t h e s e s i i a i c i u r e s is i h e o r i g i n o f a l l
r u l e s a n d o f a l l a c c e p i a n c e s o f rules. I n i l i i s sense, a g a i n , e v e r y exercise n i
I r,.'j T h e iVIethod o f Ethics i n Insight
e l h i c a l i n l e n l i o n a l i l y is m e i h o d i c a l .

B u l lilis, o f course, does n o l go fai" e n o u g l i , VVe n d g l u . j u s t as w e l l sa\ Meihod in Theology' cloes n o l m a k e a n y c l a i m s 1.0 p r o v i d e a m o d e l f o r i n e i l i o d
l h a i e v e i y h u m a n b e i n g uses l h e s c i e n t i f i c m e i h o d , b e c a u s e e v e r y h u m a n I U e t h i c s , bul/,v/^//does. I n t h e " P r e f a c e , " L o n e r g a n w r o t e t h e f o l l o w i n g :
b e i n g has e x p e r i e n c e s , asks q u e s i i o n s , g e i s i n s i g h i s , f o r m s h y p o i h e s e s , a n d
e n g a g e s i n s e l f - c o r r e c i i n g processes i n o r c l e r l o c h e c k o u i i h o s e hypotheses A s m e t a p h y s i c s is d e r i v e d f r o m l h e k n o w n s i r u c t u r e o f t^ne's k n o w -
which is w h a i s c i e n i i s i s d o . T h i s s e e m s a b s u r d , liowe\'er, b e c a u s e b y "sci i n g , so a n e i h i c s r e s u l t s fi'oni knowledge of lhe c o m p o u n d siructure
eniilic mediods" we mean someihing m u c h more specialized than such o f c->iie's k n o w i n g a n d c l o i i i g ; a n d as i l i e m e l a p h y s i c s , sc-> t o o l h e e t h -
geneiic performance o f these aciiviiies. cine w i i h o u i h i g l i l y specialized i c s p r o l o n g s t h e i n i t i a l s e l f - c r i t i c i s m intc> a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n
s c i e n i i n c i r a i n i n g c o n l d l e g i t i n i a t e l y be s a i d 1 0 be u s i n g a s c i e n t i f i c m e i h o d , o f a l l ethical positions a n d into a criieritm for passiiigjudgment o n
Specialized meihods therefore in\'ol\'e m c i r e i b a n s i m p l y t l i e e x e r c i s e o l each o f them.:'
l h e n o r m a t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f h u m a n consciousness. ' f l i e y i n v o l v e s o m e sort o l
r e n n e m e n t of that exercise which comes f r o m training and practice, ( i l e a r l y a m e l l i o d so ccHicei\'ed c o u l d p a ) ' l h e r o l e o f c r i t i c a l l y e n g a g i n g
flence, f o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s , m e t h o d i n a less g e n e r i c sense involves s o u r c e s o f e t h i c a l t h o i i g h i a n d a c t i o n t h a l ha\'e b e e n p a s s e d a l o n g t o us.
m o r e i h a n t h e p l a i n e x e r c i s e o f t h e mai\'e e n d o w m e n t o f o u r o w n s u a i c t u r e I l o w e v e r , L o n e r g a n d i d 1101. a c t u a l l y f o l l o w t h e p a t h t o that. i n e t h o d i n t h e
ofediical i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . W h a t is n e e d e d i n a d d i t i o n is l h e e x p l i c i t u n d c i ' - i i K u i n e r h e a n n o i m c e d i n t h e p r e f a c e . KacI h e d o n e so, h e w o u l d h a v e first
s i a n d i n g , f o r m n l a t i o n , ancl delibrate c o m m i u n e n i to a m o r e differendated .uiicnlated this c o m p o u n d s i r u c t u r e o f s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w i n g a n d doing,
ancl r e f m e d p r a c i i c e o f t h a t s t r u c i u r e . n e x t i n v i t e d t h e r e a d e r 10 a p p r o p r i a t e t h a l s t r u c t u r e f o r h e r s e l f ctr h i m s e l f ,
I n l i i s r e c e b o o k , Doing Beiier: The Next H<niolulio)i iii Eihics, Tad Dunne ,111(1 o n l y t h e n w o r k e d o u l t b e m e t h o d f o r e v a l u a u n g a l l e i h i c a l posiUons.
has a r g u e d i h a i w h a t L o n e r g a n called t h e " e i g h t f u n c i i o n a l specialties" ol I b i s was t h e p a i l i h e d i d f o l l o w i u w o r k i n g o u t a m e t h o d f o r melaphysics
t h e o l o g i c a l m e t h o d are airead)' operative in o r d i n a r ) ' exercises o f h u m a n 011 t h e basis o f .self-affirmation o f c<:)gnitional s i r u c t u r e , b u l h e i i e g l e c t e d lo
e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . - l u l h i s c h a p t e r I w i l l b u i l d u p o n liis c l a i m , f o c u s i n g lollc>w t i l r o u g h o n l h i s [3ath t o w a r d s a m e t h o d i n e i h i c s .
o n h o w t h e m o r e e x p l i c i t ap|ropriaiion o l those e i g h t f u n c i i o n a l special Instead, Lonergan's first step i n h i s insighl c h a p t e r on e i h i c s vvas t o
ties c a n b e c o r n e a m o s l i m p o r t a n t p a r a d i g m f o r a m o r e r e l i n e c i m e t h o d i n ' w o r k c j t i t s u c h n o t i o n s as t h e g o o d , w i l l , v a l u , o b l i g a t i o n . " ' ' O n l y after
e t h i c s . I n d o i n g so, I e n d e a v o u r t o t a k e D u n n e ' s anal)'sis a s t e p f u r t h e r . 1 I h i s d i d h e t h e n ( l u n 10 s o m e t h i n g l i k e a n ' A c c o u n t o f t h e s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i -
w i l l p r o p c s e t h a t i n o u r o r d i n a r ) ' e x e r c i s e s o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y w e alwavs t . l l nieniionaliix'.'' flowev'er, h e d i d so u n d e r l h e h e a d i n g , " T h e N o d o n cjf
r e s p o n c l l o e t h i c a l l e a c h i n g s we have r e c e i v e d f r o m o n e o r a n o t h e r source freedom," r a t h e r t h a n i i i i c i e r a h e a d i n g s u c h as " T l i e C o m p o n n d Struc-
o r t r a d i t i o n . I w i l l f t n a l i e r a r o ' u e d i a t i l d e l i i v 10 the s t r u c t u r e o f o u r ethi- iure o f K n o w i n g a n d Dcjing." I n o t h e r words, he used the a c c o u n t o f the
cal i n t e n t i c m a l i t y m e a n s t h a t w e c a n ancl s h o u l d engage w i t h i h o s e sources ( o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e o f k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g as i h e basis f o r l i i s p h i l o s o p l i i -
a n d t r a d i t i o n s criticall)'. ] will suggest f u r t h e r t h a t L o n e r g a n ' s meihodical, c.il a c c o u n t o f f r e e d o m , n o l as l h e b a s i s o f a n i n t e g r a l h e u r i s t i c s t r u c t u r e
i n t e g r a t e d f u n c t i o n a l specialties p r o v i d e t h e h e u r i s d c g u i d a n c e n e e d e d for for eihics.
thai critical engagement. This f u n h e r refinement o f o u r practice ofethical N'ow w e m a y i v e l l a s k , "I-Io^v c a n s u c h e i h i c a l n o t i o n s as t h e g o o d , v a l u ,
i n i e n d o n a l i t y i n t o t h e i n t e g r a t e d e i g h t f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s is w h a t 1 w i l l a n d o b l i g a t i o n be ' w o r k e d o u t ' m e t h o d i c a l l y , p r i o r to a r t i c u l a t i n g a n d
 416 P i i n V: M e i h o d i n l u h i c s ' M e i h o d in fihics I: l'reliniinaiies 417

appropriaiing lhat compound s t r u c i u r e ? " 1 have a i g u e d i n c h a p t e r i;^ b e i n g , n o t m e r e l y cogniuc"uially, b u t really, existentially ("real self-tran-
a n d elsewhere i h a i L o n e r g a n ' s analysis o f l h e n o i i o n o f t h e g o o d i n Insighl .( e n d e n c e " ) w h e n w e c h c i o s e a n d l o v e " a c t u a l g o o d n e s s . " . M u r n i o n g o e s o n
suffers f r o m a n i n n b e r o f d i l T i c u l t i e s , b u t t h a t those c o i d d h a v e b e e n over- I n say t h a t f r o m A q u i n a s ' perspeclive,
e m e i f L o n e i g a n h a d i n v o k e d i k e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o i i o n o f valu." H e a d m i t -
ted later on that he h a d not recognized this n o t i o n o f v a l n e at the t i m e [ ' f h e r e l a i i o n o f i l i e i n i n d t o being as good occurs in reality insofar
o f t h e w r i u n g o f Insight, a n d this u n q u e s t i o n a b l y affected his approach to as t h e m i n d [ b y l o v i n g ] a p p r o p r i a t e s t h e vales i n t h e m s e l v e s o f t h e
e i h i c s i u Insight. I n the earlier chapiers o f this book I have explained why
b e i n g s i t a c t u a l l y k n o w s ... K n o w l e d g e o f t h e t r u t h a l w a y s s u p p l i e s
1 think thal self-appropriation of tlie luuesiricted n o t i o n o f v a l n e would
a percepiion of ihe goodness of being, even if tlie goodness o f more
have affected bis answers to the t h r e e basic ethical q u e s t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g an
p a r t i c i d a i " b e i n g s is a i u m e s m o r e i i u m e d i a t e a n d c o m p e l l i n g t h a t
a c c o u n t o f t h e g o o d . B e f o r e m o v i n g o n l o t h e q u e s i i o n o f hc>w a f u l l a m l
that o f goodness i t s e l f "
explicit a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f the u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n o'valu a n d the struc-
t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y affects t h e a p p r o a c h t o a m e t h o d i n ethics,
l h i s i m p l i e s t h a t w i t h o u t a suTicieny c o m p r e h e n s i v e heuristic n o u o n
however, I offer a brief account o f m y nderstanding o f w h a t Lonergan
ni b e i n g , o n e ' s n o t i o n of t h e goocl will be r e s t r i c t e d tiierely to t h e l i m i t e d
was a t t e m p t i n g i n Insighl.
i i a l i i i o tbe beings that o n e actually knows. O r in an even m o r e severe
The key n o t i o n i n t h e Insight approach t o e t h i c s is w h a t Lonergan u n p o v e r i s h m e n t , apart IVom a sufficiendy o p e n n o d o n o f being, i h e n o U o n
termed t h e " e x i g e n c e for s e l f - c o n s i s t e n c y in knowiug and doing,"" An lll t h e g o o d w i l l c o u t r a c t t o w h a t o n e m e r e l y perceives i m m e d i a t e l y and
e x i g e n c e is a d e m a n d o r a r e q u i r e i r i e n t o r a n e c e s s i i y . T h i s e x i g e n c e f o r lecis i n t e n s e l y , l a c k i n g g e n u i n e k n o w l e d g e o f s u c h t h i n g s .
self-consisiency i t n c i i o n s as l h e i n t r i n s i c nCH"m f o r e t h i c s i n Insight. It h w o u l d seem, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a w a i ' e n e s s o f ( o r conversin lowards) d i e w h o l e -
plays t h e r o l e i n e t h i c s liat t h e d e i a c h e d a n d d i s i i n e r e s t e d d e s i r e t o k i i o w III-SS o b e i n g is a p r e c o n d i i i c u f b r c o n v e r s i n a n d a w a i e n e s s o t h e w h o l e n e s s
(i.e., t h e n o t i o n o f b e i n g ) plays i n b i s m e t a p h y s i c s . B u t as I a r g n e d n I 'I t h e g o o c l , a n d t h a t t h i s i n l u r n is t h e basis f b r g e n u i n e e t h i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d
chapier i y , a p r o b l e m a i i s e s i f w e a s k , " V V i i h j u s t w h a t kind o f k n o w i n g is . i c i i o n . . V I u r n i o n arges f u r t h e r t h a t L o n e r g a n , f o l l c n v i n g A q u i n a s , d e v e l o p e d
o u r d o i n g su|Dposed to b e c o n s i s t e n t ? " It w o u l d s e e m l h a t t h e consistency
.111 e t h i c s o " s e l f r e s p o n s i b i l i t ) ' o f f r e e w i l l " t h a t respecLs t h e f u l l n e s s o f b e i n g f a r
s h o u l d be with o u r value-knowing, a n d especially w i t h o u r k n o w i n g the
h c t i e r t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r majen" c o n t e n d i n g e t h i c a l t i ( i d i i i o n s .
nu:)ral valu o f w h a t w e o u g h t to d o . U n f o i t u n a i e l y , L o n e r g a n ' s discus
N o w i f L o n e r g a n was i n d e e d i m p l i c i d ) ' a d o p t i n g s o m e i h i n g l i k e A c p i i n a s '
s i o n o f t h a t k i n d o f kiTOwing c o m e s aftei", n o l b e f o r e , his d e p l o y m e n t ol
p o s i t i o u as M u r n i o n d e s e r i b e d i t , t h e n i t ls p o s s i b l e L o n e r g a n t h o u g h i t h a t
lhis n o t i o n o f the e x i g e n c e for consistency. T h e o n l y k i n d o f knowiii),;
h i s m e t a p h y s i c s w o u l c l s u f f i c e as t h e basis f o r h i s e t h i c s - I'or t h i s w o u l d
l h a t l i a d b e e n d i s c u s s e d u p l o t h a t p o i n t was f a c t u a l k n o w i n g - c o i n n u u i -
esiablish t h e " p a r a l l e l ancl i n i e r p e n e i r a t i o n o f m e l a p h y s i c s a n d ethics."'"
sense/descripiive k n o w i n g , inierpersonal/dramaiic k n o w i n g , scientific/
I h e r e is s o m e e v i d e n c e t h i s . l u 'lopics in lducation L o n e r g a n w r o t e , "VVe w i l l
explanatory k n o w i n g , k n o w i n g the realily o f "things,"' a n d philosophical
\tart f r o m t h e w e l l - k n o w n l a g ens el bonum convertuntur, being and the good
self-knowledge o f t h e k n o w e r , o f o b j e c i i v i l y , a n d o f b e i n g . N o valu k n o w
,ire c o n v e r t i b l e . " ' : ' I n De redemptioin h e i r e a i s l h e c o n v e r t b i l i t y o f b e i n g a n d
i n g h a d been discussed p r i o r to L o n e r g a n ' s m e n i i o n of t h e consistency n i
l h e g o o d as a k i n c l o f a x i o m , f r o m w h i c h h i s w h o l e a c c o u n t o f g o o c l , e v i l ,
k n o w i n g a n d dc>ing, at least u o t e x p l i c i t l y .
.111(1 r e d e m p t i o n p r o c e e d s . ' ' B o t h w o r k s w^re w r i t t e n o n l y a c o u p l e o f years
O n e possible e x p l a n a t i o n f o r L>nergan's a p p r o a c h i n /W/^//is suggesied , i l i e r l h e c o m p l e t i o n o f Insight. The ideniification of being and the good
by a rece p a p e r by ilie late VVilliain M u r n i o u . ' ^ T h e r e V I u r n i o n arges that . l i s o ' i u i c i i o n s as t h e f o u n d a i i o n a l a - s s u m p i i o n . ou t h e basis o f w h i c h t h e
f o r A q u i n a s , a n y p h i l o s o p h y ( i n c l u d i n g e i h i c s ) m u s t r e s t u p o n a n analysis ln\ight chipter ou e t h i c s u n f o l d s . ' - '
c>f b e i n g . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t , f o r A c p i i n a s , " w e c a n d o g o o d w h e n w i l l is f t i n i ,Sill, a l t h a t p o i n t i n L o n e r g a n ' s career, t h e c o n v e r t i b i l l t y o f b e i n g and
l i o n i n g , i n onr (fue.'it to ideniify our m i n d s xuith being" and "the m a t c h beiweni l h e goocl f t u i c l i o n e d s i m p l y as a n a s s u m p t i o n f o r w h i c h n o g r o u n d s are
a p p e i e a n d being m good o c c u r s i n realily, i n s o f a r as a p p e t i t e is g r a i i l i e d b\ olfered, If lhe "tag" derives ultimately f r o m Aqninas's a p p r o a c h , Lonergan
t h e c/frt/goodness o f w h a t e v e i i t d e s i r e s . " - ' I n o l h e r w o i d s , f o r A q u i n a s , l h e w o u l d h a v e h a d to e x p l a i n h o w A q n i n a s ' s way o f m a k i n g t h e t h e o r y o f b e i n g
m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s i for h u m a n b e i n g s is t o " i d e n i i f y w i t h b e i n g . " VVe l o u m i a t i o i i a l t o e t h i c s c o u l d be transp(3sed uto h i s o w n m e t h o d , A u d w h i l e
" i d e n i i f y " w i t h b e i n g c o g n i t i c j u a l l } ' w h e n we b e c o m e o n e w i t h s o m e aspeci 1 . o n e r g a n c e r t a i n l y was a c a r e f u l r e a d e r o f A c p i i n a s , t h e r e is n o l e x i u a l e v i -
o f b e i n g i n a v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d j u d g i u e n t o f w h a t i s . ' " VVe " i d e m i l ) " d e i K ( t h a t t h i s p o r u o n o f A q n i n a s ' s i h o u g h t i n f l u e n c e d L o n e r g a n d i r e c t l y
 418 P a n V: M e i l i o d i n E i h i c s Meihod in Lihics l : freliuiinarics I l'i

o n U i i s n i a L i e r . S t i l l , t h i s i n f l u e n c e is a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e p u z z l i n g I h e p r i n c i p a l i m p l i c a i i o n is t h a t t o b e g e n u i n e l y h u m a n is l o l i v e ii a w a y
way t h a i L o n e r g a n p r o c e e d e d in chapier i 8 of Insight. ili.li c o o p e i a t e s w i t h a n d p r o m o t e s tlie i m e l l i g i b l e n i o v e m e m of geiicral-
T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , t e x t u a l e v i d e n c e f o i " a s o m e w h a t r e l a t e d w a y o f u i a k i n g i/ed e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y , w h i c h c h a r a c t e i i z e s the finality o f t h e universe.
s e n s e o u i o f L o n e i g a n ' s a p p r o a c h i l i Insighl.. T h e r e is a t l e a s t o n e p o i n t in K e n n e t h A l e l c h i n h a s m a d e l h i s p o i m a i u p l y i n h i s Histoty, Ethics and Emn-
Lonergan's earlier chapters where the consistency between factual knowing yi-ul Erobability."' O l h e r things i n l h e universe c o n t r i b u t e to this i n t e l l i g i b l e ,
and hiunan performance is d i s c u s s e d a t s o m e l e n g t h . T h i s , 1 b e l i e v e , p r o - I n i e i g i n g o r c l e r i n v o l u m a r i l y . T h e y d o so a u i o m a t i c a l l y o n l h e basis c)f t h e i r
v i d e s a m o r e d i r e c t c l u e as t o h o w l . o n e r g a n c o n c e i v e d o f e t h i c s i n Insighl. n.iiurLdly g i v e n c e n t i a l ancl c o n j g a t e f o r m s , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e y w i l l
After a rich and prolonged discussion of the complexities of human I m u i i o n u n d e r a variet)' o f c o n d i t i o n s . H o w e v e r , h u m a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s d o
development, Lonergan wriies, "Genuineness is d i e a d m i s s i o n o f i h a t t e n - nol o c c u r a u t o m a t i c a l l y T h e conients (i.e,, c o n j g a t e f o r m s ) of properly
sin i n t o consciousness, a n d s o i t is t h e n e c e s s a r v ' c o n d i i i o n o f t h e h a r - l i u m a n c o u r s e s o f a c t i o n c a n o n l y c o m e f i o m h u m a n acts o f n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
m o n i o u s co-operation o f the conscious and nnconscious compcments ol h o n i i n s i g h t s , w h i c h p r e c e d e d e c i s i o n s a n d a c i i o n s . I n s o f a r as t h o s e i n s i g h i s
developnieni."''' B y " t f i a t tensin"' L o n e r g a n m e a n s the tensin o l finalily .ne v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d , tliev' g r o i m d c o u r s e s of action thai constitme
o f the universe, the " u p w a r d l y but i n d c l e r n i i n a l e l y directed d y n a m i s m of mielligcni cooperation within pre-existing schemes o f recurrence, o r lhe
all p r o j j o n i o n a i e b e i n g . " ' " T o be a u i h e n t i c a l l v ' h u m a n , d i e r e f o r e , is t o ask i n i e l l i g e n t o r i g i n a t i o n o f n e w schemes, or new stages i n d e v e l o p m e n t s thal
a n d f l n d i n i e l l i g e n t a n d r e a s o n a b l e a n s w e r s a b o u t hovv o n e ' s o w n knowing . l l l ' m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t l y d i f f e r e n i i a t e d t h a n p r i o r siages. M o r e o v e r , w h e n we
is r e l a t e d l o o n e ' s o w n o n g o i n g b u t p r e c o n s c i o u s i g a n l e d e v e l o p m e n t , and pul i n i e l l i g e n t plans i n t o a c t i o n , we are n o l c h o o s i n g t h e m i n i s o l a t i o n . O u r
h o w b o t h are s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e ongc')ing, e m e r g i n g u n i v e r s e o f g e n e r a l i z e d ,11 t i ( n i s b u i l d u p o n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t g a v e r i s e l o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s t o
e m e r g e n t probability. Geiiihneness, in this sense, w h i c h o u r i n s i g h i s a u d c h o i c e s r e s p o n d . VVe a r e t h e r e b y c o o p e r a u n g with
die i m e l l i g i b l e , e m e r g e n t d y n a m i s m o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g itself, w h e t h e r
r e v e i s t o a m a n a i m i v e r s e c)l b e i n g i n w h i c h h e is b u t a n I t e m , a n d tve t h i n k o f t h i s e x p l i c i t l y o r n o t . T h i s is t h e c e n t r a l p o i n t m a d e i n c h a p -
a u n i v e r s a l o r d e r i n w h i c h h i s d e s i r e s a n d feai"s, h i s d e l i g h t a n d tei i\y. " E v e r y consistent choice, a t least i m p l i c i t l y , is a c h o i c e o f univer-
a n g u i s h are b u t i n f i n i t e s i m a l c o n i p o n e m s in the history o f mankind. ..il o r d e r , " a n d " t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f u n i v e r s a l o r d e r is a t r u e v a l u " b e c a u s e
l l invites m a n to b e c o m e i m e l l i g e n t a n d r e a s o n a b l e not o n l y in "seU-conscioLisness c a n n o t c o n s i s t e n d y c h o o s e t h e c o n d i t i o n e d a n d r e j e c t t h e
his k n o w i n g b u t also i n bis l i v i n g , l o g u i d e bis aciicms b)' l e f e r r i n g fiiidition."-" T h e p e n u l i i m a i e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of a n y o f our
i l i e m , n o t as a n a n i m a l t o a h a b i t a t , b u l as a n i n t e l l i g e n t b e i n g t o t h e I o u i s e s o f a c i i o n is l h e llnality o f the universe, w h i c h b r o u g h t a b o u l the
i n t e l l i g i b l e c o n t e x t o f s o m e u n i v e r s a l o r d e r i l i a i i s o r is t o b e ... Tt is M i u a t i o u o u l o f w h i c h o u r a c t i o n e m e r g e s ancl to w h i c h i i responds.
c o n f r o n i e d w i t h a universe o f b e i n g i n w h i c h i t nds itsell, n o t the . ( ) f c o u r s e , p e o p l e c a n a n d d o inconsistently a n d selfishly choose t h e c o n -
center o f reference, b m an object c o o r d i n a t e d with o t h e r objects d i t i o n e d a n d r e j e c t l h e c o n d i t i o n - t h a t is t o say, t h e y c h o o s e a c o u r s e of
a n d , w i t h t h e m , s t i b o i d i n a i e c i io s o m e d e s t i n y t o b e d i s c o v e r e d or ,n ( i o n l h a t s e r v e s a i r i i n c a i e d v i e w o f l h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r w o r l d , a n d w h i c h
invented, a p p r o v e d or disdained, accepted o r repucliated.'^ i l i e n ' f o r e vilales t h e l a r g e r i m e l l i g i b l e d y n a m i c t r a j e c t o i y o f t h e universe
, i i i d h u m a n h i s t o r y S u c h , i t w o u l d s e e m , is t h e e x a c t o p p o s i i e o f genuine-
T h e r e a r e o f c o u r s e several t e r m s i n t h i s passage that r e f e r e n c e matiers ness - k n o w i n g w h o o n e is i n l h e u n i v e r s e a n d h i s t o r y , a n d d o i n g w h a t is
ofvalne a n d n o t m e r e l y m a t t e r s o f f'act " a p p r o v e d or disdained, accepted (lusistent w i l h o n e ' s k n o w i n g o f l h e i m i v e r t e o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e being,
o r r e p u d i a t e d , " f o r e x a m p l e . A t t h a t p o i n t i n Insighl d i e r e is n o g r o u n d f"or Ik l h i s , i t s e e m s , is t h e k i n d o f k n o w i n g r e l e v a n t t o t h e m e t h o d o f e t h i c s ii
addressing how such itidgmeuts ofvalne a n d decisions m i g h t be m a d e ou liisif^ht. T h i s i n t e r p r e t a i i o n is bc"U"iie o m i n t h e s e c i i o n a c t n a l l y e n t i t l e d "The
an objective basis. L o n e r g a n may well have b e e n aware o f t h i s difficulty, b u l \leiliod o f Ethics." T h e r e L o n e r g a n proclaims that tbe "parallel a n d inter-
if h e was, h e d i d n o t a d v e n t o it. T o all a p p e a r a n c e s , t h e p r o f o u n d c h a l l e n g r p e i i e i r a t i o n o f metaphysics a n d eihics" leads to a t h r e e f o l d conclusin:
o f genuineness thal Lonergan i d e n t i f i e s s s i m p l y a m a t t e r o f consistency
betvveen o n e reahn w i t h i n p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g - the actualities o f himiaii f h e obligatory s t r u c t u r e o f o u r rational self^;onsciousness ( i ) nds
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a c t i o n - a n d the d y n a m i c e m e r g e n t p r o b a b i l i t y o f p r o p ( M l i s n i a i e r i a l s a n d i t s basis i n t h e p r o d u c s o f u n i v e r s a l finality, ( 2 ) is
t i o n a t e b e i n g as a w h o l e . T h i s c a l i f o r c o n s i s t e n c y is s a i d t o a r i s e s o l e l ) ' f r n i i i
i t s e l f f u i a l i t y o n t h e level o f i n i e l l i g e n t ancl r a t i o n a l c o n s c i o i i s n e s s ,
the factual knowledge based largely u p o n self-affimiauon o f one's cogni
a n d (_i) is f i n a l i t y c o n f i c m i e d w i t h t h e a l i e r n a i i v e o l c h o o s i n g either
t i o n a l s i n i c t u i ' e a n d its i m p l i c a i i o n s .
development and piogress o r decline and exiinction.-'
 420 PinV: M e i h o d in Ediics M e t h o d i n f d i i c s 1: l ' i c l i i i i i i i a r i f s V>\

H e n e e i i w o u l d s e e n i t h a t t h e p r i n c i p i e f o r a m e d i o d o f e t h i c s as L o n e i - ilic-refore o p e n to i h e e m e r g e n t reality o f t h e essenuai f r e e d o m o f l i m u a i i

g a n a c i u a l i y p r e s e n t s i t i n Jm/gfilcan b e f o r n i u l a i e d as f o l l o w s : " A c l i n s u c h aiiims. B u t w h e r e Kant w o r r i e d abont the threat to freedom posed by
l w a y as l o b e c o n s i s i e u i w i l h l h e i n i e l l i g i b l e f u i a l i i y o f d i e u n i v e r s e o f p r o \ c w i o n i a n science, Lonergan worries a b o u t the threat lo effecuve free-
p o r o n a i e b e i n g . " E x p r e s s e d i n i h i s way, i l b e a r s s i r o n g r e s o n a n c e s lo onc dom posed by i h e u n i i i i e l l i g i b i l i i y a n d irraonaliiy o f d i e accumulaU'd
o f K a n f s f o r m ii l a d o n s o f l h e c a i e g o r i c a l i n i p e r a l i ve: ' A c i as i f y o u r n i a x i n i .nrds l h a i a r i s e b o t h i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y f r o m b i a s e s , d i s t o r t e d s c a l e s
were l o b e c o m e d i r o u g h y o u r will a u n i v e r s a l law o f n a i u r e , " - - I n fact, i u ol \alues, a n d b a d decisions.:^"
l h e /rw/g-/;/chapier o n e i h i c s d i e r e a r e s t r o n g i n d i c a u o n s t h a i L o n e r g a n was I lence i t s e e m s that I .onergan's a p p r o a c h to a i n e t h o d for ethics i n Insight.
r e p l y i n g to Kant. For e x a m p l e , a i l h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c h a p i e r h e writes. u,is i n i e n d e d a t l e a s t i n p a n a s a n a l t e r u a u v e t o a K a n u a n m e d i o d f o r e t h i c s .
" T h e p r e s e n t c h a p t e r , t h e n , seis f o r t h n o t p r e c e p t s b u i t h e g e n e r a l f o r m o l i i o u c e r n i n g that alternative, he goes o n lo r e m a r k lhat a n i e d i o d o f edi-
precepts."':^ K a n t , o f c o n r s e , was l i k e w i s e c o n c e r n e d n o t t o s e t f o r t h a c o d e I. s so c o n c e i v e d pertains to all h u m a n beings because e v e r y o n e possesses
o f m a x i m s , b u t r a t h e r " t h e f o r m u l a o f a [ m a x i n i , w h i c h ] is c a l l e d a n i n i p e r a - dif exigence for consistency o f such k n o w i n g a n d acung. R e f e r r i n g not
l i v e . ' " ' VVe m i g h t say t h a t f o r L o n e i - g a i i i n iusiglil, ihe caiegorical iinperadve |usi l o d i e g e n e r a l form o f precepts, b u t the o n g o i n g generadon of ihose
becomes one o f consistency beiween k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g - " A c t always in precepts i n (be t h i n k i n g of the historical sequences of individual h u m a n
s u c h a w a y as t o p r o m o l e t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e e m e r g e n c e o f p r o p o r i i o n a t e b e i n g . beings, L o n e r g a n wriies:
a n d t o re\'erse i r r a t i o n a l d e c l i n e . " - - ' '
In the same c h a p i e r L o n e r g a n addresses a n o t h e r o f Kant's most fun- A c c o r d i n g l y , e t h i c a l m e t h o d ... c a n t a k e s u b j e c t s as t h e y a r e ; i t
damental issues - lhe affirmation of h u m a n freedom.'" Melchin has c a n c o r r e c t a n y a b e r r a t i o n i n i h e l r views by a d i a l e c t i c a l cricism;
a r g u e d t h a t t h i s is t h e u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e o f L o n e r g a n ' s c h a p t e r o n e i h - a n d i l c a n a p p l y these c o r r e c i e d views t o i h e t o i a l i t y o f concrete
ics.Indeed the q u e s t i o n i m p l i e d i n tbe l i d e to the c h a p i e r , " T h e Pos- o b j e c t s o f c h o i c e . S u c h a m e t h o d n o t o n l y sets f o r d i p r e c e p t s b u t
s i b i l i t y o f E t h i c s , " is a v e r s i n o f K a n t ' s o w n question - w h e t h e r a cai- also bases t h e m o n t h e i r real p r i n c i p i e s , w h i c h are n o t p r o p o s i -
e g o r i c a l i m p e r a t i v e is p o s s i b l e d e p e n d s o n t h e a n s w e r t o w h e t h e r h u m a n t i o n s o r j u d g m e n t s b u t e x i s i i n g p e r s o n s ; i t iicu. o n l y sets o r t i i
b e i n g s a r e free,''''^ c o r r e c t | r e c e p i s b n t alscj p r o v i d e s a r a d i c a l c r i t i c i s m f o r m i s i a k e n
Because L o n e r g a n d e p a r t e d a i the o u i s e i f r o m Kant's a c c o u n t o f specu- p i - e c c p i s ; i l is n o i c o n t e n t o a p p e a l t o l o g i c f o r t b e a p p l i c a u o n
lative o r pur reason, his accounis o f f r e e d o m a n d the f o r m o f ethical o f p r e c e p t s , f o r i t c a n c r i t i c i z e s i t u a t i o n s as w e l l as s u b j e c t s , a n d
p r e c e p t s also d i f f e r f r o m those o f Kant." W h e r e n a t u r e was f o r K a n t a i l c a n i n v o k e d i a l e c u c a l analysis to reveal hc)W s i t u a t i o n s are t o
d e i e r m i n i s t i c system g o v e r n e d by s o m e t h i n g l i k e d i e N e w i o n i a n laws o l be c o r r e c i e d ; nally, b e c a n s e s u c h a m e i h o d c l e a r l y g r a s p s a n
n a t u r e , l o r L o n e r g a n i h e i m i v e r s e has t l i e " i q i j w a r d h ' b u t i n d e t e r i i i i n a t e l y " u n c h a u g i n g dynamic strucinre i m m a n e n t in developing subjects
dynamic intelligibility o f generalized emergent probabiliiy. T h e questions that deal with c h a n g i n g situadons in correspoiidingly c h a n g i n g
of freedom, l h e n , a n d o f i n t e l l i g e n t a n d rationallv self-conscious acuoii m a u n e r s , ii can steer a sane c o u r s e b e t w e e n lhe relativism o f
in s u c h a universe y i e l d answers d i a t are s i g n i H c a n d y d i f f e r e n t f r o m those mere concreieness a n d the legalism o f r e m o t e a n d stauc g e n e r a l i -
o f K a n t . O n t h e o n e h a n d , i n p l a c e o f a " c o n c e p t o f d u t y " f o r m u l a t e d as lies: a n d i t c a n d o so, n o t b y g o o d l u c k o r b y vaguely p o s t u l a u n g
a u n i v e r s a l a n d n e c e s s a r y c a i e g o r i c a l i m p e r a t i v e , L o n e r g a n ' s n o r m is t h a l p r u d e n c e , b u l m e t h o d i c a l l y , b e c a u s e i t t a k e s its s t a n d o n t h e e v e r
o f consistency between k n o w i n g a n d d o i n g , w h i c h also e n t a i i s f i d e l i t y l o r e c u r r c u i d y n a m i c g e n e r a l i t y t h a t i s l h e s t r u c t u r e o f r a u o n a l self-
q u e s t i o n s thai arise f o r n n d e r s i a u d i n g a n d c r i t i c a l relection. S i n c e que,s consciousness,
tions f o r n n d e r s i a u d i n g a n d criucal relection are often a b o u t t b e concrete
r a t h e r i b a n d i e u n i v e r s a l , L o n e r g a n ' s e t h i c s is n o i u e d t o u n i v e r s a l i z a b i l i l y I think t h a t all o f these elements and more from Lonergan's Insight
On the oier h a n d , witb regard to f r e e d o m , Kant conceded detennin- m e i h o d o f e t h i c s a r e o f g r e a t i m p o n a n c e . B u t as I h a v e a r g u e d elsewhere,
i s u c c o n t r o l to l h e laws o f n a t u r e i u t h e p h e n o m e n a l r e a l m , i n o r d e r t n t h e y a r e n o t a d e q u a t e l y g r o u n d e d i n hmght itself 1 t h i n k most, i f n o t all,
preserve freedom i n a u o u m e n a l r e a l m t h a t lies b e y o n d t h e c o m p r e h e i i o l L o n e r g a n ' s c l a i m s a b o u t e d i i c a l m a t t e r s i u Insight are sublaied i n t o l h e
sion o f science a n d p i t r e reason. L o n e r g a n , o n i h e o t h e r h a n d , arges liiller a n d m o r e adequate c o n c e p u o n o f t h e m e t h o d o f ethics m o d e l l e d o n
t h a t t h e "siatistical r e s i d u e s " o f the n a t u r a l w o r l d defy c o m p l e t e systemaiii' l h e e i g h i f i i i i c o n a l s p e c i a l e s . I h o p e t o s h o w t h a t t h i s is l h e c a s e i n l h e
d e t e n u i n i s m . T h e s e n o n - s y s t e m a t i c d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d are leiiiainder o f t h i s chapter.
422 P a n V: M e t l i o d i n K i h i c s M c d i n d ill Eihics I : l'reliniinari.'S

15.3 P e r s o n a l D e c i s i o n s as S i t u a t e d a n d M c t h o d i c a l l o say t h a t t h i n k i n g a n d a c t i n g e t h i c a l l y w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e w i i h o u t f o r m a -
tion in c o m m o n s e n s e . A t l e a s t as L o n e r g a n a n a l y s e d i t , c o m m o n s e n s e is
T h e s h i f t i n e t h i c a l m e t h o d p r o v o k e d by L o n e r g a n ' s l a t e r t h o u g h t d o e s n o t c o m m u n a l a n d t i a d i u o n a l , b m a l s o d y n a m i c a n d i n n o v a t i v e . " I t is c o i i u n u -
reverse his p o s i t i o u o n t h e situatedness o f h i m i a n acon i n t h e finality o f n a l i n s o f a r as t l i e c o n t e n t s o f c o m m o n s e n s e v v i s d o m r e s i d e , n o t n a n y one
the universe. It does, however, place m u c h g r e a t e r emphasis o u ie situat- person's consciousness, b u t r a t h e r are d i s t r i b u t e d d u * o u g h o u t a c o m m u -
e d n e s s c i l ' h u t n a n a c t i o n w i t h i t i t h e c o n i e x t o f h u m a n h i s t o r y as t h e most i i i i v . N o o n e p e r s o n a l o n e possesses a l l o f t h e c o i n m o n s e n s e i n s i g h t s , J i i d g -
s i g n i f i c a n t par o f i h e l i n a l l i y o f t h e i m i v e r s e , w i t h i i s o n g o i n g t i - a n s f o r m a - m e n l s o f f a c t a n d valu, f e e l i n g s , o r beliefs t h a t a r e n e e d e d t o n a v i g a t e the
t i o n s a n d d e l b r m a t i o n s o f m e a n i n g a n d valu. c o u r s e o f a u e t h i c a l l i l e i n a c o m m u n i t y . P e o p l e o f c o m m o n sense t u r n to
T h e need fbr a m o r e d i l T e r e n t i a t e d a n d refined n i e t h o d i n ethics becomes one a n o t h e r for i n f o r m a t i o n , advice, counsel, encouragement, correcuon,
a p p a r e n t v v l i e n we r e f l e c t u p o n t h i s s i t t i a i e d n e s s m o r e c o n c r e t e l y . N o exer- and reprimand. Again, c o m m o n s e n s e is t r a d i o n a l b e c a u s e p e o p l e rely
cise o f e t l i i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y o c c u r s i n i s o l a t i o n . A t a b a r e m i n i m t i m , e t h i c a l f b r t h e i r e d i i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d a c u n g u p o n vast n u i n t ^ e r s o f connnonsense
i n t e n t i o n a l i t y always b e g i n s as a r e s p o n s e t o s o m e p r i o i " s e t o f expeiiences, insighis, j u d g m e n t s , feelings, a n d beliefs t h a t were o r i g i n a t e d before t h e m
and experiences in g e n e r a l are almosi never o u r o w n selfk:reauons.^- How- by p a r c u l a r i n d i v i d u i s , b u t t h e n c o m m u n i c a t e d q u i c k l y a n d efFiciendy
e v e r m u c h we select, s t r u c t u r e , a n d p a t t e r n o u r e x p e r i e n c e s , they always 10 t h o s e w h o c o m e a f t e r . H o w e v e r c o m m o n s e n s e is u o t t r a d i i i o n a l i n a
arise f r o m events i n t h e n a t u r a l a n d social l e a l i n s . H e n e e o n r responses of s t a u c o r d o g i n a t i c s e n s e ; c o m m o n s e n s e is a d y n a m i c a n d i n n o v a t i v e form
e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y are always s i i n a i e d w i d i i n t i i e e v e m s t i f t h e n a t u r a l a n d n f tradion. T h e inventories o f commonsense i n s i g l u s , J u d g m e n t s o f facts
social w o r l d s . a n d vales, f e e l i n g s , a n d b e l i e f s a r e a l w a y s c h a n g i n g , b e c a u s e t h e y " r e m a i n
L i i n h e r m o r e , b\ i l i e l i m e a n y o f us a r e l e a r n e d e n o t i g l i 10 r e a d t h e w o r d s incomplete u n u l d i e r e is a d d e d at least o n e f u r t h e r " insighi,sn j u d g t n e n t ,
o n t h i s |3age, we h a v e b e e n f b r m e d i n m a n y wa\'s. T h e formation ofour f e e l i n g , o r b e l i e f f h a t m e e t s t h e c h a l l e n g e s p o s e d b y a n e w s i t u a t i o n t h a t is
h a b i t u a l ways o f t h i n k i n g , f e e l i n g , v a l u i n g , d e c i d i n g , a n d a c t i n g c o m e s o u t uot completely identical with a n y t h i n g previously encountered. In c o m m o n
o f o u r responses to t h e w o r d s a n d deeds t)f o t l i e r h u m a n s , a n d c o n s t i t m e s sense, t h e r e f o r e , we rely u p o n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e s o f o u r social, c u h u r a l , a n d
w h a i sociologists a n d a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s cali o u r " a c c u l t t i r a u o n , " T h e y are the liisl:orical t r a d i u o n s , w i t h o u t b e i n g c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a t e d o r c o m r o l l e d by
ways t h a t w e h a v e c o m e 10 b a b i t u a l l y u n d e r s i a u d , u d g e , a n d b e l i e v e facts, l l i o s e accp.iisit.ions,
a n d t o valu (or d i s a p p r o v e ) and make our own (or reject) ilie c o i u m o n - N e v e r d i e l e s s , as L o n e r g a n o b s e r v e d , c o m m o n s e n s e has l i n h t s . 1 1 i e s e l i m -
sense i n s i g h t s , j u d g m e n t s , f e e l i n g h o r i z o n s , a n d vales o f o u r social and its a r e t h e b i a s e s t h a t w e a l s o i n h e r i t f r o m o u r f b r b e a r e r s - d r a m a t i c , g r o u p ,
c u l t u r a l s e t i i n g s . A c c u i t u r a d o n is t h e w a y w e c o n s u t u t e o u r s e l v e s b y a c q u i r - a n d e s p e c i a l l y g e n e r a l bias. T h e s e biases l i m i t t h e r a n g e o f f u r t h e r q u e s u o n s
i n g s o m e s e l e c d o n o f t h e i n s i g h t s , J u c l g m e n t s , f e e l i n g s , a n d vales o f o t h e r s . wc a r e a b l e t o r e g a r d as p e r t i n e n t . G e n e r a l bias i n p a r t i c u l a r w i l l t e n d t o
I n p a r t i c u l a r , i h e h o r i z o n s o f o n r f e e l i n g s a r e f o r m e d t h r o u g h c^tir i n t e r - r e s i r i c t t h e assessments by c o n u n o n s e n s e t o c o n c e r n s t h a t are proximate
actious i n f a m i l y social, a n d c u l i u r a l instiiiiiioiis. O u r horizons o f feelings in space b u t e s p e c i a l l y i n u m e . ' f l u s ineans, a m o n g o t h e r i h i n g s , l h a t t h e r e
c o n d i t i o n h o w we s e l e c t a n d p a i i e r n o t i r e x p e r i e n c e s , assess o u r s i t u a t i o n s , are l i m i t a t i o n s I n o u r c o m m o n s e n s e c a p a c i i i e s 10 t a k e s e r i o u s l y w h a t p e o p l e
c o m e t i p w i t h insights i n t o practical courses o f a c u o n , a n d especially whai h a v e s a i d a n d d o n e i n d i s t a i i t t i m e s a n d p l a c e s as p o s s i b l y r e l e r a n t t o t h e
w e r e g a r d as p e r t i n e n t f t i r t h e r q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h o s e p o s s i b l e c o u r s e s ol decisin a t h a n d . H e n e e t h e c a p a c i u e s o f c o m m o n s e n s e evaluaiion o f rhe
a c t i o n . I l is a g a i n s i a l l o f t h i s b a c k g r o u n d f o r m a t i o n t h a t w e e v e n t u a l l y r e a c l i s o u r c e s o f o u r e t h i c a l e v a l u a i i o n a n d d e l i b e r a u o n n e e d t o be s u p p l e m e n i e d
o i n - d e c i s i o n s a n d l a k e a c t i o n . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t b e c o n c r e t e ways i n w h i c h by e d i i c a l m e t h c x l o f a n o i h e r k i n d , A b o n t s u c h a m e i h o d f l a n a g a n o b s e r v e s
we e x e r c i s e o u r e t l i i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t ) ' are also s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e h i s t o r i e s lhai
a n d b i o g r a p h i e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d o u r f o r n i a t i o n s . /Vs J o s e p h Llanagan pul
it, " j u d g m e n t s o f fact o r valu o c c u r w i t h i n a c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t o r h o r i z o n , l h e c e n t r a l p r o b l e m i n a c h i e v i n g a u t h e n c i t y as a k n o w e r a n d a
w h i c h m e a n s t h a t s u c h j t i d g m e n t s are l i m i t e d b y t h a t hoiizc^n."'*^ c h o o s e r lies i n d i s u n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n s h o r t - a n d l o n g - t e r m c u l t u r a l
The cpiesiion of method i n ethics, tlierefore, is a q t i e s t i o n of how c y c l e s o f m e a n i n g a n d m o t i v e s as t h e y a r e o p e r a t i n g b o l h i n t b e
w e l l c^r h o w p o o r l y we c r i t i c a l l y evalate a n d a p p r o p r i a t e w h a t bas been c o n c r e i e a n d lived m e a n i n g s o f a c u l t u r e a n d i n the reflecdve and
b e q t i e a t l i e c i t o us by t h o s e w h o p r e c e d e d us. M o s t p e o p l e r e l y o n t h e c o n - deliberative procedures o f theoreucians in nderstanding a n d evalu-
s i d e r a b l e r e s o u r c e s o f o r d i n a r y c o m m o n s e n s e . I n f a c t i t is n o exaggeration a i i n g their own and others' lived meanings. f h e basic p r o b l e m o l
 424 Part V: M e i h o d i l l l l t h i c s M e i h o d in E i h i c s I ; l ' r e f i i n i i i a r i . ' s 42.")

s u c h r e f l e c u n g a n d d e l i b e n u i n g is t o a p p r o p r i a t e t h e s c a l e o f v a l n e s i m e n i i o n a l i t y . W i t h o u t a r e f i n e d m e i h o d i c a l way o f r e s o l v i n g such corrflicts,

t h a i has b e e n i n h e r i i e d f r o m t h e p a s t a n d is s t i l l o p e r a t i n g . l l i e e x e r c i s e o f e t h i c a l i m e n t i o n al i i ) ' w i l l s e e m t o b e n a i v e a t b e s t , o r a w a s i e
o p r e c i o u s t i m e a l w o r s i .
E t h i c a l m e t h o d i n t h i s s e n s e serves a d u a l p u r p o s e , O n i h e o n e h a n t l , ii f h i s is n o t t o say, o f c o u r s e , t h a t e v e r y o n e h a s a b a n d o n e d a l l h o p e . Creat
f a c i l i t a r e s c r i t i c i s m o f w h a i is b i a s e d a u d d i s i o r t e d i n w h a t w e h a v e r e c e i v < ' d loiiiemporary t h i n k e r s s u c h as A l a s d a i r .Vlacliit)'i"e, j o l i n Rawls, jrgeii
fr'om l h e past (i.e,, reverses t h e c o u n t e r - p o s i i i o n s ) , O n t h e o l h e r h a n d . ii
I l a b e r m a s . A n i h o n v . \ p p i a h , A n i a i U a S e n , . V l a r t h a N u s s b a u m , C h a r l e s 'fa\'-
a l s o m a k e s a c c e s s i b i e t h e e t h i c a l w i s d o m a n d n o b l e e x e m p l a r s o f t h e pasl
liM-. a n d m a n ) ' m o r e ha\'e p r e s e n t e d a p p r o a c h e s 10 i l i e m e d i a t i o n ofediical
t h a t m a y have been lost, o v e r l o o k e d , underappreciated, or u n f a i r l y di,s
I onflici iu the coniemjnnary contexi o f a Dluralism o f c o n l i c i i n g e t h i c a l
missed (i.e., p r o m o t e s t h e p o s i t i o n s ) . E n c o u n i e r s w i t h these expressions
views. V V i t h o u t e n i e r i n g i n t o a d e t a i l e d d e b a t e v v i t h t h e s e i m p o r t a n t t h i n k -
o f w i s d o m a n d n o b i l i t y c a n l e a d us t o q u e s i i o n o u r s e l v e s , o u r a s s u m p t i o n s .
ers, t h e s e c o n c l u d i n g s e c o n s e n d e a v o u r t o s h o w I U W the ethics o f discern-
h a b i t s , a n d h o r i / . o n s o f f e e l i n g s , a n d l e a d u s t o m o r e a u i h e n t i c e x e r c i s e s o
ni<ait p r e s e n i e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p i e i s c a n f a c i l i i a i e ccuiversaon and
o u r e l h i c a l i n i e n u o n a l i t ) ' . T h i s , l o o , is o n e o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f a m e t h o d i n
c\c.n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i i h t h o s e w h o s e v i e w s o n e o p p o s e s , a n c l hovv m e i h o d i -
ethics.
cal r e s o l u o n o f e t h i c a l c o n f l i c t s m i g h t b e a c h i e v e d - s o m e t h i n g t h a t L x ) n e r -
^ a n h a d h c i p e d f o r n Insighl:-^'' I n parcular. I p r o p o s e t h a t t h e r e f i n e d a n d
15.4 Situaied in a Climale o f Conflict
d i l f e r e n t i a t e d n i e t h o d in ediics t h a t follows f r o m tbe ethics ol d i s c e r n m e n t
is I d e n l i c a l w i d i w h a t L o n e r g a n e x p l a i n s as l h e e i g h i f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s
The need for a m o r e r e f m e d m e i h c j d i n e i h i c s b e c o m e s a l l i h e m o r e evi- o l h i s iWeilioil ill Tlifology. T h e j u s t i f i c a i i o n fc)r t h i s j ^ r o p o s a l is t h e objective
dent and tirgent for anyone who has p o n d e r e d contemporary ethical of the r e m a i n d e r o f this c h a p i e r a n d t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .
d e b a t e s . O u r a w a r e n e s s o f s u c h d e b a t e s is a m o n g t h e c u l t u r a l inluences
t h a t e n t e r i n t o o u r m o m e n t s o f decisin. D i s a g r e e m e m seetus 1 0 b e ili<'
15.5 M e t h o d and Conflict
norm r a i h e r t h a n t h e e x c e p t i o n , w h e t h e r t h e t o p i c is t h e d e a t h penalty,
a b o r t i o n , assisied s u i c i d e , r a c i s m , g e n d e r d i s c r i m i n a l i o n , ga)' marriage.
l h e p r o b l e m s o f deep-seated c o n f i i c i were foremost in Lonergan's mind
h u m a n e m b r \ o n i c stem cell research. i i n m i g r a t i c m , w h e t h e r o r n o t 1 0 go l o
w h e n h e s e l f o r t h h i s e f i o r i s a i a m e t h o d i u m e t a p h y s i c s . I n n.siglil. h e w r o t e
w a r , w h a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e levis o f r i s k - t a k i n g f o r i n v e s t o r s a r e , w h e t h e r a n y
d i a l " l h e m a i n p o i m is l h a t t h e m e i h o d p u t s a n e n d t o m e r e d i s p u t a i i o n "
institutions are too b i g to fail, w h o s h o u l d pay for healthcare a n d educatioii,
a n d c o n f l i c t s a b o n t m e t a p h y s i c a l matiers.:''^ L a t e r i u AJel/iod in Theology, he
e t c . T h e s e a n d m a n y nu:u"e issues a l l a r e p i e s s i n g , w h i l e a g r e e m e n t s e e m s a l l
w.is e v e n m o r e emphatic:
b n t i m p o s s i b l e . C o n f l i c t a b o u t e t h i c a l m a t t e r s s s o w i d e s p r e a d t h a t a g r e a i
m a n y p e o p l e n o w a s s u m e t h a t n o t o n l y is a g r e e m e n t i m p o s s i b l e , b u t that
T h e p o i n t to m a k i n g m e t a p h y s i c a l t e r m s a n d r e l a u o n s n o t basic
o b j e c t i v e answers t o e l h i c a l q u e s t i o n s s i m p l y d o n o t exist. E t h i c s , i t seems.
b m d e r i v e d is t h a t a c r i u c a l m e l a p h y s i c s r e s u l t s . F o r e v e r y t e r m a n d
is p u r e l y a m a t t e r o f p e r s o n a l o p i n i n , I f i b i s vvere t r u e , o f c o n r s e , i l i e g r e a t
r e l a t i o n i h e i e w i l l e x i s t a corresp<5iicliug e l e m e n i i n i n t e n t i o n a l
d i f l l c u l t y is h o w 1 0 r e s o l v e c o n l i c i i n g p o i n t s o f view, f h e spectres o f power
and violence l o o m as i h e final a r b i t e r s w h e n a l l ho|)e f o r o b j e c d v e r e s o l u - consciousness ... T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s u c h a c r i u c a l c o n t r o l w i l l b e

t i o n o f c o n n i c i has b e e n lc)st. e v i d e n t to anyone f a m i l i a r w i i h ibe^'asi a r l d wastelands o f t h e o l o g i -

cal ctjntroversy."'''
A l l t h i s , t o o , is p a r t o f o u r s i t u a t e d n e s s , o f t h e i n f i u e n c e s t h a t w e i n h e r i t
f r o m o u r s o c i a l a u d c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s o f c o m m o n sense. T h e c u r r e n i c l i - W h a t h e said r e g a r d i n g t h e o l o g i c a l c o n t r o v e r s y c a n easily be extended
m a l e o f s e e m i n g l y i r r e c o n c i l a b l e c o n f i i c t i n f i u e n c e s h o w t o g o a b o u t exer- l o e l h i c a l c o n t r o v e r s y as w e l l . ' f h a i L o n e r g a n d i d n o t s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r y o u t
c i s i n g CM i r s t r u c i u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i ty. VVe m a y b e i i d l u e n c e d t o a g r e e h i s i n t e n t i o n t o d e v e l o p a m e t h o d i n e t h i c s I n hisighlwas perhaps provi-
l h a i t h e r e is n o o b j e c t i v e , e t h i c a l h ' v a l u a b l e c o u r s e o f a c d o n , a n d g i v e ri|) d e n t i a l . I n m y j u d g m e n t , t h e m e t h o d t h a l is a p p n i p r i a t e f o r t h e challenges
011 l h e h a r d w o r k o f e t h i c a l d i s c e r n m e n t . O r we can align ourselves wiili o f c o n f l i c t s i n e t h i c s is i l i e m o r e nuanced method t h a l h e set f o r t h fif-
o n e s t r i c l e n t s e t o f v o i c e s a n d d i s m i s s as ridiculous t h e quesons posed hy i i i n y e a r s l a i e r i n Meihod in Theology. There the integrated strucinre o f the
c o n t e n d i n g p a i ties. I n e i t h e r case, w e t m w i i i i n g l y i n c o r p r a t e t h e c o n f i i c i s
( i g h t f u n c t i o n a l specialties addresses the c o m p l e x problem of confiiciing
i n i o oui^selves, a n d t h e y i n e v i t a b l y d i s i o r t t h e n o r m a v i t y o f o u r e t h i c a l
meanings.'"
 '\26 l ' i i r i . V: M e i l i o d in lijiics M e d i o d i n E t h i c s 1: P r e l i t n i n a r i c s '127

H o w e v e r , a l fist s i g h t i t d o e s n o t s e e m i l i a i a m e t l i o d i n t l i e o l o g ^ ) ' c o n i i l e v a l u a t i o n w i l l b e e x c e e d i n g l y d i f f i c u h . I n s o m e r e a s , s u c h as n d e r s t a n d -
be s u f U c i e n t l ) ' o | i e n anri g e r i e i a l to m e e i t h e p r o b l e m s o f e t h i c a l c o n f l i c t in i n g lhe p r o o f o f a t h e o r e m i n a b s t i a c i algebra, conflicts o f interpretaon
o i t r c o n t e m p o r a i y p h i t a l i s t i c s o c i e i y A m e i h o d n t h e o l o g ) ' , it w o n l d s e e m . w i l l be m i n i m a l . B u l i n o t h e r r e a s , c o n l i c t s o f i n i e r p r e t a t i o n w i l l a b o u n d
m u s t p r e s u p p o s e at least t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a G o d a n d p r o b a b i ) ' also conles and appear insurmountable.
s i o t i a l a l l e g i a n c e t o s o m e r e l i g i o u s i r a d t i o u a n d ils p e r m a n e n t d o c t r i n e s . A 'fhe selves w e b r i n g to l h e task o f i n i e r p r e t a t i o n w i l l c o n t a i n several
m e i h o d i n e t h i c s so c o n c e i v e d , i t w o u l d s e e m , c a n n o i b e r e l e v a n t t o p e o p l r
sniiixes o f c o n d i c t . Because o u r c u l t u r a l i n h e r i t a n c e s themselves ccmtain
w h o c a n n o t accepl the existence o f G o d o r s o m e p a r u c i t l a i religioits afllli-
I iHilicting j u d g m e m s a n d f e e l i n g s , w e w i l l a c c e p t s o m e p o s i l i o n s as o u r
aiion. Whatever i n ghi b e m e a n t b y a m e i h o d n t h e o l o g y , t h e n , t w o u l d
n w n a n d l e j e c i o t h e r s . ' f h i s m e a n s t h a t we will be i n c o n l l i c t w i t h s o m e o f
s e e m t h a t s o m e t h i n g e l s e is n e e d e d t o m e e t t h e c h a l l e t i g e s o f e t h i c a l c o n -
l h e e t h i c a l views passed a l o n g l o us, a n d w i l l n e e d , t h e r e f o r e . a m e i h o d -
flict iu a pluralistic w o r l d .
ical way o f c l e a l i n g w i t h t h e v i e w s w h i c h w e o u r s e l v e s c t p p o s e . B u l mc")i'e
It is s o m e t h i n g of a surprise. iherelcue, to discover that Lonergan' p i o f o u n d l y , t h e cc^nllicis o f o u r c u l t u r e t e n d to p r o d u c e snbtle conflicts
approach lo the questicm ot method i n iheolcjg)' does n o t presuppose within ourselves. These are o f two kinds, b o t h o f w h i c h are m u c h more
e i t h e r t l i e e x i s t e n c e o f G o d en- a s p e c i l i c l i s t o f r e l i g i o u s d o c t r i n e s o r c o n i - d i l h c u l t to d i s c e r n a n d to resolve t h a n t h e conflicts we have w i t h parts o f
m i t m e n t to any p a r t i c u l a r l e l i g i o u s i r a d i i i o n . I n s t e a d , he c a m e to his pro- c u l i u r a l h e r i t a g e s . ' f h e f i r s t k i n c l o f c o n f l i c t is t h e m a t i c - c o n l i c t s between
p o s a l s r e g a r d i n g i h i s m e i h o d o u t o f h i s s i r u g g l e s w i t h t h e v e r y g e n e r a l sel propositions that we h o l d s i m u l t a u e o u s l ) ' w i t h o u t r e c o g n i z i n g i h a t they are
o f p r o b l e t n s h a v i n g t o d o w i t h iniei-pretaon - t h e h e r m e n e u i i c p r o b l e m . - * ' l o g i c a l l y i n c o n s i s i e n i . B u l a s e c o n d k i n c l o f c o n l l i c t is e v e n m o i e s u b t l e a n d
T h e p r o b l e m o f i m e r p r e i a t i o n is i n fact a n i n i e r r e l a t e d set o f p r c ' ) b l e m s - a p r o f o u n d . f h e s e ate the conlicts between t h e p o s i l i o n s we h o l d ancl o u r
" p r o b l e m a t i c , " as . M i c h a e l B u c k l e y has c a l l e d i t . O n e o f t h e k e y c o m p o n e n t s
ver)' o w n s t r u c i n r e o f e t h i c a l intemionalii)' itself Some people hold with
i n t h e h e r m e n e u t i c a l p r o b l e m a t i c is t h a l e a c h h u m a n b e i n g b i ' i n g s a v e r y
g r e a t c o n v i c i i o n t h a t i t is b a d l o h o l d t h a t t h e i e a r e o b j e c d v e vales. B u t b y
p a r t i c u l a r f o r m a i i o n t o i h e tasks o f i n t e r p r e t i n g i l i e e x p r e s s i o n s o f a n o t h e i
this c o n v i c t i c m , t h e y lhemselves t r e a t as o b j e c v e t h e i r j u d g m e n t s ofvalne
( o r e v e n o n e ' s o w n s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n s , as Bal R i c e o u r h a s n o t e d ' ' ' ) . Personal
a b o u l j u c l g m e n t s o f v a l n e . l u a r r i v i n g a l t h e s e v e r y acLs o f g r e a t c o n v i c i i o n ,
f o r m a u o n cotiiprises one's previous habits a n d experiences, insights, lan-
ihese individuis are e x e r c i s i n g i h e i r o w n s t r i i c i u r e o f e i h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y
g u a g e f o r t n a t i o n . j i i d g t n e m s o f fact, h o r i z o n s o f f e e l i n g s , scales o f valu
i n o p p r ) s i t i o n t o t h e v e r v t h i n g t h e y say n o o n e s h o u l d d o . T h i s is a f a r m o r e
p r e f e r e n c e , j u d g m e m s o f v a l u , d e c i s i o n s , b i a s e s - as w e l l as i h e p a r t i c u l a i
s u b t l e b u l m o r e basic k i n d o f c o n l l i c t .
ways t h a t o n e h a s a s s i m i l a t e d t h e s e f r o m o n e ' s c u l t u r e . T h e r e is n o w h e r e to
I n d e e d , a l l o f l l i e s e k i n d s C)f c o n l i c t s b e t w e e n siaieinents and perfor-
b e g i n o n e ' s acts o f I n i e r p r e t a t i o n e x c e p l t o b e g i n w i t h w h o o n e a c t u a l l y is,
mances are t r a c e a b l e i n large m e a s u r e t o t h e c c u d l i c t i n g lensicjus i n t h e
w i l h t h e forniatiC)n o n e a c t u a l l y has.
h o r i z o n s o f feelings, A m o n g these conlicts t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t are ihose
F o r man)', this seems t o i m p l y l h a t l h e r e can be n o objecve i n t e r p r e - arising from lensions between o u r o w n p e r s o n a l cbnstellaon of feeling
taiion ( a n d i f t h i s i n e t h c j c l is e x t e n d e d to ethics, n o objective evaluation preferences, ou the one h a n d , ancl t h e n o r m a t i v i t y o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d
o f e t h i c a l p o s i t i o n s ) . L o n e r g a n at leasl d i d n o t d r a w t h a t c o n c l u s i n , n(H- notion o f v a l n e a n d unrestricted being-in-love (with t h e i r implicit, objective
dc) I . L o n e r g a n ' s great insighl, ofconrse, is t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l sc)urces of scale o f v a l n e s ) , o n t l i e o t h e r . U n i e s s t h e s e d e e p c o n f l i c t s a i e i i o i i c e d a n d
normaiivity - t h e i m r e s t i i c t e d n o i i o n (.)f v a l u a n c l u n r e s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - d e a l i w i t h m e t h o d i c a l l v , ( h e v w i l l p e r s i s t as s o u r c e s o f c c u i f l i c t s i n o u r i n t e r -
l o v e - a r e always e m b e d d e d within (tliough perhaps badly obscured by) p r e t a o n s . ' f h e s e c o n l i c t s w i l l f u n c i i o n as t h e u l l i m a l e f o n n d a i i o n t h a t w e
l h e profusin o f o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n t h e f o r m a u o n o f each a n d e v e r y per- rely u p o n w h e n we a d o p t o n e a u d reject o t h e r s a m o n g l h e conliciing views
son. T h e y provide the capacities for t r a n s c e n d i n g whatever l i m i t a t i o n s a n d d i a l have b e e n passed a l c i n g l o us b)' t h e w o r d s a u d d e e d s o f o l h e r s .
b i a s e s m i g h t h a v e a c c r u e d t h r o u g h a c c u l t u r a t i o n , as w e l l as f r o m t h e b a d f h e c h i e f a i m o L o n e r g a n ' s structure of eight inierrelated components
decisions l h a t are w h o l l y o n e ' s o w n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e fact that we s t a r i o m ( i t n c o n a l s p e c i a l e s ) is n o t j u s t t o a r r i v e at o b j e c d v e i n t e i p r e i a o n s o f d i i s
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d e v a l u a i i o n s w i t h w h o we a r e cloes n o t necessarily i m p l y or' t h a t e x p r e s s i o n o f e t h i c a l p o s i o n s . . M o r e h m d a m n m l l y , its a i m is t o b n n g
t h a t o b j e c t i v e i n i e r p r e t a t i o n a n d cibjective e v a l u a t i o n o f one's o w n t r a d i t i o n about an e n c o u n t e r o f t h e interpreter with the interpreter himself o r herself
is i m p o s s i b l e - b e c a u s e w h o w e a r e i n c l u d e s n o t c">nlv c)ur biases, b u t a l s o l h e a i m is t o s u r f a c e a n d d r a w a t l e n t i o n t o t h e n o r m s a l r e a d y o p e r " a t i n g i u
o u r a c h i e v e m e n i s a n d o u r s e l f - t r a n s c e n d i n g d y n a m i s m s , all m i x e d together u n e s n w n [jerformance o f the structure o f e t h i c a l intentionalitv in the very
i n u n i q u e ways. l i d o e s , h o w e v e r , i m p l y t h a t o b j e c v e i n t e r p r e i a o n a n d w o r k o f e v a l u a i i n g i i i h e i i t e d e l h i c a l p o s i o n s . I l is o n l y o n c e inleipretei's
 4'2S 'an. V: M e i h o d in l i d i i c s M c l h n d in f.iliics l : r i < l i i n i i i ; i i ies I'.!'.)

have i n i l y c o n f r o n i e d a n d a p p r o p r i a i e d u'ho l h e y are a n d i h e i r o w n i n i e r n a l Figure 15,1. Strncture of the Eigfit Functional Specialties
conflicis i h a i i i becomes possible for i h e i n l o have o b j e c d v e i n t e r p r e t a d o n s o f
Structure of Ethical Functional Specialties
l h e c o n f h c i i n g views o f o l h e r s a b o m e t h i c a l m a t t e r s . h i l h e n e x t s e c o n s 1 w i l l
Intentionality
briely e x p l a i n h o w L o n e i g a n i i n d e i - s i o o d this i n t e g r a t e d s t r u c i u r e o f e i g h t
f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s , a n d w h y i t is a n a p p r o p r i a i e m e t h o d f o r m e e n g the Level o Consciousness Encountering the Past Acting Towards the Fuiure

c h a l l e n g e o f c r i u c a l evahiaon f r o m a p o s i u o n s i t u a t e d i n c o n f l i c t . Responsibility (Deciding) Dialeciic Foundations

n T i
15.6 T h e Eight Functional Specialties o f Elhical M e t h o d History Doctrines
Reasonableness (Judging)
"i" l
L o n e r g a n s p e n i m o s t o f his m a t u r e s c h o l a r l y c a r e e r a u e m p n g to w o r k o u l Systematics
Intelligence (nderstanding) Inierpretation
the s i r u c t u r e o f a n a p p r o p r i a i e i n e t h o d for ilieolog\'. A l t h o u g h o r i g i n a l l y
1\ T
f o r m u l a t e d as a m e t h o d f o r t h e o l o g ) ' , L o n e r g a n e x p l i c i d y a c k n o w l e d g e d thai \
Attentiveness (Experiencing) Researcfi Communications
i t h a d i m p i i c a o n s f o r a l l r e a l m s o l ' h u m a n s t u d i e s a n d h u m a n sciences.-':*
Underlying the sirucuire o f these meihodical specializations is the
s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a h i y itself. T o each level o f c o n s c i o u s opera-
u o n s i n t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t i i i e a l intenonality i h e r e c o r r e s p o n d t w o dis- d e s l g n a i e d i n d i e l e f t - h a i i d c o l u m n o f F i g u r e 1 5 . 1 . f^ach k i n d o f a c t a n d c o r r e -
t i n c t s c h o l a r l y s p e c i a h i e s . S c h e m a c a l l y , l h e s i r u c t u r e l o o k s as i t d o e s i n l a t e d c o n t e n is d i e p r i m a r y o b j e c d v e o f e a c h g i v e n f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l l y Yet i t
F i g u r e 15. t . ' I lakes t h e e x e i c i s e o f t h e e n r e t y o f e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y t o d e l i v e r g o o d w o r k
Lonergan d e v o i e s a n e n d r e c h a p t e r to t h e e x p o s i o n o f e a c f i o f these i u a n y o n e o t h e s e h i n c o n a l s p e c i a l e s . I n o l h e r w o r d s , s p e c i a l l y s t r u c t u r e d
f u n c i i o n a l s p e c i a l e s ( a n d t w o c h a p t e r s to i h e s p e c i a l t y o f l l i s t o i y ) . C l e a r l y , acts o f e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n q u i r i n g , d i r e c t i n s i g h t s , q u e s u o n s l o r r e f i e c o n a n d
t h a t l e v e l o f d e t a i l c a n n o t b e r e p e a i e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r , so i h e r e a d e r is r e f e r r e d d e l i b e r a u o n , i i u e n o n a l f e e l i n g s , j u d g m e m s o f f a c t a n d valu, d e c i s i o n s , a n d
t o Meihod in Theology hse\t as w e l l as to w o r k s b y I v o C o e l h o , T a d D u n n e , a n d acons a r e a l l r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e r e s u l t s i n a n y o n e o f d i e m c o n a l s p e c i a l -
Roben D o r a n f o r d e t a i l s . ' ^ W h a t is p o s s i b l e h e r e is t o s h o w w h ) - t h i s f u r t h e r es. W h a i d i s n g u i s h e s a g i v e n l u n c o n a l s p e c i a l l y is n o l d i a l i t e.xercises j u s i
i n v e s u g a u o n w o u l d be o f b e n e f i t i n a p p r o a c h i n g c o n f l i c t s aMut e i h i c s . o u e k i n d o f a c i (e.g., u n d e i s i a n d i t i g ) . b u t t h a i i t e x e r c i s e s a l l t b e acts i n p u r s u i t
Transposed i m o i h e c o n i e x t o f e i h i c a l m e i h o d , t h e first f o u r o f these o f p r o d u c i n g resnlis d i a l u l t i m a t e l y a r e l h e comeiit.s o f Jnsi o n e k i n d o f act.
f u n c d o n a l speciahies (Research, Inierpreiaon, H i s t o r y , a n d Dialecc) are f . x a m p l e s o f h o w i l i i s is so w i l l b e p r e s e n i e d i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .
designed t o f a c i l i i a t e a s c h o l a r ' s c o m i n g to t e r m s w i t h d i e d e e d s , vales, In addion, ie i n t e g r a i i n g c o n n e c t i o n s a m o n g tbe producs oflhese
a n d m e a n i n g s l h a t o t h e r s h a v e p a s s e d a l o n g t o u s . W h a t e v e r i i is t h a t o l h - disiinci specialized m e i h o d s c o m e frorn the d y n a m i s m o f e d i i c a l intenon-
ers h a v e tatight, argued, and modelled a b o n t w l i a t s g o o d a n d r i g h t to a l i t y i t s e l f j u s t as t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o o n o f v a l n e a n d u n r e s l r i c i e d b e i n g -
d o - t h e I i r s t f b u r speciales d e v o t e t h e i r e n d e a v o u r s 10 e x a m i n i n g these i n d o v e p r o v i d e t b e i n i r i n s i c c o n u e c o n s a m o n g d i e acis a n d d i e i r c o n t e n t s
s o u r c e s . T h e s e c o n d f b u r s p e c i a l e s ( F o u n d a o n s , D o c t r i n e s , S)'stemacs, II the o r d i n a r y exercise o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y , so a l s o t h e y c o n n e c i t h e
a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ) are all d e d i c a t e d ulmately l o w a r d s a r r i v i n g at deci- p n i d u c i s i n d i i s m o r e r e f i n e d a n d difTerenated e.xercise o f l h a t s i r u c t u r e .
s i o n s r e g a r d i n g f u t u r e c o u r s e s o f a c o n - w h a t w e w i l l pass a l o n g t o p o s t e r - The w o r k s o f o n e f u n c t i o n a l specialty provicle the tiiaterials for o t h e r func-
ity. T h i s i n t e g r a t e d s i r u c t u r e o f e i g h t l u n c o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s is d e v o t e d to d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s , i n j u s t t h e s a m e w a y as t h e c o n t e n t s o f o n e a c t o f c o n -
d i s c e r n i n g w h a t we will m a k e o f t h e past a n d h o w we incorprate i t i n t o s( i o u s n e s s b e c o m e s o u r c e s I b r s u b s e q u e n t a c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , according
the actions we p e r f o r m w h i c h will affect the futiires o f t h e natural w o r l d , o f l o t h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e s u u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality. T h i s bestows a
o t h e r p e o p l e , a n d o f we ourselves. d o u b l e - m o v e n i e n i u p o n the overall eightfold s i r u c t u r e - the dynamisms
W l i a t m a k e s t h e s e e i g h t d i v i s i o n s sfiecudizations o\' funcuon, h o w e v e r , is t h a l f r o m below u p w a r d a n d f r o m above d o w n w a r d , These conuecons are sym-
p r a c o n e r s o f a g i v e n divisin d e v o t e a l l o f t h e i r e f f o r t s , acts ofconscious- b o l i z e d by t h e a r r o w s i n F i g u r e 1 5 . 1 .
ness, c a p a c i u e s , s k i l l s , a n d e n e r g i e s 10 a r r i v i n g at t h e c o n t e n t s p r o p e r lojiisi These reciprocal movements f r o m below u p w a r d a n d above d o w n w a r d
o n e k i n d o f act o f consciousness (i.e., f u n c u o n ) i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l also o p r a t e i n o r d i n a r y e x e r c i s e s o f e t h i c a l i n t e n o n a l i t y . U p t o t h i s p o i n t ,
i n t e n o n a l i t y T h e k i n d o f a c t ( a n d i m p l i c i d y its c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n t e n ) is however, f o r t h e sake o f s i m p l i c i t y 1 have n o t d w e i l e d u p o n h o w these lwo
 430 Pan V : M e i . l i o d i n l.hics M e t l i o d in E i h i c s I : l ' r c l i i i i i n a t \ MI

movements are differentiated f r o m one another (although Lonergan d i d ) . ' " l l is q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t i n F i g u r e 13.1 t h e r e is n o a r r o w a t t b c j u u < -
So l a r I h a v e o n l y s p o k c n o f t h e l e n s i o n s t h a t i h e u n r e s i r i c t e d n o u o n of uire between Dialecc a n d F o u n d a d o n s , w h i c h w o u l d c o n n e c t lhe u p w a r d
valu a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d l ) e i n g - i n - l o v e i n t r o d u c e i n t o o u r h o r i z o n s offeelings. movement of the middle column with lhe downward movement of the
t)ut these t w o p r i n c i p i e s o f o u r e d n c a l i n t e i u i o n a l i t y d o i n fact have i n v e r s e I i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n . T h i s is b e c a u s e d i e r e is n o m e t h o d f o r fnnducingeither
and compiemeniaiT dynamics. T h e i m e m i n a l i tA' o f n o u o n valu is f r o m free h u m a n decisions o r God's free besiowal o f grace o r t h e i r c o n f l u e n c e i n
our experiences o f s i t u a d o n s l o w a r d s n n d e r s i a u d i n g a n d j u d g m e n t s o f fact h u m a n d e c i s i o n s o f c o n v e r s i n . /\ L o n e r g a n p m s i t , "M c o n s i d e r religious
a n d valu, a u d t h e n c e l o w a i d s d e c i s i o n s , a c t i o n s , a n d u l m a t e l y t o w a r d s t h e conversin a presupposioii o f m o v i n g b o m the Iirst [ u p w a r d ] phase lo
u n c o n d i t i o n a l love that embraces e v e t y i h i n g o f valu. B u t t h e d y n a m i c o the second [ d o w n w a r d phase o f t h e f u n c d o n a l speciales] b u t I h o l d t h a t
i m i - e s i r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e b e g i n s f r o m d i a t l o v e , n o t as c h o s e n b u l as e x p e r i - conversin o c c u r s n o t i n the c o n t e x t o f d o i n g dieology, b u l in die context
e n c e d . As s u c h , i t o p e n s u p f e e l i n g s f o r t h e o t h e r v a f u e s t h a t u n r e s t r i c t e d l o v e o f l e c o m i n g r e l i g i o u s . " i''
embraces. T h i s o p e u i t i g o f feelings becomes the source o f wider a n d more To t h i s 1 w o u l d a d d t h a t m o r a l c o n v e r s i n o c c u r s n o t as a p r o d u c t o f
l e f i n e d J u d g m e n t s o f valu ( i n c l u d i n g t h e vales o f c r i d c a l l y b e l i e v i n g a n d ethical m e i h o d , b u l i n the c o n i e x t o f striviug towards a n d g r o w t h in b e i n g
n o t b e l i e v i n g o i h e i s ) , w h i c h t h e n seek n n d e r s i a u d i n g o f w h a t o n e has c o m e e d i i c a l . -N'evertheless, i f a person takes seriously the c h a l l e n g e of critically
t o valu i n i d a l l y t h r o u g h t h e m i n i s t i y o f l o v e . T h i s m o v e m e n t culminates e n g a g i n g e t h i c a l l e a c h i n g s t h a l h a v e b e e n r e c e i v e d , a n d e n d e a v o u r s 1.0 use
in e x p a n d e d openness to experiences o f t h e w o d d , othei-s, a n d o n e s e l f t h a l t h e h e u r i s t i c aids p r o v i d e d by L o n e r g a n ' s e i g h t f u n c t i o n a l specialties, lhis
have been c l o s e d o f f by biases. T h u s , t h e t w o d y n a m i c s o r g a n i z e t h e levis incre;ises t h e l i k e l i l i o o d t h a t she o r h e w i l l be p r o f b u n d l y m o v e d in the
o f o p e r a u o n s o f d i e s t r u c u n e o f e d i i c a l intenonality i n i o two r e c i p r o c a l l y direcon o f m o r a l conversin.
related p a t i e r n s . O n c e a p p i o p r i a i e d a n d refined, these two dvnamics f o n n C h a p t e r 13 c l o s e d w i t h c o m m e n t s a b o u l h o w L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r o a c h t o t h e
t h e basis f o r a m e i h o d t h a t c a n i n t e r c o n n e c t t h e r e s u l t s o f e i g h t specialized (pieson o f evil raises t h e q u e s t i o n o f a relignous d i m e n s i n to d i e ethics o f
s u l > i i i e t h o d s a n d t h e r e b y c r i d c a l l y evalate a h o s t o f e t h i c a l views. d i s c e r n m e m . B u t r e l i g i o u s d i m e n s i o n s a r e n e v e r a b s t r a c t ; t h e y always a r e s i u i -
flowever, at die risk o f p r e n i a i u i e l y c o m p l i c a t i n g m a t t e r s , 1 b a s t e n to a t e d i n s o m e k i n d o f a h i s t o r i c a l t r a d i t i o n , a n d h i s i o r i c a l t i - a d i t i o i i s c a n b e less
add lhat the arrows in Figure 15.1 i n d c a t e t h e p r i m a r y , b u t 1101 the only o r m o r e g e n u i n e l y r e l i g i o u s i n t h e s e n s e p r o p o s e d i u c h a p i e r 13. E v e n p e o p l e
r e l a u o n s h i p s a m o n g d i e e i g h t speciales. T h e r e w i l l be o t h e r reciprocies. w h o say " T m s p i r i t u a l b u t n o t r e l i g i o u s , " a r e e c h o i n g w h a t d i e y h a v e h e a r d o r
F o r e x a m p l e , i-esults f r o m F o u n d a o n s o r Sysiernacs c a n b e pt-oiably f e d read f r o m o d i e r s fielbre t h e m , a n d i l i e r e b y p l a c i n g tlieniselves in a k i n d of
back to e n h a n c e the w o r k o f I m e r p r e t a d o i i o r History. tradion. L o n e r g a n c l a i m e d t h a t r e l i g i o u s c o n v e r s i n is u l m a t e l y d i e o n l y
h l l i g h t o f w h a t has b e e n s a i d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c i i o n s o f i h i s c h a p t e r , l h e s i a n d a r d by m e a n s o f w h i c h r e l i g i o u s iiTididons can be evaluated fbr t h e i r
c r u c i a l f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s a r e t.he t w o t h a t c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e f b u r t h l e v e l o f a u t h e n c i e s as w e l l as br t h e i r i n a u i h e n c i u e s . So h e o f f e r e d a m e d i o d o!
e v a l u a u n g a n d d e c i d i n g : Dialecc a n d F o u n d a l i o n s . Dialecc e n d e a v o u r s 1.0 t h e o l o g ) ' t o assisi i n d i s c e r n i n g d i e d i f f e r e n c e s w i d i i n t r a d i t i o n s b e t w e e n w h a t
i d e n d f y t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r o o t s o f conlicts d i a l have p e n n e a t e d t h e p r i o r his- is a u i h e n u c a l l y a u d w h a t is i n a u t h e n u c a l l y r e l i g i o u s w i d i i n diem.
t o i y o f c l a i m s i n w o r d s a n d d e e d s a b o u t w h a t is r i g h t a n d g o o d . Foundations I w o u l d a r g e t h a l t h e r e is a l s o no n i e t h o d for auiomatically produc-
e n d e a v o u r s 10 s p e l l o u t a n d a p p r o p r i a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w h a t is a n d i n g auihenc d e c i s i o n s for m o r a l , intellecial, o r psychic conversin. The
is n o t i m p l i c i t I n c o n v e r s i o n s 10 l h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o u o n of v a l n e a n d u n r e - eight meihodical speciales c a n remove misunderstandiugs and lower
s t r i c t e d b e i n g - i n - l o v e . T h e f u n c d o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s p r i o r 1.0 D i a l e c c e n d e a v o u r o t h e r b a r r i e r s a n d e x c u s e s t h a l a r e o b s t a c l e s 10 c o n v e r u n g d e c i s i o n s . They
10 c o m p i - e h e n d h u m a n acls o f m e a n i n g a n d valu i n a l l t h e i r n u a n c e s a n d c a n h e i g h i e n t e n s i o n s l h a t f a v o u r s u c h d e c i s i o n s . B u t t b e m e t h o d as s u c h
complexies, T h e f u n c i i o n a l speciales f o l l o w i n g F o u n d a o n s endeavour provides n o a u t o m a u c m e c h a n i s m s f b r p r o d u c i n g decisions t h a t are c o n -
t o use w h a t h a s b e e n l e a r n e d d i i o u g h sel-a|5propriauon o f t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d verung. These are matiers o f radical freedom, h u m a n a n d divine. As the
n o t i o n o f v a l n e a n d u n c o n d i d o n a l l o v e i n o r d e r t o a p p r o v e w h a t was v a l u a b l e n e x t c h a p t e r e n d e a v o u r s 10 s h o w , e x e r c i s e s o f t h e f u n c u o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s c a n
i n l l i e p a s i , 1.0 i m p r o v e iis i n c o m p l e t e o r l l a w e d r e s u h s , a n d 1.0 l e a v e a s i d e p r o n i o t e , b u t c a n n o i cause, t h e c o n v e r s i o n s t h a t a r e c r u c i a l 10 achieving
i r r e m e d i a b l e e l e n i e m s , if t h e r e a r e a n y I t d o e s so w i t h a n eye t o w a r d s o r g a - fully objecve results i n the m e t h o d o f ethics (or theolog)'). To expect more
n i z i n g a n d e n a c U n g courses o f a c u o n t h a t will have consequences f o r one's ihai that o f a m e t h o d i n e i h i c s m u s i h e d a n g e r o f t r a n s g r e s s i n g t h e realies
o w n futtu-e, f o r t h e futures o f o i h e r I m m a n beings, a n d fbr the f u t u r e o f l h e of fiunian freedom a n d ethical intentionality.
natural universe. T h e n e x t c h a p t e r will explore i n g r e a t e r d e i a i l these two
f u n c d o n a l speciales a n d t h e i r r e l e v a n c e f o r m e t h o d i n ethics.
 McMulll i l l l'.ihii s I I : !)ialcciic a n d I ' n m i d a i i n i i s 'K

16 M e t h o d i n Ethics I I : n f (bis chaptei". R a t h e r , these t w o f u n c t i o n a l specialties h a v e l i e e n selecttid

,is r e p r e s e n i a i i v e o f t h e i r p h a s e s { D i a i e c t i c f o r e n c o u n t e r i n g t h e p a s t , a u d
Diaiectic and Foundations F o u n d a o n s f o r c o n f r o n t i n g p r o b l e m s o f t h e p r e s e n t ) , b e c a u s e i t is n o t
leasible to e n t e r l i e r e nto t h e d e t a i l s o f all e i g h t f u n c t i o n a l specialties.
Instead, o n l y b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h o s e f u n c d o n a l speciales are offered.
( t u c e a g a i n , t h e r e a d e r is e n c o t i r a g e d l o l u r n t o Method in Theology itself for
l u r t h e r details.

I (i.2 Critically E n g a g i n g O u r Heritage: Research,

Inierpretation, and History

iesearch. C r i t i c a l e n g a g e m e n t w i t h t h e e i h i c a l s o u r c e s t h a t h a v e c o m e d o w n
l o U S is t b e o b j e c t i v e o f t l i e first. o f t h e t w o p i l a s e s , E v e r y i n e t l i o d i c a l i i i v e s -
tigatioii begins w i t h data f r o m experience. O h i a i n i i i g d a l a , h o w e v e r , is s e l -
d(.nii as s i m p l e a m a t t e r as j u s t l o o k i n g t o see w h a t is o u l l h e r e b e f o r e o n e ' s
eyes. I n n a t u r a l s c i e n c e , l a b o r a t o r ) ' nsiruments m u s t be c a l i b r a i e d , p u r i -
// is imporlniil for us ... tn take an inielligent part in this birth ing process ...A gotiil
lied o f c o n t a n i i n a t i n g elements, a n d tested before the data derived from
outcome depends on a lot of cooperation with the process ai lhe instinctual le7>el cei
lainly, but also through a Ihorough nderstanding of whai is happening... To viakr t h e i r use c a n b e d e e m e d r e l i a b l e f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a i i o n . l i i s o c i a l science,

use of .such a heritage, lo recognize and nurlutv il in a new form, distinguishing il survey questioiinaires { " i n s i r n m e n i s " ) m u s t be caiefully p r e p a r e d in o r d e r
from lhal is lo be kt go, we need lo undersiaud... lo i n s u r e r e l i a b i l i t y o f ilie responsos, a n d review processes bave been devel-
o p e d to screen o u t u n r e l i a b l e o r f r a u d u l e n i data.
- Roseinaiy F i i l i n g I-laiight<in. "Transcendeiice and
Preparatioii of dala for l i n i n a n i i i e s disciplines, i n c l u d i n g ethics and
lhe lieivilderiTicnt of lieing Modern"'
iheologv, poses d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f c h a l l e n g e s . T h e p r i m a r ) ' d a l a for ethics
.u"e d a t a o n h u m a n e x p r e s s i o n s , a n d especially lhe d at a o f w r i t t e n texts.
Discovering ourselves as sinners and victims will go hand in hand with disceniiug
L o n e r g a n a d o p t e d t h e label "Reseai-ch" to desiguale the range o f scholarly
authenticity and oppression in our communiiies of meaning. There are no shoricut.s,
and- though theie ene aids to facililate such tasks, each person and community must lechnicpies that focus o n p r e p a r i n g a n d a u i h e n d c a t i n g l h e dala o n h u m a n

muddle through in ils own self-corivcting process of learning. expressions l h a t a r e t o be t a k e n u p b ) ' d i e s e v e n s u b s e q u e n t . s p e c i a l t i e s of

m e i h o d i c a l invesiigaiion. VVithoui such a u t h e n t i c a t i o n , Interpretaon a n d
- C y n i h i a S.W C r y s d a l e , Emlmuing Travnil
l l i s t o i " ) ' w o u l d a r r i v e at i i u s u b s t a i i t i a t e d restilis.
Jnterpwtation. Cridcally engaging expressions of ethical thought and
16.1 Introducdon beha\'iour f r o m the past u l t i m a i e l ) ' nieans evaluaiing them. But before
we can evalate t h e r n l e s p o n s i b l y , we l i r s i m u s t i m d e r s t a n d t h e m . I ' e o p l e
undersiaud tlie expressions o f metrdjers,/)!" i h e i r coninK")nseiise commti-
Lonergan orgatuzed the f u n c d o n a l specialties o f his m e i h o d in theolog)'
i u i ) ' a l l d i e t i m e t h r o u g h s e l f - c o r r e c t i n g processes t h a i are n n d e r p i n n e d by
i n t o twc) p i l a s e s : o u e t h a t " e n c o i n i i e i s l h e p a s t , " a u d a n o t h e r l h a t , " e n l i g h t -
lhe dynamic struciure ofethical intentionality. Commonsense inierpreta-
e n e d by i h e past, c o n f r o n t s the p r o b l e m s " o f t h e present.'' A n i e t h o d i n e i h -
ii(.m relies u p o n l h e l o n g - i e r m p e r s o n a l a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e coimnonsense
ics c a n b e p r o f i i a b l y o r g a n i z e d i n t o i h e s e i w o p h a s e s as w e l l . T h i s chapter
insights, feelings, judgments, and beliefs from the comnuiuity's public
will focus o n t w o o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l specialties, Diaiectic a n d F o u n d a t i o n s .
s t o r e , T h e n , w h e n a n o i h e r p e r s o n says s o m e t h i n g e v e u m i l d l y n o v e l , n d e r -
as r e p r e s e n t a u v e s o f e a c h o f t h e s e aliases, i n o r d e r t o i l l u s l r a i e h o w Lonei-
s t a n d i n g this expression is t h e r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e m a t t e r o " a d d i n g o n e or
gan's a p p r o a c h can c o n t r i b u t e to an ethical m e t h o d . T h i s does n o t m e a n
l w o m o r e insighis relevaiu. to the s i t u a t i o n o r text in h a n d , " over a n d above
t h a l llie o t h e r six f u n c t i o n a l specialties are n o t o f e q u a l i m p o n a n c e I n t h e i r
those p r e v i o u s l y a c q u i r e d o v e r a lil'eiime.^' H o w e v e r , w l i e n e l h i c a l expres-
c o n t r i b u d o n s t o e t h i c a l m e t h o d , as s h o u l d b e c o m e c l e a r i n t h e r e m a i n d e r
sions c o m e to U S f r o m sources o t h e r t h a n those o f oin- o w n immediate
 'VM l'an V: M e i h o d in VAWCS .Vleiliod in E i h i c s I I : Oiatecuc a n d Foundaons 43,^

comrnuniiy, commonsense m o d e s n e e d l o be s u p p l e m e n i e d by o t h e r m e i h - texis, deeds, iustuuons, socieues, a n d culuires.^ T h e meihodical work

ods. L o n e r g a n s p e m m u c h o f his career w o r k i n g o u l a very g e n e r a l heu- o f History, therefore, makes crucial coutribuons towards p u r i B ' i n g a n d
risuc s t n i c t u r e f o r t h e full r a n g e o f h n m a n m e a n i n g s based o n his analvsis e n r i c l i i n g o u r i n h e r i i e d resources, i n o r d e r d i a t we m a y b e t t e r d r a w u p o n
of the s t r n c t u r e s , patterns, a n d d i f f e r e n u a u o n s o f h u m a n consciousness.' i h e m as we r e s p o n d t o o u r c o n i e m p o r a r y s i u i a o n s ,
T h e f u n c d o n a l specialty, I n t e r p r e i a u o n , relies u p o n t h e g u i d a n c e oflhese
h e u r i s u c s as i t a p p r o a c h e s t h e l a s k o f n d e r s t a n d i n g i h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s and 16.3 Diaiectic
c o m i n u n i c a t i n g i h a t nderstanding to various audiences,
Hisloij. H i s t o r ) ' as a r e a l i t y is l h e pi-ocess w l i e r e b y we a r e bequeathed C r i u c a l e n g a g e m e n t w i t h e t h i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s r e a c h e s its c u l m i n a o n i n l h e
t h e r e s o u r c e s a n d d i e c o r r u p u o n s t h a t w e use i n e x e r c i s i n g o u r s t r u c i u r e f u n c i i o n a l s p e c i a l t y o f D i a l e c d c . I m p o r t a n t as t h e y a r e , t h e c o n t r i b u d o n s o f
ofeihical i n t e n o n a l i t y VVe u o t o n l y r e c e i v e w c i i i e n a n d o t h e r f o r m s of Research, interpretaon, a n d H i s t o r y are l i m i t e d . B e y o n d k n o w i n g matters
expression f r o m o u r forebears; those expressions are mediaied l o us b y o f f a c t , t h e r e lies i h e " l a s k o f p a s s i n g J u c l g m e n t s o n d i e vales a n d d i s v a l u e s
inierpreiaons. Expressions a n d interprelaons f o r m historical sequences o f f e r e d us b y i h e p a s t , " v v h i c h p e r t a i n s t o t h e h i n h e r s p e c i a l t i e s o f D i a l e c i i c
w h i c h a r e p a s s e d a l o n g t o us a n d w h i c h f o r m u s . W h a t L o n e r g a n says a b o u t and Foundadons.''
l h e h i s t o r i a n c a n be said o f e a c h o f us - n a m e l ) ' , d i a l w e o p r a t e i n t h e l i g h l Dialecdc presupposes die indispensable coniribuons o f t h e three p r i o r
o f o u r " w b o l e p e r s o n a l d e v e l o p i n e m , " w h i c h is " n o t j u s t [ o u r o w n ] b u t a l s o f u n c u o n a l speciahies a n d places t h e m i n t o a w i d e r a n d d e e p e r c o n t e x t . Dia-
the living o n iu [us] o f developmenis that h u m a n society a n d c u l i u r e have leciic t h e r e f o r e plays a c r u c i a l role i n c r i d c a l l y a p p r o p r i a d n g a n d d i s c e r n -
slowly a c c u m u l a t e d over the c e n i u r i e s . i n g w h a i o u r h e r i t a g e has b e q u e a t h e d 1 0 us. W e wish t o k n o w w h e i h e r w h a t
Sll, w h a t w e a r e l o l d a b o u t t h e pasi a n d w h a t a c t u a l l y h a p p e n e d often has b e e n b e q u e a t h e d is g o o d a n d w o r d i y o f e n i i i l a o n , i m p r o v e m e u t , a n d
c a n b e v e r y d i f l e r e n t , VVe f o r r n f e e l i n g s a n d e v a l u a d o n s n r e s p o n s e t o w h a t d i s s e m i n a t i o n - o r w h e t h e r i t is t a r n i s h e d , c o r n i p t e d . o r p e r h a p s l o x i c , t o
w e a r e l o l d a b o i i i t h e jast, b u t v v h a i w e a r e l o l d a b ( . u i t t h e g o o d s o r evils be c o n e c i e d , d i s c o u r a g e d , o r p e r h a p s q u a r a u i i u e d . L o n e r g a n devised Dia-
d o n e in t h e past may be e x a g g e r a i e d o r m i i n i e . Evil d e e d s o f i h e past m a y l e c c as a m e i h o d f o r m a k i n g s u c h e v a l u a d o n s . l i s p r i m a r y t a s k is " 1 0 add
be c o v e r e d o v e r by the l e l l i n g o f a history, g i v i n g a b e i i e r p i c t u r e o f a c u l t u r e
to lhe interpretaon t h a l u n d e r s t a n d s a f u r t h e r i n t e r p r e i a u o n ihai appreci-
t h a n i t deserves. I f w e d i s c o v e r t h a t t h e siories we r e c e i v e are d i s i o r i e d , we
a i e s ... [ a n d ] t o : i d d t o t b c h i s t o r y l h a t g r a s p s w l i a l was g o i n g f o r w a r d a h i s -
are n o l o n g e r c o n i e n i lo live by i h e m . L d u m a i e l y , we a r e i i o i s a t i s f i e d m e r e l y
t o r y l h a t evaltiates a c h i e v e m e n t s , t h a l discerus g o o d a u d e v i l . ' " " T h e s e are
w i l h e d i f y i n g s i o r i e s . VVe d e s i r e h i s t o r i e s t h a t a r e t r u e . VVe w i s h t o know,
t h e essenuai c o n t r i b u d o n s o f Dialecdc o v e r a n d above i b e results p r o d u c e d
t h e r e f o r e , w h e i h e r w h a i h a s c o m e d o w n t o us is a n a u i h e n c c o m i n u n i c a -
b)' t h e i h r e e p r i o r m e i h o d i c a l s|:)ecialties.
t i o n a n d a d a p t a t i o n o f a n o r i g i n a l e t h i c a l visin, o r w h e t h e r i t is somehow
No d o u b i m a n y will objeci l h a t e v a l u a t i o n o f p a s i a c l e v e m e n i s is n o t
a b e i r a ) ' a l o f l h a t visin.
l h e p r o p e r task o f a n y k i n d o f s c h o l a r l y w o r k . A l o n g w i t h M a x W e b e r , t h e y
Lhe m e d i o d i c a l specialty o f H i s t o r y i n L o n e r g a n ' s sense t h e r e f o r e makes w i l l i n s i s t d i a l s c h o l a r s h i p {Wissmschaj't) mus l i i n i i i t s e l f 1 0 objecve facts,
a subsianal c o n t r i b u u o n l o d i e c r i u c a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f o u r e t h i c a l h e r i - and t h a t s u b j e c t i v e o p i n i o n s a b o u t vales lie o u t s i d e iis b o u n d a r i e s , " lu
tage. H i s t o r y as L o n e r g a n u n d e r s t a n d s i l "is a f u n c u o n a l specialty that r e s p o n s e , L o n e r g a n h i m s e l f q n o t e d l i i s i o r i a n s , s u c h as F r i e d r i c h Meinecke
aims a i s e t t i i n g m a t i e r s o f fact by a p p e a l i n g l o e m p i r i c a l evidence"' a b o u t a n d C a r i B e c k e r . w h o h e l d i h a i " t h e v a l u o f h i s t o r y is ... m o r a l ' " i n s o f a r
h u m a n meanings.'' K n o w i n g tbe faciual h i s t o i y o f o u r eihical heriiage takes as i l l e a d s t o " ' d e e p e n i n g t h e s y m p a d i i e s a n d forfying t h e w i H . " " H e also
US b e y o n d t h e i n a n i p u l a i i o n s o f o p i n i n , r l i e i o r i c , p r o p a g a n d a , a n d i d e o h offered the works o f j a c o b B u r k i i a r d t as e x a m p l e s o f t h i s e v a l u a v e k i n d o f
og7. L o n e r g a n q u o t e s h i s t o r i a n C a r i B e c k e r r e g a r d i n g t h e valu o f c r i u c a l history.
h i s t o i y : " J l p r e p a r e s us t o l i v e m o r e h u m a n e l y i n t h e p r e s e n t a n d l o meet
As a f u r t h e r r e s p o n s e to t h e o b j e c i i o n , I would refer lo the earlier
rather than foretell the f u i u r e . ' '
chapters o f this b o o k , w h i c h p r e s e n i e d a case f o r i h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f objec-
WhaiTonergan sa)'S a b o n t h i s i o r y i n Method hi l'heology cim be s i i p p l e - ve j u d g m e n t s o f v a l n e . O b j e c t i v i t y i n i h e r e a l m o f v a l e s is p a r a l l e l lo
m e n t e d i n light o f t h e precedingchapters o f t h i s book. T h e general heuris- o b j e c i i v i l y i n t h e r e a l m o f facts. B o t h d e p e n d u p o n fidelity 1 0 the cali
uc o f l h e h u m a n , n a u i r a l , a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d , a l o n g w i t h t h e scale o f o f u n r e s t r i c t e d q u e s u o n i n g - w h e t h e r q u e s u o n s a b o u l w h a i t r u l y is, o r
valu p r e f e r e n c e s , c a n be u s e d t o assisi h i s i o r i c a l i n v e s u g a u o n i n a n a l y s i n g ( p i e s o n s a b o u t w h a t is t r u l y v a l u a b l e . O b j e c t i v i t y i n t h e r e a l m o f v a l e s
t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f g o o d s a n d e v i l s as t h e y d e v e l o p a n d d e c l i n e i n a u t h o r s , also d e p e n d s u p o n a nonnavely o.riented h o r i z o n o f f e e l i n g s . Objeciivily
 '\-M\n V; M e i h o d in Ediics M c d i o d i n f i l i i c s i l : i:)ialccuc a n d f n u i i d a i i n i i s hV

d e p e n d s , i o s h o r t , u p o n a p e r s o n w h o is i n t e l l e c t u a y , r e h g i o u s l y , ; u i d . t s s e r t i o n " I t is alwa>'S b a d t o m a k e v a l u j u d g i n e n t s " w o u l d b e o l a c o u n i e r -

morally converted, and who i h i i i k s o u t o f a n d lives o u t t h e n o i - m a i i v i i v j i D s i t i o n , s i n c e i h e p e r s o n m a k i n g l h e s t a t e m e u t is e x e r c i s i n g l h e ver\ a c i i v -
inirinsic to those conveisions. Dialeciic therefore raises t o t h e level (tf a
iiy she o r he condemns.''
s c h o l a i l y m e i h o d v\'hat is a h e a d y i m m a n e n t a n d o p e r a t i v e i n t h e o r d i n a r v
L a c k o f conversin itself can lead l o various kincls o f d i a l e c t i c a l con-
t h i n k i n g a n d living o f authentic- h u m a n beings. Appreciative interpreta
licts. So, f o r e x a m p l e , L o n e r g a n c l a i m s t h a t b o t h e m p i r i c i s m a n d i d e a l -
tions a n d e v a l u a t i v e h i s i o r i e s c a n be t h e p r o p e r w o r k o f s c h o l a r s h i p , ihei<-
ism r e s u l t f r o m t h e a b s e n c e o f i n t e l l e c t u a l conversin i n t h e full sense. B u l
hire, il diese sources o f objectivity are recognized a n d addressed methodi
their statements d o not conflict solely wilh the statements o f Lonergan's
c a l l y ' f i l i s is t h e p o i n t t o D i a i e c t i c as L o n e r g a n c c u i c e i x e d o f i t . D i a i e c t i c
ciaiical realism. T h e c l a i m s o f e m p i r i c i s t s a n d idealisis w i l l also c o n f l i c t
b e c o m e s n i e t h o d i c a l b y t a k i n g as i t s s o u r c e s t h e c r i t i c a l , s c h o l a r l y s t t i d i e s
w i t h o n e a n o t h e r , p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e ways t h a t t h e i r c o n m i i t m e n t s
o f researchers, interpreters, a n d hisiorians, a n d by b r i n g i n g lhe sources
aboul k n o w i n g , objectivity, a n d reality deviate from c o g n i u o n a l structure
o f o b j e c i i v e e v a l u a t i o n i n t o play.
ancl ils I m p l i c a t i o n s . S i n u l a r l y , 1 w o u l d suggest t h a t t b e c o n f l i c t s beiween
l-lowever, L o n e r g a n ' s f u n c t i o n a l l y s p e c i a l i z e d n i e t h o d o f a d d i n g evalua- iitiliiariaiis a n d d e o n t o l o g i s t s o n e t h i c a l matters arise fi-om h o r i z o n s thal
tive i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d h i s t o r i e s r u n s u p a g a i n s t a p r o b l e m . A s n i e t h o d i c a l are b o l h l a c k i n g i n m o r a l conversin i n t h e full sense. F o r e x a m p l e , utili-
a n d s p e c i a l i z e d , D i a i e c t i c m u s t r e l y u p o n t h e w o r k s o f scholai~s e n g a g e d i n larians l e n d to focus o u g o o d s o f t h e Iirst level o f t b e s i i a i c t u r e o f the
Research, I n i e r p r e t a t i o n , a n d f l i s i o r y . ' ' Yet t h e r e s i d s p u l f o n h b y d i f f e r -
human goocl, w h i l e deontologists t e n d to focus o n personal valu i n
e n t scholai"s c a n a n d d o c o n f l i c t w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . f l u s i n o i c l e i - t o b e a b l e
1 h e scale o f vales. M o r a l c o n v e r s i n sitales l h e g o o d n e s s o f b o t l i w i t h i n
t o u s e t h e m as b a s e s f o r e v a l u a i i o n s , i h c i s e c o n f l i c t s n e e d t o b e i d e n u f i e d ,
the larger contexis o f the whole siructure o f the h u m a n g o o d and the
c o m p r e h e n d e d , ancl resolved i n s o m e f a s h i o n .
e i u i r e scale o f vales.
L o n e r g a n o p e n s his chapter o n Dialecdc, therefore, with the declaratiou By laking on t h e lasks o f d e v e l o p i n g positions a n d reversing counter-
i h a i its p u r p o s e is l o d e a l w i t h c o n l i c t s . As a f i r s i s t e p , h e p r c ) p o s e s p r o c e - p o s i i i o n s , D i a l e c t i c a l scholars w o u l c l tbemselves be m a k i n g valu j u d g m e n t s
d u r e s f o r d i s i l n g u i s h i n g a m o n g d i f f e r e n t kincls o f ccjnflicts. S o m e c o n f l i c l s a n d l a k i n g decisive stands. T h e y w o u l d lake a stand whenevei' lhey pro-
a r e f a m i l i a r ( s u c h as t h o s e b e t w e e n p e o p l e w h o p l a y d i f f e r e n t r o l e s i n t h e i i " n o u n c e t h a t s o m e c l a i m b\ p r e d e c e s s o r is e i t h e r a p o s i t i o u o r a c o u n i e r -
socieiies, vvliich h e ascribes t o d i f e r e n i sets o f c o m m o n s e n s e insights), p o s i i i c ) n . As L o n e r g a n observes, w h e n dialectlcians d e v e l o p posilions a n d
w h i l e s o m e c o m e t o g h t t h r o u g h h i s u i e m i o u a l i t y a n a l y s i s ( s u c h as t h o s e
reverse c o t u i t e i - p o s i t i c m s they will "be p r e s e n i i n g an i d e a l i z e d versin of
arising from differentiations ofconsciousness o r d i f f e r e n t siages o f m e a n -
l h e p a s l , s o m e t h i n g hdlnxhnn was t h e r e a l i t y . " ' ' ^ F v e n m o r e o b v i o u s l y , t h e y
i n g ) , ' ' f h e p r e l i m i n a r y piocedures i n the meibodical praciice o f Dialeciic,
a l s o i n a k e v a l u j u d g m e m s a n d d e c i s i o n s w h e n t h e y t a k e a s t a n d as t o w h a t
t h e r e f o i e , are d e v o i e d to c l a r i f y i n g these d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f conflicts.
o f v a l u was m o v i n g f o r w a r d i n h i s t o r y o n t h e basis o f t h o s e dialecucally
Yet these p r e l i m i n a r y p r o c e d u r e s a r e i n i e n d e d l o set l h e stage f o r the leFined results. '
p r i m a r v cjbjective o f Diaiectic, n a i i i e h ' e n g a g i n g t l i e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l o f O n c e a g a i n , t h i s m i g h i s o u n d as t h o u g h L o n e r g a n h a s g i v e n u p o n objec-
k i n d s o f c o n f l i c t s - those thai arise because of i h e p r e s e n c e or absence o f livic)'. G i v i n g a s c h o l a r l y a c c n u n i o f t h e past as b e i i e r t h a n i i r e a l l v was -
tbe iliree conversions ( i n t e l l e c t u a l , m o r a l , a n c l r e l i g i c j u s , to w h i c h w e may r a t h e r t h a n j u s t as i t r e a l l y was - j u s i s e e i n s p u r e l y s u b j e c i i v e . l l s e e m s w o r s e
also a d d p s y c h i c ) . t h a n mereh- a n i d e a l i z e d a c c o n m . I t seeins, r a i h e r , l i k e an idealistic projec-
In orcler lo m e e t ihe challenges o these d e e p e r kincls o f conflicts, t h e lion fulllling t h e wishes o f i l i e investig'Alor, r a t h e r t h a n facing the cold,
meihod of Diaiectic follows two precepLs: "develop posions; reverse h a r d Iacts o f h u m a n r e a l i t y O r p e r h a p s L o n e r g a n ' s m e i h o d is i n r e a l i l y a
coiuiier-pcjsiticjns."''' liy "posilions," L o n e r g a n means staiements l h a t are disgtiised a n d p e r h a p s a s e l f c l e l u d e d elTori to p r o n i o t e s o m e social o r c u l -
n o t m e r e l y l o g i c a l l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o t f i e r s t a i e m e n i s , b u l a i e also c o n s i s - tural or ideological o r religious agenda.'-'
tent with the actual p e r f o r m a n c e o f the structured aciivities o f cognitional Lonergan was w e l l a w a r e o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s , a n c l h e a p p r o a c h e d them
s i T U C i u r e . By e x t e n s i n , we m a y s p e a k o f p o s i l i o n s as s i a t e m e n t s t h a t are w i t h s o m e t h i n g e v e n m o r e s u b t l e i n m i n d . D i a l e c i i c i n h i s s e n s e sitales
consistent w i i h the m o r e encompassing struciure o f e t h i c a l intentionality. i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d h i s i o r i e s i n a l a r g e r c o i i t e x i . J u s t as l h e h i s t o r i a n t a k e s
A s i a t e m e n t s u c h as " O b j e c t i v i t y i n m a t t e r s o f act a n d v a l u is p o s s i b l e " t h e r e s u l t s o f i n t e r p r e t e r s a n d t h e c r i t i c a l e v a l u a d o n o f w i i n e s s e s as s o u r c e s
w o u l c l b e a n e x a m p l e cjf a p o s i u o n . C c i u n t e r - p o s i i i o i i s a r e s t a t e m e n t s t h a t t o b e w o v e n t o g e i h e r i n t o a c o r r e c t n a r r a t i v e o f w h a t was g o i n g f o r w a r d , so
a r e i n c o n s i s t e n l w i t h t h e exercise o f e t h i c a l intenonaliiy. F o r e x a m p l e , the also l h e d i a l e c t i c i a n takes i h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d histories t h a t have b e e n
 45S V'AVi V: M e i l i o d n Eihics M e i h o d i n E l l i i c s 11: D i a l e c i i c a n d F o u n d a l i o n s 4,39

w r i i i e n a n d phaces diem inio a sdll larger and m o r e complex coniexi. The In the contexi ofthe present discussion of meihod in eihics, we might
molo o f c r i i i c a i h i s i o r y has b e e n Silz m Lebc/n - ihe i n j u n c u o n lo compre- echo Grifllihs by saying, 'The dialecucians do not need to worry about
h e n d lhe meanings o f expressions p r o p e r l y by n n d e r s i a n d i n g a n d s i i u a u n g lhe u n k n o w n toiality o f t h e story o f history. T h e y need only do their work
diem in lhe c o n i e x t o f their o r i g i n a ! , lived, social, c u l t u r a l , a n d hisiorical methodically, atienvely, intelligendy, reasonably, responsibly, and with
settings. But there is a s u b d e oversighi in this a p p r o a c h . What exactly is love.'' This ineans appiying iheir structure ofeihical inienonality to the
the "historical setting" o f a n expression? Coniextiializing meanings Siz im scholarly work lhey receive, gnided by the unresu-icied notion of valu,
Lebai is i n d i s p e n s a b l e as f a r a s i t g o e s , b u t i t e x c e s s i v e l y r e s t r i c t s t h e con- unrestricied being-indove, and the normave scale ofvalne preference.
iexts \\'iihin u ' l i i c h e x p r e s s i o n s are lo be u n d e r s t o o d . A l l social a n d cultural f h i s is t h e w o r k o f d i s c e r n m e n t as p e r f o r m e d by a scholar o f Dialecc.
coniexts are lhemselves situated u'iibin the contexi of hisiory itself Tbe
I t is i h e r e l b r e q u i t e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i h e d i a l e c u c i a n to p r e s e n t a v e r s i n
penuliiniate sen i n g a n d context o f t h e m e a n i n g o f any expression therefore
ofa l i m i i e d h i s i o r i c a l e p i s o d e as " b e t t e r t h a n i t r e a l l y w a s , " b e c a u s e h i s t o r y
IS h i s i o r y i i s e l f , a n d Lonergan devoied m u c h o f his c a r e e r to developing a
as a w h o l e is b e t t e r t h a n a n y o f i t s l i m i i e d e p o c h s . S o m e h i s i o r i a n s regard
phiiosophical and heurisuc account of history Rather than Stz im. Lebeii,
|:)Ower a s i h e reality u p o n w h i c h historical studies s h o u l d be focused. For
then, lhe slogan w o u l d be revised in Lonergan's coniexi i.o r e a d Silz iv dir
l . o n e r g a n o n d i e o i h e r h a n d , h i s t o r y is a b o u t t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e a d v a n c e s a n d
C-escbJdile.
declines in intelligibility,goodness, a n d love.
Tlhs does n o t m e a n , however, that die dialecucian m u s t hrsi have some As was argued in chapter 13, g e n e r a l i z e d emergent probabiliiy, h u m a n
Hegelian or God's-eye lindersianding of the whole of history (Geschichle), history included, is good because it is inielligible. lis intelligibility
and then forc t b e r n e a n i n g ofa t e x t o r a historical period luto ihat pre- includes b u l goes b e y o n d all the violence a n d social evil thal is s o obvi-
conceived whole, Rather the dialecucian accoinplishes this uisk o f situang ous i n h i s i o r y . .As L o n e r g a n remarks, positions and coimter-posions "are
expressions within the c o n i e x i o f history itself while b e i n g led in the dark to be undersiood as o p p o s e d niomenis in an o n g o i n g process. They are
by t h e very d y n a m i c s c o n s u m d y u s e d by hurnan beings as d i e y consiute to be apprebended in their proper dialecucal character"" The process
t h e u n f o l d i n g o f h i s i o r y i i s e l f - i h a i is, t h e d i a l e c u c i a n i-eceives f r o m h e r or Lonergan speaks o f is g e n e r a l i z e d emergent probability, which incorpo-
b i s p r e d e c e s s o r s i e i r b e s i s c h o l a r l y e f l b r u s , l a k e s t h e i r c o n d i c i s as i h e stari- rales the dialecilcal movements of progress, decline, and redempon.
ing point, and then uses t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l intenonality in o r d e r U ) I t is a p r o c e s s which can iransibrm even the counter-posiiions and the
trace the origns o f those conflicts back to posions o r counter-posiiions. lu great dainages they b e g e i i n t o c o n t r i b u t i o n s 1 0a surpassing valu. Itis for
d o i n g so, t h e d i a l e c u c i a n a d d s w h a t was m i s s i n g f r o m t h e a c c o u m s he or she lhis reason iai Lonergan can hold thai ihe most objecve t h i n g a dia-
receives a n d i l i e r e b y transforms ihe received meanings i n t o s o m e t l i i n g "M^ei- lecucian can d o is t o r e m o v e t h e m e a n i n g or a historical period Irom iis
ter t h a n it really w a s . ' ' T h e d i a l e c u c i a n makes h i s o r h e r m e i h o d i c a l c o n t r i b u - seemingly isolated Silz im ..eben contexi and reveal i t as a n irreplaceable
uon to the g r a d u a l consirucon o f Hisiory, the process o f p i e c i n g together c o m p o n e n t i n t h e l a r g e r v a l u o f Ceschichte as a w h o l e . I n d o i n g so, lhe
m e a n i n g s a n d r e s o l v n g o f conlicts t h a i has b e e n g o i n g o n i n h i s i o r y a n d i n Dialecucian passes a l o n g ihe resources ofthe past in p r o f o u n d l y refmed
scholarship, a n d w h i c h will c o n u n u e for m a n y generaons to come. <n-nis l h a i c a n used profiiably in the b u i l d i n g u p o f t h e good of genei-ah

In a d i f f e r e n t c o i i i e x i , Paul C r i l T u b s has m a d e a similar point. Coininenl- ized emergeni probabilit)'.

ingon t h e b i b l i c a l b o o k The Songo/Songs, Griffiths writes, It is not a failure of objecviiy, therefore, when a converted scholar
iransforms Research, Inierpretaons, a n d H i s t o r i e s by compleng them
None ofthis means ihatall versions [inierpretaons] are equally ilirongh lhe evaluave ineiliod of Dialeciic. Sll, w e may ask, w h e r e are
g o o d . . . B u t i t is n o s i m p l e m a t t e r t o d i s c r i n i i n a t e t h e g o o d from i h e s e c o n v e r t e d s c h o l a r s 10 b e f o u n d , o r h o w : i r e t h e y 1.0 b e t i a i n e d ? Loner-
t h e l e s s so. T h i s is b e c a u . s e t h e r e a r e i n a n y v a r i a b l e s a t p l a y . . . Some gan's answer is, i n ihe very work of doing Dialecc itself While conver-
versions die and s o m e live; s o m e enier- d e e p l y into the corporate and si<ms certainly do happen wiihout lhe methodological assistance of Dia-
i n d i v i d u a l life o f die Lord's p e o p l e a n d s o m e r e m a i n o n the mar- leciic, c o m m i u e d engageineni in die h e u r i s u c structure and hard w o r k of
g i n s OI- f a l l d e a c h b o r n i r o m t h e jaress. r o r t u n a t e l y , t h o s e w h o o f f e r a D i a l e c c s l l h a s d i e c a p a c i t y 10 p r o m o t e the conversions. T h i s is b e c a u s e
versin o f a coinmenian' do noi need t o w o r r y vei"\ m u c l i a b o u t tlhs. Dialecc, along with Research, Inierpretation, and History, brings aboul
T h e y n e e d o n l y do t h e i r w o r k i o u g h i f u l l y altenvely, p r a y e r f u l l y , personal encouniers between scholai^s and those wlio came before them.
and wilh love."" I h e p u r p o s e o f D i a l e c c , d i e n , is 'To b r i n g conlicts to l i g h t , and lo provide
 440 P a n V: iVleihoci i n Kihics
a t e c l i n i q u c i h a i olsjeciifles s u b j e c i i \ ' e d i l T e r e n c e s a n d p c o m c u e s c o i n ' f i -
sion.""-' L o n e i g a n c o n i i n u e s :
T h e p u r p o s e o f d i a i e c t i c is t o i n v i t e t h e r e a d e r to a n e n c o u n t e r ,
a p e r s o n a l e n c o u n t e r , with l h e o r i g i n a t i n g a n d t r a d i i i o n a l a n d
i n t e r p r e t i n g a n d h i s t o i y - w r i i i n g p e r s o n s o f i h e jast i n i h e i r d i v e r -
g e n c e s ... n d e r s t a n d i n g t e x t s i s r e l e v a n t t o t h e d i a i e c t i c t h a t
invites o r c i i a U e n g e s the [ s c h o h i r ] to c o n v e i ' s i o n . " - '
I n s o f a r as t h e w o r k o f o n e ' s p r e d e c e s s o i " s was t h e p r o d u c t o f e x e r c i s e s o l
c o n v e r i e d e t h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i t y . ii h a s t h e p o w e r to i n s p i r e e i n u l a d o n a n d
t h e r e b y c h a l l e n g e t h e d i a l e c t i c i a n ( a n d o t h e r s c h o l a r s ) to a s p i r e to h i g h e i
s i a n d a r d s . I n s o l a r as tlie w o r k o f p r e d e c e s s o r s is l a c k i n g i n conversin, it will
h e i g h t e n t e n s i o n s i n t h e s c h o l a r t h a t will i n s p i r e i h e q u e s t f o r t h e i r p r o p e r
r e s o l u t i o n , w h i c h c o m e s o n l y in c o n v e r s i n . S u c h i n s p i r a i i o n c o m e s a b o n l
b e c a u s e a h u m a n b e i n g ' s " ' d e e p e s t n e e d a n d m o s t p r i z e d a c h i e v e m e n t is
a u i h e n t i c i t y , " * " ' a n d b e c a u s e h u m a n f e e l i n g s r e s p o n d to s u c h e x a m p l e s w i l h
a p p r e h e n s i o n s o f t h e i r vales,
l l is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t L o n e r g a n s a i d " p r o m o t e " a n d ' i n v i i e " a n d " c h a l -
l e n g e " conveisic'>n, n o t " p r o d u c e ' ' conversin. N o m e t h o d in L o n e r g a n ' s
sense c a n p r o d u c e results automatically. W h i l e results d e p e n d upon the
s i n c e r e a n d s u s t a i n e d efforts of practitioners under the guidance ol
s o p h i s t i c a t e d h e u r i s t i c s i r i i c i u r e s , i l i e r e always r e m a i n s a n o n - s y s t e m a i i c
dimensic)n lo t h e relatiouship between these m e t h o d s a u d their resulis.
T h e eight m e i h o d i c a l specialties are neither a u t o m a t i c or foolprool.
A l l t h a t t h e s e m e t h o d s c a n d o is i n c r e a s e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f r e s u l t s ; t h e y
c a n n o t g u a r a m e e r e s u l t s . T h i s c o n t i n g e n c y of r e s u l t s is e s p e c i a l l y pro-
i i o u n c e d in l h e c a s e o f D i a i e c t i c . T h i s is b e c a n s e t h e c o n v e r s i o n s c o n u '
aboui only through r a d i c a l h ' free acts o f h u m a n c h o i c e . " ^ Conversin
" o c c u r s o n l y i n a s m u c h as [ o n e ] d i s c o v e r s w h a t is u n a i i t h e n t i c i n [ o n e -
s e l f ] a n d t u r n s a w a y f r o m i t , i n a s m u c h as [ o n e ] d i s c o v e r s w h a t t h e f u l l -
n e s s o f h u m a n a u t h e n t i c i t y c a n b e a n c l e m b r a c e s it w i t h [ o n e ' s ] w h o l e
being."-'' D i a l e c i i c a u d the o t h e r f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s c a n foster genu-
ine htmum encouniers-'" a m l thereb)' increase the l i k e l i h o o d o f s u c h
c l i s c o v e r i e s a n d d e c i s i o n s , b u l o n l y i h e i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n c a n f r e e l y tak<'
the fmal step.
H e n e e Dialecc
will n o t b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y e f f i c a c i o u s , it will p r o v i d e t h e o p e n - m i n d e d ,
the s e i i o u s , t h e sincei'e with t h e o c c a s i o n to ask tfiemselves s o m e basic
q u e s t i o n s , fii^st, a b o u t o l h e r s b u t eventually, e v e n a b o u l themselves. It
will m a k e conversin a t o p i c a n d t h e i e b y p i o m o t e i t . . . conversin
. V l e l h i x l i n E i h i c s 11: D i a l e c c a n d K o i m d a i i n i i s 111
c o m m o n l y is a s l o w p r o c e s s o f m a t u r a u o n . I t is finding o u l for ( u i e s e l f
a n d in o n e s e l f w h a t i l is lo be i n t e l l i g e m , to b e r e a s o n a b l e , lo be r e s p o n -
sible, to love, Dialecc c o m n b i i l e s l o t h a i e n d by p o i n n g o u l iiliiin;iie
d i f f e r e n c e s , by ofering d i e e x a m p l e o f o i h e r s l h a t differ radically frotn
cmeself, by p r o v i d i n g t h e o c c a s i o n s f o r a refiecon, a self-scruny iat
c a n l e a d to a n e w u n d e i ^ t a n d i n g o f o n e s e l f a n d o n e ' s desny'"*
Lonergan fiiriher p r o p o s e s thai l h i s p r o c e s s will be a c c e l e r a i e d w h e n t h e
r e s u h s o f dialectlcians themselves beccjiiie the inputs for siibsec|uent exer-
c i s e s o f D i a l e c i i c by l a t e r s c h o l a r s . ' ' ' ' T h i s m e a n s that t h e r e s u l t s w i l l i m p r o v e
l i e c a u s e this s e l f - r e l l e c i i v e r e p e i i t i o n o f D i a i e c t i c wllI t e n d to p r o i u o t e t h e
f u r t h e r g r o w t h in c o n v e r s i n a m o n g d i a l e c t i c i a n s t h e m s e l v e s .
N o t i c e t h a l l i i e r e is n o r e q i r e m e n i t h a t p e o p l e n i u s t first p r o v e to s o m e
n m i a m e d auihoriiy they are c o n v e n e d before thev receive a license l o
p r a c t i s e D i a i e c t i c . P e o p l e j u s t e n g a g e n D i a i e c t i c , a u d t h o s e w h o a r e c o n -
v e r t e d o r b e c o m e c o n v e r i e d n t h e p r o c e s s w i l l p r o d u c e r e s u l t s t h a t c o m e
lo be e s i e e m e d as t h e m o s t v'aluable by p e o p l e w h o a r e c o n v e r t e d , j u s t
as f o r A r i s t o t l e d i a l e c t i c i a n s w h o p o s s e s s mipimia are best a b l e lo select
t h e d i a l e c u c a l o p t i o n t h a t i s inost n h a r m o n y w i t h i l i e l o v e o f t r u t h a n d
g o o d ness.
C o n v e r i e d p e o p l e . j u s t b e c a u s e l h e y a r e c o n v e n e d , will b e a b l e to d i s c e r n
[ ) o s i i i o i i s a n d c o u n t e r - p o s i i i o n s o n t h e b a s i s c^f t h e f u n d a m e n i a l commit-
m e m s t h a l l h e y i l i e n i s e l v e s liave m a d e to i n i e l l i g i b i l i i ) ' , t r u t l i , realit)', g o o d -
n e s s , a n d u n c o n d i c m a l l o v e . M a k i n g a u d e s p e c i a l l y susiainng d i e s e f u n -
d a m e n t a l c o n i m i t n i e n t s , a n d d r a w i n g u p o n i h e n i to e n g a g e i n t h e m e t h o d
o f Dialecc m o r e effectvely, s g r e a i l y e n f i a u c e d by e x p l i c i t l y t h e m a u z i n g
ihose fimdamenial c o m n d i m e n t s well. B u t e v e n w i d i o u t s o p h i s t i c a t e d a r i i c -
u l a t i o n , w h e n s u c h p e o p l e e n g a g e in R e s e a r c h , I n t e r j j r e t a t i o n , a n d H i s i o r y
d i r e c t h ' , o r w h e n t h e ) ' refieet o n t h e s e r e s u h s cif o i h e r s a n d e n d e a \ ' o u r to
b u i l d u p o n t h e m a n d l o c h o o s e as i h e i r o w n t h e vales they h a v e d i s c e r n e d
i u t h o s e p r i o r r e s u l t s i n D i a l e c i i c , thev w i l l d o s o w i t h a n o r m a t i v i t y t h a t c a n -
n o i b e fullv c a p i i i r e d i n r u l e s .
I t is o n l y t h r o u g h t h e m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s c o g n i t i o n a l a n d m o i a l
s e l f - t r a n s c e n d e n c e , n w h i c h t h e t h e o l o g i a n [ o r e t l i i c i s t ] over-
c o m e s h i s o w n c o n f l i c t s , t h a t h e c a n h o p e to d i s c e r n t h e a m b i v a -
l e n c e at w o r k i n o t h e r s a u d t h e m e a s u r e i n w h i c h t h e ) ' r e s o l v e d
tlieir problems, Only through such discernment can he hope
to a p p r e c i a t e a l l l h a t has b e e n i n i e l l i g e i i i , t r u e , a n d g o o d in
t h e p a s l e v e n i n t h e lives a n d t h e t h o t i g h t o f o p p o n e n t s . Only
t h r o u g h s u c h d i s c e r n m e n t c a n h e c t ^ n i e to a c k n o w l e d g e all that
was m i s i n f o r m e d , m i s u n d e r s i o o d . m i s t a k e n , evil e v e n i n t h o s e
 442 P a n V: V I e i h o d i n l i i h i c s M<-lhi)d in K i l i i c s I I : D i a l e . l i . . m d l . . n n i l . i U i . i r Ill

w i t h w h o m h e is a l l i e d . F u r t h e r , h o w e v e r , t h i s a c i i o n is r e c i p r o - be t h a t a conversin o f p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s l o w a r d s h i g h e i le t.d \ %
c a h j u s t as i i is o n e ' s o w n s e l f - i r a n s c e u d e n c e that enables one to is n e c e s s a r y before a n y m e a n i n g f u l r e f o r i n o f iusiiintius < o i i l d bi pxt
k n o w O l h e r s a c c u r a t e l y a n d l o u d g e i h e n i f a i r l y , so i n v e r s e l y i t sible. T h e valu o f l h e w o r k o f i h e l a t t e r t h r e e l u e i h o d i e . d spei i.diie'.,
is i h r o u g h k n o w l e d g e a n d ai>|3reciauon o f o i h e r s i h a i we come i l i e r e f o r e , will d e p e n d u p o n h o w w e l l l h e y h a v e t a k e n i n u i . n ( 011111 i h e
Lo k n o w o u r s e l v e s a n d lo fill o u l a n d refine o u r a p p r e h e n s i o n of works of Foundations,
vales.-^''

16.5 Foundations
Lonergan himself makes expHcii die i n i i m a i e connecon beiween a m e i h o d
o f l u n c i i o u a l S|3ecializ:aton a n d a n e i h i c s o f d i s c e i i u u e i i i . f h e b a s i c u i s k o f F o u n d a o n s is t o c l a r i f y t h e c o n v e r s i o n s a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a -
T h e p o s i t i v e w o r k o f D i a l e c d c is d o n e b y p e o p l e w h o r ^ c o n v e r t e d , n o t iions. T h e conversions diemselves d e n v e d i e i r authencity f r o m t h e fun-
necessarily p e o p l e w h o can give a c o h e r e n i a n d p o l i s h e d a c c o u n t ofwhat d a i u e m a l s i r u c t u r e d r e l a u o n s h i p s t h a i o c c u r r e p e a t e d l y a m o n g t h e acts o f
c o n v e r s i n is. T h a t is t h e w o r k o f F o u n d a d o n s . c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f e a c h a n d e v e r y h u m a n b e i n g . H e n e e , 10 s p e a k o f t h e c o n -
v e r s i o n s as f o u n d a o n a l is t o s p e a k o f p e o p l e w h o h a v e c o m e l o correcdy
16.4 Responsible Initiative for the F u t u r e : n n d e r s t a n d , 10 v a l u , a n d l o c o m m i t t h e m s e l v e s to living a n d t h i n k i n g i n
Policy, P l a n n i n g , a n d E x e c u t i o n a c c o r d w i t l i tliose n o r m a i i v e s t r u c i u r e s . l i i o t l i e r w o r d s , c o m ' e r t e d people
a r e p e o p l e c o m m i u e d t o d i s c e r n m e n t as i h e s t a n d a r d o f d i e i r e t l n c a l i h i n k -
The second phase o f i n e t h o d i n e t h i c s takes a s t a n d a n d c o n f r o n t s the i n g a n d acng, S u c h p e o p l e are n o t p e r f e c t , b u l d i e y have d e c i s i v e l y com-
p r o b l e m s o f t h e p r e s e n t . C r i u c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e s 10 b e employed m i u e d l l i e m s e l v e s t o o v e r c o m i u g w h a t e v e r b i a s e s a n d ressenlhii<;nls ilie)' may
i n l h e p r e s e n t is p r i m a r i l y t h e t a s k o f l h e f i r s t f o u r f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l e s : h a r b o u r a n d that i m p e d e their living and t h i n k i n g auihenucally. They com-
Research, I n t e r p r e i a u o n , History, a n d Dialecdc. C o n n r d t m e n i a n d acuon m i t themselves, however f r a g i l e l y . 10 d i s c e r n i n g d a i l y h o w t o b e i n t e l l i g e n t
( a n d especially the aciions of leachiug and persuading oihers), rather a n d r e a s o n a b l e t h i n k e r s a n d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e a n d l o v i n g valtiei-s, c h o o s e r s ,
than c r i u c a l e v a l u a t i o n , is d i e p r i n c i p a l objecdve of lhe second four a u d aciors.
m e i h o d i c a l specialties (Foundations, Doctrines, Sysieinaiics, C o m r n u n i - T h i s means that rhe Foundaons ckirifies t h e conversions a n d t h e i r i m p i i -
cauons). Lonergan h i m s e l f oljserved that the siruclure o f t h e last t h r e e c a o n s l3y c l a r i f y i u g t h e s i m c i u r e o f e d i i c a l i n i e n o n a l i t y a n d its i m p l i c a -
m e i h o d i c a l specialties c o u l d be a d a p t e d frorn the field o f theolog)' to i i o n s , l i d o e s so b y p r o v i d i n g w h a t L o n e r g a n c a l i s " b a s i c c a t e g o r i e s . " s ' These
"policy making, p l a n n i n g and execution" in cooperative v e n t u r e s to pro- basic categories spell o u t t h e key c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t r n c t u r e s o f c o g n i -
m o t e t h e h u m a n g o o d a n d h e a l t h e d a m a g e d o n e b y evil."*' T h e u s e o f i h i s on a n d e l h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y , as w e l l as d i e i r m o s l f u n d a m e n t a l i m p i i c a -
s e c o n d phase o f s i r u c t u r e d speciahies can make personal a n d especially ons. T h e m e i h o d f b r arculang these c a t e g o r i e s is i n f a c t d i s c e r n m e n l
g r o u p e t h i c a l a c u o n m o r e m e i h o d i c a l a n d less h a p h a z a r d . T h i s w o r k w i l l ;is s e l f - a p p r o p r i a o n .
be gready e n h a n c e d i f it employs t b e p r o d u c s o f F o u n d a t i o n s (i.e., ils
"basic caiegories"). While Lonergan attributes the work o f developing I f c a t e g o r i e s a r e t o b e d e r i v e d , t h e r e is n e e d e d a base f r o m w h i c h
p o s i o n s a n d r e v e r s i n g c o u n t e r - p o s i i i o n s 10 D i a i e c t i c , i n f a c t m o s t o f t h e l h e y a r e d e r i v e d . T h e b a s e ... is t b e a l t c n d i n g , i n q u i r i n g , reflecung,
n i t i y - g r i t t y details o f iai w o r k are l a k e n u p by i h e f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l - d e l i b e r a n g s u b j e c t .,, a n d t b e s t r u c t i r e w i i h i n w h i c h i e opera-
t i e s o f D o c t r i n e s , S y s t e m a t i c s , a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s (as p o l i c ) ' , p l a n n i n g . u o n s o c c u r , T h e s u b j e c t i n q u e s i i o n is n o t a n y g e n e r a l o r a b s t r a c t
a n d e x e c u i i o n ) . T h i s is w h e r e |:)ersons a n d g r o u p s r e a l l y a j a p r o p r i a t e ; i o r t h e o r e c a l s u b j e c t ; i t is i n e a c h case t h e p a r c u l a r [ p e r s o n ] who
i r a d i i i o n as t h e i r o w n a n d w o r k t o i m p r o v e i t - o r 10 r e j e c t i t i n p a r t o r h a p p e n s 10 b e d o i n g [ t h e operauons]
whole. In particular, ihe general heurisuc structure o f t h e g o o d t h a i is
d e v e l o p e d i u F o u n d a o n s c a n b e u s e d b y t h e s e lasi i h r e e f u n c u o n a l s p e - Lonergan devoied m u c h o f h i s c a r e e r 10 w o r k i n g o u t s u c h b a s i c c a t e g o -
ciales. l l p r o v i d e s a s t r u c i u r e f o r d e l i b e r a i i n g i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c o i n u i u - ries, especially his o w n accounts o f t h e three conversions lhemselves. In
nally a b o u l w h a t sorts o f goods are called for a n d possible i n the preseiu a d d i t i o n , his o w n c o n t r i b u d o n s t o F o u n d a t i o n s i n c l u d e p o s i n g a n d answer-
s i t u a d o n . It m a y be t h a t new skills are r e q u i r e d to m a k e n e w parcular i n g the ihree questions regarding cognitional structure, fectual objectiv-
g o o d s available. O r i t m a y be t h a t n e w instuons are n e e d e d . O r i t uiay ity, a n d reality. H i s c o u t r i b u o n s also i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g a c c o u m s : lhe
 444 P a n V: i M c l h o c I i u l i i h i c s M . l h . . d i l l K l l i i i s 11: D i a l e c l i e a n d K o u i u l a l i u i i s 11.^

m e i h o d s o f t h e e m p i r i c a l sciences a n d i h e i r impiicaons f o r a g e n e r a l i / r i l hv i M u i n d a t i o n s w i l l assist i h o s e e n g a g e d i u t h e o t h e r fuiict(uial spe* i . i l i i e s

emeigent probability a n d a m e t h o d f o r melaphysics; t h e implicaiions o l i n b e i n g m o r e a t t e n t i v e a n d f a i t h f u l l o w h a t i l i n e a n s t o b c o p e r a t i n g as a
cogniiional structure for knowledge a b o u l Cod; the iranscendenial noiion r i n i v e r t e d scholar I n those specialized lines o f investigaon. flus nieans
of ralue a n d t h e s i r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n g o o d ; t h e s i r u c t u r e o f h u m a n Wts d i a l l h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e e i g h t functicTnal s p e c i a h i e s need u o t be
l o r y ; t h e f u n c t i o n s , r e a l m s , c a r r i e r s , a n d s t a g e s o f m e a n i n g ; a n d t h e scale i >! ,1 o n e - w a y Street, s i m p l y f r o m R e s e a r c h t o w a r d s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s . T h e r e is
valu p r e f e i e n c e . A l l these a r e e x a m p l e s o f tlie work o f "thematizing a m l insiead a m u t u a l i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e among tlie n i e t h o d i c a l specialties. I n
objectying" a n d w o r k i n g o u t t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f the conveisions.:" 1 haM pariicular, l h e practice o f each o f t h e m will be e n h a n c e d i f lhey d r a w u p o n
a l r e a d y e x p l o r e d h o w I.,onergan addressed nujst o f l h e s e topics i n various l h e c a t e g o r i e s as p r o v i d e d b y F o u n d a l i o n s .
p l a c e s i n t h i s b o o k , s o i l is u n n e c e s s a r y t o r e p e a t t h e m here.
F o u r t h a u d finally, a r t i c u l a t i n g conversin exposes t h e l i m i t s a n d llaws
In addition, I have endeavoured n t h i s b o o k t o o f f e r in> o w n c o n i i i i)f o n e ' s o w n s e l f - u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f c o n v e r s i n t o t h e r e c o m m e n d a i i o n s
butions to the work o f Foundations, e x p a n d i n g u p o n Lonergan's wnrk .iiid c r i t i c i s m s o f o i h e r s w l i o a r e t a k i n g t h e t o p i c o f conversin seiiously.
by f o r n u i l a t i n g t h r e e cpiestions f o r ethics that parallel L o n e r g a n ' s thn-r f h e r e is n o t n o w , a n d I h o p e ne\'er w i l l b e , a n y c e r t i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s t h a t
cpiestions f o r k n o w i n g , a n d also by o f f e r i n g a c c o u n t s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o l ( redenlials a person f o r t h e p r a c t i c e o f F o u n d a t i o n s . .N'o d o u b t m a n ) '
eihical intentionality, h o w i n t e n t i o n a l feelings respond to various agent i m c o n v e r t e d p e o p l e will believe theiiiselves c o n v e r t e d a n d will proceed
objects a n d i n t e n d v a r i o u s vales, t h e h o r i z o n s o f i n i e n t i o n a l f e e l i n u s t u articlate basic caiegories a n d implications that derive from their
a n d t h e i r t e n s i o n s , l h e g r a s p of i h e v i r t u a l l y i m c o n d i u o n e d t h a t g r o u i u K deviaiions from the a u t h e n t i c n o r m a t i v i t y o f tlie u n r e s l r i c i e d notions
objectivejudgmeiits ofvalne and i h e role o f horizons offeelings i n reach uf inielligence, reasonableness, \'alue, r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , ancl u n c o n d i t i o n a l
i n g s u c h J u d g m e n t s a u d t h e decisions t h a t ft)llow f r o m t h e m , t h e role o l
Ii)\e. ' f b e o n l y r e a l c h e c k c m s u c h d e \ ' i a t i o u s is t h e r e s p o n s e by oihers
t h e scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e i n m o r a l conversin, a n d h o w t h e structtm-
who are converied. Such responses are n o l o n l y l h e w o r k o f Fotinda-
of l h e good can be derived fiom the structure o f e t h i c a l intentionalitv.
l i o u s , b u l a l s o i n v t ) h ' e R e s e a r c h , l u t e r p r e i a t i o n , f l i s i o r y , a u d D i a i e c t i c , as
1 hope that these e x a m p l e s i l h i m i n a i e w h a t is n i e a i i i b y F o t m d a t i o n s :i>
a|j|3liecl r e f l e x i v e l y t o t h e e x p r e s s i o n s o f d i o s e p u r p o r t i n g t o d o t h e w o r k
a f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l t y , a n d its r e l e v a n c e t o m e t h o d i n e t h i c s . J n n o w a y
lll F o u n d a t i o n s .
s h o u l d i t be assumed that t h e w o r k o f F o u n d a t i o n s e n d e d w i t h Lonergan,
.Al l h e r o o t o f L o n e r g a n ' s m e i h o d o f e i g h t f u n c i i o n a l specialties, there-
a n d ceriainly ncn w i t h m y o w n c o n t r i b i u i o n s . Foundations, like t h e o t h c i
l o r e , t h e r e is a p r o f o u n d h o p e h i l n e s s . I t is a h o p e f u l n e s s that "die con-
se\'en f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l t i e s , ls a n o n g c d n g m e t h o d a n t i c i p a i i n g futnr<'
verted will f i n d o n e a n o t h e r " because e v e i y h u m a n being's "deepest need
coniribuiions.
a n d m o s t p r i z e d a c h i e \ ' e m e m is a u l h e n t i c i i y . " ^ ' '
Although Lonei'gan himself pi'esented basic d e s c r i p i i o n s o f t h e t l i r e e W h i l e t h e i n e l i m i n a b l e h u m a n a s p i r a i i o n f o r a u t h e n t i c i t y s a g r o u n d f b r
c o n v e r s i o n s i n t h e c h a p t e r i n Meihod n 'J'/wology devoied t o Dialecc, tech- s u c h h o p e f u l n e s s , f o r L o n e r g a n as a C h r i s i i a n t h e o l o g i a n t h e r e is a l s o a f a r
n i c a l ly l i l i s is t h e w o r k rf t h e s p e c i a l t y o f F c u i n d a t i o n s . C o n v e r s i o n s a n d i h e deeper g r o u n d for such hopefulness i n t b e p o w e r o f u n c o n d i t i o n a l love
struciures ofconsciousness w h i c h n n d e r l i e t h e m c a n be i i n d e i " s t o o d well l h a t is G o d s g r a c e . T h i s h o p e f u l n e s s is i m r i n s i c t o a C h r i s i i a n a n d m o r e
o r p o o r l y . W h i l e c o n \ e r s i o n s c a n a n d d o i n f l u e n c e Uow p e o p l e e v a l a t e , generally t o a r e l i g i c j u s v i e w o f h i s t o r y . T h e c o n v i c o n t h a t l o v e is s t r o n -
d e c i d e , a n d act e v e n i f t h e i r c o n v e r s i o n s a r e n o t e x p l i c i d y t r i e m a t i z e d , still gei- t h a n a l l o t h e r f b r c e s - s u c h as s e l f - c e m r e d u e s s , greed, violence, power,
m e t h o d i c a l l y a r i i c n l a i i n g j u s t w h a t o n e u n d e r s t a n d s b y c o n v e r s i n h a s sev- h a t r e d , n i h i l i s n i , o r p o l i l i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c f b r c e s - t h i s i t s e l f is g r o u n d e d i n
e r a l positive b e n e f i t s . First, i t can s t i e n g t h e n i h e c o n v e r s i o n s themselves by c o n v e i " s i o n . T o say t h i s is a r e l i g i o u s v i e w i l o say l h a t t h e p o w e r c j f u n c o n -
i d e n u f y i n g a n d clariying t h e m . Second, a r u c u l a t i n g a conversin helps O I K - d i d o n a l l o v e h a s b e e n a n d always w i l l c o n i i n u e l o m o t i v a i e t h e r e | ) a i r a n d
s o r t o u t c o n f u s i o n s t h a t c a n m a k e counler-posioiial prc>posals o f o t h e r s l e a v e n i n g o f a w o r l d t h a t o f t e n seeins d e s i i n e d f b r u l t i m a t e u o t b i n g n e s s .
s e e m p o s i u o n a l . T h i r d , t h e effectiveness o f t h e o t h e r f u n c t i o n a l speciahies ( T h a t t h i s is a l s o a g e n u i n e l y r e a l i s l i c v i e w h a s b e e n a r g u e d t o s o m e e x t e n t
will be greatly e n h a n c e d i f lhey draw u p o n t h e explicit clariflcations pro- ill c h a p t e r 13).
v i d e d b y F o u n d a t i o n s . T h i s is m o s i o b v i o u s i n t h e case o f D i a l e c i i c , w h o s e A l l t h i s is i n t e i u c l e p e n d e n i l y o f a m e d i o d i u e t h i c s . M e i h o d i n e t h i c s m a k e s
t a s k is t o d i s c e r n w h e n c o n l i c t s a r i s e f r o m t h e d i f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n conver- a n y e f f o r t s t o b e e t h i c a l m o r e m e i h o d i c a l , a n d t h e r e f o r e i m p r o v e s t h e ways
sin ancl ils absence, a n d b e t w e e n t h e p o s i t i o n s a n d c o u n t e r - p o s i t i o n s thal that people draw tipon eihical tradiuons. M e i h o d i n ethics makes more
e n s u e f r o m c o n v e i s i o n o r its lack. i n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , c l a r i f i c a t i o n s p r o d u c e d e f f e c t i v e w h a t has b e e n h a p p e n i n g a n d w i l l c o n t i n u to h a p p e n t h r o u g h t h e
 44(5 Pan V: M e i h o d i n E t h i c s . M e t h o d i n L i h i c s I I : D i a k f tic an<l l ' ' n i i i i d ; i i i n i i s f 17

agency o f converied p e o p l e i n i r a n s f o r m i n g hisiory. T h e special c o n t r i b u - own, will gradually emerge f r o m the work o f practitioners o f Fon iida tions
i i o n o f E o m i d a i i o n s l o l h i s n i e t h o d i c a l t r a i i s f o n u a u o n is lo m a k e "conver- on t h e t o p i c o f t h e scale o f vales.
sin a l o p i c a u d i h e r e b y p i ' o m o t e i t , " t o m o v e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p r e s e n c e
01" a b s e n c e o f c o n v e r s i n i n e t h i c a l e^dea\'ours l o t h e f o r e f r o n i , t o e v e r 16.6 Conclusin
correct a n d refine a tradiiioiVs t t n d e i s i a n d i t i g o f lhe g o o d a n d the right,
and l o p r o n i o i e h o n e s i a n d decisive v a l u i n g a n d c o n i m i i m e n t t o l i v i n g Iti This b o o k endea\'ours to s h o w i h e i m p o r t a n c e o f L o n e r g a n ' s work for
fidelity to those conversicms. l h e field o f e t h i c s . I s u g g e s t t h a t d i s c e r n m e n l is a t t h e h e a r t o f t l i i s i m p o r -
S i n c e m u c h o f w i i a t is p r o p e r t o l h e w o r k o f F o i t n d a t i o n s i n t h e m e t h o d lance, a n d t h a l d i s c e i n m e n t is e q u i v a l e n i to what Lonergan c a l i s self-
i n e i h i c s has b e e n s e l f o r t h e a r l i e r i n i b i s b o o k , I w i l l o n l y d w e l l o n one a p p r o p r i a t i o u . D i s c e r i u n e n t as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n b e g i n s w i t h increased
topic here - ihe Foundations o f the n o r m a i i v e scale o f valu prefer- a t t e n t i v e n e s s l o w h a i is m o v i n g i n o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s as w e e n g a g e i n e t h i -
ence. In chapier I offei'ed a n i n d i r e c t e f f o n a i e s i a b l i s l i i n g a basis cal r e f i e c i i o n s , d e c i s i o n s , a n d a c t i o n s . I p r o p e n s o t h a t i t is i i i o s i i m p o r t a n t
for L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f the objeciixe scale o f \ a l i i e p i e f e i e n c e - thal lo p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s t i r r i n g o f q u e s t i o n s a n c l f e e l i n g s t h a l i n t e n d v a l e s
is l o say, I a r g u e d f r o m t h e c o g n i t i o n a l f a c t s o f h i g h e r \ ' i e w p o i n i s a n d t l i e and t h e lensions a m o n g those feelings, a n d to e n d e a v o u r to d i s c e r n t h e
|OSsibilit\ o f h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s i n t h e e m p i r i c a l s c i e n c e s l o t h e c u i t o l o g i - s o u r c e s o f t h e s e l e n s i o n s i n t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o u o n o f valu a n d u n r e -
cal structure ofa hiei'arch)' o f e x p l a n a t o r y genei'a, a n d f r o m t h e r e to an stricted being-in-lcjve.
objective h i e r a r c h y o f vales. T h a t i t i d i r c c t a p p r o a c h m u s t b e regarded Yet d i s c e r n m e m requires m o r e t h a n attentiveness to diese e x p e r i e n c e s of
as m e r e l y piovisional and inadequate. Taking Loneigan literally, the l h e d ) ' n a m i c s o f conscicmsuess; i t also r e q u i r e s g a i n i n g s o m e i n s i g h t s l u t o
g r o i r n d o f e t h i c a l objectivity, a n d especially the g r o u n d o f t h e norrrrative t h i s n e w , \'ast, f i e l d o f s i i r r i n g s i n c o n s c i o t i s n e s s . l l f u r i h e r r e q u i r e s t e s t i i i g
scale o f valtre p r e f e i e n c e , is a n d c a n o n l y b e r i i o i l h ' c o n v e n e d human t h o s e i n s i g h u s w i t h e v e r f u r t h e r q u e s o n s so as t o r e a c h i r t i l y c o r r e c t u n d e r -
beings. T h i s means that a r t i c u l a t i n g t h e p r o p e r a n d c o r r e c t normative s t a n d i n g s o i h o s e d y n a m i c s - n n d e r s i a u d i n g i h e r o l e o f t h o s e d y n a m i c s i n
s c a l e o f v a l e s is s o m e t h i n g t h a t o n l y m c u a l l y c o n v e r i e d human beings r e a c h i n g o b j e c t i v e j u c l g m e n t s o l facts ancl o f v a l e s ancl a u t h e n t i c e t h i c a l
can do, It means t h e h a r d w o r k o f d i s c e r n i n g t h a l n o r m a t i v e s c a l e by decisions. D i s c e r n m e n t also ineans c o r r e c t l y nderstanding o i h e r d y n a m -
b e g i n n i n g w i t h the ghmpses i h a t "'shine t h r o u g h " one's o w n e x i s t e n t i a l ics, e s p e c i a l l y t l u i s e t h a t v i l a l e u n r e s l r i c i e d \ ' a l i n n g a n d l o \ ' i n g , a n d n d e r -
s c a l e o f vales. . M o r e o v e i ' , p e o p l e e n d e a v o n r i n g t o d i s c e r n i b i s n o r m a t i v e s t a n d i n g li(.)w t h e s e d i f f e r f r o m l h e cl\'namics t h a t l e a d t o a u t h e n t i c a l l y e l h i -
s c a l e o f \'alues c a n n o t d o t h i s w o r k i n i s o l a i i o n , T h e \n a c h i e v e such cal d e c i s i o n s a n d a c u o n s .
ai"tictilatons o n l y i n c o m m u n a l d i a l o g u e w i t b o i h e r s who are i n t e l l i g e n t D i s c e r n m e m as s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n g o e s b e y o n d even c o r r e c d y under-
ancl s e i i o u s a b o u t these cptestions o f valu. T h e y will d o i i b y m e t h o d i - s u m d i n g the dynamics that provide norms for a m b e m i c etiucal i h o u g h i ,
c a l l y i n c l u d i n g i n t h e i r d i s c e r n m e n t l h e e l l i i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s i u w o r d s ancl c h o i c e , a n d a c t i o n . D i s c e r n m e m also i n c l u d e s r e c o g n i z i n g f e e l i n g s and
d e e d s of o i h e r s f r o m \ery d i s t a n t places. l i m e s , a n d ciilitires. T h e y will q u e s i i o n s a b o u l h o w o u e is t o r e s p o n d t o s u c h k n o w l e d g e a b o u i o n e s e l f .
c o n s i d e r a c c o u n t s cjf i l i e p i o p e r p r i o r i t i e s o f v a l n e i h a i a r e d i f l e r e n t f i ' o r n Discerning tbe siructure o f elhical inienuonaliiy, therefore, leads up
t h e i r o w n . T h e y will use t h e first f o u r m e i h o d i c a l specialties t o set u p to q u e s t i o n s o f d e c i s i n f o r o r a g a i n s t c o n v e r s i n , n o t lo join a religious
l l i e i r d i s c e r n m e u i o f w h a t is c o n v e n e d a n d w h a t is u i i c o n v e r i e d among o r p o l i l i c a l g r o u p . b u l t o a b i d e by t h e e i h i c a l n o r m s a l r e a d y 0|3eraiiiig i n
c o n f l i c t i n g a c c o u n t s o f valu p r e f e r e n c e s . They will correct their own one's o w n consciousness i h r o u g h q u e s i i o m ancl tensions a m o n g feelings
o r i g i n a l a s s u m p t i o n s abc">ut h i g h e r a n d l o w e r vales as a r e s u l t o f t h e i r fbr vales.
enccjimters with the i b o u g h t s and deeds o f others. They will offer increas- N o n e o f t h i s is eas\'. . M a n y t l i i n g s c o m p e t e f b r o u r a i t e n d o n , a n d dis-
i n g l y m(.)re a c c u r a t e c a t e g o r i e s it> e x p r e s s h o w i h e y ha\ c o m e t o u n d e r - i r a c t US fiom d w e l l i n g w i t h o u r quesiions a n d feelings. I t takes c o m m i t -
s t a u d ancl e m b r a c e t h e p r o p e r o r d e r i n g o f vales. S o m e i i m e s this will m e n i , perseverance, a u d p r a c i i c e to achieve lhis h e i g h i e n e d sensiuvity to
mean changing iheir own f o r m u l a i i c m s o f t h a t scale. S o m e t i m e s i l will these d y n a m i c s i u o u r consciousness. a n d a c c j i n m u n i i v t h a t can s u p p o r t ,
i n v o l v e t h e h u m b l i n g r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t i l i e i r o w n felt valu p r i o r i t i e s are
c i i l i g l i i e i i , a n d e n c o u r a g e o n e i n s u c l i efbrts.
u u n c a t e d or distorted. Such recognition will lead t h e m into the hard
T h i s b o o k aitempts to p r o r i d e a small c o n t r i b u u o n for those w i s h i n g ui
wcu'k o f p e r s o n a l r e f o r i n . l u l h e e n d , h o w e v e r , r e f i n e d f o r m i d a t i o n s o f t h e
e n g a g e i n self-ap)5ropriauoii o f t h e i r o w n s t r u c t u r e o f e t h i c a l i n t e n t i o n a l i t y .
p r o p e r scale o f valu p r e f e i e n c e , p r o b a b l y s o m e t h i n g cise t o L o n e r g a n ' s
I l e n d e a v o u r s t o w o r k o u t s o m e o f t h e niajc">r i m p i i c a o n s iat l u U u w i u n i
448 l ' a i i V: M t - i h o d i n E i h i c s

knowledge o f a n d c o n i m i t m e n i LO (hai. s i r u c l u r e o f e i h i c a l inieniionality,

i n c l u d i n g some heuristic sirucuires a n d methods. Sull, this book is o n l y Notes
a beginning. I t is m y h o p e l h a t t h e r e a d e r will b u i l d u p o n whai can be
g l e a n e d f r o m t h i s b o o k , a n d w i l l b e i t e r t m d e i - s t a n d , c r i t i c i z e , a n d evalate
t h e a r r a y o f e i h i c a l o p i n i o n s o n t h e i m p o r l a u t issues o f o u r dav. a n d w i l l
b e b e t i e r a b l e l o r e s p o n d i n ways t h a t t h e y i n d i v i d u a l l y a r e c a l l e d t o b r i n g
a b o u l w l i a i is g o o d .

Preface

i B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , ' " f l i e Subject," i n A Seroiid Col/erl/nii, ed. W ' i l l i a i n

Ryan a n d H e r n a r d ). T y i r c l l ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : T h e V\'esiminsiei- Piess, 1 9 7 4 ) ,
8% c i t e d h e i e a f i e r as " T h e Subject."

Introdiiclion

1 B e r n a i f i 1 . o n e r g a n , nstght: A Slii<l\ 11 man Lhulnslonding, vol. of Cotlecled

Works of liernrird Lonergan, e d . F r e d e i i c k L. ( j - o w e a n d R o h e i l VI. D o i a n
( T o r o n 10: U n h ' c r s i i y o f T o r o m o I'ress, 1 pij): c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as /nsighl.
2 Insighl.. ^i- See aLso page li 1 8. L o n e r g a n ' s a])pracli 10 eihics n Insight is
u e a l c d in chapi.ei' 15, section 15.J o f i h i s b o o k .
3 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Method in Theology ( N e w Voi^k: H e r d e r a n d i l e i - d e r ,
1 9 7 2 ) ; c i t e d h e r e a f i e r as MT.
4 nsighl, 1 3 . L o n e r g a n ' s nsisience o n the e x p e r i m e n t as " n o t p u b l i c b u l
prvate" in i h i s passage w i l l i'aise i n s t i h i i l i l e o b j e c i i o n s l'i'oin c o n t e m p o r a r y
p h i l o s o p h e r s . For i,lie n n . i n i e n l 1 will s i m p l y r e p l y t h a i L o n e r g a n ' s woixls
h e r e niiisl he t a k e n w i t l i m o r e i l i a n ; i g r a i n o f sal. I \v'ill r e u i r n 10 l h i s
p r o b l e m i n c h a p i e r 3 , section 3 . 4 .

1 D i s c e r n m e n t and Self-Approprialion

1 S e l f - a p p r o p r i a i i o n is i h e e x p l o r a i i o n o f e d i i c a l i n t e n i i o n a l i l y by ineans
o f e t h i c a l i n l e n t i o n a l i l v . T l i i s w i l l bc e x p l o r e d i n d e i a i l in i l i e s u h s c q u c n i
c h a p i e r s n diis h o o k .
450 N o i e s l o pages 5 - 2 2 N o t e s 10 pages 2 2 - 6 -If!

2 Rlii'ltric. 1.1,1 3 5 5 a I 6 - 1 8 ; [ r a i i s l a i i o i i by |amcs A l i e n , l o w h o m I a m 20 I Corinihians :^.

i n d e b i e d f o r t h i s 1 c l e i e n c e . A l i e n e x p l o r e s t h e connecon b e i w e e n diaiectic 2 1 See |oseph A . Fit/niyer, S], Spiritual Exercises Ba.sed on Paul's i'.pistle lo lhe
a n d r h e i o i i c i n h i s " A i i s i o i l e n n i h e Valu o f ' P r o b a b i l i t y , ' Peisuasiveness, Romana ( G r a n d Rapids. .VII: W i l l i a n i B. E e r d n i a n s , 1 9 9 5 ) . 1 i j o .
a n d V e r i s i m i l i i u d e i n R h e i o i ' i c a l / V r g i i i n e i u . " i n l-'wlirihililies, /-/yfjofheticals aud 2 2 T h i n y days is the r e c o n i n i e n d e c ! p e r i o d f o r i l i e I g n a u a n s p i r i t u a l exercises.
Couiilerjacials in AriiienI Greek Thought, e d . V. V\'ohl ( N e w Y o r k : Cambridge T h i s is h o w m e n c ( . ) m e n i p l a l i n g life as a j e s n i i b e g i n t h e d i s c e r n m e m o f i h c i r
U u i v e r s i i y Press, 20 u j ) , 4 7 - 6 . p A i l i i o u g h t h i s passage seems t o a p p h ' t o v o c a t i o n s . However, I g n a t i u s r e c o g n i z e d t h a i n o t e v e i y o n e , especially lay
r h e t o r i c r a i h e i ' t h a n d i a i e c t i c , A r i s i o t l e e x p l a i n s t h a t persuasin is a k i n d o f p e o p l e , w o u l d be able 10 leave t h e i r c o m m i t m e n t s f o r t h i n y days, a n d .so m a d e
deinonsiration, thai all demonstradons are kinds o f deduciions, a n d that
p i t)vision f o r a d a p i a t i o n s 10 n i e e i l h e l i l e .simations o f s u c h p e o p l e - usually
" d e d u c h o n s o f a l l k i n d s ai"e ... t l i c business o l ' d i a l e c i i c " (1,1, 1 35,5a 5 - y ) .
c a l l e d " I c)th A n n o t a i i o n Reireais." See David L. F l e m i n g , S J , Tlie S)irilual
3 C . D . C . Reeve, " A r i s i o d e ' s P h i l o s o p h i c a l M e t h o d . " i n The Oxford Handbook of Exeitises of Saint Ignaliiis: A Literal Translation and A Contemfmran Reodhi/r
Arisiotle, e d . C h r i s t o p h e r S l i i e l d s ( N e w Y o r k : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i i y Press. 2 0 1 2 ) , (St. I -oiiis, M O : l i i s l i u i i e o f jesuit SOLMCCS, 1978), 16 [ 1 9I; cited h e r e a f i e r a.s
I 5 C ) ; c i t e d h e i e a f i e r as Reeve. " A r i s i o i l e s P h i l o s o p h i c a l M e i h o d . " 1 a m F l e m i n g , Ignatius. ( l l is c u s t o m a r y t o use n i i i i i b c r s n squ;ire brackeis 10 r e f e r
i n d e b i e d 10 Reeve I'or i h e a c c o u n t o f d i a i e c t i c a n d eiijihiiia p r e s e n i e d i n this t o p a i " a g r a p h s o f 7''/ffyj/Wiw//;Am7iKS, f i r s i p u b l i s h e d i n Latn ii 1548, f r o m
section. t h e S p a n i s h .Autograf/h. usl w r i i l e n d o w n s o n i e i i n i c a i ' o i i n d 1522-p)
4 ' b i d . , 157-1). 23 A s c i t e d i n |ules (. T o n e r . S|, Discerning God's Will: Ignnliiis of Loyola 's Tmching
5 A r i s i o t l e , '//j/f:.v, V i l I 1-|, 1 h^hj-1 6. Reeve iiiiiialh'iranslaies/IV'/H'V'as on Chrisiian Decisin Making (Si. L o u i s , .VIO: I n s t i u i i e o f j c s i i i l Sonrces,
" u d g e " hu s n h s e q u e m l v as " d i s c e r n . " i (jQ 1), 33, emphasis as i 11 l h e t e x c cited h e r e a f i e r as T o n e r , Cod's Will. 1 a m
li Reeve, " A r i s t o t l e ' s P h i l o s o p h i c a l M e i h o d , " 1 6 6 , q n o i i n g To/jks, V I H 14 i n d e b i e d 10 |. .Vlchael S t e b b i n s f b r r e f e r r i n g m e 10 T o n e r ' s s c h o l a r l y w o r k s .
1 6 3 6 9 - 1 a.
24 T o n e r , Cod's Will. 15.
7 I n l h e L o e b Classical I . i b r a r y e d i t i o n , E.S. Foisler, l"<.)r e x a m p l e , transales i l 25 ArsU)lle, Nironiorhetin ICihics, i r a n s , M a r t i n O.siwald ( E n g l e w o o d C l i n s . N'|:
as " n a t u r a ! a b i l i i y " ; see A r i s i o t l e , Tofuro, u a n s . K.S. F(wtei" ( C a m b r i d g e , M A : P r e n t i c e H a l l , 1962), 4,1.2 1094a 1 7-18. a n d 8 1.5 1 o9r,b 1 5-35: c i i e d
M a r v a i d U n i v e r s i i v Press, 1 9 6 6 ) , 735. See also l-!enr\ G e o r g e L i d d e l l a n d
h e r e a f i e r as A r i s t o d e , NE.
Roben Sct.)U el a l . . -4 Crrek-English l.exiron: A Ninv dilion ( N e w Y o r k : O x f o r d
2(1 T o n e r . Cod's Will, L ' f i - 7 ,
U n i v e r s i i v Press, 1 9 4 0 ) .
27 I h i d . , 2O.
8 Reeve, " A r i s t o t l e ' s P l i i l o s o p h i c a l .Vleihorl," 167.
28 I b i d . , 29.
q I Corinihians 14:29. Paul, i t s h o u l d be n o t e d , d o e s n o t use l h e s a m e G r e e k 29 I b i d . , 18.
w o r d as A r i s t o t l e t o e x p r e s s l h i s idea o f d i s c e r n m e n l . 3 0 T o n e r arges lhat i h e r e a r e t w o d i s t i n c t yet i n i e r r e l a t e d diiiien.sions t o
1o I Thessaloiiiaus 5:21. , ^ I g n a t i u s ' n o i i o n o f cli.scei"nnienl: di.scernnieni o f s p i r i t s a n d d i s c e r n u i e n t o f
I i Romans 12:2,
G o d ' s w i l l . T o n e r d e v o i e d a seprale b o o k l o eacfi o f these.
1 2 I.e,, d i s c e r n i n g " w h a i s goocl a n d acceptable a n d perfect" (1 CornI/iiam 2:15). 3 i O n l h e m i s l e a d i n g i m p r e s s i o n s c i e a i e d b y c a l l i n g these " r u l e s , " s e e j u l e s j .
13 lioinaiis T o n e r , S|, A Cominenkny on Saint Ignatius' Rules for lhe Discernment of Spirits: A
I 4 I (.'.oriulhiaiis l 2:4. Cuide to fhe Principies and Praciices (St. L o u i s , M O : I n s i i t u i c o f jesuit S o u r c e s ,
15 Roiiiaos 12:6-8 a n d 1 Corinihians 12:8-10. 1 9 S 2 ) , 9; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as T o n e r . .Spiriti.
1 fi See D a v i d M . Suinlev, SJ, A Modero Scril>tural Afjfivarli lo lhe S/i/rittial Exercises 32 T o n e r , Spirits. 12: see also 43.
( C h i c a g o : T h e I n s i i i i i t e o f [csuii Sonrces, i 9 6 7 ) , 1 ^'y. c i i e d hereaftei^ as 33 T o n e r , Cod's Will, 1 03. A c c o r d i n g l o T o n e r , elf.cron s h o i i l d IH">I be i r a n s l a i e d
Stanley, A Modern Scriplural Aplnoadi.
as " c h o i c e " cn' "decisin" because i t is a l a r g e r process t h a t i n c l u d e s c h o i c e
I 7 D a v i d M . Stanley, S j , ioasting in the Lord: 'I'he Rhenomenoo of Prayer in Saint
as ils c u l n i i n a t i n g m o n i e i i i .
Paul ( N e w Yoi"k: T h e P a u l i s i Press, 1 C173}. 131; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as Sianley, 34 F l e m i n g . Ignatius, 106 [ 1 77J; T o n e r . Cod's Will, 170.
ioasling in the Lord. See also his The Cali to Discifdeship: The Sjiriliial Exercises 35 F l e m i n g , giailim, 106 [ i 7 7 ] ; T o n e r , God's WiU, 161-2.
with lhe Gospel ofSL Matk ( L o n d o n : T h e Way. 1 9 8 2 ) , 76.
3 6 T o n e r , God's Wdl, 1 6 9 - 7 0 .
18 Suinley, lioasling in the Lord, 130. 37 Temer, Spirits, 79.
ig SlAn\ey, A Modern Scri/Jtural Afjfirodch, 156. 3 8 I b i d . , 84.
462 N o t e s to pages 2(5-31 N o t e s l o |:)agcs .32-7 -1.")!^

39 F l e m i n g , Igiialiiis, 2 0 6 [ 3 1 6 ] . See also T o n e r , Spirits, 2 4 , S i - i 2 1, 2 8 3 - 9 0 . c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f Elizaleth A . M o r e l l i , M a r k D. . M o r e l l i , R o b e n -M. D o r a n ,

4 0 T o n e r , Spiiits, 1 2 3 - 5 . See especially F l e m i n g , Ignatius, 2 0 6 [3 17]. i a n d T i l o m a s V. Daly ( T o i o n i o : Univei^sity o f T o r o n i o Press, 1 9 9 0 ) , 1 7 ,
41 F l e m i n g , Ignatius, 2 1 4 [ 3 3 0 ] : ' I b n e r , Spirits, 2 1 6 . e m p h a s i s a d d e d ; h e r e a f i e r c i i e d as U&'li.
4 2 T o n e r , 5/n'., 2 5 1 . * 5 9 See f o r e x a m p l e Dor~aii, " I j i n e r g a n ' s E i h i c s a n d I g n a t i a n E l e c i i o n . "
4 3 T o n e r , Spiiits, 2 9 . See a l s o F l e m i n g , Ignatius, > 1 8 r 3 3 f i F (io See |oseph Flanagan, 'I'he Quest for .Self Knowledgic A n tissay in Lonergan's
4 4 T o n e r , Spirits, 3 0 [ 3 3 6 ] . See especiallv T o n e r ' s cleiailed analysis, 2 4 3 - 5 ( 1 . I'hilosopby ( T o r o i i i o : U n i v e r s i i v o f T o r o n m Fi'ess, 1 9 9 7 ) , 8 - 1 5 : c i i e d
special i m p o r t a n c e is t h e fifth r u l e i n i h e s e c o n d week; Toner, Spiis, 2 8 [ 3 3 3 ] . h e r e a f i e r as F l a n a g a n , The Quest.
4 5 T o n e r , Spirits, 2 5 [ 3 1 8 ] . 6 I h i u n a n u e l K a n i , Grounding for the Metaphysics of Moris, trans. J a m e s V\'.
46 Ibid., 2 3 9 . E l l i n g i o n (Indianapos. l . \ F l a c k e t i , 1 9 8 1 ) . 1 (5-1 7 < 4 0 5 - f i > ; c i i e d hereafier
i) 7 T o n e r , Spirits, 4 9 . See F l e m i n g , Ignatius. 204 [214-15]. as K a n t , GAIM.
4 8 T o n e r , Spirits, 5 4 . (i 2 See W ' i l l i a i r i A. M a i h e w s , Lonergan ;v Quest: A Study of Desire in lhe Aulhoring
49 Insight. 3 2 7 a n d 7 3 2 . T h e w o r d does, h o w e v e r , f e a i n r e p r o m i n e n d y a n d l/ I.x'sir.n I ( T o i o m o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o i o i i l o Pi-e.-is. 2 0 0 5 ) , 4 3 - S , 5 4 - 8 :
r e p e a t e d l y i n an i m p o r t a n t passage i n hi.s Method in Thuology. See i h e t c i t e d h e r e a f i e r as M a t h e w s , Loneigan's Quest. See e s p e c i a l l y .Vlark D.
e p i g r a p h to this c h a p t e r ' M o r e l l i , Al lhe Threshold of the lialfway liouse: A Study of Hernard Lonergan's
5 0 R o b e n .VI. O o t a n , " L o n e r g a n s E t h i c s a n d I g n a i i a n E l e c i i o n , " Lonergan Enrotinler iidfh fohn Alexander SlinvarI ( C h e s t n u t H1I. .VIA: Loneigan
Re.source2008, 6; retrieved from hllp://m\'\v.loner|^anresoince.com/pdf/ I n s i i i u i e at Bosion C o l l e g e , 2 0 0 7 ) .
books/ i / 3 3 % 2 ( > % 2 o L o n e r g a n ' s % 2 o E t h i c s % 2 0 a n d % 2 o l g n a i i a n % 2 0 (3 See especially Insighl. 753-70.
E l e c i i o n . p d f See also hi.s " I g n a t i a n T h e m e s i n t h e f h o u g h t of H e r n a r d
L o n e r g a n : R e v i s i n n g a T o p i c ifiai De.servcs F u r i h e r ReMeciion," Loneigan 3 2 O b j e c L i \ i t y a n d Factual K n o w i n g
Workshop 19 ( 2 o o ( 3 ) : S 3 - i o t i ,
5 1 C v n t h i a S.W. CiTsdale, Embracing Triwail: Rt'trieinngllie Cross Todas (New 1 l l e n i a r d L(.)neigan, " C o g i i i t i o i i a l S i r u c l u r e , " in v o l , 4 (.if Callecled Works of
Y o r k : C o n i i n u u m , 1 9 9 9 ) , 7 8 ; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as Cr\'sdalc, Emhracing Travaii Hernard Lonergan, e d . F r e d e r i c k E. C r o w e a n d R o b e n M . D o r a n (Toronto:
52 I b i d . , 7 1 , em]3liasis a d d e d , U n i v e r s i i v o f T o r o n i o Press, 1 9 8 8 ) . 2 2 0 : h e r e a f i e r r e f e r r e d l o as CS.
3 3 " B e n i a r d L o n e i ' g a n l o T h o m a s 0'VlaIte\'," Method: pnnnal of Louergan Studies 2 A'/7;3S.
20 (2002): 81-2. 3 T h e r e are m a n y ways o f d n i w i n g a d i s t i n c t i o n x:iween e d i i c a l a n d m o r a l
54. F o r detaifs o f h o w c o n c e p t u a l i s n i p r o v e d a b a r r i e r u i L o n e r g a n ' s full \';iliies. Knr A i i s i o t f e , m o r a l v i n i i e s have 10 d o w i i h p r o p e r h a b i t u a l
a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f his e x p e r i e n c e s of grace. see F i e r r e L a n i l i e r i , C h a r l o u e d i s p o s i l i o n s r e g a r d i n g o n e ' s e m o i i o n s a n d a c i i o n , w h i l e c i l i i c s lia.s i t i d o w i t h
Tansey, a n d C a t h l e e n G o i n g (eds.), Cangabout A/fcnf/Hg-(.VIoniieal: l h e l a r g e r s p h e r e o f h u m a n s e l f - c o n s t i l u l i o n (praxis) ih'al includes t h i n k i n g
T h o m a s More I n s i i i m e , 1 9 8 2 ) , 1 4 4 - 5 : and Gordcni Rixoii, "Bernar"d well a n d one's r'clauons w i t h o t h e r h u m a n beings, For K a i i l , m o n i l r i y has
Lcmer^gan a n d V l y s t i c i s n i , " Theological Studies 62 (2001): 480-5. l o d o w i l h univeisali/.ed dul\', w l i i l e fui Flegel i l i e e l h i c a l o r d e r {Sinlichkeil)
55 B e r i i a i c l L o n e i g a n . " G r a c e a n d l h e SpiiHiual E."erci.ses o f S t . I g n a t i u s , " Method: is l h e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e e m e r g e n c e o f individuis w h o i n i c r n a l i z e universal
Journal of Lonergan SluditLs 2 1 ( 2 0 0 3 ) : St;t-99; c i i e d liei'eafter as " G r a c e a n d K a n t i a n m o r a l i i y For l h e p r e s e n t I w i l ! ase t h e t e r m s " m o r a l " a n d " e l h i c a l "
l l i e S p i r i u i a l Exercises." T h e e d i t o r ' s c o m m e m s a c c o m p a n y i n g these " n o t e s " i n i e i c h a n g e a b i y . .My o w n way o f d r a w i n g l h e d i s i i n c t i o n s beiween t h e m is
suggest thai ihey w e r e p r o b a b l y w r i i i e n b e t w e e n 1 9 4 7 a n d 1 9 5 3 , possibly for a i n d e b i e d 10 i h e w o r k o f B r i a n C r o n i n , a n d will he p r e s e n i e d i n c h a p t e r 9 .
l e c i u r e to a g i o u p o r j e s u i i s t h a i never a c i u a l i y t o o k place (see 100-5). 4 M'L, 2 5 . See also liis A Second Collection, e d . V M l l i a m F.J. Ryan a n d B e r n a r d [.
5(5 I b i d . I V o e l l ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : T l i e V\'esiminsier I'ress, 1 9 7 4 ) , 2 0 3 . a n d Philosophical
57 I b i d . , 8 9 . Lonergan regarded concepiualism a s o n o f the greatest nnd Theological Papis: IJ6^-J()SO, v o l . 1 7 o f Cotlecled Works of Hernard
alerradons i n t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f h i s t o i y , a n d d e d i c a t e d m u c h o f h i s w o r k t o Lonergan, e d . R o b e n C. C i o k e n a n d R o b e n M . D o r a n ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i i y
r e v e r s i n g its inluences. o f T o r n i l l o Press, 2 0 0 4 ) , 4 , 7 6 : c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as PTP: ig^-jpSo.
58 B e n i a r d L o n e r g a n , nderstanding and Being: The liatifax Lectores on Jn.\ight, 5 L o n e r g a n o f c o n r s e h a d g o o d reasons f b r c h o o s i n g hisigkl as his t i l l e . A m o n g
v o l . 5 o f Cottected Works of Bernard Loneigan, e d . Eli/abeth A. M o r e l l i a n d diese is l h e fact t h a t t h e n e g l e c t o f i n s i g h l in scholasiic p h i l o s o p h y led 10
M a r k D . M o r e l l i , revised a n d a u g m e n t e d by F i e d e r i c k E. C r o w e w i t h t h e " c o n c e p i u a l i s m ' " - a siyle o f t h i n k i n g i h a i r e g a r d s c o n c e p t s L S t h e p r o p e r
454 N o t e s l pitgcs 3 9 - 4 6 N o t e s l o pages 4I>-.")I 4.'.'')

a n d even sol objecis o f acls o f nderstanding. l x ) n e r g a n a i i r i b u t e d m a n y lhe.se n i o d i f i e r s i n very specific ways. ' f h e i n i e i n o f d i i s c h a p i e r is 10 m a k e
o f l h e faiilis o f s c h o l a s i i c a n d |josi-scliolLi.siie p h i l n s o p l i y m tliis d o m i n a n c e clear i h o s e precise m e a n i n g s ; a n d l h e r e a d e r is a d v i s e d 10 i g n o r e ( u l i e r
o f c o n c e p i u a l i s m . I l l s endeavcnir l o lesttire p r o p e r emphasis n p o n i l i e p r i o r m i s l e a d i n g c o n n o i a i i o n s o f those l e r n i s .
a n d f o u n d a i i o n a l aci o f //////^wie ( i n s i g h t o r nderstanding) was i n d e e d 18 See Insight, 3 8 0 , 4 0 7 . M o r e precisely, i t is t h e i r s m i c i u r a l l o c a t i o n i n l e l a l i o u
l h e c o r n e i s i o n e o f a l l o f his siih.seqneni p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d t l i e o l o g i c a l 10 t h e f u l l e r set o r c c > g n i i i o n a l a c i i v i t i e s ( i n c l u d i n g nderstanding, l e l l e c i i i i g ,
achieve m e n i s . a n d j u d g i n g ) i h a i c o n s i i i i i i e s s o m e acls ciacis o f e x p e r i e n c i n g . I n u i r n ,
(i Imiglil, 3-4. t h e a c i i v i t i e s o f l i n d e i s t a n d i n g , l e f l c c t i n g , a n d j u d g i n g themselves are
7 I b i d . , 3 4 , emphasis a d d e d . T h e passage can be r e a d as r e f e r r i n g e i t h e r t o c o n . s u i u i e d hy i h e i r r e l a i i o n s h i p s 10 inc|uiries as w e l l as 10 t h e o i l i e r activities.
l h e p i e - l i i i g u i s i i c tensin o f i n q u i r y b e h i n d a p a i l i c u l a i ' linguisc e x p r e s s i o n T h e l e r m s i n t h e w h o l e n e x u s o r s t r u c i u r e are " i m p i i c i t l y d e f i n e d " i h i c m g h
of'"V\1i\'?" <i- i t can also be l e a d as r e f e r r i n g t o t h e even m o r e f u n d a m e n t a l l h e p a t t e r n o f r e l a u o n s h i p s 1 0 o n e a n o i h e r . See ln.sighl, 3 6 - 7 , 3 5 7 - 8 .
a n d c o m p l e t e l v c o m p r e h e n s i v e pur u n r e s u i c t e d d e s i i e 10 k n o w . 1 9 See Insighl, 2 0 9 .
,S CS, L'O-i.
2 0 In particular, Lonergan p i i d e d himself on lediscovuiing lliai for Aquinas
t) I b i d . , ^ ' 0 7 . I n d e e d , L o n e r g a n insists l h a i h i n n a i i k n o w i n g is a " i o r m a l l y " i n s i g h t is i n t o p t i a n i a s m s ( i m a g e s ) " r a i h e r t h a n i n t o c o n c e p t s . See, f o r
d y n a m i c s u i i c u i i e " i n w h i c h n o i o n l y is each o f i h e conscious acts active e x a m p l e . Insighl, 3 1 - 3 . See also B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Verbom: Word and Idea
( d y n a m i c ) , h m i n a d d i i i o n i h e very s i r u c i u r i n g u.)gedier o f diese acts in Aquinas, v o l . 2 o f Collecled Works of Hernard ^onergan, e d . K r c d e r i c k 1-1.
i t s e l f is also d y n a m i c . T h i s is a c r u c i a l fcau.11 e o f t h e s i r u c m i e o f e l h i c a l C r o w e a n d R o b e n M . D o r a n ( T o r o n i o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n t o Press, 1 9 9 7 ) ,
i n l e n t i o n a l i l v as w e l l . .See c h a p i e r ,p 39111 2 6 : .see also 1 6 8 - 7 9 , 1 9 4 - 7 : h e r e a f i e r c i i e d as Vrrbnin.
1 0 L o n e r g a n does irse s n c i i t e r m i n o l o g ) ' , f o r e x a m p l e , i n his 'l'iipirs in Ediicatimi,
2 I Insighl. 3 .
v o l . I o o f Cotlecled Waiks of ieniiid l^ooergan. e d . T r e d e r i c k l i . C r o w e a n d
2 2 | o h n R e a d , Thmugh Akheins lo Chemistn {>iew\'nr\: 1-Iarpei a n d Row, 1963),
R o b e n M . D o r a n (Toi'onu:: L n i v e r s i l ) ' (.)f "roronu.) Piess, 1 f | < i 3 ) , S-S; c i i e d
179-So.
h e r e a f i e r as Topics.
2 3 H e says, f o r e x a m p l e . "Wc have devoiecf so m u c l i care 10 w o r k i n g out i n
i i T h i s cloes iwl m e a n i h a l / y a c d v i t y in t h e f l o w o f o u r s u e a m o f
g e n e r a l i h e dlrt'erenc b e i w e e n noesis ... ancf n o e m a . hecause a p p r e h e n d i n g
consciousness m u s t b e s o m e h o w r e l a t e d t o o t h e r aciiviiies vio l h i s s t r u c t u r e
a n d m a s t e r i n g ihis d i l f e i e n c e are o f i l i e greaiesi i m p o r t I b r jJhenon^enofog^'.''
o f con.sciou.sness. .Vlany o f o u r acLs o f ccjnsciousness are r a n c l o i u l h c ) u g h t s ,
L d m t i n c I Hns,serl, Ideas for a Pur Phenomenology and Phenomenological l'hilosopliy:
n o l c o i n r i b u i i n g 10 a n y i n t e g r a t e d set o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a i makes u p a n instance
Pirsl Hook: Ceneral liilrodiniion lo Piae Phenomenology, trans. D a n i e l O . D a h l s i r o m
o f g c m i i n c h u m a n c o g n i i i o n {i.e.. k n o w i n g ) . T h e asseriion o n l y m e a n s t h a i
(Indiana|>ols, I N : l-Iackeii, 2 0 1 4 ) , 1 9 2 .
i n g e n n i n e instances o f k n o w i n g , l h e activities o 1101 m e i e l y s n c c c e d o n e
2 4 Insight, 1 5.
a n o i h e r . T h e y are r e l a i e d 10 o n e a n o t h e r i n t h e f o r m of this s i r u c l u r e .
25 Ibid., 4 4 .
I 2 R i c h a r d Kearney, Tlie Wake of tlw, Imagination ( N e w York; R o u i l e d g e , 199S).
2 6 I b i d . , 4 4 1.
13 .-\ugusline, Co'ffssions, ii~.ins. R.S. P i n e - C o f f i n ( N e w York: V i k i n g P e u g u i n ,
27 Ibtd., 2 8 . '
1 9 6 1), X . 1-2I:), ciiect liei^eafler as A i i g L i s l i n e , Confession.w f-Ienri U e r g s o n ,
2 8 " l s i t s o r " is b u l o n e way o f e x p r e s s i n g l i n g i i i s t i c a l l y this f o r m o f i n q u i r y .
Wat tei and Memory ( I . . o n d o n : G. A l i e n a n d Co., nji^).
S o m e o t h e r f o r i n s o f e x p r e s s i o n are "ls i r e a l r . " " l s it i h e case"-." a n d " I s
i 1 R o b e n l i e l l a h e l a l . , litdts of llie Heart: Individiuilism and Coiiiinuiiity
i l ULier" I n all cases, t h e " i t " is i h e i n i e l l f g i b l e c o m e n t o f sf)me i n s i g h l , A n
( B e r k e l e y : U n i v e r s i i y o f C a l i f o r n i a Press, 1 9 8 5 ) , 1 5 3 ; c i t e d h e r e a f i e r as
a r g n m e m f o r l h e f n n d a m e n i a f ef[iiivafence o f ihese v a i l o u s l i n g u i s l i c f o i i n s
B e l l a h e i al., Habits.
is t5e\'oncl t h e goal o f this c h a p i e r . See, however, Insighl, 4 1 3 , 5 1 3, 5 7 5 - 6 .
I 5 Insight. 204-14.
2 9 Ibid., 3 0 5 .
1 6 I b i d . , 2 1 2 - 1 4 . ^^'^ '''s'^' c h a p i e r 5 , sections 5 . 3 a n d 5 . 5 , o f i h i s b o o k .
3 0 F o r L o n e r g a n ' s g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f reflecdve u n d e i " s t a n d i n g a n d " t h e
I 7 See. f o r e x a m p f e , Insight, 1 c^fk t ^ h a p i e r 4 w i l l l a k e u p t h e f u r i h e r k i n d s o f
v i r t u a l l y u n c o n d i i i o n e d , " see Insighl. 3 0 5 - 6 : f o r h i s a c c o u n t o f s o m e o f t h e
cpiesiions, b e y o n d c o g n i t i o n a f , i t u i t have l o d o w i t h v a l u i n g ancl d e c i d i n g .
e x t e n d e d complexies, sec 3 0 7 - 1 ( 1 .
T h e modFiei"s " f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e " a n d " f o r r e f l e c d o n " may suggesi a x-arieiy o l
3 1 See, f o r e.\ample, A m i r D . A c z e l , Fermal's Last Theomii: Unlocking lhe Sene! of nn
m e a n i n g s - f o r e x a m p l e , " q u e s t i o n s I b r r e f l e c t i o n o n i h e a.ssigned readings
Anrieni Mathematical Problem { N e w York: F o u r V\'alls E i g h i W i n d o w s , 1 i|i)fi).
f o r ttxlay's class" o r e v e n f o r "lelecon o n o n e s life.' However, L o n e r g a n uses 3 2 Insight, 3 0 4 - ( i .
456 X'oies t o pages 5 2 - 6 4 N o t e s l o ))agc.s 6 1-73 157

33 Ibid., 305.
5 4 Insighl. 373.
34 T h e u.se o' lhe q u o i a h o n marks a r o u n d ie woixl " k n o w i n g ' here s i n t e n d e d L o n e r g a n presents l u n g analyses o f varius strategies f b r i n l e r l e r i i i g w i i h d i c
10 indcate lhai, lhe\ are pari.ial " k n o w i n g s " ( " k n o w i n g in a ktose o r g e n e n c u n r e s t r i c t e d desire to k n o w - t h e \'arious f b r m s o f biases, as he calis d i e m .
sense") as opposed 10 Lonei-gaii's IIII.SLHCL sense o f h u m a n k n o w i n g (see CS,
See insighl, 214-27, 244-57.
2 0 7 ) . H u m a n knownng i n i h a i full sense always lesLs u p o n theeuLre, suucLured 5 6 iV/7; 157.
sequence ofacts o f consci<;)usne.ss c u l n i i n a t i n g in reasonable i u d g m e i i i s . 5 7 See Insight, 2 14-27, 244-67.
" K n o w i n g s " in less t h a n Lhat full sense lack l h e c u l n i i n a t i n g e l e m e n t o f
58 I b i d . , 2 0 6 .
j u d g m e n l . VMiilc it is possible lhai b o t h a l i n k a n d fulfill ment o f condions can
59 Ibid., 2 7 6 - 9 -
he k n o w n in the full .sen.se LS a l l i n n e d p i o p o s i t i o n s , in general h o i h i h e l i n k a n d
6 0 See, br e x a m p l e , A77", 24 1. ' f h e n o t i o n o f i m e l l e c m a l conversin w i l l be
l h e c o n d i i i o n s will be " k n o w i f " in "a m o r e iTidimentaiT siate" {insighl, 305-6).
discussed f u r t h e r in c h a p t e r 2, s e c u o n 2.6.2, a n d c h a p t e r 8.
35 /nsighl, 3 0 S - 2.
61 As l i m e r g a n rightly m >tes, " t h e condions for t he prospecve jucigment are fulfilled
3 6 I b i d . , 3.
when u l e r e a r e n o further p e n i n e n t quesiions. Note i h a t i i Ls not enough tosay iat
37 I b i d . , 4 4 1 .
lhe condions are fnllilled w h e n n o fuither C|ue.stions occm 10 me" (Insighl. 3 0 9 ) .
38 I b i d . , 3 f ) S - i 2.
62 For p u r p o s e s o f s i m p l i c i t y 1 lia\ o n i i i i e d discussion o f i h e m o r e
39 I h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t l i e r o r l u a i h e i-eader does in fac a c m a l l y p e r f o r m these c o m p l i c a i e d q u e s t i o n o f w l i a t is k n o w n in a n e g a t i v e j u d g m e n l . In o t h e r
acis of con.scionsne.ss i n l h i s d y n a m i c su-uciLire is t h e Lopic o f c h a p t e r 3. w<.)rds. w h a t d o we k n o w w l i e n we j u d g e t h a t s o m e i n i e l l i g i b l e c o n i e i u i s
40 I n Insighl. 3 9 ( 1 - 4 0 9 , L o n e i g a n sets f o r t h a m o r e c o m p l e x a c c o u n t o f not? W h i l e s o m e t i m e s n e g a t i v e j u d g m e n i s s i m p l y a m o u u i 10 k n o w l e d g e t h a t
o b j e c t i v i t y - i n l e n i i s o f a p r i n c i p a l n o t i o n o f o b j e c t i v i t y pUis i h r e e paral s o m e t h i n g is n o l , L o n e r g a n ' s m o r e n u a n c e d a n s w e r is that f r e q u e n d y w c
n o t i o n s ( e x p e r i e n d a l , n o r m a t i v e , a n d a h s o l m e ) . I n inieresis o f space, I
k n o w disncuons a n d d i f f e r e n c e s w i i l n n r e a l i t y See Insighl, 513-14.
mus f o r e g o any d e t a i l e d discussion o f this m o r e c o m p l e x i i - e a i m e n i . ' f l i e 6 3 See Insight, 523.
n o r m a t i v e a n d a b s o k i i e d i m e n s i o n s o f t l i e n o t i o n o f objeciivi\ are i r e a i e d
6 4 L o n e r g a n i n t r o d u c e s his l e c h n i c a l t e n i i i n o l o g y o f "pi.sit.ions" a n d " c o i m L e r -
i m p l i c i t l y t l i r o u g l i o u i t l i e s e c i i o n . T h e j j r i n c i p a l n o t i o n o f o h j e c i i x i i y puus
p o s i t i o n s " r e g a r d i n g w h a i is real in Insighl. 4 1 3.
k n o w 4 e d g e o f self a n d k n o w l e d g e o f ie o t h e r o n t h e same f c x n i i i g , a n d
6.-, IbicL, 2 2 .
u n d e n n i n e s any p r i v i l e g i n g o f ' i n t e r i o r ' s e l f - k n o w l e d g e as p r i o r t o , a n d a
66 In s p e a k i n g c>fie atutudes o f o r d i n a i y pragmatic p e o p l e , I d o n o t i m e n d t o
f o i m d a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e of. an " e x t e r i o r " o t h e r .
also i n c l u d e the posions o f t h e philosophei-s k n o \ \ T i ;LS pragmatists. F o r a t least
,| 1 MT, 2 9 2 ; sec also 2 6 5 .
s<.)nie ofthe.se phl<:)soiihers, l h e r e can be n o d i i e c i access l o j'ealil.)' f r o m w i i h i n
42 CS, 21 I , emphasis added.
iea.sonngas pragmatic-discursive. For ilie mosl e x i r e m e o f these, TIIII a n d realit)'
43 I b i d . , 213.
are n o m o r e and no less i b a n w l i a i piagmaiic-di.scursive le-.usoningarrives at.
44 1 u.se t h e t e r m " p r o b l e m a t i c " r a t h e r t h a n " p r o b l e m " to convey t h a t l h i s is not 67 T l i c n o t i o n o f i n t e f f e c i i i a l conversin will be di.scussed f u n h e r in c h a p i e r S.
o n e isolated p r o b l e m , b u t a c o m p l e x a n d i n t e r c o n n e c t e d sei o f p r o b l e m s . 1 ti8 L o n e i g a n refers 10 t h e " b o r r o w e d c o n i e n i s " o f j u d g i n g : see Insighl, 300-1.
a m i n d e b i e d f b r this use o f t h e l e r n i i f i M i c h a e i \ l i i i c k l e y S[, 69 Vednini. 1 9 2 .
4 5 f h i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n n i e a n i by iioriiiat\'e obJccii\'it)'; Insight, 404.-5. 70 See M o r e l l i , At the Threshold ofthe Haljway liouse. a n d .Vlalhews, Lonergan's
46 CS", 21 1, 2 1 3 .
Clue.st, 5 7 - 7 i ,
4 7 T l i i s is w h a t L o n e r g a n n i e a i i i b\ absoliiLe o h j e c i i v i t y ; Insighl. 4,02-4.
71 See CS, 2 1 8 .
48 Ibid., 372.
72 Ibid.
49 Ibid., 373.
73 insigln, 44.
5 0 S e e j e r o m e .Vliller, /// the TInve ofWondei: Intimotions of lhe Sacred in a f^o.st-
74 I b i d . , 5 2 3 , 6 9 5 . Lonergan'.s f u l l e r a c c o u n t o f r c a l i i y - b e i n g - i n c l u d e s
Modern World ( A l b a n y : SiaLe L'iiiversii.y o f N e w Y o r k Press, 1 9 9 2 ) .
d i s t i n c t i o n s between L r a n s c e n d e n t a n d p r o p o r t i o n a t e b e i n g , as well as t h e
5 I Insight, 375-6.
d i s t i n c t i o n s a m o n g several featiires o f p r o p o r t i o n a L e b e i n g t h a t can be
52 Ibid., 375,
anaiy/ed heuriscally H o w e v e r , diese f n n h e r disncuons w i l l be l a k c n u p in
5 3 T h e p r o b l e m o f s u s t a i n i n g c r i t i c i s m o f valu issues, as well as o n t o l o g i c a l
chapter 1 3 in their relaiions to lhe strucuii'e o f the h u i i i a i i good.
issues, w i l l be discussed i n t h e n e x t chapter.
75 /.v/g-///, 3 0 9 , e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
458 N o i e s l o pages 7 6 - 8 7 N c a c s 10 ] . a g c s H7-<IH 4:.')

3 Self-Appropriation, Part I 22 See, l o r e x a m p l e . Patrick h l . B y r n e , " L o n e r g a n ' s P h i l o s o p h y o l 1 bc N ; n n i ; i l

Sciences a n d C h r i s i i a n Faith in Insighl.;' i n Going Beyond ICssenndisui: lnnnid
I nsighl, 7 6 9 - 7 0 . /. /-; Lonergan, an Alyfjical ^Jeo-Scholaslic, e d . C l o e T a d d e i - F e n e t l i (Naplrs,
L' I b i d . , i 3 luily: . \ c l l a sede d e i r i s i u i o , 2 0 1 2 ) , 8 1-99.
3 /V/7"'. 1 6 8 , i ; 4 6 - 7 , 2 5 2 . 23 Peter Beer, Sj, .4? introduction to Bemaid Lonergan ( V i c t o r i a , Au-sti-alia: Sid
4 nsighl, I 3. Sec also 1 1. H a r t a . 2 0 1 0 ) ; B r i a n C n i n i n , C.S.Sp., I'oundalions of ViHosofdiy: Lonergon's
'6id., 343. Cognitional Theory ond Epistemology ( N a i r o b i . Kenya: C o n s o l a r a I n s i i u i i e o
6 I b i d . , 3 4 3 - 4 . O n w h a t L o n e r g a n m e a n s b\ ' c o n c r e t e a n d i n t e l l i g i b l e u n i t y - Philosophy 1999) (hrsi I n i e r n e i e d i l i o n al h i i p : / / w w w . I o n e r g a n . o r g /
i d e n i i i y - w h o l e , " see Insighl, \ijo-r-,. online^books/croihn/iable_oLconienLs.hun); F l a n a g a n , The (hiest. M a r k D.
7 U&'li, S M o r e l l i . SelfPosession: lieing cU. Home in Conscious Performance (Cliestnut H i l l ,
5 B e r n a r d l . o n e i - g a n , " C h r i s l as S n b j e c i : A Keply"' in \. 4 o l ' Colluclal Works .VI.-\:The L o n e r g a n I n s i i l u i c , 2 0 1 5 ) .
of linnard Mmngaii. e d . F r e d e r i c k L. C r o w e a n d R o b e r t .VI. D o r a n (Toronto: 2 4 B i l l o t t e r i n g i n - d e p i h exerci.ses i n h e i g h i e n i n g e x p e r i e n c e s o f ic
U n i v e r s i i y o I T o r o n i o l'i'ess, i q S S ) , 1 6 2 - 6 . c o g n i i i o n a l a c i i v i u e s is i i o i possible h e r e , as i t w o n l d a d d even m u c h m o r e
9 See Insighl, 406-7. l e n g i h l o this already-lengthy book.
10 I b i d . , 3. 25 See Ufii, 14-1
1 1 C$, 2 0 8 . _'6 nsighl, I 8.
12 Jrgen l-Iabernias, PhilosofjhimI Disconrsi; of Modern ily ( C a m b r i d g e , .VIA: .MIT 27 I b i d . , I 2 - 1 3 . 34.S. See al.s 1 1 - 1 4 , 2 2 , 3 5 0 - 1 .
F'rcss, i';)S7), 2(.)6. 28 I b i d . , 5 9 0 .
13 l l wn\\ri lake ns loo fai" aield I i e i e 10 disCLi.s,s ie ci-iiicisms Flabei-mas, 29 i b i d . , 5.
F o u c a i i l i , a n d otliers have levelled against l l i e p o w e r - n i o t i v a i i o n s b e h i n d i h e 30 ibid., 3 5 0 ^ 6 0 .
discoin-,ses t h a l lia\ s t r i i c u n - e d m o d e r n n o i i o n s o r s u b j e c l i v i t v , a n d l h e wavs i i l 31 I l i i d . , 13.
w h i c h s e l l - a i n n n a h o n n L o n e r g a n ' s sense w o n l d r e s p o n d 10 ihose c r i i i c i s m s .

1 4 See N o r w o o d Russell H a n s o n , 'allerns qf Discovery (Cambridge: Cambridge 4 T l i e S i r u c l u r e o f B l h i c a l hucnonalily

U n i v e r s i i y Pi'ess. 1 (")t)q). 4 - 3 1 * .
15 Insighl, 96. 1 Insighl. 641.
I 6 See i b i d . . 35 1-2. 2 I b i d . , 23; see also 64 1.
1 7 Ibid., 4 0 6 - 7 . 3 Yei it is p o s s i b l e 10 i n f e i w h a i h e l i k e l y t h o u g l n a b o u l i i a l d i a i u m e IVom his
18 Sec c h a p i e r 2, s e c i i o n 2.4,4. L o n e r g a n ' s r e j e c i i o n or"inirospecion,"' see discussions o f p r a c u c a l i n s i g h l , p r a c t i c a l relecdon, a u d decisin, See nsight,
nsighl, 3 4 4 .
63'-'-9'
U) l ' a i i l Ricoeur, Oneself os Anoiher, irans. Kalhieen lilaniey (Chicago: Universiiy
4 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , " H e a l i n g a n d C r e a u n g in H i s i o r y " i n A Third Collection,
o C C h i c a g o Press, ii.)i,)2), 1 1. k i c o e i i r proceeds 1.0 trace Nieizsche's c r i t i q u e
e d . F r e d e r i c k E. C r o w e , Sj ( N e w Y o r k : Paulisi Press, 1 9 8 5 ) , 106; c i t e d
a n c l i l s d i H i c u l l i e s , i n p a i t m a k i n g i i clear i l i a i , \ i e t z j c l i e regards all
hereafier as-H&CH."
m e d i a u o n as d i . s i o r u n g (c,g,, see 14). In d i i s w ; i y ii. appears i h a i Nieiz,sche's
5 F l a n a g a n , 77(' QiiesI, 197, w i t h a v a r i a n i fc-miilauon at 2 2 3 - 4 .
c i i i i q u e oprales w i t h a n n n e x a m i u e d a s s u m p t i o n d i a t o b j e c i i v i l y is po.ssibIe
6 I w i l l use " c h o o s i n g ' ' a n d " d e c i d i n g ' ' i m e r c i i a i i g e a b l y w h i c h is 10 say 1
o n l y i f d i e r e c o n l d be i m n i e d i a i e c o n i a c i w i t h i h e " a l r e a d v OLII diere
will use ho[.\\s i n i e r c h a n g e a b l y 10 r e f e r t o o n e a n d i l i e .same a c l o f
n o w , " a n i n n i i e d i a c y w h i c h ne\er h a p p e n s i n l u i m a i i d i o u g h t oi- l i n g u i s l i c
con-sciousiiess. Likewise w i l h " c h o i c e " a n d "decisin."
p e r f o r m a n c e . If, liowevei', o b j e c i i v i l y is i i o i i m n i e d i a i e c o n t a c t w i t h i h e
7 MT. 53, Siricy s p e a k i n g , b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e afso i n c l u d e s a n d i n c o r p o r a l e s
a l r e a d y o u t i h e r e , b u t is a m a t t e r o l ' ' a n u n r e s t r i c t e d i n t e n t i o n a n d a n
t h e o t h e r t h r e e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l p r c c e p i s : Be a t i e n t i v e . Be i n i e l l i g e n t . Be
u n c o n d i i i o n e d r e s u l l , " i l i e n i h e g e n e r a l i t y o f N i e i z s c h e ' s c r i t i q u e iiiLisi be
reasonable. L a t e r L o n e r g a n a d d e d "Be l o v i n g " as t h e H f d i i r a n s c e i i d e n t a !
r e c o n s i d e r e d . B u i i b i s w o u l d take us 100 ar aleid h e r e .
p r e c c p l , w h i c h subales t h e o i h e r f o u r .
20 Insighl, 3 4 4 , eiiiph:isis a d d e d .
S l . o n e r g a n ' s o w n use o f i h e e x a c i phrase " i n i e n u o n a l responses 1.0 v a l n e "
2 1 MT, 7112.
appears i n A/7', 3 8 , b u l is i m p l i c i t i n t h e f u l l e r e l a b o r a t i o n o n pages 3 0 - 1 .
46 N o t e s t o pages 9 8 - 1 0 4 N o i e s l o pages 10.')-fl l'd

See D i e i r i c h v o n H i l d e b r a n d , Chrisiian Eihics ( N e w Y o r k : David McKay, o f e t h i c a l i n i e n t i o n a l i t y . T o i n t r o d u c e t h a t disctussion h e r e w o n l d d i s r u p t

1953), i g i f f : c i i e d hereal'ter as v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CE.. the c o n i i n u i t y C)f i h e overview o f l h e s t r u c i u r e o f e l h i c a l i n l e n t i o n a l i l v h c i u g
9 Sti'ictly s p e a k i n g , i h e acis o f f a c i u a l c o g n i t i o n are also s i r u c t u r e d b)' affective pi^esented. F o r i h e m o m e n t , it s b c m l d be i i o i e d l i i a t even w h e n we ask,
i n t e n t i o n a l responses 10 valu, a l i h o f i g h l o n e r g a n d i d n o i e x p l i c i t l y " S h o u l d we d o i t ? , " i i is o n r o w n i n d i v i d u a l acLs o f d e l i b e r a i i n g a n d d e c i d i n g
a d v e r t t o l i l i s fac i n his essav " C o g n i i i o n a l S i r u c t u r e . " T h e p a t t e r n i n g o f t h a l d e t e r m i n e w h e d i e r o r n o t we speak [ h e words o f i b i s q u e s t i o n l o
o u r e x j j e r i e n c e s does take p l a c e Linder l h e auspices c>f o u r " i i u e r e s i s a n d o t h e r s , a n d w h e t h e r o r n o l we e n t e r i m o verbal discu.ssion of t h e nierits o f
c o n c e r n s " w h i c h l l o w f r o m o u r feelings a n d o u r d e c i s i o n s . Likewise, w h e n t h e j o i n i c o u r s e o f actim, a n d , u l t i m a t e l y , i l is o u r o w n acus o f d e l i b e r a i i n g
we m a k e l e s p o n s i b l e decisions a b o m w h i c h lines o f I n q u i r y w c w i l l p u r s u e i n a n d d e c i d i n g t h a t d e i e i ' m i n e w h e t h e r n r n o l we j o i n i u t h e j o i n i a c i i o n .
l h e i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e , ancl w4iich TIIU-SI be d e f e r r e d , thcsc decisions are also 20 I..oneigan r e m a r k e d , " j u d g m e i i L s o f v a l n e d i f f e r i n c o n t e n b u t n o t i n
p r o f o u n d l y I n f o r m e d by o u r feelings f o r valnes. s u u c t u r e f r c m i j u d g m e n t s o f f a c t " (A7", 3 7 ) .
10 F o r a c o m p l e m e n tary list o f e t h i c a l q u e s u o n s , see l i r i a i i C i o n i n , Va le Elh es: 2 1 nsighl. 633.
A Miiergau 'ersfjeclivc. ( N a i r o b i , Kenya: C o n s o l a i a h i s t i i u i e o f Philosophy, 22 Ibid., 7 2 9 - 3 0 . W e will r e i i i i n t o l h e analysis o f believing as such n seciion 4.8.
2 0 0 6 ) , 1 2C)-3o; c i t e d h e r e a f i e r as C r o n i n , Vahte Ethics. 23 Ibid,, 633-4.
1 1 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , " F a i i h a n d Beliefs," i n PTP: j c)6y-i c}So, 37; c i i e d 24 See Verhum, ^d-j ancl 7 6 - 7 .
h e r e a f i e r as " F a i l h a n d Belies." 2fj See M a i k j . D o o r l e y , The Place of the Heart in honergan's lthics ( L a n h a m , M D :
1 2 j a n e Jacobs, The Dealh aud Ufe of Creal American Cilies ( N e w Y o r k : T h e U n i v e r s i i y Press o f A m e r i c a , 199(1), 1-15.
M o d e r n L i b m t y , 1993). 7-8. 2 6 See c h a p t e r 5, s e c t i o n 5.3.
i 3 Insighl, 20 I . 27 .'vrr,37.
14 I b i d . . i 9 7 - t ) - 28 I b i d . , 3 0 - 1 .
i ) See A r r h e n i u s , " O n l h e h i f l u e n c e o f C a r b o n i c A c i d i n i h e A i r n p o n l h e 29 N o doiil>I s o m e vvill ofijeci i h a i i t s po.ssille 10 have i i t i o t l i w;iys - i h a i , f o r
T e m p e r a i u r e s o f the G i c u m d . " Philosophictd Magazine and oiinial of Science e x a m p l e , o u e c a n choo.se l o e a r i i g r e a i wealth a n d 10 be g e n e r o u s . Staied
5, v o l . 41 ( A p r i l 1896): 2 3 7 - 7 6 . Available ai h i i p : / / w w w . r s c . o i g / i n i a g e s / in l h i s a b s t r a c t f a s h i o n . these o f c o n r s e are n o l i n c o i n p a u b l e alternatives
A r r h e n i u s 1 8 9 6 _ i c n i 18-1 7 3 r , 4 6 . p d f for c h o i c e , a l i h o u g h i h e ccjnci'eie l e a l i l i e s t e n d l o m a k e i i r a t h e r d i f f i c u l l
16 A'/7', 241. See also " F a i t h a n d Beliefs," 3*^-7. l o d o b o l h p r o f l c i e n i l v . Be that as t mav. the q u e s t i o n f'oi" chotee is always
7 C r o n i n , Valne Eihics, 139-4.0. l some c o n c r e i e valu d e l i v e r e d by i h e j n d g m e m o f v a l n e - " ' I b c o n s e n i 10
I 8 F o r a p a r a l l e l t r e a l i n e n i o f e i h i c a l relecdon a n d valu JudgmenLs, see t h e \alue d ' p u r s u i n g w e a l l h a i l h i s t i m e i n tlicse ways - o r r e l i i s i n g t h e
C r o n i n , Valu Eihics. 1 S 7 - 9 3 . W h i l e I a m esseniially i n a g i e e m e i i t w i t h m o s t valu o l p u r s u i n g w e a l l h a l this l i m e i 11 tliese way.s." .Neither o f these choices
o i ' C r o n i n ' s a c c o u n t , 1 d i f f e r i n a i least i w o respecis. T h e ln"St is i n i n o r ; I exeludes c h o i c e s a b o u t b e i n g g e n e r o u s . b u l r e f u s i i i g d i i s precise valu
have p r e f e r r e d t o ii,se the t e r m ''refiective u i i d e r s u i n d i n g o f e t h i c a l valu as j u d g m e n t d o e s i n act e x e l u d e c n n s e m i i i g m it.
v i r t u a l l y u n c < . ) n d i u o n e c r i n p l a c e o f his phrase " d e l i b e r a t i v e i n s i g h t " ( w h e r e 30 MT. ^40.
h e f o l l o w s M i c h a e l V e r i i ) . D e l i b e r a t i o n i m p l i e s decisin as lis o u t c o m e , 3 1 See c h a p t e r 2, seciion 2.5.5.
whereas r e l l e c i i o n s l e a d i n g 10 refleciive u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o a valu j u d g m e n l 32 Rene Desearles, " S e c o n d \ecliaton," Discourse on Meihod and Mcdilations,
as v i r i u a l l y u n c o n d i t i o n e d c a n e x t e n d t o vales o t h e r t h a n t h e vales o f trans. D o n a l d A . Cress ( I n d i a t i a p o l i s , I N : W a c k e t i , 1 9 8 0 ) , 6 2 .
d e c i s i o n s t o b e m a d e . C r o n i n h i m s e l f discusses several s u c h e x a m p l e s (191- 33 See Insighl, 4 7 6 - 8 a n d 494-5O4.
3). T h e s e c o n d d i f f e r e n c e is m o r e s u b s i a m i a l , a n d i l has 10 d o w i t h t h e r o l e 34 Ibicf, 6 3 6 - 4 5 .
played i n valu a n d e l h i c a l r e f l e c i i o n bv feelings as i n t e n t i o n a l responses. 35 L o n e i g a n discusses diese h a b i i s o f c h o o s i n g n n d e r i l i e l i e a d i i i g o f
O n t h o s e diTerences, see s e c i i o n 4.6.1 a n d c h a p i e i s 5-iC) o f t h i s b o o k , a n d
" w i l l i n g n e s s . " See Insighl. 621-2.
c o m p a r e C r o n i n , Valu Ethics, 245--,o.
36 I b i d , , 6 3 6 - 9 a n d 6 4 3 - 5 ,
19 A l t h o u g h I have presented i h e " s h o u l d " a n d " w o r t h w h i l e " q u e s t i o n s w i t h l h e
37 I b i d . , 6 5 0 - 3 ,
s u b j e c t " 1 , " i l s h o u l d n o t be a s s u m e d l h a t this is an i n d i v i d u a l i s l i c , s o l i i a r y
38 H u m a n c h o i c e i n i h i s iife, o f coui"se, also presupposes l h e vast neiwork-s
c n i e r p r i s e . F r e q u e n t l y we ask, " l s it w o r t h w h i l e f o r us t o d o it?" a n d " S h o u l d
o f p r e - c o n s c i o u s neurctlogical a n d b i o l o g i c a l acls t h a t c o n d i t i o n i l i e
we d o i t ? " C h a p t e r s 11-13 e x p l o r e the i n i e r p e r s o n a i situatedness o f o u r acls
f u n c u o n i n g o f t h e conscious s t r u c t u r e .
462 N o t e s l o pages 1 15-25 Noies l o pagi-s 12.5-39 lli:^

^c) T l i e in]3c o l " c o m p a r a t i v e valu utlgmenis w i l l be e x p l o r e d i n c h a p i e r 9. r, I b i d .

40 Insighl. 7 ' > 9 - 3 o . N o i i c e l h a t iinke c h a p t e r 1 8 . h e r e l . o n e r g a n expMcit!)' 6 Insight, 412-15.
i d e m i f i e s t h e a c l o f r e l l e c i i v e l u i d e r s t a n d i n g , t h e j u d g m e n t o f valu, a n d d u - 7 'topics, 8 3 - f , .
decisin. 8 Insighl, 214-19.
4 1 T h a t is t u say, w h e n yon a i i e n d 10 d i e e x p e r i e n c e s o f ' y o m ^ acts o f b e l i e v i n g , 9 See also i b i d . , 4 9 6 .
d o y o u discovei" y o n i s e l f to have p e r f o r m e d a n i n l l n i t e regress b e f o r e 0 G i v e n t h e objectives c)f l h i s b o o k , it is i m p o s s i b l e to discu.ss l h e w i d e range
a r r i v i n g a l y o u r act o f b e l i e v i n g ? T h r s is a n e x a t n p l e o f t h e k i n d o f t h i n g i h a i o f scieniific research d i a i correlales neurophysiological n m c t i o n i n g wilh
is i n v o l v e d i n t h e m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e m e a n i n g o f s e l f - a p p r o p r i a t i o n . W'e s o m a t i c l'eelings. T h i s c h a p t e r can o n l y a c k n o w l e d g e i b i s w o r k , a n d arge
wiil r e u n i i t o this l o p i c i n c h a p t e r 1 0 . f o r some c l a i m s t h a t r u n c o u n t e r 10 s o m e o f t h e e x i r a - s c i e n i i l i c , r e d u c t i o n i s i
c l a i m s m a d e by s o m e o i ihesc researchers.
5 K i n d s o f Feelings 1 See L o n e r g a n ' s c o m m e n t s 011 i h i s : Insighl, 608-9.
2 S o l o m o n pio]i(.>ses a s i m i l a r divisin o f feelings ("passions" o\' " e m o t i o n s , " as
1 A f t e r t h i s b o o k was c o m p l e i e d , I d i s c o v e r e d t h a t R o b e i ' i j . S o l o m o n l i e p r e f e r s ) . See S o l o m o n , Pa.ssions "jo-.
p r o p o s e d a s i m i l a r divisin o f f e e l i n g s i n his The Pfissioiis: Emotions and lhe 3 A r i s t o i l e , A't", 2 0 - 1 , 1 oc)i.(a7-2 1 . Since v i r i u o i i s a c i i o n s a r e i h e n i e a n i n g o f
Meaning of Life (U^WamiXyoW,, I N : H a c k e t l , 1 9 9 3 ) , e s p e c i a l l y 6 0 . 6 8 - 8 8 , a n d happiness, a n d t h i s is w h a t evei^yone desiies ( 4 , t 0 9 4 a i i ) ) , pleasures l a k c i i i n
9 6 - 7 ; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as S o l o m o n , Passions. S o l o m o n p r e f e r s "passions" o r v i r u i o i i s d e e d w o u l d be a i least p a r t i a l saiisfactins ol'ie desire f o i ' happiness.
" e m o t i o n s " t o " f e e l i n g s " o r "affects," respectively, a n d arges t h a t i h e w o r d 4 Aiigiisne, Cfj//m/o., 2 1 [ l . i ] .
" f e e l i n g s " s h o u l d be reserved s o l e l y 10 desgnate w l i a i 1 have c a l l e d " s o m a t i c 5 .Vlariin H e i d e g g e r , lieingaial Time, t r a n s . | o l i n .VIaf|uairie a n d L d w a r d
feelings." A l d i o n g h 1 agree w i t h m u c h o f w h a t S o l o m o n has w r i t t e n , t h e r e R<ibins()n ( O x f o r d : l i l a c k w e l l , 1 9 6 2 ) , 1 7 2 .
are also n o i a b l e diferences b e i w e e n his a p p r o a c h a n d m v o w n . I t w o u l d b e 6 R o b e n D<)raii, " T w o Wavs o f l i e i n g ( j : ) i i s c i o u s : T h e N o t i o n o f Psychic
l o o g r e a t a diversin at t l i i s p(,)int 10 e x a m i n e those d i f f e r e n c e s . Conversin," Melhoih fauna! of Loneigan S odies 3 ( 2 0 1 2 ) : 1 i .
L- MT. 30.

3 v o n f i i t d e b r a n d . CE. i9ilf 6 Keeliiigs a.s hilentional R e s p o n s e s a n d H o r i z o n s o f F e e l i n g s

4 M a x S c h e l e r , Eovmalism in IClhirs and .\'oi-Fonnat Ethics of Vales, trans,
M a n f r e d S. F r i n g s a n d Rogei' L . F u n k ( F v a n s i o n e , I L : N o r t h w e s t e r n 1 MT, 3 I,
U n i v e r s i i y Press, 1 9 7 3 ) . '-'55-1.}; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as Scheler, Eorinalism/Va,lues. 2 1 a m h e r e a.ssuming a veiy o b l u s e s p e c t a t o r w h o has n e i t h e r afl'ects or even
T Scheler, Eornudism/Vatues, 9C)-3. quesons a b o u t t h e vaiiie o f w h a t he sees l a k i n g place i n l h e sporng event.
v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CJ, 1 9 J . Quesons ofx-akie, a f i e r a l l , a r e o n e k i n d o f desire - a d e s i r e I'or valne answers.
7 O n l h e relaonship b e i w e e n noeticwn noematic, see c h a p t e r ', secon 2 . 4 . 1 ' . 3 Mus o f i e n L o n e r g a n uses o n l y t h e p h r a s e "imeniicnal responses" for t h i s
8 MT, 3 0 , e m p h a s i s a d d e d . category o f f e e l i n g s , b u t lie also d o e s use i h e e n t i r e p h r a s e " i n t e n t i o n a l
9 fVs S c h e l e r ' s e x a m p l e reveis, i n i e n t i o n a l feelings r e s p o n d 10 a n d c o m b i n e responses 10 \'alues" (M'l', 3 8 ) .
w i t h s o m a t i c feelings to y i e l d i m p o r t a n t f e e l i n g c o m p l e x e s that. i n l a r g e 4 .V/7;3o.
p a n , a r e w h a t w e r a i l i h e " e x p e r i e n c e s o f e m b o d i m e n t . " T h i s is e x p l o r e d i n
5 Ibid,, 3 i , emphasis added.
m o r e d e i a i l i n c h a p i e r 6.
6 I l ) i d . , e m p h a s i s a d d e d . T h e S C C m d s e l u e n c e contines, " . , , a b o n t evils
10 See .'V/'/; 6 6 - 7 .
10 be l a m e m e d o r r e n i e d i e d , a f i o u i t h e g o o d t l i ; i l c a n , nghi. must he
1 I See Insighl, 492-3.
a c c o m p l i s h e d . " 1 o m i u e c i l h i s p a n o f t h e s e n i e n c e ( w h i c h c l e a r l y does speak
1 2 Because c n i d a r i a n s lack a c e n t r a l n e i T o i i s sysicni - h a v i n g insiead n e n e neis - o f f e e l i n g s i n relaon to voikies a n d disvalues) i n o r d e r t o e m p b a s i z e t h e
it is n n c e n a i n d i a l iliey a c t u a l l y have consciousness o f feelings. T h e p o i m fact t h a t L o n e r g a n also speaks o f non-vahies as objects o f feelings as well,
Iiere, however, is l h a i din ere m i a t i o n s o f somatic feelings u l t i m a t e l y d e r i v e F o r t h e m o m e n t , 1 a m p r e s c i n d i n g l ' n ) m i h e f n n h e r ciniplications raised b y
from suuctures originally correlated with touch. L o n e r g a n ' s r e m a r k s i h a l c e n a i n C|uesions also i n t e n d vales; see M'L, 3 4 .
13 M, 30.
O n l h i s , .see s e c t i o n 6 . 5 .
14 v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CE, 1 9 1 . 7 v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CE, 1 9 1 .
 . \ o i . c s ici pages 1 ; 9 - 5 I N o i e s u> pages 152-74 46.5

i See especially i b i d . , 191-'.^, w h i c h shows i h a i v o n H i l d e b r a n d c o n c e i v c s Conlemporrn-y CUniad Trinis 40 ( 1 9 D e c e n i b e r 2 0 1 4 ) , p u b l i s i i e d o i i t i n e a l

inieni.i<)nalii.y in g e n e r a l o n d i e m o d e l o f ' k n o w i n g as m k i n g a look'': hiip://w\-.'w,conieniporaiyclinicalLrals.coin/arucle/Si 55 1-7 1 4 4 ( 1 4 ) 0 0 1 93-
" l ' e r c e p n o n is necessarily a p e r c e p i i o n ofsomelnvgesivunttous 10 m y r n i n d . " i/alxsu-aci, f'or i h e i r cfiscussion o f i l i e observed c o m p l e x n e u r o p l i y s i o l o g i c a l
See Insig/iL 4 13. See also c h a | x c r L' o f i h i s book.
h u n g e r response lo lhe simple s i g l i i o f feod,
M i c h a e l V e r i i n was ie liisi. LO draw Lipn Lonergan's disncuons ^S VMiile p a r i i c u l a r q u e s i i o n s t b r i i n e l l i g e n c e o n l y i n d i r e c t l y i n i e n d l h e
a m o n g Lhe objecis o f insighus in o r d e r 10 clarify tJie nai.ure o f f e e l i n g s as inielligibiliiies ihai will be d i r e c d y i n i e n d e d by d i e i n s i g h i s i h ; i i sausf")'
i n i e i i L i o n a l lesponses in 'JudgnienLs ol'Valu foi- Lhe LaLci- h o n e r g a n / ' Meihod: l h e l e n s i o n s <"if i n q u i r y i h c nni"esLrcieti desii"e 10 k n o w is l i i e imniediaie
Jnunml of Lonerga o Sl lidies 13 ( 1 9 9 5 ) : 2 3 2 - 3 . Foi" a f u r d i e r discussion o f ihis r e l a i i o n 1.0 b e i n g f o r h u m a n s . B o i h p a r i i c u l a r c|nesions as w e l l as p a n i c u l a r
l o p i c , see Pan-ick H . Byrne, '"Feelings as I n i e n i i o n a l , Feelings as Responses. insighis a n d j u d g i n e n i s g r a d n a l l y a n d i n c r e m e n u i l l y m c d i a i e o n r imniediaie
a n d ValueJiidgmenLS," in Lonergan s Legacy: Ethics aod Religin, special issue o f
rclaiiiniship o f lieing i m o a g r o w i n g m i d e r s i a n d i n g and knowledge of
Theqfonim, ed. Mary Beili Y o u n i and Kenneih M e l c h i n , foi-ilicoiiiing.
b e i n g . B U L w h i l e f o r h u m a n s l h e i m m e d i a L e r e i a i i o n s h i p l o b e i n g is i h r o u g h
See I b i d . , 8 8 . 1 3 S - 3 1 , 1 7 3 - S o ,
l h e i m r e s i r i c i e d desire 1.0 k n o w , l h i s is n o i yei a dii-eci i n i e n i i o n o f b e i n g ,
Ibifi,, I419,
T h e direcL i i i L e n i i o i i o f b e i n g is 10 be a u a i n e d o n l y in an u n r e s l r i c i e d a c i o f
I f i i d . , 1 .-,0,
lindersiandiiig i h a i undersuinds everyihing a b o m everydiing,
Ibid., 17-.
39 For d i e discussion o f i u d g m e n L s a n d decisions o f c o m p a r a i i v e \'alue, see
I b i d . , I 74-.-,.
c h a p i e r 9.
IbicL, I 75. L o n e r g a n also arges i h a i A q u i n a s also uses <uiddias slve natura 4 0 See R o b e n A, C a r o , The Power liroker: Robert Moses and lhe /-all oj"New York
rei malenalism " u n i v e r s a l " l o desgnate lhis p u r e l y i m e l l i g i b l e o h j e c i . (Ne\v'York; R a n d o n i House, 1974)-
I b i d , . I 7 3 . Sec also Insighl. 3. ;) 1 L o n e r g a n also u s e s l l i e l e r m " l i o r i / . o i i " i n i b i s w a y alilioiigi n o i
Verbnin. 1 5 0 . emphasis a d d e d . specifically wii.h r e g a r d 10 f e e l i i i g y as i n i e n i i o n a l respoiLses. See, f o r
See /nsighl, 4,02-,). e x a m p l e , .'V/'/', 2 3 5 - 7 .
Verbum, 1 8 3 . See also /nsighl, z|3 1 - 2 . especially n o i e 2.
42 MT, 31 .
Vhliu.in, I 86.
4'.5 T h i s a c m a l l y d i d h a p p e n in 2 0 0 2 w h e n Dr. David C. A i - n d i l e h M t . A u b u r n
A r i s i o t l e , j\% V.8, 1 i3-,b2S-(.). flospii.al i n (.;ambi-idge, Massachusetts, in l h e m i d d l e o f s u r g e r y 10 carry
'-'3 .'V/T,.45. o n l a b a n k i n g i r a i i s a c i i o n . See " S i i r g e o n V\'ho Left Opei"aion lo R u n a n
24. Scheler, /ormalisin/Values. 3-,. E r r a i i d ls SLispended,'' A m ; YorU l'imes, 9 A n g u s i 2 0 0 2 , l i u p : / / w w w . n y i i m e s .
- :< Ihid.. 68. coni/202/o8/o9/iis/snrgeoii-wlH>lei.-an-operaLon-to-run-an-errand-s-
JG See c h a p i e r 5, s e c i i o n 5.2.
suspeiided.hirnl
-7 Insight, 706.
44 '^'/:3^-
J8 See, l o r e . v a m p l e , 'feelings r e s p o n d M'ahies" {AIT. 3 1 , empliasis a d d e d )
45 M a x Scheler, Ressentimenl. e d . Lewis A. Coser, ii-ans. V\'illi;nn \\". H o l d l i e i n i ( N e w
-'9 MT, 6 1 .
York; S c l i o k e n Books, 1 96 1), 5 3 - 5 ; c i l c d hereafier as Scieler, Ressentimenl.
30 Ibid., 64.
31 lopics, 2 I S.
7 Feelings a n d Valu R e f l e c i i o n
3- MT, 63-4.
33 See /nsight, 3 1 G - i 7. 1 Insighl, 308.
34 For f u l l e r discussion, see c l i a p i e i - 1 1,
2 See i b i d . , 5 0 1, 6 3 3 - 4
3 Bill K i n s e r a n d N e i l K l e i n m a n , The />e.am lhat Was No More a Dream (New pineALisLen, l'-'ridc aml Prejudice (Scw york: B a n i a n i Books, 1 9 8 1), 5 2 ; c i i e d
York: H a r p e r a n d Row, 1 9 6 9 ) . 13.
h e r e a f i e r as A n s i e n , P&P.
3 6 h is alniosL always l h e case i h a i d i s i o r l i o n s in f'eelings r e s u l l in d i s i o r i e d
4 Ibid., 96.
J u d g n i e n i s o f fac as w e l l .
5 I b i d . , 142,
37 See, br instance, A m a n d a Szabo-Reed, Florence Breslin, e l al., " B r a i n F u n c i i o n 6 T h a i p r i d e can be a g e n u i n e v i n u e is diflculi fbr most c o n t e m p o r a i y people to
l ' r e d i c i o r s a n d O u i c o m e o f W e i g h i Loss and VVeight Loss M a i m e n a n c e , " accept. V i r t u o u s p n d e is n o l to be c o n i u s e d w i i h vices such is haiighiiiicss o r
466 Noies lo pages 174-94 N(les l o p a g c . s 1 9 1 '.'UH iliV

conccitedness, anci Jane A n s i e n \vas well aware o f i h e difTerences. O n p r i d e as a 27 As A r i s t o d e p m s i l , " m a k i n g [f/oesis] a i m s a l a n e n d di.stinct f r o m 1 he acl
viruic a n d l h e deviaiions h o n i it, see A i i s i o d e , A7:, IV,^. i i 23334-1 12rja35. o f m a k i n g , whereas i n d o i n g \ t h e e n d c a n n o i he o i l u - r IIKIII lhe a i l
7 S i r i c i l y s p e a k i n g , Eli/abetli d i d laise a new q u e s i i o n I b i " valu j u d g m e n t - " I : iLself: d o i n g w e l l Ls i n i i s e l f i h e e n d " (.Arisiotle, \'F, V I . - , , i i . p ) b -,-l>).
m a r r i a g e trj D a r c y w o r t h w h i l e f o r n l e ? " - a n d she r e s p o n d e d 10 i t negatively 28 Insi^il, 6 2 4 .
However, t h e secpiel provides a m u c h clearer e x a m p l e o f h o w a new 29 O n d i e l i a b i l u a l d i m e n s i o n s o f o u r e t h i c a l b e h a v i o u r , see usighl, (i-j i - , | a n d
question emerges o n i o f habitual valuing. 6 4 3 - 7 ; f'"" u n e i h i c a l h a b i m a l i t i e s , .see 6 5 3 - 6 .
S A n s i e n , PcfP, 153. 3 0 Sl. Paul, Hoiiians. 7:18-19.
9 I b i d , , 71-2, 3 1 See .Vlichaet V e r h r i , '"|iidgnieiiis o f Valu f o r i h e i i e r L o n e r g a n , " Method:
10 I b i d - , 153. ournat of .ouergan Studies 1 3 ( 1 9 C ) f , ) : 22 1 - 4 8 , a n d " D e l i b e r a t i v e I n s i g h t
11 I b i d . , 155, e m p h a s i s i n d i e o r i g i n a l . Revisiled." u i i p n l i l i s h e d l e c i u r e d e l i v e r e d a l t h e West Coast M e i h o d s
I 2 I b i d . , 156. h i s t i t u i e , L o v o l a . M a r y m o i i m U n i v e r s i i y , 2 8 - 3 0 A p r i l 201 1, c o n i m u n i c a i c d
13 ALigusline, 6')fi/m/fj/j.. X . 3 3 , by l h e a u t h o r , c i t e d l i e r e a h e r as V e r t i n , " | u c l g m e i i t s , " a n d V e r t i n , " I n s i g h l , "
14 See c h a p t e r 5, s e c t i o n 5.7. respectively. T h e e a r l i e r a r t i c l e t e n d s t o focus m o r e o n raines o f possible
I 5 See A l e x i s d e T o c q u e v i l l e , Oeinonarx in mericn, trans. G e o r g e I -iwrence decisions 10 b e rnade, w h i l e i h e later o n e focuses o n j u d g m e m s o f valuc
( C a r d e n City, NY: A n c h o r l l o o k s , 1 gCn.)), h e r e a l i c r c i t e d as de T<ic<)uevi!le, a b o n t realities a l r e a d y a c t u a l i z e d . T h i s d i s i i n c i i o n ts n o t h a r d a n d fasi, as
Democracy, B e l l a h e l al., Habits, R o b e r t P u i n a m , imoling Ahne: The Collapse Verii e n v i s i o n s a delibei'ati\ process " d i a i l e r m i n a i e s i n a decisin 10
and Peidval of American Community ( N e w York: Simc>n a n d Sch usier, 2 0 0 0 ) ; enjoy i l i e a c t u a l valu" ( V e r i i n , " J u d g m e m s , " 2 3 9 ) , a n d p r e s u m a b l y f o r this
see also his e a r l i e i ' siiidy, Miihing Democrocy Work: Civic Trcalilions in Modern reason r^cgards b o t h as deliberative i n s i g h i s , W h i l e I d o a g r e e t h a i iher"e are
taly ( P r i n c e t o n , N|: P i i n c c t o n U n i v e r s i i y Press, 1 9 9 4 ) .
i n d e e d p r o f o u n d decisions 10 a c c e p i l h e valnes o f acmalil.ies n o i u f one's
1 6 See, or e x a m p l e , A l a s d a i r M a c i n t y r c , Afier Virtue ( N o t r e D a m e , I N : o w n m a k i n g , I also c o n t e n d i h a i d i e r e are \'alne r-efleciive proce.s.ses t h a t
U n i v e i " s i t y o f N o i r e D a m e Press, 1 9 8 1 ) , 2 3 - 4 . s i m p l ) ' l e r m i i i a i e i n i u d g i i i e n i s ol'valu w i t h o u i aii\ i n m i e d i a i e necessiiy o f a
1 7 Insight, 3 0 9 . decisin 10 a c c e p t those vales. See also V e r t i n , " I n s i g h l , " ri 1 1.
15 See also i b i d . , 6 3 4 . 32 V e r t i n . " | i i d g n i c n L s . " 231. T h e c o n t e x t o f this r e m a r k m a k e s i l clear i h a i
19 See c h a p t e r 2, s e c t i o n 2.4.4. "c///fic//w;cognition" means a f e e l i n g i h a i is a n nlem.i(.)nal response 10 valne.
20 J a n e A n s i e n , Northanger Abbey ( N e w York: B a m a n i B o o k s , 198-,). T h i s 3 3 M o r e precisely, " i h e c o n d i t i o n 10 w h i c h i h e l i n k c o n n e c i s t h e h y p o i h e i i c a l l y
e p i s o d e a n d all q u o i e s are t a k e n f r o m c h a p t e r 1 i . t r u e j n d g n i e i u . o f v a l n e is n o t s i n i p h ' e x p e r i e n t i a l data b m , m o r e i i a n - o w l y
2 I Ibid., 66-7. t h e data oconsciousness lhat are m v positive feelings t o w a i ' d i h e reality
22 I n c h a p t e i " I 1, f o l l o w i n g L o n e r g a n , I a r g i i e i h a i vales a r e always c o n c r e t e . whose valu I a m w o n d e r i n g a b o u t ; a n d t h e fullllnient o f i h a i c o n d i t i o n is
T h i s nieans t h a t each new a u t h e n i i c decisin aclualizes a new, c o n c r e t e my c o n c r e t e e x p e r i e n c e o f tho.se f e e l i n g s " ( V e r t i n , " I n s i g l n , " 9 ) .
\'alue. I n t h i s case, t h e t r i a l c a l l e d f o r t h e a c t u a l i / a t i o n o f a n e w valu, a n e w 34 V e r t i n . " J u d g m e n t s , " 2 3 2 - 3 .
i n s i a i i c e o f t h e valu o f j u s t i c e . W h i l e o u r u i a l clid n o t crate a d r a m a t i c a l l y 35 See c h a p l e e i o.
i m i o v a i i v e new d e p a r t u r e i n t h e r e a l m o f justice as is p c n t r a y e d , br 3 b V e r t i n " J u d g n i e n t s , " 235 a n d 2 4 3 , a n d V e r t i n , " h i s i g h t , " 7 - 8 a n d 1 1.
e x a m p l e , i n .Aescyleus' Eumenides, i t was nevenheless a n i n s t a n c e o f \ilue 37 V e r t i n " I n s i g h l , " 13. *
n o t p i e v i o u s l y actualized c o i i c i e l e l y . 38 See c h a p t e r 4 , s c c n o n 4.7.
23 Recall t h a t " W h a t s h o u l d 1 d o ? " is a c o m p a c t f o r m i d a i i o n o f d i r c e closely
r e l a t e d q u e s i i o n s : "W'hat c o u l d I d o ? , " "Is i l w o r t h w h i l e f o r m e 10 d o it?," 8 H o r i z o n s o f Feelings, Conversin, a n d O b j e c t i v i t y
and " S h o u l d I d o it?"
24 See, f b r e x a m p l e , E u g e n e T. G e n d l i i i , Focusing (New Y o r k : B a m a m Books, 1 .Vlax Weber, "Science as a V o c a t i o n , " i n 'rom Max Weher: Fssays in Sociology, eti,
19S1). Hans H . G e r i h a n d C. V\righi M i l l s ( N e w York: O x l ' o r d U n i v e r s i i y Picw, 1946),
25 T h e g o o d s t h a t are b i o u g h t a b o u t by p e r f o r m a n c e o f e i h i c a l i n i e n i i o n a l i i y 129-56. T h e subtleties o f Weber's o w n a c c o u n t o f t h e fact/value d i s t i n c l i o n
w i l l be e x p l o r e d in g r e a i e r d e t a i l i n c h a p t e r s 1 1 a n d i 2. are n o l always appi'ecialed by all w h o cite h i m i n s u p p o r t o f t h e i r views,
26 See nsighl, 4 2 . 2 ns'igit, 5 2 3 ; aLso 4 1 3 .
468 N'oies l o pages 2 0 8 - 2 1 N o i e s 10 page.s 22:l-.'n ir)9

3 See also F l a n a g a n , The Qi.i'.s, i Q q - ' . ' O i . 22 R e g a r d i n g t h e noon o f orieniaoii. see i b i d . , 5 1 - 2 .

4 See IbicL, ' j o o , i M. 23 See Insighl. 47(1-84 for a m o r e precise d i s c u s s i o n .
5 See i b i d . , 2 o S - g . L o n e i g a n i e n i a i k s l l i a i even a decisive c o m n i i i m e i u l o w h a i 24 Ibid., 242.
he calis m n i a l conversin '(alls hx* s h o r i o f m o r a l p e r f e c u o n " uniess i t is 2 5 See, f o r e x a m p l e . ATL, 2 3 7 - 8 .
f o l l o w e d i.Lp by a greai m a n y f u r t h e r decisions. " D e c i d i n g is o n e t l i i n g , d o i n g 26 Sec secon 8 , 3 . 4 .
is anothei". O n e has yei (o imcovei" a n d i"oot o n t o n e ' s i n d i v i d u a l , g i ' o u p , a n d 27 Sec, f o r exani]3le, A77~ 1 2 1 - 2 .
g e n e r a l bias ... O n e has \o k e e p s c i i i i i n i z i n g o n e ' s i n i e n t i o n a l responses t o 28 Ibid., 2 3 8 - 4 4 .
vales a n d i h e i r i m p l i c i t scales o F p r e f e r e n c e . O n e has t o l i s t e n lo cricism 2 9 See R o b e n M . D o r a n , Theology and IheDialertirs of Llisloiy ( T o r o n t o : Univei-siiy o f
a n d ro p r o i e s i . O n e has lo r e m a i n ready lo learn h-oiii o t h e r s . For m o r a l T o r o n i o Press, 2 0 0 1 ) . 4 2 - 6 3 , 2 1 1-94, 30-56; c i i e d h e r e a l i c r as D o r a n , TDH.
k n o w l e d g e is l h e p r o p e r po.ssessioii o n h ' (.)f n i o r a l h ' g o o d m e n a n d , i i m i l o n c 3 0 See c h a p i e r 3.
has m e r i t e d i h a i l i d e , o n e has sll l o advance a n d l e a r n " {MI', 240). 3 1 MT, 23S.
6 MT, 3 2 . See f u r t h e r 3 2 - 4 f o r L o n e r g a n ' s a p p r e c i a i i o n o f t h e richness a n d 32 Ibid-, 240.
c o m p l e x i t y o f w h a i I have c a l l e d "horiz(.)ns o f f e e l i n g . " 33 Ibid-, 2 4 1 .
7 Ihid., 34. - 3 4 IbicL, I i ( i .
S " T h e S u b j e c t , " S2. 9 35 Ibid., l o b .
<j /s/^//, 3 4 8 - 5 2 . ^ 36 Ibid., 240.
10 MT, 34. 3 7 D o r a n , TDH, 248.
I 1 lliid-, 36. 3 8 MT, 3S.
12 ll.)id., 3 8 , 1 0 4 , 2 3 3 , 2 4 1 - 2 , 2 8 9 . 3 3 8 . ^ 3 9 C h a p i e r 7, secon 7,5.
13 f"-''>g'"> S73- 4 0 "'fhe Subjeci," 83.
14 MT, 105-6. 4 1 See. for e x a m p l e , " T b e S n b j e c i . " a n d B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Phenomenology and
1 5 For lhe sake o f ' c l a r i i \ i i is wonJi p a r a p h r a s i n g i l i e p o i n t m a d e in an earlier Logir: The Hoslon College Leclures on Malhemalical Logir and Lxislentialism, vol.
f o o t n o i e i l l c h a p i e r 6. P a n i c u l a r q u e s i i o n s o f valu o n l y i n d i r e c i l v i n i e n d I 8 o f Collecled Worlis of Bernard Lonergan, e d . P h i l i p J . .VlcSIianc (Toronto:
l l i e vales l h a t will be directly k n o w n i n the judgmeiiLs o f v a l n e that p r o p e r l y U n i v e r s i i y o f ' F o r o n i o Press, 2 0 0 1 ) .
resolve i h e tensions o f those q u e s d o n s . Moreover, t h e u n r e s t r i c t e d n o t i o n 42 "The Subject," 83.
o f v a l n e is o u r i m m e d i a i e r e l a t i o n 10 t h e wholeness o f l h e g o o d , ilie l o i a l i t v 4 3 Crys&.c. Lmhracing Travaii, 138.
o f v a l n e , f o r h a n i a n s . ' f h e series o f parcular ciuestions, vi-s well as p a n i c u l a r 44 A'/v; 2 4 1 - 2 .
judgineiiLs o f v a l n e , gradually a n d i i i c r e i i i e n i a l l y medale o u r i m m e d i a t e 4 5 ' f h i s raises l h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e i h e r o r n o l m o r a l conversin e n i a i l s r e l i g i o u s
relaonship to t h e l o t a l i i y c i l \alue i h r o u g h g r o w t h i n k n o w l e d g e a n d conversin - snce r e l i g i o u s valu is i n c l u d e d i n t h e w h o l e o f vales. T h i s
p e r f o r m a n c e o f \ a l u e . iui w h i l e f o r h n m a n s l h e i i i i n i e d i a i e r e i a i i o n s h i p 10 q u e s t i o n w i l l b e addressed in c h a p t e r 9, secon 9.5, o n c e t h e issue o f t h e
l h e l o i a l i i y o f v a l n e is i h r o u g h i l i e uin-eslricied desire lo know, iliis s i i o i vei a scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e has b e e n discussed m o r e f u l l y
d i r e c i inienon o f ihe l o i a l i t y o f valu. O n l y a "basic," d i r e c t i n t e n i i o n o f valu 4 A'/y; 3 8 .
is a t t a i n e d i n i l i e c h n a m i c siate o f being-in-love i n a n u n r e s u i c t e d fashion, b u i 4 7 j u d g m e m s o f c o m p a r a t i v e valu a n d i h i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g scales o l valu w i l l
il is uncondionally a u a i n e d o n l y i n i h e n i i i i y o f a n u n r e s t r i c i e d act o f v a l u i n g be t a k e n u p i n f u r i h e r d e i a i l i n c h a p t e r 9.
a n d l o v i n g e v e r y i h i n g g o o d a b o u t e v e n ' g o o d i h i n g , w l n c h is u n i q u e lo G o d . 4 8 Elizabeih M i i r r a y lias also a r g u e d f o r "a negative a n d a posiuve dimensin"
l MT 106. t(.i m o r a l conversin, See her " C o n s c i e n c e a n d Passion: M o r a l Conversin as
17 I b i d . , 1 0 5 - t i . Self-Transceiideiice." i n 2 0 1 4 Pwceedings of (he American CalhoUc Philosn(diicnl
18 I b i d - , 106. Association, \o\. 8 8 (Charloitesville, VA: Philo.sophy Docunientaon Cenier,
19 PTP: ic)6y-/gSo, 2-2-9,. f o r t h c o n i i n g ) , c i t e d hereafier as M u r r a y "Con.science a n d Passion," H e r
20 See F r e d e r i c k L. Ci"owe, ' ' L o n e r g a n ' s Unix'crsalisi V i e w o f Religin," Melhnd: analysis draws u p o n l.onergan's r e m a r k s r e g a r d i n g uvo levis in bis s i r u c t t i r e
Journal uj Lonergan Sliidies \ (1994): 147-79. o f t h e h u m a n g(.)od. Fler analvsis be considered m o r e fully in c h a ] j i e r 9,
2 i MT, 32. secon 9.8.
470 Notes l o pages 2 3 2 - 5 3 Noies LO pages 2 5 3 - ( y l 471

4 9 M'l\.
13 I b i d . , 77, e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
50 Ibid., 32.
14 For a m o r e d e i a i l e d discussion, see P a i r i c k H . B y r n e , " W h i c h Scale o f Valu
5 1 i b i d . , 2 4 0 . VVe w i l l r e u i r n l o l h e siages o f d e v e l o p n i e n i o f m o r a l conversin Preference? L o n e r g a n , Scheler, v o n H i l d e b r a n d a n d D o r a n , " n Meauiiigatid
i n c h a p t e r 1 1, s e c t i o n 1 1 .fi. T h e r e l h e c o n n e c i i o n beiu-een i h e levis i n Histoiy iu Svstematic Theology: Essays iu Honor of Robert M. Doran, S.J., e d . J o h n
l h e siT-uciure o f d i e h u m a n g o o d a n d t h e siages o f m o r a l conversin w i l l Dadosky (.Vlihvaukee. W I : M a r q u e t i e U n i v e r s i i y Press, 2 0 0 9 ) , 1 9 - 4 9 .
be e x ] i I o r e d . Ai d i e lowesl siage, w h a i L o n e r g a n c a l l e d " p a r t i c u l a r g o o d s " 15 M V , 3 1 ,
l i m c u o n as i h e b i g l i e s i goods f o r h u m a n choice. i \ i r i i c u l a r g o o d s i n c l u d e , I (.i A f u l l e r c r i i i c a l e n g a g e i n e n i w i l h l l i e h o s i o f o i h e r f o n i u d a i i o n s o f .scales
b u l g o b e y o n d , olijecis o f s o n i a u c pleasnre a n d c o m f o i a , a n d p a i l i c L i l a i ' lis o f v a l n e p i i o r i i y falls 10 a i n n c l i l a r g e r s c h o l a d y p r q j e c i i h a i w o u l d be
i n c l u d e , b u l g o b e y o n d , objecis o f s o m a i i c p a i n a n d d i s u i r b a n c e . f a c i l i c u e d bv d i e n i e i l i o d (.if eihics l l i a i s e x p l o r e d i n i h e fhral c l i a p i e r s o f
52 /WV, 240.
lilis hook.
5 3 I h i d . . 2 9 2 ; sec also 2 ( 1 5 . 17 Schc\cr, l'orimd/sm/Values. 100,
5 4 A u g u s t i n e , Confesshms, V I I . 12. See also, " e v i l is n o d i i n g b u t d i e r c m o v a l o f 18 I b i d . , 1 0 3 - 1 10.
good u n d i Ilnally n o t h i n g good remains" (III.7). 19 I b i d . , 108. L o n e r g a n o f c o n r s e assigns a m u c h h i g h e r ( c u l i u r a l ) valu t o
55 Ibid., VI 1.12-13. s c i e i i d l i c / c x p l a n a i o r y k n o w l e d g e , becau.se f o r h i m i i is n o t reducble 10 ils
5O I b i d . , V H . 1 8 . lechnological applicaUons in " c o n t r o l l i n g " nature.
57 Rosemary H a u g l u o n . The Tramfarmation ofMan: A Study of Conversin aud 2 0 Ibid., 93.
Chuntnnly ( S p r i n g h e l d , I L : T e m p l e g a t e . 19S0), 3 8 . 21 See, f o r e x a m p l e . v o n H i l d e b r a n d , CE, 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 .
5 8 l'vodoi- D o s i o e v s k y e p i l o g u e l o Crime aml Puiiishnumt, uans. Conslance 22 I b i d . . 6 4 - 7 I .
G a r n e u (NY: R a n d o n i House, I n c . , 1 9 9 4 ) , 2.62S. 23 I b i d . , 4 0 , 4 3 .
5 9 A n s i e n , l'fP, ' - ' 7 ' " ' - 7 .
24 I b i d . , 4 0 .
60 MT, 64.
25 I b i d . , 136.
61 lbid.,6G-7.
26 M V , 3 1 .
27 I b i d . See c h a p i e r s 11 a n d 1 2 f o r a f u l l e r discu.ssion o f " t h e g o o d o f o r d e r . "
62 D o r a n , " T w o Ways o f H e i n g C o n s c i o u s , " I - L 8 .
28 A/V,32.
2 9 Flanagan, The Quest, 2 0 2 .
9 J u d g m e n t s o f C o m p a r a t i v e Valu
3 0 MI', 3 2 .
3 i See also his De Redemptioue, so<.ni t o b e p u b l i s h e d i n y o l u m e 9 o f Collecled
1 MT, 3 6 .
Works ofiiei-nard Lomngan, i r a n s l a i e d a n d e d i t e d by R o b e r i J . D o r a n a n d
2 R o b e r i N i s b e i , The Quest for Cammunity (Umdon: Oxor Univei-siiy Press,
j e r e n i y W i l k i n s , cied h e r e a f i e r as De Redemplione Drafl. I a m g r a i e f u l t o
1 9 5 3 ) ' '-1'-'. q u o n g v o l . 2 o f H e g e l ' s Aesthelics. See also R o l i e r i R. VMlIiams,
R o b e n D o r a n , SJ, f o r m a k i n g l i l i s d r a f l a\'ailable 10 m e .
.liegel'sEthics of Recogiiilhu (IJerkeley: U n i v e i i i y o f C a l i f o r n i a Press, 1997), 348.
3 /'/,v/4'-/i, 4 6 S - 9 : see also 195. 32 Insighl, 26 I .
4 G e o r g e E l i o u Middlemarch ( N e w Y o r k : B a n i a i n Books, 1 9 9 2 ) . 267; c i i e d 3 3 /V/7', 104.
h e r e a f i e r as E l i o i , Middieinarch. 3 4 C r o n i n , Valu Eihics, 164. See also P a t r i c k f l , Byrne, " M o r a l V a l n e , Personal
;j I b i d . , 27. Valiic a n d H i s t o r y , " Lonergan Workshop -fy ( 2 0 1 3 ) : 1 3 - 5 2 .
O Ibid., 538. 3 5 See Flanagan, The Quiisl, oo-\.
7 Ibid., 5 9 1 . 3 6 Even l h e p e r s o n a l valu o f a n o i h e r p e r s o n is realized i n s o m e o f o u r choices
8 Ibid., 595. a n d courses o f a c t i o n , as w h e n we s t a n d u p f o r t h e d i g n i t y o f a n o i h e r p e r s o n
9 Ibid., 762. o r love t h a l p e r s o n uncondionally T h i s w i l l be e x p l o r e d f u r t h e r i n l h e
1 o See .Vlax Scheler, ''Ordo Amoris," i n Selected Philosophical Essays ( E v a n s i o n , I L : n e x l chapter.
N o r i h w e s i e r n U n i \ e r s i i y Press, 1 9 7 3 ) , 9 8 - 1 3 5 . 3 7 Scheler also makes d i i s d i s u n c t i o n , b u i does n o i i n i e g r a i c i i w i t h i h e
i 1 Scheler, Resseutimeut, r,S. s e l f - i r a n s c e n d i n g d y n a m i s m o f e t h i c a l i n q u i r y a n d responses ibat I h;ive
1 2 Ibid., 73. d e v e l o p e d h e r e a n d i n c h a p i e r 7. See Scheler, l'ormalism/Values, 27-9.
472 N o i e s l o ]3ages 2 6 4 - 7 5 N o u s l o |)iiges 27;'.-8H 173

3 8 B e g i n n i n g w i i h K i u i l , n i o d c n i e i h i c a l a n d p o l i l i c a l p h i l o s o p h y has u n c l e i " s i a i i d i i i g , r e l l e c i i n g , a n d j u d g i n g i n c o m p a i i n g o u i " actual .scale o f

a u e i n p t e d 10 g r o u n d i h e s u p r e m e valu o f p e r e o n h o o d i n r e s p e c i . WTiile p r e l e r e n c e 10 the n o r m a t i v e scale o f p i e i e r e n c e . Reason will n o l " m a k e "
l h i s is an h n p o r t a n i d e v e l o p m e n i i n l h e h i s i o i y o f e i h i c s , i t w o u l d r e q u i r e a us choo.se l i l e a n t h e m i c scale o f vales o v e r o u r own d c g e n e r a i e scale a n d
seprate siud\ l o a d e q u a i e l y arge j h e i n s u f f i c i e n c y o f d i i s a p p r o a c h . c a n n o i by ii.self p r o d u c e any c<.jiiversioii. l i n t rea.soii is n e e d e d i n o r d e r
y q See .Max Scheler, The Naiure. af Sympathy, u-ans. Peier H e a t h { N e w B r u n s w i c k , t o clarify a n d 10 p r e s e n i a n d 10 elfecvely c < i n i n i n n i c a i e //f?scale a n d wliy
N|: T r a n s a c u o n . 2 0 0 8 ) . 7 0 - 1 . i l is t h e scale. W h a t o n e cliooses t o d o i n response t o such p r e s e m a i i o n s
40 1 a m g r a i e l u l 10 F r e d L a w r e n c e f b r m a k i n g l h i s clear 10 m e . See also a n d ( : o i i i i i a i i i i c a i i < i i i s is i f i e i n o s i r a d i c a l exercise o f f r e e d o m , a n d r a d i c a !
F l a n a g a n , The QiiesI, 2 0 3 - 4 . f r e e d o m c a n n o i u l l i m a i e l y he caused e v e n b y reason.
4 I A77', 330. 58 See Insighl, 2 1 4 - 2 2 a n d 2 4 4 - 5 1 .
42 Ibid-, i o - , - 6 . 5 9 I a n i g r a i e f i i l t o m y s t u d e n i s f o r p r e s s i u g m e u> i l i i i i k t h r o u g h t h i s issue.
43 C r e g o t y Boyle, Tattoos on the Heart: The Pmver of Boundless Compassion ( N e w 60 F o r b u l o n e o f n u m e r o u s e x a m p l e s , see B e l l a h e i a l . , iahils, 3 - 8 . O f
Y o i k ; Free Press, 201 o ) , 87. cour,se, by " p e r s o n a l vales" L o n e r g a n d o e s not m e a n i n d i v i d u a l i s m - l h a i
44 T a d D u n n e , Doing Better: The Nexl lietioluton in lthics ( M i l w a u k e e , W'l: s o m e t h i n g is o f v a l n e m e r e l y because a n i n d i v i d u a l arblirary c h o o s e s it.
Marc|tielle u n i v e r s i i y Press, : J O I O ) , 3 3 . Rather, h e means i h e vales that per[,ain l o pers(.>ns (na "origin;itng vales"
4;") l'^sighl. 3 4 3 . {M. 51. a n d /iix/ght, 6 0 1 ) .
46 S e e a l . s o v o n H i l d e b r a n d , C'., 222, 61 See also c h a p i e r 8, s e c u o n 8.3.3 <>f i b i s b o o k .
47 Ibid., 222-3. 62 UrB, 234.
48 M a x S c h e l e r a c k n o w l e d g e s l h i s w h e n h e speaks o f l h e e n d i u a n c e o f a valu 6 3 M u r r a y , " C o n s c i e n c e a i i f l Passion," 4 .
a p a r i f r o m c h a n g i n g vicissitudes: "XAhen we e x e c u i e t h e a c l o f l o v i n g a 64 F o r details, see c h a p t e r s 11 a n d 12.
p e r s o n ( o n i h e basis o f his p e r s o n a l valu) ... [ l h e ] phenomenon of endurance 65 -Murray, " C o n s c i e n c e a n d Pa.ssioii," 1 1.
is i m p l i c i t i n b o l h i h e [ p e r s o n a l ] oaine l o w h i c h we are d i i ' e c i e d a n d t h e 66 See c h a p i e r s i 1 a n d 12.
e x p e r i e n c e d valu o f l h e act of love" ( S e h e l e i ; 'onmdi.sm/Valnes, 9 1 ) , I t s h o u l d 67 M U ray, " C o n s c i e n c e a n d Passion," 16.
be n<.ned, however, t h a t S c h e l e r m a k e s i t s o u n d as t h o u g h t h e r e is a f o r m o f 68 O n feelings as s e l f - l r a i i s c e n d i n g see, MT, 3 7 - 4 1.
consciousness o f pei"sonal valu l h a i s o m e h o w pre-exisis acts o f love, r a i h e r 69 I b i d . . 285.
t h a n h u m a n acts o f love l i e i n g t h e acts i h a i l i r i n g 10 c{:insciousness personal 70 See c h a p i e r 14.
r a l u c p r e c i s e l y as lovely. 7 I M. 2 4 0 : .see also 1 1 o .
4 9 T h i s is a level t h a t does n o t a p p e a r e x p l i c i t l y in L o n e i ' g a n ' s scale o f \'alues 72 See c l i a p i e r s 15 a n d 16.
(see A'/7", 3 1 ) , o r even i n von H i l d e b r a n d ' s scale. I t does howe\'er appeai" i n 7 3 A scale is i n i a c t , o f coiu'se. w h e n r e l i g i o u s conversin as w e l l as m o r a l
Scheler's scale. See section 9.4.1 a b o v e . convei'sir)n is o p e r a t i v e ; r e l i g i o u s conversin is t h e e x i s t e n t i a l f o n n d a i i o n l'ctr
5 0 S o m e t h i n g l i k e t h i s seems t o f o l l o w f r o m Scheler's s i a t e m e n t : " A posiuve l h e level o f r e l i g i o u s vales b e i n g prc>perly p r e f e r r e d I n o n e ' s o w n i n d i v i d u a l
i l u e o u g h t U) b e a n d a negative valu o u g h t 1101 t o b e " (Scheler, 'ormalism/ scale o f valu p r e f e r e n c e .
Vales, 8 2 ) . I f valu A is h i g h e r t h a n B, a n d i f l i m e does n o t p e r m i l the
r e a l i z a t i o n o f b o t h , i t seems t o f o l l o w t h a t A s h o u l d b e c h o s e n o v e r t just 1 0 Seir-Appropriaon, P a r t I I ^
because i i is h i g h e r . See afso p p . 2 6 - 3 0 .

51 O n L o n e i g a n ' s nderstanding o f s u b l a u o n , sec A'7', 3 1 6 ; also 241. 1 K i m i . CMM, 9 <397>.

52 I b i d . , 31. 2 A r i s t o t l e , NE, I I . 1 1103a 17-18. ' f h i s p h r a s e is f r e q u e n d y i r a n s l a i e d as
53 Scheler, formatistn/Values, 8 9 , e m p h a s i s is Scheler's o w n . " m o r a l v i r m e . " a l i h o u g h d i e r e is n o d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n " e i h i c a l " a n d
54 I b i d . , 87, e m p h a s i s is Scheler's o w n . " m o r a l " in Arisioile's lerminolog)'.
55 I b i d . , 8 9 - 9 0 , e m p h a s i s is Schelei^'s o w n . 3 Ibid., U . I I I 03a I .
5 6 A!T, 115. 4 Ibid., II.1 i i o 3 b i 4 - 2 3 .
57 T h e r e is also a n i m p o r t a n t , s e c o n d r o l e l h a t reason plays i n e v a l u a i i n g a n d 5 I b i d . , 11.6.
in a u t h e n t i c m o r a l l i v i n g . T h i s is l h e r o l e played by e x p e r i e n c i n g , i n q u i r i n g . 6 I b i d . , 1.3 1094b 1 4 - 1 7 .
171 \ ( i i c s I , ) pages 2 8 8 - 3 0 5 N o i e s U) pages 3 ( l l l - I K 17.5

7 i h i d . , II.3 i 1 0 5 5 4 - 9 .
7 l l is f o r i b i s rea.sc>n that Flanagan emphasizes t h e i m p o n a n c e o f
8 Stit.- P a u i c k l-l. l i y n u ; , "Plirovsisu\d CommonsenseJudgnicm: Aristotle inid undentandingfeelings. See F l a n a g a n , The Quest, 1 9 9 .
l o n e r g a n o n .Moral W i s d o m , " Virtues and Virtue Tlienes: Pmceetliugs ojt/ie
Ameticmi Caiholic Philosophe.al Associaliou 71(1 9 9 7 ) : 1 63-77- 11 T h e H u m a n G o o d Descnbed
9 K a n t . CyV/A7,9and 1 4-1 (i <397 a n d 4 0 1 - 4 > .
10 Sec " O n a SLippo.sed R i g h t L O L i e liecause o f P l i i J a n i l i r o p i c C o n c e r n s , " KaiM, 1 nsighl, 374.
CMM, 6 3 - 6 7 . <425-30>.
2 I b i d , , 372 a n d 3S4.
I I l l l s o m e cases, ofcour-se. wc may objectively j u d g e t h a t t h e r e is m o r e t h a n 3 I b i d . , 28. F o r details, see Topics, 3 3 - 4 1, a n d V/7', 4 7 - 5 2 .
o n e p o s s i b l e course ol" a c t i o n t h a t w o u l c l be v a l u a b l e f o r us 10 d o , t h o u g h
4 "The Subjeci," 83.
l h i s is less fi"ec|uem i b a n is u s u a l l y stipposed. I n s i i c i i cases, o n e siill has t o 5 C r o n i n , Valu lthics, 164, a n d Byrne, " M o r a l Vale, Pei"SonaI Valu a n d H i s u n y . "
c h o o s e a m o n g t h e c>ptions. since i s n o t po.ssible 10 d o i h e m a l l , a n d i l is
T h e s u r d w i t h i n a n i n d i v i d u a f s life is p a r a l l e l 10 w h a i L o n e r g a n refers t o as
noL e t h i c a l t o d o n o n e . I n l h e e n d , t h e s i r u c t u r e o f e i h i c a l i m e n i i o n a l i t y
" l h e .social s u r d . " See nsight, 2 5 5 - 7 .
shifis, t h e n , t o ask, " A m o n g t h e several possible e t h i c a l l y w o r t h w h i l e t h i n g s
7 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , Grace and 'leedom: Operative Cruce in tie Thoughl ofSt.
10 d o , w h i c h o n e s h o u l d 1 d o , since 1 k n o w 1 mus c h o o s e one--" H e r e very
Thomas Aquinas, v o l . 1 o f Collecled Works nf Bernaal l.onergan, ed. Frederick
s u b i l e g r a d a i i o n s in o u r scale o f vales c o m e f o n v a r d t o g u i d e these e i h i c u l
F.. C r o w e a u d R o b e r t M . D o r a n ( T o r o n t o ; U n i v e r s i i j ' o f T o r o n t o Press,
rellections a n d delilieraiicms.
2 0 0 ) ; nsighl, c h a p t e r 20; B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , " T h e S u p e r n a t u n i l O r d e r "
12 See c h a p i e r s 1 1 a n d 12. [ t r a n s l a t i o n < >!" /> Ente Supernalurali: Supptementum srhematicum], trans.
I 3 T h e s e steps are o u i l i n e d by Martn L u i l i e r R i n g |r. i n his " L e i i e r IVom M i c h a e l G. S l i i e l d s , i n vol. 1 9 o f Collecled Worlis of Hernard Lonergan, e d .
a B i r m i n g h a m J a i l , " i n j a n i e s M , W a s h i n g t o n ( e d . ) . A Test o men I of Hope: R o b e r t S^. D o r a n a n d H . D a n i e l M o n s o u r ( T o i x i n t o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o
The Essential Writings and Speec/ies of Martin l.uther King. /: (San f r a n c i s c o ; Press, ,'( 11), 5 3 - 2 5 5 . F o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t . see |. M i c h a e l S t e b b i n s , The
H a i p e i C o l I i n s , 1991), 2 8 9 - 3 0 2 . Divine Inilialive: (hace, World-Order and Human Ereedom in the Early Writings of
14 1 a m g i a i e f u l t o C h r i s t o p h e r B e r g e r f o r poinng o u i t h e i m p o n a n c e o f Hernard Lonergan ( T o r o n i o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o Press, 1995).
i n c l u d i n g these r e m a r k s o n civil d i s o b e d i e n c e ,
8 A/7". 4 8 .
I 5 A m e i h o d fui* a p p r o a c h i n g i l i e c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f laws a n d instimons 9 1 a m u s i n g t h e l e r m s "social e c o s y s i e m " o r " e t h i c a l c c o s y s t e m " i n place o f
w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d i n c h a p i e r s 15 a n d 1 . l h e u a d i t i o n a l phrase " t b c c o m m o n g o o d . " T l n s is because " l h e c o m m o n
16 F o r a m u c h m o r e c o m p l e l e a n d e s p e c i a l l v i i i s i g h t f i d s t u d y o f L o n e r g a n ' . t gCM)d " is all t o o f r e q u e n t l y d i o u g h i o f n an a b s i r a c i wav, as a c o n c e p t o r
nd e r st andi ng o f a u i h e n t i c i t y i n c o m p a r i s o n w i i l i t h e i n n u e n t i a l p l a n , whereas " e c o s y s i e m " e m p h a s i z e s l h e c o m p l e x a n d ccjncrete p a t i e r n s
a c c o u n i s o f f e r e d by M a r t i n H e i d e g g e r a n d C h a r l e s T a v l o r . see B r i a n J . o f i i i i e r d e p e n d e i i c e that make u p every instance o f l h e l i i m i a n g o o d life
B r a m a n , Meaning and Autheniicity: Bernard Lonergan and Charles Tayloron
in c o m m o n . A l s o , "ecosysiem" a i lea.sl i m p l i e s situaiedness i n an o n g o i n g
lhe Drama of Auiheniic Human Existence (Toronto: Universiiy o f Toronto
e v o i n t i o n a n ' process {see n e x i s e c t i o n ) , whereas " t h e c o m m e m g o o d " tends
Press, 2 0 0 8 ) .
to be i h o u g h t o f i n a liniele.ss f a s h i o n . j a n e Jacobs o b j e c i e d 10 t h e phrase
17 CS'. 208.
" t h e c o m t i i o n g o o d " because it r e m i n d e d f i e r of" t h e way R o b e r t Mcwes
18 MT, 38.
p l a m i e d l h e " g o o d " f o r t h e ciiizen*of" New York Cilv, a " g o o d " t h a t became
1 9 Insighl, 4 6 1 .
a n all-too-real i i i g h t m a r e . Sec |acobs, response 10 B y r n e , Eihics in Making a
20 .'V/7; 38.
.iving, ed. F r e d L a w r e n c e ( C h i c o . C,A: Scholars Pi^ess, 1 9 8 9 ) , 186-7.
2 1 F r i e d r i c h N i e l / s c l i e , Beyond Cood and Evil. i n The Basic Writings of Nietzsche, 10 See usighl, 2 3 4 - 4 4 .
irans. a n d e d . V\alter K a i i n u a i m ( N e w 'i'ork: ' f b e Moclei'n I . i b r a i y , 1968), 279. 1 1 A i 7" 4 8 - 5 2 . A series o f p r o v i s i o n a l versions o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e h u m a n
22 Topics, 217. g o o d s i r e i c h f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s essay " F i n a i i i y , Love, . M a r r i a g e , " i n v o l . 4 o f
23 nsighl, 3. Collecled Worhs of Hernard Lonergan, 1 7 - 5 2 , i h i x n i g h t o nsighl, 6 1 9 - 2 i , a n d
24 See F l a n a g a n , The Quest, 199.
Topics 3 3 - 4 3 .
25 See c h a p i e r s 1 1 a n d 13.
1 2 Tapies, 2 8 - 7 8 .
a 6 See c h a p i e r 4, s e c i i o n 4.2.
13 I b i d . , 33.
476 \ o t c s t u pages 3 1 9 - 3 3 Notes t o pages 3 3 3 - 4 1 477

14 O n l h e i n t r i n s i c w u n h o f instituons, especially as c u l t u r a l i n h e r i t a n c e s , see 9 Insight, 416.

1-iugh H e c l o , OH TliinkingInstiliilionaliy (Boulder. CO: Paradigm, 2008). 1 o I b i d . , 626; see afso 619.
13 Insigln, 199.
1 1 I b i d . , 4 1 (i. See also U^U, 1 95.
lO See F l a n a g a n , The Qiii'si, 222. . 12 I n i p l i c i l l y . lhis also ineans i l i a l a n n i h e r m e d i o c i w o n l d ha\ l o be d e v e l o p e d in
1 7 A77" 52. Sec "'HS:-CH." 100-9. ctrder to a p p r o a c h questions a b o u t t r a n s c e n d e n t b e i n g . T h a t m i g h t be called
18 See F l a n a g a n , I'he iJnesI, 224, 229. l h e " m e t h o d o f e x t r a p o l a t i o n ' ' {Insight, 659) o r the " m e i h o d o f analc>gy"
19 N e v i l S h u t e , A Town Like Alice (Nawyiwk: B a l l e n i i n e B o o k s , 1950); c i t e d {U&'B). T h i s m e t h o d approaches quesons a b o u t i r a n s c e n d e n i b e i n g by way
hereafiei' as S h u t e , 77..'l. . o f l b e i r analogical r e l a i i o n s h i p s to c e n a i n aspects o f pro[-)(.)rtionate b e i n g that
20 T h e novel's p i o t a g o n i s i was based o n C a r r y Geysel ( M r s . J.G. Ceysel-Vonck) can be k n o w n d i r e c i l y i h r o u g h the exercise e i f l u i m a n c o g n i i i o n a l s t r u c i u r e .
w h o was p a n o f a g r o u p o f a b o u t 8 0 D u i c h civilians t a k e n p r i s o n e r by I3 Insight, 4 1 6, e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
Japanese forces at Padang, D u i c h Easi Indies, in 1942. S l u u e . Tf^. 279. 14 For lhe sake o f c l a r i t y I w i l l l e i i i p o r a r i l v use iialics for l^onergan's meiaphysical
2 I Ibid., 109-10.
elenienis plenes, form. a n d act d u r i n g tbe explicaoii o f his a r g u m e n t leu the
22 Insighl, 1 42, 234.-5. See also c h a p t e r 13, seciion 13,2. i s o m o r p h i s m o f the acts o f k n o w i n g a n d t h e realities k n o w n .
23 S h u t e . 77.^\ 107.
I 5 Insighl, 470, 757: see also 509-1 1 for a s i a i e m e n i o f ihe c e n t r a l i i y o f ihis
24 Ibid., 18.
neces.sar\" t o h i s m e l a p h y s i c s .
25 I b i d - , 27.
ih I b i d . , 4.57, e i n p l i a s i s a d d e d ,
2t I b i d . , 29.
1 7 S i r i c i h ' s p e a k i n g , w h a i L o n e r g a n ineans by "poiency, f o r m , a n d a c l " is m o r e
27 I b i d . , 99.
n u a n c e d t h a n tbi.s. F o r o n e i l i i i i g . L o n e i g a n r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a p r o p e r
28 Ibid-, 107.
ancl p r o d u c i i v e a c c o n m of ilie sirucuue of ]3roporonate b e i n g h a d l o be
^M) Ibid.
d o n e in i h e c o i n e x i o f t h e e x p l a n a i o r y i i i i d e r s i a n d i n g . T h i s b r i n g s a b o u l
30 I b i d , , 98,
i n i p f j r i a i i i n u a n c e s i n t h e rigen ous c l e f i n i i i o n s o f p o i e i i c v , f o r m , ancl a c l . See
31 Ibid., 113,
Insiglil, 457. However, ihe technical deiails o f t h e proper definiiions would
32 See, for e.\ample, Gender, Water and Deaelolmenl, ed. .A.nne C o l e s a n d T i n a prove l o o l e n g t h v a diveT"sion IVoin t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s c h a p t e r
W'allace ( N e w Y o r k : Berg, 2 0 0 5 } , a n d K i m i a l a L a h i r i - D u i l ( e d . ) , Lluid Bonds: 15 Ibid., 359-60.
Vienis on Gender and B'ri/ffr ( C a l c u u a , I n d i a : Stiee. JOOG).
19 Ibid., 359.
20 Ibid.. 417.
12 T h e H i u n a n G o o d : E x p l a n a i o r y F o u n d a l i o n s
21 Ibid., 513-14. ^
22 Ibid-, 460-3.
1 O n Lonergan'.s w;iy o f d l s i i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n de.scripiion a n d e x p l a n a t i o n , 23 Ibid.. 509-10.
see Insight, 188.
24 I b i d . , 2 S 0 - 3 , 2 8 7 - 9 2 , 4 6 3 - 7 . We r e l u r n t o t h i s topic i n m o r e e x a c t i n g d e i a i l
2 See I b i d . , chapiei"s 2 a n d 14. h i p a n i c u l a r . "A heuristic noon, d i c n , is i h e
in chapter 14.
noiicin o f a n u n k n o w n conten, a n d i l is d e i e r m i n e d by a n t i c i p a i i n g die type o f
25 See Insiglit. 4 6 0 - 7 3 . 4 7 S , a n d 4 8 7 for .^elails.
act t h r o u g h w h i c h the u n k n o w n w o u l d b e c o m e k n o w n . A l i e u r i s i i c s t n i c t u r e ls
26 I b i d . , 5C)4-i I , 5 4 4 - 5 2 .
an o r d e r e d .sel o f heuristic n o t i o n s , " 4 17. See also A77', c h a p t e r s 1 ancl 5.
27 I b i d . , 23.
3 L o n e r g a n c r i t i c i z e d as 100 l i m i i e d o n e tradional w-.i)' o f d e f i n i n g the g o o d
28 See c h a p t e r 1 5. See also Pairick H . B y r n e , " T h e Goodness o f B e i n g i n
d e r i v e d f r o m A r i s t o d e as "id quod onin/a afjfjetuni ( w h a i e v e r y d i i n g seeks o r
L o n e r g a n ' s hisighl," Ameiiran C.atliotic l'hilosopbical Quarterly ( 2 0 0 7 ) : 4 3 - 7 2 .
r u n s a f i e r ) " (loj/irs, 28). See also his De Redemptioue Drajt.
2q lopics, 32. C h a j j i e r 1 3 w i l l e n d e a v o u r 10 s h o w h o w l h i s h e u r i s t i c o f the
4 See I'opirs, 43-S.
h u m a n g o o d is i m e g r a i e d i m o ; i m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e h e u r i s i i c s i r u c u i r e
5 I b i d . , 39.
thal ancipaies t h e n a t u r a l a n d t r a n s c e n d e n t g o o d as w e l l .
(i -MT, 52.
30 Ibid., cliapiers 2-4.
7 Tapies, 41.
3 I /V/7', 47.
S See, f o r e x a m p l e , i b i d . , 41-3. _^
32 Ibid., 51.
47S N o i e s t.0 pages 3 4 2 - 6 2 Notes 10 pages 3 6 3 - 7 1 479

3 3 I b i d . See also/m/g//, 6 2 4 . 7 Cr\'sdale, Emhracing Travaii, 4 2 - 3 . See A l s o P a i i i c k H . B y r n e , " O n T a k i n g

34 Insighl, fi'4. lesponsibiliiy f o r t h e I n d e t e r n i i n a t e F u t u i e , " Phenomenology and lhe
3 5 'V'/; 5 1 . IJndersIanding of liuman Destiny, vol. i , Current Continental Research, e d .
3 6 I b i d . , emphasis a d d e d . S i e p h e n Skousgaard ( P i t i s b u r g l i , PA: C e n t e r i b r A d v a n c e d Research i n
3 7 K a i u , GA'/.'V/, i 6 < 4 0 5 > . Phenomenolog}'. 19S1), 2 2 9 - 3 8 .
3S insighl, 500. 8 Crysdale, Emhracing 'Iranai!, 50, 57-S.
3 9 M'l\. 9 See c h a p i e r 1 2 in t h i s \'olume.
4.0 ll)id. 10 Insighl, 62S.
4 1 de T o c q u e v i l l e , Di'.mocmcy, 6 9 0 - 3 . i I Ibid., 629.
42 Mr,-^\. .'^ I 2 O n L o n e r g a n ' s a c c o u n t o f p o t e n c y f b r m , a n d act see Insighl, 4 5 6 - 6 7 ; o n
4 3 See i b i d . , 2 7 - 3 0 , I b r a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n . h i s t r i p l e subdivisin o f t h e g o o d , see 6 2 8 - 3 0 : see also L o n e r g a n , " T h e Role
4 4 Insighl. 242. o f t h e C a i h o l i c C n i x e i s i t y i n t h e .Vlodern V\brld,'' v o l . 4 o f Collecled Works of
4 5 A'/7-, 4 8 . Bernard Lonergan. e d . F r e d e r i c k E. C r o w e a n d R o b e n M . D o r a n (Toronto:
4 6 Insighl, 23S. U t i i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o Press, 19SS), l o S .
47 I b i d . , 24S. i 3 Insighl, 629.
4.S iV/7; 5 0 . 1 z| I r i i i i i a n u e l K a n t . Critiijiie of ''radical Reason, e d . a n d li-an.s. M a r y G r e g o r
49 Tol>ics, 4 1, e m p h a s i s a d d e d . ( N e w York: t l a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i i y Press. 1 9 9 7 ) ; 1 33 < i 6 L > , e m p h a s i s n
5 0 MT. 39. the original.
51 Ibid., 48. 15 I m m a n u e l K a n t , Criti(ue offudgiient. u a n s . J.11. B e r n a r d ( N e w Y o r k : H a b i e r
52 Ibid. Pre.ss, 195 I ) , 8 4 < 2 4 6 > : c i i e d hereaftei- as K i i n i , C/.
53 l'isight, 627. 16 I b i d . , 82 < 2 4 4 > .
5 4 Compai-e, f o r e x a m p l e , Insighl, 2 3 7 - 9 . 61 9 - 2 1: Tojncs, 3 3 - 4 1 ; MT, 47-52: 17 I b i d . , 100 < 2 6 i > .
a n d B e r n a r d l . o n e r g a n , 77/(' Triuuc Cod: Sysiemolirs. \'oI. 1 2 o f Collecled Works iS I b i d . , 83 < 2 4 5 > .
of Bernard Lonergan, U'ans. .Vlichael G. S h i l e d s , ed. R o b e n .VI. D o r a n a n d H . 19 Insighl, 474.
Daniel .VIonsour ( T o r o n t o : U n i \ e r s i i y o l ^ l b r o n i o I'ress, 2 0 0 7 ) , 492-^^. 20 Ibid., 630.
21 K a n t . CJ, 1 0 0 - 1 < 2 6 i > .
13 T h e Notion a n d the Ontolog>' ol" l h e G o o d 2 2 See especially R.j. S n e l l , The Perspeclive of Love: Natural Law in a Neiu Mode
( F n g e n e . OR: P i c k w i c k P u b l i c a t i o n s , 2 0 1 4 ) .
1 Insighl, 62S. 23 Insighl, 628-9. ^
2 Ibid., 6 2 8 - 9 , emphasis added. 24 Ibid., 636.
3 Ibid., 629. 25 Ibid., 628.
4 Lonei-gan d e v e l o p e d his a c c o i m i o f e m e i - g e n i p r o b a b i l i t y based solely o n
2 6 G e o r g e E d w a r d M o o r e , Principia /://Vr^Cambridge: C a m b r i d g e Univei'sity
resulis f r o m classical a n d siatisiical m e t h o d s {Insighl, 144-51). Ceneralized
Press, 1 9 5 9 ) , 9 - 1 5 -
e n i e r g e n i p r o b a b i l i t y i n c l u d e s l h e resuhs f r o m g e n e i i c (4.87) a n d dialecucal
27 nsight, 23, emphasis a d d e d .
m e i h o d s as w e l l . l-lowe\er, discussing d i e details o f lhis g e n e r a l i z a i i o n w o u l d
28 Ibid., O36-7.
r e q u i r e l o o g r e a l a digression a l l h i s p o i m .
29 Ibid., 6 2 9 - 3 0 .
5 Insighl, 4 9 7 ; .see also 6 5 6 . l . o n e r g a n ' s c o n n n e n i is a c l i i a l l y a b c m i " f i n a l i t y "
3 0 R e g a r d i n g l.,onergan's d i f f e i e n t i a i i o n o f p r o p o r t i o n a t e a n d i r a n s c e n d e n t
w h i c h is m o r e genei'al t h a n g e n e r a l i z e d e m e r g e n l p i o b a b i l i i y becau.se
b e i n g , see nsighl, 6 6 3 . See also his Url, 195, 2 0 2 .
ils c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are based u p o n c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c i u r e as s u c h , r a t h e r
3 I nsighl, 6 2 8 - 9 .
than upon particular manilestauons o f c o g n i t i o n a l structure i n pardcular
32 Ibid., 679.
scienuc m e t h o d s .
33 MT, 102-3,
6 Insighl, 472.
34 nsighl, 6 9 5 , See c h a p t e r 2 i n this v o l u n i e . '
im N ' o i r s K l i-iagcs ,'i7l-S() N o i e s i c pages 3 8 1 - 9 1 481

3 5 iis/glil, O'/q. 6 0 L o n e r g a n speaks o f i h e consequences o f i l i e evil decisin as " m o r a l evils," Laii

36 Lonei-gan disiinguishes beLwcen ic i . r a n s c e i i d c n i being ol'God. and calis l h e n i h i l i s n i o f i h c valneless decisi(.>n i i s e i f "basic siiis." /nsighl. 6 8 9 - 9 0 .
Olher i r a n s c e n d e n i i-ealihe.s, such as d i v i n e grace. W h i l e m i n d i u l o f a n d in 6 I Insig/it, 255.
agi-eemeni wii L o n e r g a n ' s disiiocon, I a m p r e s c i n d i n g fVoni i i here in 62 Por in especially illinriinang discussion o f i l i e desiruciix'e c o n s e q u e n c e s
o r d e r 10 avoid a l e n g d i y dgi-esson a i i h i s |3oini in die argLuneni. Regarding l h a i resull f r o m i l i e c o u n i e r - p o s i i i o n a l a s s u m p i i o n d i a l evil is i m e l l i g i b l e ,
i r a n s c e n d e n i reaLies d i a l ai-e d i s h n c i IVom G o d , see liis/g/il, c h a p . 20. See see Crysdale, /mbraci-ng Trava/I, 1 4 7 - 9 .
aiso B e n i a r d L o n e r g a n , " T h e S u p e t - n a n u T i l O r d e r , " Early Lata Theology, vo\. 6 3 /ns/ght, 4.1 2 - 1 4 . See also c h a p i e r s 5, 6, a n d 8 in dus v o l i i m e .
1 9 o" CoUecled Works of iieroani Lonergair e d . R o b e n .VI. D o r a n a n d H . D a n i e l 64 I b i d . , 709.
Mansour, n-ans. V l i c h a e l G. Shields ( T o r o n i o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i . o Pre.ss, 65 Ibid,, 6S9-90.
20: 1), 5 2 - 2 5 5 , a n d M i c l i a e l J . S i e b b i n s , The m'nie Initiative: Grac. World- 66 Ibid., 630.
Order and hhiman Treedoin in the Early Writings of Hernard Louergan (Toi-omo: 6 7 HiiL, 719.
U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o Press, 1 9 9 5 ) . 68 I b i d . , 7 4 0 - 1 ,
3 7 nsight, 6 7 7 . 6 9 I b i d . . 72 I - 2 .
38 Ibid., 679-80.
3 9 I b i d . , 68 1. 14 t x p l a n a i o r v G e n e r a a n d the Objective Scale o f Vales
4 0 Ibid., 6 6 4 - 7 .
4 I P o s i i i n g an a n a l o g y does n o i m e a n i h a i all o f d i e relaii(.>ns of" A 10 fiare I L o n e r g a n b i i n s e l f p o i n i s i n l h i s d i r e c i i o n i n liis di.scussioii o f l h e h i e r a r c h y
i d e n l i c a l u ' i d i all d i e r e l a i i o n s o f C o .V. 11ie analogy o n l y c l a i m s l h a i A a n d o f l e r m i n a l valnes {/-nsighl, 6 2 5 ) . R e g a r d i n g e x p l a n a i o r y g e n e r a , see /nsight
i s l i a r e al leasl o n e r e l a i i o n in c o m n i ( . i i i w i i l i C a i i d .V. 2S0-3, 463-4.
4.2 See li-r/w, 4 5 - 5 7 . -> T h e r e f o r e i l i e r e a d e r m i g l u n d il l i e l p l u l 10 go h r s i d i r e c d y 10 secon 14,5
'13 MT'y^g. in 01-der 10 see ie p o i m 10 lhis d i g r e s s i o n , a n d l h e n r e l u r n 10 l h e l e c h n i c a l
4\ 678. d i s c L i s s i o n . s pi"eseniefl i n seciions 14.2-4.
45 Ihid., 680-92.
3 /nsig/il, 6 2 9 .
4.6 I b i d . , 6 8 1 -
4 I l i i d . , 4.1.
47 Ibid., 6 8 1 - 2 .
5 I h i d . , 2S0.
4S i\IT. 12.
6 ILiid., 2 8 0 - 2 . L o n e r g a n uses " e x p l a n a i o r y " i n c o i i t r a s l 1.0 " d e s c i i p i i v e , ' '
4.9 In o r d e i ' 10 siaie iliis analogy in a m a n a g e a b l e l"oriii, I lia\'e used " i h e w h e r e l h e f o r m e r h;is 10 d o w i i h n n d e r s i a u d i n g i h i n g s i n i r i n s i c a l l y i.hrough
nnresiricied n o i i o n ol" valu" as an a l i b i - e v i a i i o n l o r " d i e u n i f i e d Luuesiricied l l i e i r i n i e r a c i i o n s w i l h o n c anoibei", as o p p o s e d 10 i h e i r nierely s u p e r h c i a l
desire i l i a i encompasses b o i l i d i e unreslricied iioiin ol" valne as well as lhe appe:iranees l o o u r sensalions a n d needs. See i b i d . , 1 0 2 - 4 .
u m ' e s i r i c i e d n o i i o n o f being.'' 7 f o r p r e s e n i ]urposes, sysieniac processes can he u n d e r s i o o d as a c e n a i n
5 0 AT/', I 05-6. class o f ' c o m b i n a i i o n s o f ' o p e r a n o n s lia.sed u p o n i h e insighis i n i o classical
51 ibid., I 1 I, e m p h a s i s a d d e i l , laws o f a science. F o r e x a m p l e , a c h e m i c a l r e a c i l o n o r i r a n s f o r n i a i l o n is a
52 Topics. 27; nsight. 5 7 0 , 6 3 0 . c h e m i c a l o p e r a t i o n m a d e possible by i h e hnvs o f c h e m i s i r y For Lonergan's
5 3 B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , " P l h l o s o p l i ; - ol" Misior\'.'' i i n p i i b l i s l i c d essax' h-oni l h e m o r e d e i a i l e d a c c o n n i o f svsiemaiic processes o l " o p e r a l i o n s , a n d l h e a c c o u n i
1930S. B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n A r c h i v e , hLip://www,bernardlonei-gan.coin/ o f l h e alLernai\ possibiliues o f non-sysieinac processes, see /nsight, 7 0 - 6 .
pdr/7]309DTE0.3.pdL T l i a n k s 10 J o h n V o l k for i h i s r e f e r e n c e . S Ibid., 2S1.
5 4 A'IT, 40, 9 A r i g o r o u s d e v e l o p m e n i o f ihis i ' e l a i i o n s h i p b e i w e e n , say, l l i e l o w e r
5 5 nsighl, 6 3 0 . science a n d genus o f c h e m i s i r y a n d l h e h i g h e r level w o u l d have l o l a k e
56 Ibid., 6 9 0 - 1 . up h o w l h e lower-level o p e r a l i o n s are " m i r r o r e d " i n i l i e h i g l i e r level. T h a l
57 Ibid., 644. h i g h e r level w o u l d have 10 be called s o m e i h i n g like " l i i o l o g i c a l - c h c i n i s i r y "
58 Ibid., 644, 690. ( r a i h e r i b a n " b i o c h e m i s i r y " w-hich already lias a d i f f e r e m . i n e a i n i i g ) . T h e
5 9 I b i d . , Sg-90. r i g o r o u s d e v e l o p i n e i i l w o u l d have 10 show h o w w h a i are c a l l e d " c i i e i n i c a l
482 N'fnes l o pages 3 9 2 - 4 0 0
r e a c i i o n s " in i.he science o f c l i e m i s n - y w o u l d be i n c l u d e d a n d i n i n ' o r e d i n
d i e science o f biological-cheniisii-y. lul i h o s e r e a c i i o n s w o u l d a c u i a l l v be
d e l i n e d dilTerendy in ilie higlier v i e w p o i m orhiological-chemisirv i b a n in
c h e n i i s t r y - d i f f e r e n c e s in d e f h i i t m n a m o n g [ e a c l i o n s l a k i n g p l a c e w i i h i n
l i v i n g organisins r a i h e r i l i a n in tesi-iubes o r corpses. However, l h i s k i n d o f
r i g o r o u s d e v e l o p m e m is be\'ond i h e s c o p e o d i i s b o o k . See hisig/il 2 8 0 - 4 .
IO Ibid., 2 8 0 - i .
1 I I b i d . , 6 2 5 . L o n e r g a n suggesis i h e r e l e v a n c e o f i h i s h i e r a r c h y f b r e i h i c s : " T h e
divisin a n d l h e h i e r a r c h y o f vales reveal h o w i h e d j ' i i a m i c e.vigeiice o f
r a i i o n a l self-conscioiisness for self-eoiisisiency unblcls i m o a b o d y o f nioraf
p r e c e p t s c o n c r e i e l y o p e r a t i v e i n a m o r a l consciousness" - i h a i is, p r e c e p t s
c o n c e r n i n g w h a t is o b j e c l i v e t y p r e f e r a b l e ( i b i d . ) .
I 2 Ibid,. 630.
13 ' f h e r e is, ofcoin-se, o n e very s i g n i n c a n t diTerence. W h i l e each o T l i e
h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s o f p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , sensate, ancl h m n a n
defines a d i s i i n c t g e n u s o f d i i n g s as w e l l a.s c o n j u g a l e s , t h e h i g h e r v i e w p o i m x
w i i h i n l h e h u m a n level di.) n o i dehie d i s i i n c t i h i i i g s s e p a r a i e d i m o genera
o f v i t a l , social, c u l t u r a l , p e r s o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o u s entities. T h e r e is o n l y a
s i n g l e h u m a n gems o f persons, w h o p a r i i c i p a i e in diese d i s t i n c i levis o f
r a i n e s . T h i s is because t h e d e f i n i n g feaiures o f t h e h u m a n g e n u s a r e t h e
u n r e s t r i c i e d n o t i o n o f ralue a n d being-in-!o\'e i n an u n r e s t r i c i e d f a s h i o n .
A l l l h e h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t s o f l l i e scale o f vales arise o m o f a n d are m a d e
a c t u a l by diese sources o f h u m a n a p p i e l i e i i s i o i i a n d c h o i c e o f vales. O n
l h e l e c h n i c a l m e a n i n g o f L o n e r g a n ' s use o f t h e l e r m " " t h i n g " as d e l i n e d by
its e x p l a n a t o r y a i i r i b u l e s a n d i h e r e l a i i o n s h i p s a m o n g d i i n g s a n d e n i e r g e n i
g e n e r i c levis, see Insig/it, 2 7 0 - 3 a n d 2 8 4 - 7 .
14 See /V/7", 3 I ,
15 Ibid.
1 (i l l is d i f l l c u l t 10 n n d e r s t a n d why L o n e r g a n speaks o n l y o f .voc/o/ralues,
widiout riislingnishing a m o n g l e c h n o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c , a n d p o l i l i c a l vales.
H e seems l o have sorne such h i e r a r c h y o f h u m a n schemes in insight, 23/1-:-,.
Perhaps diese s h o u l d be d i f f e r e m i a i e d as d i s t i n c i le\'els o f v a l n e w i d i i n t h e
less d i f f e r e m i a i e d n o t i o n o f social ralue.
17 Sec De Redemption/; Drafl, 1 (k(-70.
18 M 7 ; 3 2 .
19 I b i d . See also insight, 624-5.
2 0 See Insight, 2 6 6 .
2 I VT, 1 16.
22 insight, 6 8 8 ; see also 72 1.
23 I ' o r e x a n i ] i l e , VValter B r n e g g c n i a n n lias a r g u e d i h a i t h e pi-o|ifieLs e n d e a v o u r
t o c h a n g e l h e i m a g i n a t i v e c o n d i i i o n s u n d e r w h i c h t h e p e o p l e o f Israel
act - o f t e n w i t h w h a t seems l i k e fule elToris. H e arges f u r t h e r t h a l l h e
N o t e s 1 0 pages 4 0 1 - 7 483
o r i g i n a l Mosaic c o i i i m u n i i . y i n v o l v e d a d r a m a t i c r e o r i e n i a i i o i i o f e c o n o m i c
a n d p o l i l i c a l i n s U l u t i o n s u n d e r t h e s u p r e m e valu o f t h e f r e e d o m o f G o d , "
a n d l h a t t h e P r o p h e i i c n i o v e n i e n i a n d |esus C h r i s t c o i i i i n u a l l y e n d e a v o u r e d
10 cafl t h e p e o p l e o f Isiael back 10 i h a i s u p r e m e valne. See his 'I'he Proplietic
Imogination. 2 i i d ed. ( M i n n e a j i o l i s , -MN: T h e F o n r e s s Press. 2 0 0 1).
2 4 Insight, 2 9 0 . For l e c h n i c a l details, see 2 8 7 - 9 0 a n d 4 6 3 - 7 .
25 B r i a n C r o n i n has afso e n d o i s e d D o r a n s a p p r o a c h t o e x p l a i n i n g L o n e r g a n ' s
scale o f v a l n e p r e f e r e n c e i n his Valu Elhirs, 1 44-
26 R o b e n -M. D o r a n , Whai is Systemalic Theology't ( T o r o n i o : L'ni\'ersiiy o f T o r o n t o
Press, 2 0 0 5 ) , 1 8 1 ; h e r e a f i e r c i i e d as D o r ; i i i , VKS'7: See also D o r a n , 77-J/-/, 8 8 .
27 See c h a p i e r 15.
28 See B e r n a r d Lonergnin. IVi/losophy of Cod. and Theology ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : T h e
V\csiminsie!' Press, 1 9 7 3 ) , 3 8 . A l i h o u g h p u b l i s h e d in 1 973, i h e r e m a r k
carne in an i n f o r n i a l res|Jonse u.> a c|iieston a h e r a l e c i u r e in fall 1 9 7 2 , For a
coni|jiehensive survey o f l_xniergaii's single r e f e r e n c e 10 a lilil level p u b l i s i i e d
d m i n g his l i f e t i m e , a l o n g w i d i n u m e r o u s m i p u b l i s h e d r e m a r k s r e g a r d i n g a
fldi ie\el, see .Vlichael V e i i i i i , " L o n e r g a n o n (.Consciousness: ls T h e r e a Fifi
f,evelr," Meihod: Journal of Lonergan Sludies 1 2 ( 1 9 9 4 ) : 1-36. Vly o w n respon.se
t o V e r d n can be f o u n d i n "Ci inscioiisness: f.evels, Sublations a n d t h e Subject
as Subject," MelliwL Journal of Lonergan Stmiies 1 3 ( 1 9 9 5 ) - 13 ' - 5 0 -
2 9 Insighl, 238-9.
3 0 I n a p e r s o n a l c o n v e r s a i i o n . D o r a n l o l d me his o w n i l i i n k i n g o n tliis t l i i r d -
level c o r r e s p o n d e n c e arse f r o m L o n e r g a n ' s o w n c o m m e m s , w h e r e h e
h i m s e l f drew a connecon between culttire a n d die development o n
t h e l h i r d level o f r e d e c t i v e consciousness {Topics. 5 4 - 8 ) . However, these
r e m a r k s were d e i i \ e r e d d u r i n g a course a n d c l e a r l y show signs o f b e i n g
r o m a u u n f i n i s l i e d , t i a n s i l i o n a l siage o f L o n e r g a n ' s i h i n k i n g . H e also
gave diese leciures p r i o r 10 l l i e major h r e a k t h r o u g l i w h e i e b y he d i s c e r n e d
t h e d i s i i n c m e s s o f t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l n o t i o n o f ralue, a n d t h e r e b y
r e c o g n i z e d i l i e clear d i t f e r e n i i a i i o n beuv'eeii d i e t h i r d a n d I b u r i h levis o f
coiisci(.)usness, 1 d o n o i believe i h a i L o n e r g a n w o n l d have adherec l o lhis
same analysis o f c i i l u i r e a f i e r l h a t b r e a k i j i n . ) u g h .
31 D o r a n . mT, 190. See also TDH,SQ.
32 D o r a n , WST, 190.
33 F r o m an a n o n y m o u s review f o r i h e p u b l i s l i e r o f a n e a r l i e r m a n n s c r i p i o f
this b o o k .
3 4 De Redemplionewritten as a " s u p p l e m e n i " o r a p p e n d i x 10 L o n e r g a n ' s
t e x t , De Verbo incarnalo {DVi), w h i c h he used i n his coui-ses a i t h e G r e g o r i a n
Universiiy Rome, beiween 1960 a n d 1 9 6 4 . D\ was p u b l i s h e d i n i h r e e
e d i t i o n s I b r i h c cotu'se, b u l l h e s u p p l e i n e n t , De Redemplione, was n o t . T h e
e x a c i d a l i n g o f De Redemplione is s o m e w h a i u n c e n a i n , b u t is m o r e p r o b a b l y
1958 t h a n 1 9 6 4 / 6 5 as t h e a n o n y m o u s r e v i e w e r c l a i m e d . See J o h n V o l k .
 i'! N d i e s lo pgfs 4 0 7 - 1 8 . \ o l e s i o p a g e . s 118 2.% tu.

" L o n e r g a n o n i h e H i s i o r i c a l Causality o f C h r i s i : A n I n i e r p rea l i o n o f l h e 1 7 Ibid., 3 0 1 .

R e d e n i p i i o n : A S i i p p l e n i e n i l o De V e i b o ncarnaio" ( l * h D disserialion, tS Ibid., 4 9 8 .
M a r q u e i l e U n i v e r s i i y , M i l w a u k e e , \V1, 2 0 1 1 ) , 5 - 7 . 19 K e n n e t h R. .Vlelchin, Histoiy, -'.Ihirs and mergeni 'rohahi/ily: ilhics, Soiiel)
35 I owe a d e b o f g r a l i i u d e t o t h e r e v i e w e r f o r d r a w i n g m y a u e n i i o n l o t h i s and History in lhe Work 0/Hernard onergan ( L a n h a m , .MD: U n i v e i s i i y I'ICSH

l e x t a n d these c o n n e c i i o n s . o f A m e r i c a , 1 9 8 7 ) . e s p e c i a l l y 1 9 1 - 9 . Sec also h i s " H i s t o r y , E t h i c s , a n d

yb De l{f(lcm/)tioiie Dtrifl, 1 6 9 , e m p h a s i s n t h e o r i g i n a l . E m e r g e n t P r o b a b i l i i y , " .onergan Works/iopj (1988), 269-94.
37 Ibid., 1 7 0 .
20 nsighl, 6 2 9 .
38 i b i d , . e m p h a s i s n t h e o r i g i n a l ,
2 1 Ibid-, (2(i.
39 i b i d , , ir-,2.
22 K a n t , CiV/A', 3 0 < 4 2 i > .
40 Ibid., 133.
23 Insight, (il 8.
4 1 I b i d , , 1 3 8 , 1 6 2 . See also nsight, 2 3 3 - 4 .
24 K a n i , GA7A7. 2 4 < 4 i 3 > .
.;2 Topics, 4 2 .
2 3 Or. c q u i v a l e n t l y , in t h e posi-Insight c o m e x i Coi- e i h i c s . t h e g e n e r a l f o r m o f
m a x i m s b e c o m e s t h e f o l l o w i n g : Be aiienu\'c; Be nielligeni; Be leasonable;
15 M e t h o d in Ethics I
Be lespon.sible; Be l o v i n g .
2(1 Ivsighl, 636-36,
1 A'/7; 4 .
27 K e n n e t h R. M e l c h i n , " E i h i c s i n Insight," .onergan WorksmpS ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 135-47.
2 T a d D u n n e , DoingUetJer: Tlie Next lieoo/ulion in thics (Ml\\';iukee, V\'!:
2 8 K i n i t , GA7A7, 2 7 - 9 < 4 I 7 - 2 o > , 4 9 - t i < 4 4 6 - 6 3 > .
.M;n*C|uette U n i v e i s i t y Press, 2 0 1 0 ) ; h e r e a f i e r c i t e d as D i m n e , Doingietler.
2 9 " l s d i e r e a m e a i i i i i g 10 t h e w o r d ' o u g h l ' ? O u r answer direi"s fiom t h e K a n t i a n
3 Ivsighl, 2 3 ; see also t 1 8 . i
answer, for i f w e agree i n a f f i r m i n g a caiegoric;il i m p e r a t i v e , we disagi'ee
4 I b i d - , (718. I
i n a s m u c h as we d e r i v e i t w b o l l v I r o u i specnlative i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d r e a s o n "
3 ibid., 6 3 1 - 9 .
(nsigla, 6 2 3 - 4 ) . l"''^'' L o n e i g a n , t h e source o f t h e m e a n i n g o f " o u g h t " s t h e
t PaU'ick H . l i y r n e , " T h e G o o d n e s s o f B e i n g i n L o n e i g a n ' s nsight," American
e x i g e n c e f o r consistency between k n o w i n g a n d d(.)ing. He holds i h a i t h i s
Caiholic 'liilosophirof Q_uarterl\: 43-72.
e x i g e n c e is 10 Ix: k n o w n i n t h e "speculaii\e'" sell-afin m i n g j n d g m e n t s o f fac.
7 nsight, (122. ]
However, we have aheady discussed i l i e d i n i c u l i i e s o f d e r i v i n g o u g h l f r o m
8 W i U i a m E. . M u r n i o n , " T e l l i n g i h e T r u i h a n d D o i n g G o o d ; A Key t o t l i e 'j j u d g m e m s o f fac, w h e i h e r speculative, self-;iTirniing, oi" otherwise.
InfVastrucun'e o f M o d e r n P h i l o s o p h y . " The .onergan Knmnu, f o r i h c o i n i n g ;
3 0 /H,v/^f///. r)43-3(i.
t v p e s c r i p t versin i h a i a c c o m p a n i e d his p r e s e m a l i o n ai l h e L o n e r g a n
3 1 Ibid., 627-8-
VVoikshop C o n f e r e n c e , B o s i o n C o l l e g e , C h e s t n n l H i l l . M,-\ 1 9 |une 2 0 1 4 ;
c i t e d h e n c e f o r i h as M u r n i o n . " T r u t h a n d C o o d . " 3 2 T h e cxcepiions w o n l d be experiences ihai c o m e f r o m consiructions o f
om- o w n i m a g i n a t i o n . I n t h e e x t i e m e , o f cour.se, p r e f e r e n c e foi- i m a g i n a r ) '
9 . V l m n i o n , " ' f r m h a n d G o o d , " 1 a n d 1 1 , respectively. emphases a d d e d .
e x p e r i e n c e s over sense e x p e r i e n c e s leads 10 inadnes.s.
1 0 L o n e r g a n e s t e e m e d A q u i n a s a n d A r i s t o i l e f o r d i e discovery t h a i " k n o w i n g is
33 f l a n a g a n , The QjiesI, 2 0 7 .
by i d e n t i l y . " o v e r a g a i n s t t h e i h e o r y o f " k n o w i n g by c o n l r o m a t i o n , " w h i c h ,
34 L o n e r g a n s m o s t focused a u d d e t a i l e d analj-sis s o f c o m m o n sense "as
h e c l a i m e d , d e r i v e d f r o m i*laio. See Verbam, 192-9.
i n i e l l e c i u a l " - t h a t is t o say, o f d i e role o f i n s i g l u s a n d t h e s e l f < o r r e c t i n g ,
1 1 M u r n i o n , " T i u t h a n d G o o d , " 3.
d y n a m i c s t)f i n i e l l i g e n c e as ihev' o]3erate in i h e c o m m o n s e n s e mode (see
1 2 nsight, 6 2 6 . A i h o r o u g h e x p l a n a d o n o f t h i s s u g g e s i i o n w o u l d b e l a n g e n t i a l
nsigit, i 9 f > - 2 6 < ) ) . ' f h e c h a r a c i e r o f c o i n m o n s e n s e judgmenLs o f facts a n d
t o l h i s c h a p i e r , a n d w i l l have to be d e f e r r e d t o a n o i h e r t i m e .
\alLie, beliefs, a n d c o m m o n s e n s e feelings as responses to valu d o n o t
13 lopics, 2 7 , emphasis added.
r e c e i v e nearly t h e .same d e t a i l e d alteiion.
1 4 ^e l-teflemplione Draft.
33 nsight, 1 9 9 .
1 5 T o b e m o r e precise, t b c f u n d a m e n t a l a s s u m p t i o n is "As b e i n g is i n t e l l i g i b l e
36 F l a n a g a n , The (uesi, 2 2 3 .
a n d o n e , so also ii is go(,)d" (nsight, 6 1 9 ) , " t h e g o o d as i d e n u c a l w i i h l h e
37 nsighl, 6 2 7 - 8 .
i m e l l i g i h i l i t y i h a i is i n i r i n s i c 10 b e i n g " (Insight, 6 2 8 ) . See also 3 7 t , 3 2 9 - 3 0 .
38 Ibid., 3 4 8 .
16 Ibid., 5 0 2 .
39 ATT, 3 4 3 .
 N o t e s t o pages 4 3 7 ^ 5 487
486 N o i e s l o pages 4 2 5 - 3 7

4 0 I b i d - , ^^fr. I 8 M. 2 5 1. e m p h a s i s a d d e d l o i l l n s i r a i e lhe i m p l i c i t j u d g m e n l o f valu. Ily

4 I See Ivo C o c l l i o . Hermciiculics aml Meihod: The Uiiiveisal Vieopoinl. io ieniard way o f c o n u a s t , says I.<:mergan, w h e n this elVori is m a d e by s o m e o n e l a c k i n g

l.onergan ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i i y o f T o r o n i o Press, 2 0 0 1 ) ; c i i e d h e r e a f i e r as i n c o n v e i ' s i o n , the r e s u l l w-ill " p r e s e n t t h e pasl as worse t h a n i t really was"

Coelho, HfM ( i b i d . ) . F o r e x a m p l e s t h a i i n d i c a t e w h a i L o n e r g a n w o u l d m e a n by e v a l u a t i v e

42 Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Anoiher {Ch\a\^{y. Univcrsicy o f Chicago Press, 1992). h i s t o i y t h a t "is b e i t e r i b a n i t r e a l l y was." see B e r n a r d L o n e r g a n , T/ie Way

4 3 MT, 364-6. to Nicea: The )alec.lical )eoelopmenl ofTrinilarian Theology, trans. C o n n

44. I n o r d e r 10 avoid r e p e a i i n g c u i n b e r s u m e phrases such as " i h e f i n i c i i o n a l O'Donovan ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : T h e VVestminsier Press, 1 9 7 6 ) .

specially o f h i s i o r y , " a n d in o r d e r 10 d i s u n g u i s h L o n e r g a n ' s l e c h n i c a l 1 9 MT, .32.

m e a n i n g s o f those woicis f r o m o i h e r c i i m n i e m m e ; m i n g s , 1 w i l l c a p i i a l i z e i h e 20 Paul |. G r i f f i t h s , Song of Songs ( G r a n d Rapids, .MI: Brazos Press. 201 1), x.xviii.

ames o f the e i g h i f u n c i i o n a l speciahies by c a p i u i l i z i n g the firsi l e i i e r (e.g., 21 /V/7', 2 5 2 .

Hisiory). 22 I b i d . , 2 3 5 .
4 5 See C o e l h o , hl&M; Doran, TDH. 2 3 I b i d . , I 6 8 ; see also 2 5 3 - 4 .
4 6 BeiaiaiTl Lonei"gan, " H e a n g a n d C r e a i i n g n H i s i o r y . " i n ,'\ Colleciion, 24 Ibid.. 254.
e d . Prederick L. C.rowe, S| ( N e w Vork: P a u l i s i Press, 1 9 S 5 ) , 106. 25 C o n v e r u n g decisions also d e p e n d u p o n effects o f d i v i n e grace n i m p o r i a n t
4 7 /V/7", 1 70. ways. See c h a p t e r 1. B u t n e i i h e r i r i i t y free h u m a n d e c i s i o n s or t r u l y
g r a l u i t o u s acts o f G o d c a n be p r o d u c e d by a n y n i e t h o d .
1 6 M e t h o d in Ethics 11 26 /V/7'. 2 7 1 .
27 I b i d . , 2 4 7 .
\y l . u l l n g l - l a u g h i o n , " T r a n s c e n d e n c e a n d the Hewlderment o f 28 I b i d . , 2 5 3 .
l i e i n g M o f i e r n , " in A CalhoUc Modeniily?, e d . )ames L. H e f i ( N e w Y o r k : 29 I b i d . , 2 5 0 .
O-xford Unix'eisity Pr-ess, 1 9 9 9 ) , 7 7 - 8 . L u l l i n g Haughi.on's full q u o i a i i o t i 30 Ibid.. 2 5 2 - 3 .
c o n i i n u e s , "we n e e d 10 u n d e r s i a u d al least a h u l e a b o m w b a i t n y i h is." T h e 31 I b i d . . 3 6 5 .
c o n i e x t o f h e r s i a i e n i e n i re\'cals ih;u. h e r c o n c e r n s are \'er)' cise t o i h o s e o f 32 I n /V/7', L o n e r g a n d i s t i n g i i i s h e s basic categories i n t o g e n e r a l a n d special,
Loneigan's meihod.
bid., 2 S 5 - 2 9 1 .
j MT, 133.
33 Ibid., 286.
3 I b i d . , 159. See also Insighl, 11)9.
34 I b i d , , i 3 n - i
4 See C o e l h o , HriM.
35 I b i d , , .54.
o MT, 223.
6 I b i d . , 232.
7 I b i d . , 245.
8 S c h e l e r also r e c o g n i z e d i h e h e u r i s u c vilue o f i h c scale o f vales f o r
s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l invesiigaiions. See Scheler, "Ordo Amoris;' 9S-9. t

9 /V/7, 2 3 3 .
l I b i d . , 24b.
i 1 See c h a p t e r S.
1 2 MT, 245.
i 3 L o n e r g a n even c l a i m s l h a i "specialized r e s e a r c h " w i l l also be a l f e c t e d by t b c
c o n v e r s i o n s o r i h e lack t h e r e o f . See i b i d . , 24,6-7.
14 See i b i d . , 257-2.
1 L o n e r g a n idemies a n d describes ihese p r o c e d u r e s : Assembly, Complelion,
Comparison, Reducon, Classificaon, a n d Seleciion. See i b i d . , 2 4 9 - 5 0 ,
16 I b i d . , 2 4 9 .
i 7 F o r f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a i i o n s , see /V/7', 2 5 3 - 6 6 , a n d nsighl, 4 1 3 - 1 4 .
 Index
a b s o l u t e , 2 7 . 4 2 , 60, M. 1 13, I9, 1 79.
2 0 3 . 2 6 5 , 2 7 7 , 3'1, 3')7. 3 7 S - 9 ,
382,398
acccpiani;e, 68, 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 236. 266, .302,
.362, 377, .397, 400
a c h i e v e i i i e t u , 5, 38, 67, 74, 9 1 - 2 , 134,
161. 193, 21 I , 3 9 5 . 4 4 0 . 4 4 5
act: o f c h o i c e , I I I . 1 1 6 , 2 2 5 . 2 9 7 , 355,
366, 3 7 1 , 375, 3 7 7 : o i ' c u i i s c i o i i s n e s s ,
48, 80, 116. 126, .300, 4 2 8 - 9 ; o f
d e c i d i n g , 110. I 13. 116, 344; o f
imsight, 4 7 . .52. 82, 140, 192: o f
j u c i g i n g , 50, 55; o f l o v i n g , 220, 3 7 3 - 4 ,
377; ori"enecn\'e n n d e i ' s i a n d i n g . 199,
376; o f u n d e i s i a n d i n g , 54, 8 6 , 106,
115, 140, 145, 199, 303, 37.3-7
a c t i n g , 5 - 6 , 8 - 9 , 1 4 , 29, .33, 36, 76. 9 7 .
99, 109-1 1, I 13, 1 16, I 3 I - 2 , 1.59, 194.
196-8, 2 1 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 , 274. 2 S 5 - 9 4 ,
2 9 6 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 9 - 1 3 . 316, 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 3 4 1 ,
3 4 3 - 4 , 346, 349, 3.59, 363. 380, 3 9 7 - 8 ,
4 2 1 - 3 , 4 2 9 . 443
a c t i o n , 5, 7, 9, 13. 22, 27, 34, 3 7 - 8 ,
95. 97, 9 9 , 1 0 3 - 2 0 , 123, 1 2 9 - 3 1 ,
135, 1 4 7 - 8 , 155, 1 6 1 , 166, 169, 1 7 1 ,
IS'f-A, 1 8 8 , 192-9. 201-2, 211-12,
214. 2 2 7 - 8 , 230, 238, 2 4 3 - 5 , 2 4 8 - 9 ,
260, 2 6 4 . 2 7 2 - 6 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 5 - 9 2 . 2 9 5 - 6 ,
298, .304-5. 3 1 0 - 1 2 , 315, 32(3-7, 3 3 2 ,
340, 34,3-50, 358, 3 6 1 - 3 , 3(35, 367,
370, 376, 3 8 0 - 3 , 403, 408, 4 13, 4 1 5 ,
4 1 7 - 2 0 . 4 2 2 , 4 2 4 , 428, 430, 4 4 2 , 447
Aczel, A m i r , 455
aesLhelic, 1 70, 1 7 9 - 8 0 , 2 5 6 - 9 , 2 6 7 - 8 ,
270, 278, 332
affect, 1 0 1 , 103, 113, I 19, 134-5, 1 4 2 - 3 ,
149, 152, 154, 1 6 1 , 163, 200, 2 3 0 ,
249, 288, 2 9 1 , 315, 320. 3 2 6 - 7 , 3 4 2 ,
377. 3 8 1 , 398, 428
a f f i r m , 3 1 , 5 2 , ,56, 67. 84, 89, 105, i 10,
116, 2 0 1 , 225, 24.3, 299, 3.35-6, .340,
5 4 5 , 3 5 0 , 3 5 2 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 2 , 375, 3 8 2 ,
384,405
a f l h - m a t i o n , 5 0 - 1 , - 5 4 , 7 1 - 2 , 74, 7(3-9,
S I - 4 , 8 6 - 9 2 . 9 5 , 11 1, 194, 215, 2 2 5 ,
297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 3 1 1 , 3 3 4 - 5 , 3 4 0 .
353, 3 6 9 - 7 0 , 378, 409, 415, 4 1 8 . 4 2 0
a f n r m a u v e , 49, 56, 76, 9 1 - 2 , 300, 3 3 5 - 6
a g e m , 1.39-47, 149-60, 164-5, 167,
1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 3 0 1 - 2 . 356, 4 0 6 - 7 , 4 0 9 , 444
-Alien, j a m e s , 4 5 0
a n a l o g i c a l , 34, 3 7 3 - 6 , 384. 409
 l'.K) liKicx
a n a l o g o u s . 148, 152, 154, 347, 3 7 7 , 404
analog)', 6 1 . 2 1 5 , 217, 373. 37.5-7, 4 0 0 .
404, 4 0 6 - 7 , 409
analysis, 35. 4 1 - 2 , 46, 5 2 - 4 , 6 3 . 9 7 ,
! i : ^ l 6 , 118, 132, 1.39, 142, 1 5 1 ,
159-60, 167, 1 7 0 - 1 , 194, 2 0 9 - 1 0 , 2 1 7 , -
234, 237, 2.39, 242, 252, 278, 2 8 7 ,
318, 369, 414, 416, 4 2 1 . 4 3 4 , 4 3 6
a M i i c i p a l i o i i , 25, 102, 286
A p p i a h , A n t h o n y , 425
a p p r e h e n s i o n , 13. 143, 152, 1 7 4 , 2 2 0 ,
318, 3 4 0 , .351,442
.Aquinas, T h o m a s . 3 0 - 1 , 33. 76, 1 3 9 - 4 1 ,
416-17
A r i s i o t l e , 5, 1.V14, 1 7 - 2 4 , 3 3 - 5 , 133,
143, 194, 2 8 7 - 8 . 33-4. 306, 4 0 3 . 441
.\rrhcnius, Svante. 101
Aagiisne, 2 3 4 , 236
a n e n d , 6 5 , 8 1 , 146, 148, 166, 1 7 8 , 2 1 0 ,
214. 2 4 4 , 2 4 6 - 7 . 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 6 . 3 7 5
attending, 15.80-2, 182,216,221,243,
2 4 7 - 8 , 2 5 7 , 2 7 1 , 282, 300, 338, 4 4 3
a i t c n i i o n . 4 - 5 , 1 4 - 1 7 , 23, 29, 32, 4 1 - 3 ,
45, 4 7 , 5 0 , 5 3 , 57, 69, 73, 75, 7 9 - 8 2 .
8 4 - 8 , 9 0 , 112, 127-8, 130, 145, 160,
163-6, 174, 178, 1 8 1 - 2 , 185, 187, 192,
202, 2 1 0 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 1 , 2 4 2 - 4 , 247, 253,
2.o5, 2.58, 26(3-7, 269, 2 7 1 , 278, 2 8 2 - 3 ,
.303, .30.5-6, 315, 360, 369. 383, 3 8 6 - 7 ,
409, 4 2 7 , 4 4 7
a n e n i i v e , 1 5 , 6 5 . 7 3 , 8 1 , U O , 127, 157,
187, 2 1 6 . 2 4 6 , 445
A u g u s t i n e , 4 4 . 133, 175, 2.34-6, 2 5 3
A n s i e n , j a n e , 172-6. lS'1-7, 2 3 6 . 2 8 0
a u t h e n t i c , 6 - 7 . 1(3-17, 37, 5 6 , Q'i-o, 67,
7 2 - 3 , 77, 1 0 2 - 4 , 1 12, 1 3 0 - 1 , 155, 177,
202, 207, 2 2 1 - 2 , 224, 2 2 7 - 8 , 230,
2.33-4, 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 - 6 , 2 6 8 - 9 . 2 7 4 , 2 8 1 ,
2 8 8 - 9 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 298, 304, 310, 3 1 2 ,
3 1 4 - 1 5 , 3 1 8 , 320, .344. 346, 352, 35(3,
365, .368, 384, 396, .399, 4 2 4 . 4 3 1 ,
4.34, 4 3 6 , 4 4 5 , 447
a u t h e n t i c i t y , 2 0 . 37, .56. 65. 73, 100. 1
2 1 1 , 2 1 9 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 29(3, 314, 3 1 9 . 3 2 1 ,
339, 3 4 3 , 3.53, 3 7 1 , 423. 4 3 2 . 4 4 0 ,
443, 4 4 5
a u t o n o m o u s , 380, 3 9 0 - 2 , 4 0 0 - 1
a u t o n o m y 102, 2 9 3 - 4
aversin, 119, 1 3 2 - 5 , 154, .364
aware, 2 1 , 23, 3 1 , 49, 5 9 - 6 0 , 79, 8 7 . 12:'',
137, 144. 148, 151, 156, 1 7 2 - 4 , 179.
182, 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 328, 360, 3 6 2 - 3 , .397-8.
407, 418, 437
awareness, 16, 2 2 , 3 2 - 3 , 3 5 , 4 8 , 5 0 , H,
6 1 , 7 3 , 8 1 , 8 . 3 , 8 7 , 108, 1 2 3 . 1 2 7 - 8 .
133-4, 137. 142-3, 146, 157, 170, 182.
189, 2 0 2 , 2 1 4 , 2 6 7 - 8 , 283, 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 ,
31 1, 359, 397, 417, 424
liecker. C a i l , 4 3 4 - 5
lieer, Peter, 8 7
iiefimUichkeil, 1.34. 237
b e i n g : n o t i o n of, 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 .
374, 3 7 7 , 4 1 6 - 1 7 : p i o p o i l i o n a t e ,
333-41, 355,357-8, 361-72, 418-20;
transcendent, 370-4
b e i n g - i n - l o v e , 8, 32, 34, 1(33, 216,
2 1 8 - 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 232, 236, 2.38-9, 2 4 1 ,
2.54, 2 6 4 - 9 , 283, 29.5-6, .302-3, 3 0 5 - 6 ,
31.3-14, 3 2 1 , .343-4. 375. 3 7 7 , 3 8 3 - 7 ,
399, 427, 430. 439, 447
belief, 29, 1 1 4 - 1 6 , 177, 294, .345, 423
believe, 38, 5 7 , (34, 9(3-7, 106, 1 1 4 - 1 6 ,
171-4, 188, 202, 244, 2 8 1 - 2 , 2 8 4 , 294,
418, 4 2 2 , 4 4 5
b e l i e v i n g , 6, 82, 106, I 1.5-16, 294, 317,
430
l i e l l a h , R o b e r t . 178
b e l o v e d , 26, 154. 160, 219, 265, 2 6 7 - 8 ,
301
B e r g s o n , H e n r i , 44
Beiinisslseinsiiihalle, 57-8, 67
bias, 35. 6 4 - 6 , 101-2, 108. 1 3 1 - 2 , 2 3 3 ,
275, 2 8 1 , 2 9 2 , 306, 320, 353, 4 2 3 - 4
b i o l o g i c a l . (3(3-70. 151, 153, 1 7 7 , 2 6 1 ,
2 7 1 , 319, 3.54, 3 6 8 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 8 - 9 . 3 8 1 ,
390-6, 400-3
bodily 42-3, 45, 110-11, 122-3,125,
1 2 9 - 3 1 , 13.3-4, 148, 154. 176, 295,
3 2 3 , 3 4 6 . 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 0 - 1 , 402
b o d y 45, .53, 1 10, 120, 122-7, 1 3 0 - 2 ,
1.34. 151, 156, 1 8 3 , 3 2 4 , 2 3 7 , 245,
292, 3 4 7 . 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 , 3 8 0 - 1 , 395
lioyle, G r e g o r y , 2(3(3-7
Biaman. lirian, 474
B r u e g g e m a n n , V\alici-, 482
B u c k l e y .Vlichael, 4 2 6 . C l n i s t i a n , 14, 2 0 - 3 , 3 4 , 219, 2 2 1 , 2 2 6 ,
Byrne, P a i r i c k , 4 0 6 - 7
c a p a c i t y 2 1 - 3 , 2 9 , 4 6 , 5 8 , 60, 6 2 . 6 4 ,
75, 101, 120, 126, 141, 146, 1.50, 1(36,
2 0 2 . 2 2 1 , 2 2 8 , 2 4 6 , 249, 2 6 3 - 4 , 2 7 7 ,
283, 299, 3 i 7, 3 4 4 - 5 . 348. 355, .384,
39(3,406,439
C a r o , R)bei"t, 4 6 5
c a t e g o r i c a l , 2 9 0 . 420
cause, 2 7 - 8 , 3 0 , 5 1 , 64, 78, 1 1 0 - 1 1 ,
121-2, 138, 2 2 5 . 247, 372, 374, 431
chai-acicr, 7, 2 4 , 6 3 , 125, 139. 1(30, 162,
164, 172-4, 186,217,224,2.34,238,
2 4 9 - 5 1 . 2(32. 2 8 7 , 329. 363, 439
c h e m i c a l . 129, 2 2 3 . .390-4. 396, 4 0 0 ,
402
c h o i c e , 9. 13, 19-21.25,34,9.5-7.
107. 1 1 0 - 1 4 , 1 16, 120. 1(33. 192.
1 9 4 - 5 , 2 1 1 - 1 3 . 2 1 8 . 220, 2 2 5 , 2 2 9 ,
231, 245, 258, 264, 2 6 8 - 9 , 297, 299,
3 0 1 . 304. 3 1 0 - 1 2 , 314-16, 319, 332,
3 4 0 - 2 . 3 4 9 - 5 0 , 355, .359-63, 3 6 5 .
3 6 9 - 7 0 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 7 , 400, 402, 4 1 9 .
4 2 1 , 4 4 0 , 44 7
choose, 1 9 - 2 0 , 2 4 , 9 ( 3 , 112, 19.3-4, 198.
2 0 1 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2.3.3, 2 4 1 - 2 ,
2 4 4 - 5 , 248, 260, 2(34, 270, 2 7 3 - 4 ,
2 8 2 . 289, 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , .302-3, 3 0 6 ,
3 1 0 - 1 1 , 3 1 3 - 1 5 , 3 2 1 , 340, 3 4 2 - 4 ,
ludes 491
3 4 8 - 9 . 3 5 6 . 3(30-3, 365. 3 7 0 - 2 . HU.
417, 419, 441
chooser, 2 9 7 - 3 0 2 . 3 0 1 - 4 , 3 4 2 . 344, 3(33.
42.3, 443
c h o o s i n g , 16, 2 1 , 24, 2 6 , 29, .32-3,
9 7 . 1 0 9 - 1 4 , 116, 196, 1 9 8 . 2 1 1 - 1 3 .
227, 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 - 3 , 2 4 5 ,
248, 2(35 , 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 77 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 8 - 9 ,
295, 2 9 7 - 3 0 2 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 3 , 315, 3 2 0 ,
3 2 6 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 6 . .353, 3.59-63. 3(35-6,
3 7 0 - 1 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 380, 3 9 8 . 4 0 5 ,
408,419
2.53, 3 7 4 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 9 , 4 4 5
c i r c u m s t a n c e s , 24, 37, 40. 44, 101,
10.3-4, 166, 170, 172, 175, 1 8 2 - 3 . 190,
195, 200, 245, 2.50-1, 2(30, 2(35, 2 7 3 - 4 .
2 7 6 - 7 , 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 . 2 9 5 , 30(3, 3 1 9 , 3 9 6 .
4 0 1 - 3 , 4(J8, 419
cla.ssical. 3 7 4 . 3 9 0 , 392
C o e l h o , Ivo, 4 2 8
c o g n i t i o n . 3, .5-6, 13, 3 4 - 5 , 3 8 - 4 1 .
4 6 - 7 , 49, 5 4 - 6 1 , 64. 6 8 - 9 , 7 1 - 2 , 7 4 ,
7 6 - 7 , 7 9 - 8 4 , 8(3-9, 9 0 - 1 , 9 5 - 8 , 100,
102-3, 105, 1 1 1 , 117, 144. 1 6 1 , 199.
21 1, 225, 229, 256, 273, 285, 295,
297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 309, 33.3-9, 3 4 1 , 3 5 5 ,
363, 369, 4 1 4 - 1 5 , 4 18, 4 3 6 - 7 , 44 1,
443-4, 446
c o g n i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e , 38, 4 1 , 5 6 - 9 , 6 1 ,
64, 6 8 - 9 , 7 1 - 2 , 7 4 , 7 6 - 7 . 80, 8 2 - 3 ,
8 6 - 7 . 8 9 , 9 1 . 9 5 , 9 7 - 8 , 100, 1 0 2 - 3 ,
105, 1 1 1 , 117. 22.5,285, 297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 ,
3 3 3 - 4 , 3 3 7 - 9 , .341, 3.55. .369, 415, 418,
436-7, 443-4
c o i n c i d e n t a l , 42, l l l , 3 9 1 - 2
c o l l a b o r a t i o n , 115, 2 3 7 , 3 1 0 - 1 1 , 3 8 4 .
409,425
c o m m o n sense, 38, 4 8 , 6 9 - 7 0 . 1 0 0 - 2 .
104, 107, 130, 148, 171. 184, 2 8 2 - 3 ,
283, 2 8 9 , 2 9 1 - 2 , 316. 319, .320. 4 1 6 .
422-4. 433-4, 436
 492 Index
c o m m u n i i y , 2 0 - 2 , 30, 33, 04, 6S, 8 7 - 8 ,
J 7 S - 9 , 2 2 6 , 245, 2 4 8 - 9 . 2 5 1 , 2 6 1 - 2 ,
266, 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 306, 3 4 9 - 5 0 , 3 5 3 .
402-3, 406, 423. 432-4, 447
c o m p a r a t i v e valu, udgment o f . 8, 157,'
180, 194, 2 4 1 - 3 , 245, 2 4 7 - 5 1 , 2 5 3 ,
255, 2 5 7 , 2.59, 2 6 1 , 263, 265, 2 6 7 ,
269, 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 27.-7, 279, 2 8 ! , 2 8 3 ,
290. 2 9 5 . 3 2 5 , 3 8 7 - 8
c o m p a s s i o n , 136, 160, 162, 166. 2 6 7 ,
329
complexies. I 19, 158, ! 6 5 , 169, 3 2 2 ,
4 18,430
c o m p l e x i i y , 5 1 , 77, 118-19, 1.36. 1 5 1 ,
15.3-4, 158-9, 1 75, 280, 282, 3 0 9
c o n c r e i e , 9, 2 2 , 2 4 , 52, 5 4 , 78, l O O - l ,
111, 127, 1.3(5-7, 144, 1.50-1, 1,56,
1 5 8 - 6 2 , 16.5-7, 1 7 1 , 175, 184, 1 9 0 ,
193, 195, 2 0 8 , 214, 222. 224, 2.34,
2 4 2 - 3 , 2 4 5 - 7 , 252, 260. 2 6 4 - 5 , 2(59,
2 7 1 , 2 7 3 - 4 , 27(}, 2 8 0 - 2 , 2 8 9 - 9 2 . 2 9 5 .
306, 31.5-18. 3 2 0 , .322, 325, 3 2 8 - 9 ,
347, .350-2. 3 6 0 - 2 , 364, 376, 3 9 1 ,
39.5-6, 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 0 - 3
c o n c r e i e n e s s , 159, Hi, 190, 3 1 6 . 3 2 3 ,
3 6 0 - 1 , 421
c o n d i i i o n . 20, 3 9 , 42, 73, 109, 122, 126,
129-30, 157, 1 7 1 , 1 8 9 - 9 1 , 2 1 1 , 2 2 0 ,
222, 2 3 W , 2 6 7 - 8 , 31(3, 333. 3 4 8 . .361,
363, 3 6 5 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 374, 39.3-6. 4 0 0 ,
4 0 5 - 6 , 4 0 8 - 9 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 , 422
c o n d i i i o n e d , .39, 5 0 - 2 , .58, 76, 78, 105,
108, 199, 2 0 8 , 219. 289, 315, 324,
.343, 3 5 9 - 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 376, 3 7 9 ,
39.3-4, .397, 4 1 9
Coiifessioiis, Angusimc's, 234, 236
c o n l l i c i , (i6, 1 13, 164, 167, 198, 2 2 4 ,
2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 2 6 0 , 4 2 4 - 8 , 4.36-7
conjgale, 3.38, .390-1, 419
c o n s c i e n c e , 16, .30, 2 3 5 , 262
conscious, 6, .30, 34, .39-41, 4 3 - 6 , 4 8 ,
55, 75, 7 7 - 8 , 8 0 - 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 - 9 1 ,
I l O - l I , 120, 125, 127, 129, 138-9,
143, 157, 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 - 6 , 188, 2 1 7 , 2 1 9 .
2 2 1 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 , 247, 253, 2(54-6,
2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 4 0 4 - 5 . 413, 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 8
consciousnesses, 29, 32, 8 3 , 112. 143,
167, 252, 2 5 5 , 276. 414
c o n s o l a d o n , 2 6 - 3 0 , 154, 383
coiKstimic, 4, 4 6 , 55, 82, 98, 109, I 14.
1U3, 146, 1 5 7 - 8 . 163, 165, 1 9 4 , 2 0 1 ,
237, 262, 266, 273, 289, 292, 3 1 1 .
3 1 4 , 3 1 7 - 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 327, 3 3 5 - 6 , 3 4 4 .
3 4 8 - 5 0 , 3 5 6 . 365, 380, 398, 4 0 1 , 4 1 9 .
429, 4 3 8
c o n s i i i u i i v e , 8 0 , 1 7 7 , 2 1 3 , 325
c o n s i r u c i e d , 2 4 , 142, 147. 149, 196,
315. 323, 4 0 2
conten, 27, 4 3 , 46, 4 8 - 5 7 , 60, 7 1 - 2 ,
7 9 - 8 1 , 8 . 3 , 8 6 , 1 0 1 , 10(5-7. 1 1 0 - 1 1 .
121, 12.3-4, 126, 140-2, 147, 155, 170,
2 13, 2 16, 2 9 0 , 3 3 5 - ( i , 4 2 1 , 4 2 8 - 9 , 434
c o n t i n g e n c y 113. 344, 363, 3 7 0 - 1 , 44(1
c o n i i n g e n i , 5 0 , I 13. 3 7 0 - 2 , 374
conversin, 7, 2 1 - 2 , 3 2 , 6 7 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 9 2 .
1(58, 175, 199 , 2 0 7, 209 , 21 I , 21.3-15.
217.219, 2 2 1 , 223. 225-39, 241-2.
244, 265, 2(58-9, 275, 2 7 7 - 8 0 , 2 8 5 ,
293, 303, 305, 309, 314, 317, 3 2 7 .
329, 3 4 1 , 3 4 4 , 3 5 2 - 3 , 379, 3 9 7 - 8 ,
417, 4 3 1 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 0 - 7 ; i n i e l l e c i u a l , (i7,
6 9 - 7 0 , 9 2 . 2 2 5 - 6 . 344. 437; m o r a ! .
92. 214, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 3 7 , 239, 24 1-2,
2(58-9, 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 - 8 0 . .303, 309, 3 2 7 .
329. 344, 3 7 9 , .397-8, 4 3 ! , 437, 4 4 4 ;
psychic, 2 2 5 , 2 3 6 - 8 , 253, 4 3 ! , 4 3 6 ;
r e l i g i o u s , 2 2 6 - 7 , 2 3 5 - 7 , 265, 2 6 8 - 9 ,
.3.53, 398, 4 3 1
cooperaon, 1 15, 132, 194, 2 3 9 , 2 6 0 .
262, 2 9 1 - 3 , -301, 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 320, 3 2 4 - 5 ,
327. 330, 3 4 0 , 3 4 7 - 5 1 , 3 5 3 , 35(5-7,
380, 383, 39.5-6, 402, 419, 4 3 2
c o r r e c t , 19, 2 1 - 2 , 30. .54. 5 6 , .59-60. 6 4 .
69, 7 1 , 7 5 - 7 , 8 3 , 8 6 . 9 1 , l ( r 2 , 10(i-7,
1 12, I 14, 12.3-4, 126. 14fJ-l, 177,
2 0 0 - 1 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 21.5-16, 223. 2 2 5 . 2 3 6 ,
252, 2.58, 2 6 3 , 2 9 9 , .3.3(5-7, 376, -382,
390, .39(5, 4 0 6 - 7 , 4 1 0 , 4 2 1 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 6 - 7
c o r r e c i i n g , 4, 5 4 , 6 3 - 5 , 90, 9 2 , 100. ! 4 0 ,
183, 223, 2 7 4 - 5 , .346, 3 7 6 , 4 1 4 , 4 3 2 - 3
c o r r e l a t e d , 1 2 2 - 3 , 134, 137, 1 4 9 , 1 9 3 ,
343,429
c o r r e i a t i o n s . 4. 130, 135, 3 9 0 - 2 , 401
cosmic, 358, -367, 3 7 9 . 399
cosmopolis, 397
coumer-posion, 1 10, 125. 139, 207,
382
creaviiy 15, 4 3 - 4 , 4 8 , 5 1 , 63, 1 0 3 - 4 ,
109, 116, 156, 163, 2(57, 270, 2 9 3 ,
313, 3 1 8 - 2 0 , 3 5 1 , 4 0 3
c r i t e r i o n , 3, 5 4 - 5 , 70, 73, 102, 106, 109,
114, 133, 175, 199, 2 0 8 , 2 1 4 . 2 2 5 - 7 ,
232. 254, 2 5 7 , 39-3-4, .399, 40(5, 4 1 5
c r i u c a l 3 3 , 4 4 , 6 3 , 8 8 , 146, 179, 24(5,
263, 2 8 3 , 29-3-5, 3 0 6 , 328, 364, 4 1 4 ,
4 2 0 , 4 2 5 . 4 2 8 , 4,33-8, 442
cricism, 3, 18, (53-4, 8 6 , 8 8 , 9 7 , 9 9 ,
146, 207, 2.33, 238. 2(i3, 396. 4 ! 5 ,
421,424
C r o n i n , B r i a n , 8 7 , 102, 199. 2 6 4
Crowe, Krederick, 468
Crysdale, C y n i h i a , 2 9 , 229, 363, 4 3 2
c u l t u r a l , 7, 2 4 , 3 3 , 4 5 . 7 7 , 131, 176,
I 7 9 - 8 0 , i 82. 2 3 2 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 - 4 0 , 2 5 4 - 6 ,
258-64, 269-70, 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 2 - 3 , 292,
29-5-6, 3 0 1 , 3 1 7 - 1 9 . 323,32(5-7. 3 2 9 ,
3 3 ! , 333, 3 5 1 - 3 , .357, 380, 388, 394,
396-400, 402-3, 405-10,414, 422-4,
427, 4 3 7 - 8
c u l t u r e , 24, 107, 182. 190, 2 3 0 , 2 3 9 - 4 0 ,
253, 2 6 2 - 3 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 6 , 3 5 0 - 3 . 3 5 6 , 3 8 3 ,
3 9 6 - 9 , 4 0 7 - 8 , 4 2 3 , 42(5-7, 434
daia, 4. 17, 29, 5 1 - 4 . (59, 72, 79, 8 4 - 8 ,
9 0 , 10.5-f5, 114, 122, 124-6, 130, 1 4 1 ,
2 3 1 , 245, 3 3 8 , 3 8 9 - 9 0 , 404, 433; o f
Index 493
consciOLisness, 4. 72, 84, 8 6 - 8 ; of
sense, 72, 8 4 . 106, 404
d e c i d e , 22, 3 1 , 9 2 , 9(5, 113, 193-4,
197-8, 2 1 2 , 2 2 8 - 3 0 , 2 3 2 - 3 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 ,
247, 2 7 3 - 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 4 , 297, 300. 3 6 2 ,
380,382, 403,413,444
d e c i d i n g , 8, 3 2 - 5 , 76, 8 2 , 9 2 , 9 7 - 9 , 106,
109-1 I , I 13-16, 135, 17-3, 19.3-4,
197-8, 2 1 6 , 2 1 9 - 2 0 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2 3 3 . 2 3 9 ,
2 4 8 , 2(54 , 2 7 1 , 282 , 2 8 5 - 7 , 2 8 9 - 9 0 ,
296, 2 9 9 , 3 0 4 . 3 1 5 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 3 - 5 , 3 8 0 .
398.422, 429-30
decisin, 2 3 - 5 , 6 2 - 3 , 6 7 , 9 2 , 9 8 - 9 , 1 1 1 ,
114-16, 130, 1 7 3 - 5 , 186, 188, 190.
192-4, 198, 2 0 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 . 2 2 5 - 3 7 ,
245-51, 260, 265, 268-9. 272-4, 282,
297, 3 0 2 - 3 , .30.5-6, 312, 314, 3 1 6 ,
322, 3 2 4 - 5 , 3 2 7 , 3 2 9 , 3 4 3 - 5 . 3 4 7 ,
349, .3.58, 3 8 0 - 1 , 3 8 3 , 397, 4 0 0 , 4 0 3 ,
423-4,447
d e c l i n e . 2 8 - 9 , 3 5 , 2 3 3 . 2(53, 305, 314,
318, .342, 346, 363. 3 7 1 , 396, 408,
419-20, 434,439
d e e d , 133, 164, 2 2 5 , 235
d e f m i o n , 4 6 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 140, 142, 147,
1 74, 237, 286, 3 1 1 , 3-34, 337, 340,
354, 373, 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 38(5, 4 0 1 , 4 1 3
delibrale, 16, 6 5 , (57, 147, 182, 1 9 1 ,
220, 2 4 3 - 4 , 2(56, 27.3-4, 2 8 1 , 3 4 1 - 2 ,
344, 362, 3 7 1 . 397, 414
deliberang. 7(5, 9(5-7, 212, 242, 2 4 4 .
247, 2 7 1 . 2 8 1 , 2 8 6 , 295, 300, 3 7 1 ,
424, 4 4 2 - 3
delilseraon, 4 , 9 7 - 8 , 119, 147. 1 8 7 - 8 .
191-2, 2 0 2 , 21 1-213, 21.5-18, 2 4 3 - 4 ,
249, 27(5, 296, 3 1 0 , 326, 344, 4 0 3 ,
423, 429
democracy, 345
d e n y i n g , 42, 4 9 - 5 1 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 6 8 . 105,
1 0 9 - 1 0 , 195, 2 0 8 , 245, 253, 379, 382
De Rudempiione. ( L o n e r g a n ) . 40(5-10, 4 1 7
Descartes, R e n e . I 10
 494 Index Index 495

desit-t, 24, 26, 32, 3 9 - 4 0 , 5 7 - 6 5 , 6S-70, d i s i o r i , 35, 102, 131,254,305,424 e x i s t e n c e , 8, 2 2 , 146, 164, 2 3 7 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 .
3 9 2 - 3 9 4 , 4 0 0 - 1 , 4 0 3 , 40.5-6, 4 I S-2 I ,
72,88-90, 113, 132-5, 151-3, 155-6, di.svaliie, 143-4, 146, 1 5 4 - 5 , 1 6 1 - 2 , 164. 2 6 ! , 267. 346, 354, 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 , 382,
439, 444. 447; p r o b a b i l i t y 323, 339,
163, 2 1 0 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 6 - 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 7 , 212, 247, 291, .391, 4 2 6
3 6 1 - 3 , 3 ( 5 5 - 7 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 3 7 9 , .384, 4 0 1 ,
250, 253, 3 1 0 - 1 3 , 328, 333, 340, 3 6 1 , 314, .342, .345, 378, 3 8 2 , 3 8 5 e x i s i e u i i a l , S, 1 1 0 , I 1 4 , 1(50, 1 9 5 , 2 1 9 ,
4 18-20, 439,444
3 6 3 - 3 6 4 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 3 - 7 , 3 8 5 - 6 , 3 9 9 , 4 I 6. d i v i n e , 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 1 3 3 , 2 2 0 , 2(55, 3 0 5 , 227-9, 232, 242, 246-7, 252, 254, 260,
e m e r g i n g , 2 1 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 8 , 3.38, 3 6 3 .
4 3 4 ; LO k n o w , m i r e s t i - i c L c d , 3 2 , 5 8 - 6 1 , 398, 409, 431 2 ( 5 8 - 9 , 2 7 1 , 2 74 - 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 0 - 2 , 2 9 5 ,
3(56, 3 8 4 , 418-19
6 3 - 5 , 6 8 - 7 0 , 72, 88, 90, 132, 2 1 0 , 2 1 8 , docu-ines, 64, 237, 426, 4 2 8 - 9 , 442 297-9, 342-3, 387, 397, 446
e m o o n , 1 19, 1 4 8 , 2 5 4
237, 340, 3 7 3 , 37,5-7 Ooodey Mark, 46! e m p r i c a ! , 17, 3 4 , 5 3 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 7 2 , 4 3 4 , existentialist, 228
d e s o l a i i o n , 26-8, 30, 154 D o n m , R o b e n , 2 9 , 134, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 7 , 444.446 e x p e n e n c e . 7, 2 6 - S , 3 2 . 3 9 - 4 0 , 4 5 ,
d e v e l o p , 3, 2 3 , 2 5 . 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 1, 6 6 , 73, 403-6, 409-10, 4 2 8 e n v i r o n m e n t , 3 1 5 , .3.59-(50, 3 6 8 , 401-2 5 1 - 2, 6 ! , 7 9 - 9 0 , 9 2 , 100, 1 0 2 - 3 , 1 14,
8 1 - 2 , 8 8 , 1 0 ! , I 13, 1 2 3 . 1 3 1 , 1 8 4 , 186, i;)osLoevsky Kyodor, 235 I 1 9 - 2 0 , I 2 S - . 3 2 , 1 4 0 , i 4 9 , 1 5 1 , 167,
episieinological, 3, 5 7 , 5 9 , 9 5 . I 15
223, 233, 248, 2 5 1 , 262-3, 276. 282-3, d r a m a c , I 7, 4 0 , 4 8 - 9 , (55, l l l . 1 5 2 , 1 7 4 , 2 1 9 - 2 3 , 2 3 6 - 7 , 2 4 1, 2 4 5 , 2 5 3 ,
e p i s t e m o l o g ) ' , 5, 309
285, 287. 3 1 3 - 1 4 , 318, 3 2 ! , 328, 338, 1 6 0 , 2.30, 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 , 2 7 5 , 3 1 9 , 3 8 2 , 267, 273, 3 3 3 - 6 , 340, 344, 375, 3 8 1 - 2 ,
essence, 272
340, 34(5-7, 3 5 3 , 355, 364, 3 9 5 - 6 , 40!. 416. 423 .398, 4 0 3 , 4 3 3
e s s e n u a i , 7, 2 2 - 3 , 3 3 , 4 1, 7 6 , 9 9 , 11 3 .
403, 405, 4 2 1 , 4 2 5 , 434, 43(5-8, 442 Di.imas, Alexandei', 202 experiencing, 14, 2 8 , 4 0 . 4 2 - 3 , 4 . 5 - 7 , 4 9 ,
1 2 9 - 3 0 , 177, 2 1 8 , 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 2 7 2 , 3 4 7 - 8 ,
developnieni, 15, 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 8 , .35, 146, D u n n e , Tad 267. 414. 428 51,-55, 57, 62, 69, 7 9 - 8 2 , 8 4 - 5 , 100,
374, 396, 4 2 1 , 4 3 5
186-7, 22.3-4, 227. 2 6 1 - 3 , 2 7 8 - 9 , 284, d y n a n c , 2 2 , 4 1-2, 4 7 , 5 5 - 5 8 , 77, 8 5 , I 16, 1 2 6 - 7 , 1 2 9 - . 3 0 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 , 1.55,
e c a l l y 5, 1 4 , 1 7 . 2 2 , . 3 2 - 3 , 3 6 , 9 6 , 1 0 1 ,
2 8 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 , .343, 3 4 5 - 7 , 3 5 6 , 95, 97-100, 103, l l l , 117, 138, 163, 1 5 8 . 1 6 ! , 2 1 6 , 2 2 1 , 2(54, 2 7 3 , 2 8 5 - 6 ,
112, I S S , 2 0 ! , 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 7 - 9 ,
363, 403, 418-19,434 165, 2 1 0 - 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 229, 237, 33.5-8, 363, 3 8 2 , 397, 4 0 4 - 5 , 429
2 9 1 , 2 9 3 , 3 0 1, 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 3 15, 3 2 8 , 3 5 4 .
dialecc, 1 7 - 2 1 , 3 3 , 3 5 , 1 19, 2 2 4 . 3 0 4 , 2 5 3 , 2 7 7 , 3 I O, 3 1 2 - i 3, 3 1 6 , 3 1 8 - 2 1 , experiena!, 46, 52, 7 8 - 9 , 81-3, 89,
3(53, 3 6 5 , 3 7 1 - 2 , 3 7 6 , 4 2 . 3 - 4
338, 342. 347, 384, 4 2 1 , 4 2 8 - 3 3 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 9 - 4 0 , ,3.58, 3 6 ! , 365, 368, 144,336
euljiniia.. 19-20, 22, 3 3 - 5 , 304, 4 4 !
4.3.5-7, 4 3 9 - 4 5 . 447 3 7 0 , 3 8 9 , 414. 4 1 8 - 2 ! , 423, 430, 433 experiment, 4, 5 3 - 4 , 249
e v a l a l e , , 1 5 4 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 . 3 - 1 4 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 ,
discern. 13, 1 5 - 1 7 , 1 9 - 2 1 . 2 5 , 3 2 , 3 4 , d y n a m i s m , 3 , 4 2 , 5 ( > - 8 , 64, 9 6 , 1 16, 169. e x p l a n a o n , 3 . I 3 8 , 3 3 3 , 4 0 4 , 4 1 5 - 1 6 , 4 18
2 7 9 , 2 9 3 , 32(5, .359, 4 1 5 , 4 2 2 - 3 , 4 2 7 ,
.39, 4 4 , 4 8 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 1 0 7 , I 15, 124-5, 2 8 5 , 3 1 0 , 3.39, 3 5 2 , .3(52, 3 6 7 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 , explanatory 101-2, 104, 148,312.
430, 433, 444, 448
159, 186, 2 0 0 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 7 , 429 3 3 0 - 1 , 33.3, 3.3.5-9, 3 4 1, 3 4 3 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 7 .
e v a l u a d o n , 8 4 , 1.30, 1 3 4 . 155, 166,
2 4 9 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 8 , .302, 3 0 4 - 5 , 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 3 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 ! , 3.53, 3 5 5 , 3 5 7 , 3 6 4 , 3 7 1 - 2 ,
17.3-4, 192, 194, 2 0 0 , 2 ! 1-13,
3 9 7 , 4 0 0 . 4 0 4 , 4 2 7 . 4 4 1, 4 4 4 , 4 4 ( 5 - 7 econonnc, 15,(55, 163, 172, 178, 2 5 6 , 374-5, 387-97, 399-403, 405-7, 409,
2 1 ( 5 - 1 8 , 2 9 4 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 0 , .353. 4 2 3 ,
d i s c e r n m e n l , , .5-(5, 9 , 1 3 - 2 3 , 2 . 5 - 3 6 , 3 8 , 262, 277, 319, 333, 3 5 ! , 357, 406, 416, 446
426-S, 435-7, 442
4 4 - ( 5 , 4 8 - 9 , 5 3 , .55, 6 1 , 6 5 , 6 7 , 7 . 3 - 5 , 409-10, 445 expres.sion, 2 ! , 3 0 , 4 0 , 103, 147-8,
e v e n t . 4 4 , 137, 156, 1(55,265,378,393
8 1 , 8 8 , 9 9 . 1 0 7 , I 13, 135, 137-8, ecosyslems, 323, 3 6 0 - 1 , 370, 379 188, 2 2 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 8 0 - 1 , 2 8 6 , 3 9 7 , 4 2 7 ,
e v i d e n c e , 4 ! , 5 0 - 1 , 5 3 , 73, 97, 188-91,
156, 174, 182, 186. 197, 2 0 1 , 2 0 9 , e l T e c v e , 18. 2 2 , 2 9 , 6 4 - 5 , I 1 3 - 1 4 , 433-4, 438
2 7 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 7 5 . .392, 4 0 4 , 4 I 7 - 1 8 , 434
214, 216, 2 2 1 , 223, 229, 2 3 3 - 4 , 244, 1 3 2 , 1 8 8 , 2 1 4 , 2 3 7 , 2 4 9 , 277, 282-3, e x t r o v e i ' s i o u , 6 ( 5 - 7 , 7 0 , 1 10
e v i l , 9 , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 7 , .34, 7 7 , 1 1 4 , 1 9 8 . 2 3 4 ,
24S-.50, 2 5 2 - 3 , 2 5 5 , 2 7 4 - 5 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 5 . 285, 293, 306, 3 4 2 - 3 , 346, 3 5 1 , 406, 243, 276, 2 9 ! , 305, 313, 315, 318,
3 0 3 - 6 , 3 1 2 , 3 3 3 , .344, 3 5 5 , 3 5 8 , .363, 421,445 . 3 2 1 , .328, 3 3 3 , 3 4 3 , 3 5 3 , 3 6 3 - 4 , 3 6 7 , fac, 4, 18, 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 ! , 3 3 - 4 , 4 0 . 4 6 , 4 8 ,
384-5, 387, 397, 399-400, 415, 424-5, l i g a n , l-lar\'e\', 3 0 377_,S4^ 4 1 7 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 4.39, 4 4 1-2 5 2 - 4 , 6 0 , (5.3-6, ( 5 8 - 7 3 , 75-9, 8 2 , 8 4 - 9 ,
4 3 1 , 4 3 9 , 44 1-3. 44(5-7 Elioi, George ( M a r y A n n E\'Hns), e v o l u o n , 9 5 , 199, 3 1 9 , 3 6 1 - 2 , 371 98, 103-9. 1 1 ! , 114-15. 121, 124-5,
d i s c o v e r y , 24, 2 9 - 3 0 , 47, 5 i , 9 5 - 6 , 100, 248-52, 280 1 3 1 , 136. 1 3 8 - 9 , 1 4 1 , 143, 14.5-6, 148,
exercise, 7 1 , 9 0 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 4 4 , 1.52-3,
1 0 2 , 1.30, 2 0 9 . 2 2 7 - 9 , 2 3 5 - 6 , 2 6 2 , e m e r g e n c e , 3 9 - 4 0 , 47, 122-3, 126-9, 150, 15(5-6!, 163, 1 6 9 - 7 2 , 17.5-7, 182,
199, 2 0 2 , 2 3 1 . 2 4 4 - 5 , 2 4 7 , 2 8 9 - 9 5 ,
2 ( 5 5 - 6, 2 7 0 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 S , 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 3 3 2 , 140. 1 4 2 - 3 , 1 5 1 , 157, 1 6 1 , 167, 170, 184, 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 197, 199.207-9,211,
.303, 3 1 7 - 1 8 , 3 2 7 , 3 4 0 , .344, . 3 4 8 - 9 ,
367, 3 9 6 - 7 , 426, 434 1 7 4 , 1 8 1 , 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 223, 2(52, 266, 213, 2 2 1 - 2 , 2 2 5 - 6 , 2 2 8 - 9 , 2 3 1 , 2.35-6,
.352, . 3 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 4 1 3 - 1 4 , 4 2 2 . 4 2 5 ,
discursive. 71-2 2 7 5 , 3 0 2 , 3 2 . 3 - 5 , .327, 3 2 9 , .339, 2 4 5 - 7 , 2 5 1 - 2 , 2 6 1 , 2(53, 2 6 7 - 7 0 , 2 7 4 - 5 ,
429, 436
d i s o r d e r , 1 7 0 , 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 3.54, 3 6 7 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 349, 361-3, 365-S, 370-2, 379, 384, 278,280-1, 294,297-302, 304-5,
e x i g e n c e , 3(59 , 4 1 6 , 4 2 1
 496 Index
3 1 5 - 1 9 , 3 3 5 - 7 , 339, 3 4 1 - 2 , 345, 349.
352, 3 5 5 , 3 5 9 . 3 6 2 - 3 , 366. .368, 3 7 1 - 2 ,
389, .391, 394, .396, 399, 4 0 4 - 6 , 4 0 9 ,
413, 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 2 - 3 , 426, 4 2 9 - 3 0 , -
434-6, 442-3
facuial, 6 - 7 , 3 6 - 9 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 47. 4 9 , 5 1 ,
.53, .55-7, 5 9 , 6 1 , 63, 65, 67, 69, 7 1 ,
7 3 , 8 7 . 9 2 , 9 5 , 102-3, 105-6, 1 0 8 , ' l 14,
117, 126, 169, 1 7 1 , 177. 200, 2 0 7 ,
2 1 1 , 226, 2 2 9 - 3 0 . 298, 3 ( t O - l , 309,
313, 3 3 5 - 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 4 - 5 . 3 7 8 , 3 9 7 , 4 0 5 ,
416, 418, 4.34, 443
f a i t h , 2 1 , 2 6 , 2 2 8 , 270
f a i l h f u l , 4, .56, 65, 275, 287. 2 9 1 , 2 9 6 ,
310. .329, 4 4 5
family. 77, 1.52, 162, 172-3, 188. 1 9 ! ,
197, 2.30, 2.36, 3 0 1 , 316, 323, 3 5 1 , 422
feai-,30, 6 4 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 145, 1 6 0 - 1 , 2 2 4 ,
2.50. 275, 2 7 7 , 287, .326, 367, .399
fears, 65. 9 6 , 137, 220. 249, 2 5 1 . 2 7 5 ,
277, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , .348, 353, 418
feeling, 4, 7 - 8 , 26, 3 4 , 4 . 3 - 4 , 8 1 - 2 , 9 7 ,
IOS-9, 113, 116, 1 2 0 - 1 , 1 2 3 - 7 . 129,
131-8, 1 4 2 - 5 4 , 156-67. 173, 17.5-7,
179-88. 1 9 1 , 193, 195. 1 9 7 - 2 0 2 ,
2 0 8 - 1 4 , 2 1 8 - 2 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 6 - 8 , 242,
2 4 6 - 8 . 2 5 2 - 2 5 4 , 256, 260, 2 6 5 , 2 7 0 - 3 ,
275, 277, 2 8 0 - 1 , 283, 2 8 7 - 8 , 292, .300,
3 0 2 - 3 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 5 , 346. 350, 355, 3 6 4 - 7 ,
375, 3 8 1 , 385, 397, 404, 4 2 2 - 3 , 4 2 7
Fmality 263, 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 422
Flanagan, j o s e p h , 8 7 , 9(>-7, 262, 4 2 2 - 3
f o r m a u o n , 6 1 , 69, 85, 146, 189, 2 8 2 - 3 ,
347,422-3,426
Foticault, M i c h e l , 84
f o u n d a i i o n , 16, 4 2 , 2 2 0 - h 226, 2 3 S - 9 ,
260, 272, 312, .353, 368, 384, 427
fundalionai, 84. 238, 257, 330, 41 7, 443
l-ouiidalinns, 4, 16, 87. 115. 210, 3 1 2 .
3 3 1 . .333, 335, .337. 339, 34 1, 343,
345, 347, 3 4 9 , 3 5 1 , 353, 355, 3 5 7 ,
4.03, 4 2 8 - 3 3 , 435, 437, 439, 4 4 1 - 7
Index 497
f r e e d o m , 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 146, 285, .302, 3 2 8 , h e i g h t e n e d , 75, 8 3 , 89, 92, 137, 190,
339, 3 4 2 . 353-^1:, 3 8 1 , 383, 3 8 8 , 39 I ,
344, 3 8 0 , .388, 399, 415, 4 2 0 - 1 , 4 3 1 359, 447
395, 4 0 0 - 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 19, 4 2 8 - 9 , 437
F r e i i d , S i g m u n d , 221 h e r i t a g e , 66, 4 3 2 - 5
givenness. 7 8 - 9 , 8 4 - 9 1 , 315
f u l f i l l m e n t , 8, 5 0 - 4 , 60, 72, 7 8 - 9 , 8 2 , l i e r m e n e u t i c , 7 8 - 9 , 88, 90, 92, 297, 3 0 0 ,
C o d , 3, 2 1 - 2 , 2 4 - 3 0 , 3 4 - 5 , 132, 2 1 9 ,
84, 8 6 - 7 , 8 9 - 9 0 , 105-7, 109, 115, 426
2 2 6 - 7 , 2 3 4 - 6 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 7 - 8 , 2 6 5 - 7 , 286.
173. 179, 1 8 1 , 1 8 9 - 9 1 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , h e u r i s u c , 2 8 1 - 3 , 312, 329, .332-4,
305. 350, 3 7 2 - 6 , 3 8 4 - 5 , 3 9 8 - 9 , 403,
2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 , 227, 238, 265, 2 6 7 , 2 7 1 , 3 3 8 - 4 2 , 345, 347, 3 5 4 - 5 , .357, 359,
409,426,431,438, 444-5
286, 312, 325, .348, 3.59, 375, 3 7 7 , 364, 377. .386, 390, 4 1 4 - 1 5 , 417, 4 3 1 ,
g o o d , 4, 7-9, 13. 18-20, 22, 2 7 - 9 , 33,
398, 4 0 1 434, 4 3 8 - 4 0 , 442, 448
37, 64, 7.3,87, 9 8 - 9 , 1 0 1 - 2 , 1 1 1 , 133,
fullness, 158, 164, 264, 266, 375, 398, h i e r a r c h y 8, 162, 195, 220, 233, 235,
1.5^1-7, 162, 174, l7(>-8, 18.5-6, 196-7,
417,440 2 4 1 , 2 5 4 - 7 , 259, 269, 271-3, 282, 364,
208. 2 1 0 - 1 3 , 2 1 5 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 - 3 , 2 2 7 - 9 ,
h.mctional specialties, 9, 296, 404, 3 9 1 - 4 , 400, 4 0 8 , 4 4 6
233-6, 243, 245, 253, 261-3. 277-80,
4 1 4 - 1 5 , 4 2 1 . 425, 427-.35, 440, 4 4 2 . h i g h e r v i e w p o i n t , 3 8 9 - 9 2 , .39(5-8, 4 0 0 - 1
282, 2 8 8 - 9 2 , 295, .301, 304, 3 0 9 - 2 3 .
44-1-5 H i l d e b r a n d , D i e t r i c h v o n , 8, 9 8 , 108,
32.5-35, 337. 3.39-51. 3 5 3 - 6 7 . 3 6 9 - 7 5 .
funciions, 31. 67, 144, 256. 2 6 2 - 3 , 2 8 1 - 2 , ! 1 8 - 2 1 , 12.5-6, 138-9, 147, 162, 167,
3 7 7 - 9 , 3 8 1 . 3 8 3 - 6 . 3 8 8 , 393, 395, 3 9 9 ,
316, 3 9 1 , 396, 401 - 2 , 4 1 6 - 1 7 , 444 242, 255, 2 5 7 - 9 , 267, 2S0, 282, .387,
402, 405, 4 0 7 - 1 0 , 413, 4 1 5 - 1 7 . 4 2 1 ,
h m d a m e m a l . 7, 9, 13, 21,^23, 32, 3 7 - 8 , 4 2 8 - 3 0 , 432, 43^1-5, 4 3 7 - 9 . 4 4 1 - 2 . 404
40, 42, 46, 5 6 - 7 , 66, 73, 76, 9 2 , 104, 444,446,448 iiLsLorical, 13, 172, 179, 2(52, 2(5(5,282,
l i o , 210, 213, 215, 219, 2 2 1 - 2 , 2 2 4 - 6 , 318, 320, 329, 332, 3.55, 3.58, 3 7 1 , 378,
goodness, 9, 24, 33, 35, 155, 179,
229, 2 3 2 - 4 , 2 3 7 - 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 3 - 4 , 2 5 7 . 3 9 7 - 9 , 4 0 2 , 4 2 1 . 423. 4 3 1 . 434, 4 3 8 - 9
21 1 - 1 5 , 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 6 6 - 7 , 2 7 8 - 9 , 3 0 4 ,
265, 285, 309, 314, 320, 334, .338, 340, h i s i o r y 3, 2 4 - 5 , 33, 47, (53, 66, 96, 148,
3 1 1 - 1 2 , 3 1 4 - 1 5 , .321. 3 3 1 - 2 , .3.39-40,
34.5-6. 356, 364, 379. 3 8 5 - 7 , .397-8, 155, 163, 2(56, 280, 283, 3 0 1 , 31.2,
3 4 4 - 5 , 3 5 7 - 6 0 , 3 6 2 - 5 , .367-77, 379,
41.3, 416, 4 2 0 . 430. 436, 4 4 1 , 443 3 1 6 , 3 1 8 , .320-3, 3 2 6 - 8 , 330, 3 4 0 , 3(52,
3 8 3 - 4 . 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 9 , 41(>-17, 4 3 7 ,
365, 3 7 1 - 2 , 378, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 4 1 8 - 1 9 ,
4.39, 44 1
G e n d i i n , Eugene, 466 422, 428-.30, 43.3-42, 4 4 4 - 6
g o s p e l , 305
genera, 269, 2 8 2 - 3 , 338, 364, 3 8 7 - 9 5 , h o p e , 9 , 13, 17, 2 1 , 2 6 , 63, 75, 137, 17.5,
grace, 24, 27, . 3 0 - 1 . 3 4 - 5 , 133. 2 6 1 , .395,
397, 3 9 9 - 4 0 1 , 403, 405, 4 0 7 , 4 0 9 , 4 4 6 185, 249, 29(>-7, 314, 398, 4 1 5 , 4 2 1 ,
399, 4 3 1 , 445
g e n u i n e l y 1 9 - 2 0 , 29, 49-.50, 72, 75, 424-5,441,444-5,448
GriFiths, P a u l , 4 3 8 - 9
9 1 , 106, 126, 1.30, 164, 200, 202, 2 1 0 . h o n z o n , 7 - 8 , 1 4 - 1 5 , 1 0 1 - 2 , 113. I l 6 ,
218, 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 , 2 5 0 , 260. 268, 279, 1.54, 1 6 0 - 1 , 163-7, 169, 172-3, 175,
H a h c r m a s , Jrgen, 84, 88, 425
2 8 7 - 8 , 2 9 5 - 6 , 3 13, 336, 372, 385, 4 19. 179-86, 190, 19.5-6, 198-203, 2 0 9 - 1 1,
h a b i t , 73, 174, 198, 2 4 9 , 287, 3 0 4
431, 445 213-14, 216, 2 2 0 - 1 . 224-7, 229,
h a b i t u a l , 20, 114, 170-5, 179, 182, 195,
g e n n i n e n e s s , 344, 4 18-19 2 3 1 - 3 , 23(5-8. 24 i - 2 , 249, 252, 2 5 4 - 5 ,
197, 200, 2 3 7 - 8 , 2 8 7 - 8 , 3 4 2 - 3 , 422
genus, 95, 2 6 0 , 2 8 2 , 3 9 1 - 7 . 4 0 0 - 2 , 4 0 9 2(55 . 2(59 , 2 7 ) , 2 74 - 5 , 283 , 286 , 289,
H a n s o n , N o r w o o d Ru.ssell. 458
gift, 2 1 - 3 , 26, 226, 265, 283, 305, .326, 2 9 1 , 2 9 3 - 6 , 3 0 2 - 3 , 30(5, 310, 3 1 3 - 1 4 ,
H a u g l u o n , R o s e m a r y 2 3 5 - 6 , 432
399, 403 318, 322, .329, 3 4 2 - 3 , 347, .382, 385,
healing, 2 1 , 30, 314. 319, 325, 384
given, 3, 5 - 6 , 17, 2 1 - 2 , 25, 27, 38, 4 1 - 2 , 3 8 7 - 8 . 422, 4.35
h e a n , 38, 4 1, 44, 62, 207, 237, 2 5 0 - 1 ,
.54, 7 8 - 9 , 8 2 , 8 4 - 6 , 8 9 - 9 0 , 105-6, IOS, h u m a n g o o d , s t i i i c t m e of, 4. 2 7 8 - 9 ,
263, 266, 274, 345, 368, .380, 396, 447
1 2 1 , 123-7, 136, 144, 151, 163, 166, 290, 312, 317, 320, 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 1 - 4 ,
Heclo, H u g h , 4 7 6
172, 177, 1 8 1 , 183, 186, 190, 192, 3 3 9 - 4 2 , 3 4 4 - 5 , 3 4 7 - 8 , 3 5 4 - 8 , 360.
H c g c l , G.VV.F, 2 4 3 , 378
194, 196, 2 1 0 , 2 2 1 , 232, 236, 245, 4 0 7 - 8 , 410, 437, 444
H e i d e g g e r , . M a r u n , 68, 127, 134, 237,
2 5 1 , 266, 2 7 1 - 2 , 2 7 6 - 7 , 3 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 1 , H u m e . D a v i d , 38. 3(i9
378
 498 Index
i d e n t i U c a i i o n , M, 210, 279, 285, 364,
3 6 6 - 7 , 37(1, 373, 378, 388, 393, 408,
410,417
i d e n i i i y , 54, 7 7 - 8 , 80, 1 9 7 . 2 1 3 , 2 6 2 ,
264, 267, 288, 3 0 0 - 1 , 3 2 1 , 34 1, 348,
3.50, 373, .396
I g n a i i a n , 23, 26, 2 9 - 3 4 , 305
I g n a i i u s o r L o y o l a , 5, 1.3-14, 20, 2.3-32.
3 4 - 5 , 2 2 1 , 223, 283, .303-6
i m a g e . 126, 140-2, 149, 152, 158, 185,
237, 2r>0, .300, 389
i n i a g i n a i i o n , 25, 4 3 - 5 , 5 2 - 3 , 67, 85,
144-5, 149, 183, 280, 408
i m a g i n i n g , 4 1 - 8 , 55, 7 7 - 8 , 9 0 - 1 , 97. 121
i m m a n e n c c , 57, 276
i m m a n e n t , 5 7 - 8 , 7 1 , 8 0 , 209, 254, 264,
276, 296, .336, 4 1 4 , 4 2 1 , 4.36
i m m e d i a c y 78-9, 85-6, 2 I 7
i n n n e c l i a i e . 25, 6 f i - 7 , 70, 72, 79, 84,
8 6 - 7 . 1 0 0 - 1 . 1 0 3 - 4 , 1 19, 123, 139,
184, 212, 217, 230, 280. 315, 32.3,
.381,4 17, 433
i n a u i h e n i i c , 56, 1 12, 202, 228, 3 1 4 - 1 5 ,
32 L .398
i n a u i h e n i i c i t y 65, 2 2 8 , 2 8 2 , 314, 321
i n c l i n a i i o n , 1 19, 1 73
i n d i v i d u a l , 8, 22, 24, 63, 6.5-6, 101, 157,
160, 16.5-6, 1 8 1 - 2 , 199, 217, 233, 2.52,
2 5 4 - 6 , 2 6 1 , 277, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , 283, 300,
3 1 1 - 1 8 , 320, 3 4 1 . 3 4 3 , 346, 3 4 8 - 9 ,
3 5 1 , 3 5 4 - 6 , 358, 3 7 8 - 9 , .381-2, 387,
397, 4 0 1 , 405. 4 2 1 , 438, 440
inc]uii-y 4, 32, 35, 3 8 - 4 2 . 4 6 - 7 , 49, 5^1-5,
5 7 - 6 1 , 6 4 - 8 , 73, 7 7 - 8 3 , 8 6 - 9 1 , 9 6 - 7 ,
9 8 - 9 , 100, 102-3. 109, I I 1-12, 114,
1 1 6 - 1 7 , 126, 142, 147, 1.55, 177, 161,
196. 2 0 1 - 2 , 2 1 3 - 1 4 , 217, 225, 273,
28.5-6, 294, 300. 3 4 0 , 3 5 5 , 368, 385,
408, 429, 443
his/glil ( L o n e r g a n ) , 3, 9, 29, 3 1, 33,
34, 37, 3 8 - 9 . 4 7 - 8 , 5 2 , 74, 76, 79,
8 7 , 89, 9 1 , 9 5 - 6 , 103, 106, 108, 118,
139-40, 2 1 1 , 245, 263, 300, 309. 3 1 1 ,
323, 337, 339. 342, 3,58, 3fi5, .368-70.
3 7 2 - 4 . 376, 378, 3 8 8 , 390, 39.3-^1.
' -41.5-21,42
nsighl, 4, 23, 25, 27, 3 0 - 1 , 37, 40,
4(1-60, 65, 69, 7 1, 73, 76, 7 9 - 8 3 .
8 7 - 9 1 , 9 7 , 100-1(5, 123, 129, 139-19,
155, 157-8, 1 6 1 , 164, 1(56-7, 169,
171-3, 175, 178, 180, 183-4, 190. 192,
197, 199-200, 202, 2 0 8 , 218, 220,
223. 229. 2.39, 2 4 6 - 7 , 2 7 4 - 6 , 282, 28fi.
291 - 3 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 1 . 3 0 6 , 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 313.
31.5-17, 319, 3 2 1 , 323, .325, 3 3 6 - 8 .
34.5-50, 3 5 3 - 4 , 362, 367, 373, 37(i.
378, 3 8 1 - 2 , .389-92, 4 0 8 , 414, 419.
4 2 2 - 3 , 426, 429, 4 3 3 , 4 3 6 , 447
i n s t i t u t i o n , 179, 194, 2 7 9 - 8 0 , 293, 310.
31(5-17, 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 327, 329, ,347, .3.50-1.
3 6 1 , .381, 398
i n t e g r a l , 3 3 3 - 4 , .338-9, 415
i n t e g r a t i o n , 310. 339, 384
i n i e l l e c t u a l , 24, 35, 40, 42, 45, 55, 67,
(59-70,92, 134, 142, 147, 152-3, 1.58,
181, 188, 193. 19(5, 2 0 2 , 2 1 1 , 22ri-7,
2 3 1 , 2 3 4 , 236, 2 5 7 - 9 , 332, 339, 3 4 4 .
3 5 1 . 3.58, 368, 379, 4 3 1 , 4 3 6 - 7
i n t e l l i g e n c e , 2 ! , 4 6 - 9 , 55. 58-(52, 64,
(5(5, 72, 83, 98, 100, 1 0 3 - 4 , 1 16, 1.30,
145-7, 155, 1 7 1 - 2 , 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 1 7 ,
2 6 3 - 4 . 267, 273, 278, 313, 319, 3.34.
33(5-7, 37.3-6, 378, 404, 429, 445
i n i e l l i g i b l e , 29, 4 8 - 5 6 , 60, (59 , 7 1 - 2 ,
78, 86, 103-5, 1 0 7 - 1 1 , 1 4 0 - 2 , 145,
149, 157, 169,192-3, 211,220, 22.3.
239, 245, 2(52, 267, 279, 289, 2 9 1 - 4 .
3 1 6 - 1 7 , 320, 3 2 4 - 5 , 333, 33.5-6, 338.
345-6, 348-9, 3 5 1 , 356, 361-4, 360-7.
3 6 9 - 7 4 , 3 7 6 - 8 4 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 1 , 393, 39.5-6.
4 0 1 - 2 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 4.39
i n i e n u o n a l i i y 4, 6 - 9 , 1 5 - 1 7 . 79-80,
8 7 , 9 . 5 - 1 0 3 , 105, 107, 109-18, 12.5.
1 3 0 - 2 , 1 3 6 - 9 , 142, 147, 151, 169-70.
1 9 3 - 4 . 197, 199, 2 0 1 , 210, 214, 218,
2 2 1 . 226. 2 2 8 - 9 , 239, 242, 2(54, 2 7 3 - 4 ,
2 8 5 - 3 0 0 . 3 0 2 - 6 , .309-10, 313, 315.
3 1 7 - 2 1 , 323. 3 2 7 - 8 , 330, 33.3-4, 3 3 9 -
4 2 , 3 4 4 - 9 , 352, 3.54-9, 3 6 1 , 3 6 8 - 7 0 ,
3 7 3 , 37.5-6, .384-6, .388, 4 1 3 - 1 6 , 422,
424-5, 427-31, 433-4, 436, 438-40,
443-4, 447-8
i n i e r c s i s , 14 , 45 , 65, (59 . 8 2 . 100-2, 126,
181,278,362
i n t e r p e r s o n a l . 103, i 15, 2 3 7 . 2(54, 315,
3 1 7 , 349, .3.52, 408, 4 1 6
i n i e r p r e t a t i o n , 96, 148, 1 9 9 , 2 2 2 , 404,
4 0 9 , 4 19, 42(5-30, 4 3 3 - 6 . 439, 44 1-2,
445
i n t r i n s i c , 36, 42, 9 7 , I 13, 1 17, 193, 219.
222, .304, 31 I . 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 3 2 3 , 3.54, .3(55,
3(59- 7 1 , 37 7, 3 8 8, 4 1 6 , 42 9 , 4 36, 4 4 5
invai'iance, 333, 337, 3545
i n v a r i a n t , 4. 8. 260, 273, 2 9 5 . 312, .329,
3 3 1 , 3 3 3 - 4 , 3 3 7 - 9 . 343, 35.5-7, 40(5-7,
409-10
i . s o m o r p h i s m , 3 3 4 - 6 , 355, 4 0 3 - 4 , 407
J a c o b s , j a n e , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 5 7 - 9 , 178, 180
J e s u i i . 13, 3 0 - 1 , 266
jess. 2 1 , 3 1
udgmeni ( j u d g i n g ) . 13,28,33.41,
4 9 _ 5 8 , m, 7 1 , 73, 7 7 - 8 2 . 88. 9 7 - 8 ,
100, 105, 109, 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 16, 126, 149.
156, 169, 188-9. 196, 2 0 8 - 9 , 212, 216,
219, 2 2 1 , 2 3 1 , 239, 2 4 2 - 3 . 248, 2 7 0 - 1 .
2 7 3 , 276, 285, 289, 2 9 1 , 3 0 0 - 1 , 3 1 1 .
3 1 7 , 3 3 5 - 8 , 343, 346, 3 4 9 , 3 5 5 - 6 , 363,
377, 382, 400, 403. 4 2 2 , 429, 442; o."
c o m p a r a t i v e valu, 180, 276, 325; o'
Iact, 7(5, 106, 1 14, 1 4 5 - 6 , 1 7 0 - 1 , 17(5,
190. 228. 2 3 1 , 3 0 1 , 3 3 6 , 345; o f valu.
7, 37, 107-8. 111, I 1 5 - 1 6 . 146, 174,
177-S. 186, 188, 190, 193, 199-200,
225, 2 3 1 , 238, 276, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 3 0 1 , 319,
345,364, 366-7, 371,377
liuU'x 499
j u s u c e , 17, 175, 188. 190, 1 9 3 , 2 3 0 , 2 5 2 ,
262,354
j u s u F i c a d o n , 133, 159, 2(53, 3 1 2 , 328.
3 3 1 , 333, 355, 387, 3 9 4 , 4 2 5
K a n t , I m m a n u e l . 33, 57, (56, 119. 272,
2 8 6 , 290, 314, 344, 36(5-8, 4 2 0 - 1
Kekul, A u g u s i , 4 7
K i n g , jr., .Mariin l . u t h e r , 3 5 9 - 6 0
Kinser, lU, 4(54
K l e i n m a n , .\'eil, 464
k n o w e r , (5. 3 2 - 3 , 56, 74, 7(5-8, 8 2 - 3 ,
8 9 - 9 2 , 225, 297, 304, 4 1 6 . 423
k n o w i n g , 3 - 7 , 9, 16, 2 8 - 9 , 3 1 - 9 , 4 1 - 3 ,
45, 4 7 - 5 3 . 5.5-7. .59-63, 6 5 - 9 , 7 1 - 9 ,
S 3 - 4 . 8 7 , 9 0 - 2 , 9 5 - 7 , 9 9 - 1 0 3 , 105,
1 1 4 - 1 6 , 123, 130, 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 1 8 2 , 184,
190, 207, 2 1 1 - 1 3 , 217, 219, 2 2 6 - 7 ,
2 3 7 - 8 , 260, 2(58, 2 7 3 - 4 , 285, 2 9 0 - 1 ,
2 9 4 - 7 . 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 - 4 , 306, 310,
.333-7, 339, 369, 380, 3 8 6 , 4 1 5 - 1 6 ,
4 1 8 - 2 1 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 437, 444
k n o w l e d g e , .5-7. 13, 1(5-17, 1 9 , 2 1 - 2 ,
2 ^ 6 , 2 8 - 9 , 3 3 - 4 0 , 48, 5 6 - 8 , 6 0 - 2 ,
65, 69, 7 1 - 3 , 75, 7 7 - 8 , 8 4 , 87, 9 5 - 6 ,
9 9 - 1 0 3 , 10(5, 108-9, 112-1.5,117, I32-.3,
141-2, 149-50, 155-6, 162, 170-2,
175, 177. 179, 182-3, 19-1-5, 198, 203,
2 0 7 - 8 , 211 - 1 2 , 2 1 5 - 1 6 , 2 1 9 - 2 0 , 225,
2 2 7 - 8 , 2 3 3 - 5 . 2 5 1 , 266, 272, 274, 276,
278, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 2 9 4 - 6 , 2 9 8 - 3 0 4 , 309,
3 1 3 , 323, 334 , 339 , 34 1, 366 , 3(59-70,
3 8 0 M 0 4 , 413, 4 1 5 - 1 8 . 442, 444, 4 4 7 - 8
law, 188, 2 3 1 , 288, 2 9 0 - 3 . 320, 3(5.5-6,
3(58, 420
L a w r e n c e , F r e d . x\
l e a r n i n g , 16, 30, .34, 4 5 , 9 0 , 1 0 0 , 107,
154, 158, 1 6 L 182, 214, 216, 274,
.332, 346, 432
level, 3.3-4, 39, 4 5 - 6 , 9 5 , 108, 126-7,
1 3 0 - 1 , 145, 229, 2 3 6 , 2 5 6 - 8 , 2 6 0 - 1 ,
 500 Index
2 6 9 - 7 1 . 2 7 4 , 2 7 7 - 9 . 3 2 3 - 4 , 329, 3 3 5 ,
345, 3 5 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 8 8 , 3 9 2 - 5 , 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 ,
4 0 2 - 6 . 4 0 8 - 1 0 , 419, 42S-.30, 432,
436-7
liberiy, 317, 34 1, 3 4 4 - 5 , 356
life, 16, 2 1 , 23, 2 5 , 29, 3 1 , 3 7 , 48, 76,
97, 100, 108, 130. 138, 145, 148, 152,
157-8, 163, 1 6 5 - 7 , 174, 176, 1 7 8 - 8 0 ,
184. 195, 202, 210. 2 2 1 , 224, 2 2 8 - 9 ,
2 3 1 . 233, 2 3 5 - 6 . 243. 245, 2.50, 2 5 2 - 3 ,
260, 263, 268, 274, 278, 283, 288,
292, 2 9 7 - 8 . 3 0 1 , 3 1 2 - 1 5 , 3 1 8 - 2 1 ,
3 2 4 - 5 , 3 2 7 - 9 , 3 3 1 , .341-2, 346, .3.56,
363, 3 7 8 - 9 . 3 8 5 , 390. 406, 423, 4 3 8
l i v i n g , 7, 13, l f T - 1 7 , 3 1 - 3 , 37, 4 9 , 6 1 , 6 5 ,
6 7 , 9 7 - 8 , 100, 108, 1 3 1 - 2 , 135, 202,
220, 226, 2 3 0 - 1 , 233, 239, 244, 2 4 8 ,
256, 2.58, 2 6 1 - 3 , 278, 288, 292. 303,
312, 314, 317, 3 2 0 - 1 , 342, 3 4 4 - 5 , 349,
367, 378, 4 0 1 - 2 , 408, 418. 4.34. 4 3 6 ,
443, 446
L o n e r g a n . B e r n a r d , 3 - 9 , 13-14, 17,
20, 25, 2 9 - 4 3 , 4 5 - 8 0 . 8 2 - 7 , 89,
9 1 - 2 , 9 5 - 1 0 2 , 10.5-6, 108. 1 1 0 - 1 1 ,
113-15, 1 1 8 - 2 1 . 123, 125-8. 13:5-4,
1 3 6 - 4 1 , 1 4 3 - 8 , 162-3, 167-8, 1 7 0 - 1 ,
1 8 0 - 1 , 196, 2 0 0 , 2 0 7 - 8 . 21(t-16,
2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 1 - 8 . 2 3 0 , 2 3 2 - 4 . 2.36-7,
2 4 2 - 3 , 245, 2.54-9, 2 6 1 - 5 , 2 6 7 - 7 4 ,
2 7 8 - 8 6 , 289, 2 9 5 - 6 . 298, .300, 303,
305, .309, 31 1-13, 3 1 5 - 1 8 , 3 2 0 - 4 ,
328-9, 331-44, 346-8,351,354-79,
3 8 1 - 2 . 384, 3 8 7 - 9 5 , 3 9 7 , 3 9 9 - 4 1 0 ,
4 I 3 - 2 3 , 4 2 5 - 8 . 4 3 0 - 4 7 . Sei- also De
Redenipnone: Insighi; MellK)d in
Tlieolgy: V e r b u m
love. 8, 1 9 - 2 1 , 2 4 - 6 , 2 6 - 8 , 32. 34,
L 3 6 - 7 , 157, 160, 16.3, 1 7 3 , 2 0 2 , 2 1 0 ,
216, 2 1 8 - 2 7 , 2 2 0 - 1 , 229, 232, 2 3 5 - 6 ,
238-9, 241, 249-52,254,260, 264-9,
2 7 1 . 283, 2 9 5 - 6 , 3 0 2 - 3 , .305-6, 3 1 3 - 1 4 ,
3 1 7 - 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 3 4 0 , 3 4 3 - 4 , 3.50-1, 354,
hide.\!
3 7 2 - 7 , . 3 8 0 - 1 , .383-7, 3 9 8 - 9 . 400, 4 0 3 . 286. 289, 2 9 1 - 6 . 303, 30.5-6. 309.
M o r e l l i , M a r k , 87
408, 4 17, 4 2 7 , 4 2 9 - 3 0 , 4 3 8 - 9 , 4 4 1 , 3 1 2 - 1 3 , 3 2 1 , 329, 332, 34.3-4, 353,
Moses, R o b e n , 1 5 7 - 9
443, 445, 447 358, 372. 38.5-7, 4 1 3 - 1 4 , 439. 443.
m o v e m e n t , 13, 9 6 . 9 8 , 112. 1 19, 122,
446
154, 1 5 6 - 7 , 193, 2 2 1 , 2 3 7 - 8 , 250,
M a c l n i y r e , Alasdair, 425 n o r m a t i v i t y 6, 56, 6 9 , 103, 112, 209.
279, 305, 32.3-4, 326, 359, .399, 419,
Madiew.s. VVilliam, 453 238, 247, 252, 2 8 1 - 2 8 2 , 305, 313.
429-31,441
m e a n i n g , 8. 16, 26, 37, 4 4 - 5 , 56, 79, 8 1 . 320, 342-.343, 386, 4 2 4 , 4 2 6 - 4 2 7 , 436,
M i n n i o n , VVilliam, 4f>-17
8 9 , 9 9 , 137, 177. 1 9 2 , 2 1 3 , 225, 2 2 7 . 441,445
M u r r a y Elizabeth, 2 7 8 - 9
2.30, 262, 26.5-6, 286, 293, 295, 298, noon, .5-8, 14. 17. 20, 29, 3 3 - 5 , 57,
300, 303, 313, 315, 3 2 7 - 9 , 3 3 1 - 2 , 335. . 5 9 , 6 5 . 6 7 - 7 1 , 7 9 , 8 4 . 9 5 , 110, 127,
n a r r a d v e , 47, 176, 190, 313, .322. 437
3 4 4 - 6 , 3 5 1 - 3 , 364, 3 7 ! , 383. 413, 1 3 3 - 3 4 . 146, 2 0 7 , 2 1 1 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 - 7 , 2 2 9 .
iiaun-e. 17, 20. 24, 3 0 , 38, 46. 4 8 - 9 . 8 1 ,
4 2 2 - 3 , 430, 432, 436, 4 3 8 - 9 , 444 232, 236, 2.38, 2 4 1 , 244, 254, 26.3-5,
120. 167, 179, 199, 228, 2.30, 243,
M e l c h i n , K e n n e t h , 4 19-20 2 7 4 - 5 . 279. 28.5-8, 290, 2 9 4 - 7 , 300,
250, 286, 3 1 1 , 3 3 5 , 338, 3 4 1 . .355,
m e m o n e s , 16. 2 1 , 43, 8.5-6, 127-9, 1 3 1 , .302-6, 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 8 , .339-40,
359, 366-8, 376, 3 7 8 - 9 , 39'l-5. 420
14-1-5. 1 5 1 - 2 , 159. 166-7, 1 7 5 , 1 9 2 . 3 4 3 - 4 , 3.58-3,59, .361, .363-5, 367,
needs, 29, .56, 8 1 , 1 0 1 - 2 , 111, 118,
202, 2 4 6 - 7 , 275 3(59, 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 - 5 , 3 7 7 . 379, 3 8 1 . 383,
121-2, 147, 166, 220, 2.59, 27 L
m e m o i y 2 5 , 4 3 - 5 , 5 2 - 3 , 67, 8 5 . 1 4 4 - 5 3 8 5 - 9 , 395, 3 9 7 , 4 0 0 - 1 , 403, 4 0 7 ,
2 7 9 - 8 0 , 2 9 1 - 2 , 2 9 9 , .306, 312, 31(>-17,
melaphysics, 3, 5. 9, 9 5 , 3 3 2 - 5 , 339, 4L5-17, 426-7, 429-30, 439,444,
319, .324-5, 329, .33!, 348, 3 5 3 - 4 , 356.
358, 369. .390, 392, 40f>-7, 4 1.5-17, 447; o f b e i n g , 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 - 1 8 , 222. 374.
3.59, 368. 3 7 6 , 4 0 5 . 4 0 9
4 1 9 , 4 2 5 , 444 3 7 7 , 4 1 6 - 1 7 ; o f v a l n e , 7 - 8 , 9.5, 133,
n e r v e , 45, 122-3, 12(5-9, 13!
m e i h o d , 3 - 5 , 8 - 9 , 13. 1 7 , 3 4 , 4 8 , 7 6 . 9 6 , 2 1 1 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 - 5 , 2 2 7 , 229, 232, 236,
n e r v o u s , 45, 8 2 , 122-.3. 1 2 7 - 3 L 134.
1 18-19, 136. 207. 2.59, 296, 304, 317. 238, 24 1, 2.54, 2 6 3 - 5 , 2 7 4 - 5 , 279, 286,
1(50, 347
329, 3 3 3 - 4 . 339, 3 4 2 , 355. 358, 370. 296, 300, 3 0 2 - 6 , 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , 328,
n e u r a l , 45, 111, 1 2 1 - 3 , 126-32. 1 5 3 , 2 3 7
386, 388, 390, 394, 404, 4 1 1 , 4 1 3 - 4 8 3 3 9 - 4 0 , 3 4 3 - 4 . 3 5 8 , 364, 374, 377.
n e u i o p h y s i o l o g ) ' , 4 5 , 1 3 1 , 238
Method in Theolog\, 3, 13, 383, 3 8 6 - 7 , 397, 4 I 6, 42(5-7, 4 2 9 - 3 0 ,
iVewnian, J o h n H e n r y , 33, 413
34, 118, 1.36. 2 0 7 . 259, 317, 333, 3 4 2 . 4 3 9 , 444, 447
N e w t o n , Isaac, 4 2 , 64
394, 404, 415, 42,5-6, 428, 4 3 2 - 4 , 444 Nn.ssbatnn, M a i ' i h a , '125
Niiomachean Ethics, A r f s i o i l e ' s , 20, 287
Miller. jerome, 456
N i e t z s c h e , K r i e d n c h , 8 6 , 222, 253, 258.
m i n d , 7, 27, .30, 4 9 - 5 0 , 52, 57. 66, 79. o b j e c t . 27, 48, 5 7 . 6 2 , 7 9 - 8 L 1 1 9 - 2 1 ,
2 6 0 . .300
107, 125. 139, 156, 1 8 1 , 235, 237, 125, 134, 1 3 8 - ' I 4 , 1'17, 149, 1 5 1 - 4 ,
n i h i l i s m , .321, .384, 445
2 4 9 - 5 1 , 253, 2 6 1 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 6 , 3 1 5 - 1 6 , L56, 158-60. 165, 167. 174, 192-3.
n i b i l i s t i c , 228
332, 338, 356, 3 6 6 , .394, 404, 413. ,^217, 2 1 9 - 2 0 , 2 3 9 , 2 5 3 , 3 0 1 , 318, 3 2 3 ,
HO'w/, 48, 80, 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 , 1.38. 140, 143
4 I 7. 425, 437 340, 348, 3.55, 3 6 1 , 377, 418, 435
noeinaiic. 4 8 - 9 , 7 1 , 8 0 - 2 , 1 2 1 - 6 , 1 3 6 ,
m o o d , 134-5, 1 5 4 - 5 , 237. 239. 377
1 3 8 -40, 1 4 2 - 5 . 147, 155. 157, 1 9 2 - 3 . objecve, 6 - 8 , 16. 1 9 - 2 0 . 24, .3'!-8.
M o o r e , G. E., 38, 3 6 9 4 1 - 3 , 5 6 - 6 0 , 6 5 - 7 , 7 3 . 7 6 - 7 , 8.3. 100,
2 0 1 , 3 0 1 , 3.3.5-6
m o r a l , 6, 13, 22, 2 4 , 3 7 - 8 , 66, 92, 9 9 , 109, 113, 116. 1 2 5 - 6 , 1 3 0 - 1 , 1 3 9 - 4 2 ,
noesis, 4 8 , 7 9 - 8 0 , 1 2 4 , 138, 143
104, 114, 144, 146, 179, 196, 21.3-14. 150, L59, 170, 174, 181, 188, 197-203,
f//r. 48, 8 0 - 3 , 87. 9 0 , 121-2. 124-6,
2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 3 7 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 - 2 , 2 5 6 - 9 , 264. 2 0 7 - 9 , 2 ! 1.21.3, 216, 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 2 - 4 ,
1 3 9 -40, 143, 145, 155, 192, 335-6, 386
266, 2 6 8 - 7 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 - 8 0 , 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 2 3 1 - 6 , 2 3 8 - 4 2 , 2 5 1 - 2 , 2 5 4 - 5 , 2.59.
normave, 8, 6 5 , 6 8 . 9 0 , 102, 108, 113,
296, 303, 309, 327, 329, 344, .3.52. 2 6 5 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 3 - 4 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 1 - 2 , 2H4-5,
132, 182, 197, 2 0 1 , 203, 209, 224,
363, 3 6 6 - 7 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 9 7 - 8 , 403. 1 H l . 2 8 8 - 9 0 , 2 9 4 - 6 . 3 0 1 , 3 0 : ^ 5 , 3 0 9 - 1 1.
2 2 6 , 2 3 2 - 4 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 2 , 248. 2 5 2 - 5 .
4 3 1 , 43.5-7, 4 4 1 , 4 4 4 3 1 3 - 1 4 , .332. 3.35, 3 3 9 - 4 2 , 345. 3(i(i-7.
2.57-9, 269, 273. 2 7 5 , 277, 2 8 1 , 2 8 3 , .
 502 Index
370, ,372, 3S2, 3S5, 3 S 7 - 9 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 3 - 7 ,
3 9 9 - 4 0 1 , 403, 405, 407. 409. 418.
4 2 0 , 4 2 4 - 9 . 4 3 1 , 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 - 6 , 439, 442,
444, 44(3-7
objecuvely, 7, 28, 8 5 , 9 1 , 109, 116, 150,
153. 169, 177. 207. 209, 21 1-12, 2.30,
239, 2 6 4 - 5 , 273. 276, 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 293,
296, 310, 313, 3 3 2 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 1 , 344
objecviiy (3-8. 3(3-9, 4 1 , 43, 45, 47, 49,
5 1 , 53, 5 5 - 7 , 5 9 - 6 1 , 63. 6 5 - 9 , 7 1 , 73,
7 6 , 9 1 - 2 , 102, 1 2 5 - 6 , 139, 1 4 1 , 148-9,
159-60, 167-8, 1 7 0 - 1 , 1.82, 198-200,
2 0 7 - 1 1 . 2 1 3 - 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 219, 2 2 1 - 3 .
2 2 5 - 7 , 229, 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 - 5 , 2 3 7 - 4 1 , 274,
2 8 0 - 1 , 295, .304, .309, 387, 4 16, 4 3 5 - 7 ,
439,443,446
o b l i g a t i o n , 22, 104, 19-1-5, 2 9 0 , 4 1 5
o b l i g a t o r y 10.5-6, 1 0 9 - 1 0 , 113, 147,
169, (83, 273, 27(3, 3 0 1 , 419
occm-, 4 , 27, .30, 34, 4 1, 4 4 - 5 , 47, (33, 65,
73, 80. 90, 97, 1 0 2 - 3 , l0.5-(3, 108, 1 12,
124, 126-7, 1 2 9 - 3 0 , 134, 138, 144-5,
148, 150, 152, 160, 176, 181-2, 186,
210, 229, 244, 2,52. 263, 272, 27,5-6,
314, 3 1 9 - 2 0 , 324, 336, .351-2, 3.55,
379, 3 9 0 - 1 , .394-5, 419, 422, 443
oneself, 16, 18, 22, 3 1 , 33, .5.5-6. 75,
77, 83, 8 9 - 9 2 , l l l , 113, 130, 134,
14(3, 152-3, 155. 169, 195, 225, 227,
2 2 9 - 3 1 , 235. 239, 2.56, 2(33, 2 8 1 , 288,
2 9 1 , 294, 2 9 7 - 3 0 0 , .302-4, 306, 314,
353, 365, 380, .397, 4 3 0 , 4 4 0 - 1 , 447
o n t o l o g i c a l , 66, 1.39, 2 5 7 - 8 , 337, 3.58.
446
o i u o l o g ) ' , 290, 3 5 8 - 9 , 3 6 1 , 363, 365,
367. 369, 3 7 1 , 373, 375. 377, 379,
3 8 1 , .383, .385
o p r a l e , 169, 200, 2 4 5 , 248, 269, .302-4,
318, 352, 386. .39.1, 404, 406, 414,
429,434
o p e r a d o n , 317, 345, 3 4 7 - 8 , 389. 418
o r d o , 220, 253
orieniaon, 18, 26, 28, 35, 5 1 , 88, I 13,
129, 161, 166, 183, 193, 2 2 1 , 248,
253, 278, 283, .304. 3 1 3 - 1 4 , 317, 329.
3 4 1 - 4 , . 3 4 ( w , .356
o r i g i n a i i n g , 22. 5 1 , 196, 229, 302.
3 4 1 - 4 , .352, 369, .381, .398, 4 0 8 - 9 , 440
passion. 64. 1 19, 1 5 9 - 6 0 , 249
pa.ssionai.c, 1 28, 159
P a u l , Saint, 5, 1 3 - 1 4 , 2 0 - 3 , 35, 86. 197,
2 2 1 , 30.3-6, 426, 4 3 8
peace, 26, 44, 1.34, 14.5-6, 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 227
p e r c e p i i o n , 14, 2 7 , 3 5 , (36, 143-4, 149,
417
p e r f e c t i b i l i i y 317, 3 4 5 . 347
p e r f o r m . 25, 3 2 - 3 . 4 I.. 55. (38, 7 7 - 8 0 ,
83, 85, 8 9 - 9 1 , 97, 112, 117, 122, 162,
197, 225, 2(33, 267, 2 7 0 - 1 , 286, 2 8 8 - 9 .
297, 3 0 0 - 2 , 316, 320. 34 1. 350, .384.
.389, .396, 428
p e r f o r m a n c e , 15, 3 3 , 5 6 - 7 . 59, 7 1 - 2 ,
77. 80, 83, 87, 100. 1 17, 128. 1 3 0 - 1 ,
133, 1.53, 195, 2 1 1 , 2 8 6 - 8 , 303, 310,
31.5-16, 319, 4 1 4 . 4 1 8 . 427, 436
per-son, 4, 7-8, 15, 18, 2 0 - 8 , 32, 3 4 - 5 ,
49, 5 1, 5,3-54. 6.5-7, 73, 75, 83, 85,
9 1 , 1 0 0 - 1 , 107, 1 10, 114-15, 120,
125, 12S, 132-4, 139, 144-6, 149-.50,
152, 15-1-5, 160-9, 175, 180, 187,
191, 193-4. 196, 2 0 2 - 3 , 2 0 9 - 1 1 , 222,
2 2 7 - 8 , 2.30-3. 2.35, 238, 240, 2 5 4 - 5 ,
2 5 7 , 260, 262, 2 6 4 - 7 0 , 274, 2 7 8 - 9 .
283. 28(3-91, 295, 2 9 7 , 3 0 1 - 2 , .305-(,
.309, 3 1 2 - 1 5 , 3 2 1 - 2 , 325, 3 4 2 - 3 ,
3 4 6 - 5 3 , 380, 385, 3 8 7 - 8 , 393, 3 9 7 - 8 .
403, 405, 413, 423, 426, 4 3 1 - 3 , 4 3 6 - 7 .
440, -143, 445
p e r s o n a l , 6 - 7 , 15. 2 0 , 2 9 . 5 4 , 89, 1-14.
1(32, 165, 174, 178, 1 9 4 - 5 , 219, 227,
2 2 9 - 3 2 , 235, 242, 2 4 7 - 8 , 255, 2 5 8 - 6 0 .
2 6 2 - 4 , 2 6 6 - 7 1 , 2 7 7 - 9 , 2 8 1 , 289. 292,
295, .300, 302, 304, 3 1 2 - 1 3 . 3 1 7 - 1 8 ,
Index .503
p o s s i b i l i t y 7, 40, 42, 5 0 . 56, 6)4, 73, 78,
320, 327, 329, 343, 3 4 9 - 5 4 , 356, 360,
104, 106, 108, 1 2 1 , 142, 147, 1.50,
380, 388, 394, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 6 - 9 ,
162. 1 8 ! , 2 0 2 - 3 , 207. 2 ! I , 220, 2(38,
422, 424. 42r>-7, 4 3 3 - 4 , 437, 4 3 9 - 4 0 ,
3 1 1 , 314, 327, 3 3 7 - 9 , 3.53, 355, 365,
-L-12-3, 446
380, 384, 389, ,391. 3 9 3 , 4 0 0 , 405,
p e r s o n h o o d , 230, 2(35 , 2 6 7 - 8 , 270, 325,
420, 435, 446
3 4 1 - 2 , ,351-2, .390
p o i e n c y 18, 20, 245, 3 2 8 , 3 3 3 - 8 , 363,
p e i - l i n e n c e . 107, 175, 177, 180, 184,
406-7,409
2 0 1 , 233, 238, 2 4 4 , 2 7 5 , 289
pr'acucal, 2 1 - 2 , .30, 9 7 - 8 , 100, 102-(3,
p e i - l i n e n t , 7, 5 4 - 6 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 65, 67. 73,
l l l , 116, 128, 1(39, 1 7 1 , 1 9 7 , 2 1 8 ,
78,90,100,10(3-9, 1 1 3 , 1 4 0 - 1 , 1.50,
2 2 9 , 239, 250, 267, 2 7 3 , 283, 300,
1 7 0 - 1 . 17-1-5, 177, 1 7 9 - 8 3 , 186,
305, .309-10, 3 1 5 - 1 6. 3 19, 323, 325,
1 8 8 - 9 2 . 194-6, 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 , 208, 2 1 1 ,
34.5-9, 3.54, 362, 3(36-7, 376, 422
2 1 4 , 21 7, 2.38, 2 4 0 , 2 4 6 - 7 , 2(34, 27.5-7,
pr-acce, 1 8 , 6 2 , 188, 1 9 0 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 2 1 6 ,
2 8 1 , 2 9 1 - 2 , 2 9 4 - 5 , 2 9 9 , 304, 313, .322,
232, 2 4 8 - 9 , 2 5 1 , 2 8 9 , 304, 329, .397,
.329, 376, 383. 38.5-6. 402, 4 2 2 - 3
414, 436, -145, 447
p b a n i a s m , 140-1
p h e r r o n i e n a , 5, 14, 4 1, 180, 200, pi'ayer-, 128, 283
2 1 0 , 234, 242, 2 5 3 , 2 5 6 . 3 0 3 , 309, p r e c e p i s . .38, 9 7 , 4 2 0 - 1 , 4 3 6 ;
t r a n s c e n d e n t a l . 9 5 , 9 7 , 21 1-18, 222,
353.375
225, 227, 2 7 4 - 5 , 3 4 3 , 3 6 4 , 375, 413,
p h c r - i o r n e n o l o g i c a l . 3-1, 48, 121, 12,5-6,
444
140, 150, 160, 193, 2 4 5
pr-eference, 8 - 9 . 42, 1(32-3, 186, 197,
p h i l o s o p h i c a l , -1-5, 9, 1 8 - 1 9 . 26, 3 0 - 1 ,
222, 2 3 1 - 4 . 238, 24 1-8. 2 5 2 - 5 , 257,
.59-60, (36, 7 8 - 9 , 9 1 - 2 , I 10, 1.39, 2(34,
2 5 9 - 6 ! , 263, 2 6 8 - 7 5 . 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 0 - 3 .
280-1,321,407,41.5-16,438
285, 2 9 1 - 2 , 296, .303, 3 0 5 - 6 , 3 1 2 - 1 3 ,
p h i l o s o p h y 3 - 5 , 17, 20. 25, 30, .34, .38,
3 2 5 , 329, 332, 343, 3 5 8 , 3 8 5 - 9 , 3 9 3 - 4 ,
47, 50, (32, 7 1 - 2 . 84 , 8 6 - 7 , 9 1 , 2 0 7 ,
2 4 4 , 256, 283, 286, 3 7 8 , 416 4 0 0 . 403, '105, 4 0 7 - 1 0 . 42(3. 4.39,
plrr'onesis, 288 444,446
physicaL 24, 45, 1 1 1 - 1 2 , 12,3-4. 132, p r e j u d i c e . (34-5, 67. 172, 175-6, 23.5-6,
152, 154, 173, 1 8 8 - 9 , 194, 1 9 6 , 2 3 0 - 1 , 280,320
241, 2(37-8, 295, 3 2 2 - 5 , 3 2 7 - 8 , 347, presence, 8, 2 2 - 3 , 34, 40, 45, 73, 152.
3 6 3 , 380, 388, 3 9 2 - 4 , 4 0 0 , 402 2 2 1 , 2 4 2 , 4 3 6 , 446
physics, 131, 379, .381, 390, 392 p r i m o r d i a l , 4 0 - 1 , 63, 70, 8 0 - 1 , 112,
p h y s i o l o g i c a l , 119, 122, 1 3 0 , 4 0 1 143, 217, 222, 242, 2 5 4 , 271
p r i n c i p i e s , 224, 2 3 5 - 6 , 347, 390, 394,
physiolog)', 128, 177, 381
4 0 1 , 4 2 1 , 430
P i a g e t , J e a n , 346
p r o b a b i l i t y , 323, 3 3 9 , 3 6 1 - 3 , 3 6 5 - 7 ,
plasdcit)', 82, 317, 3 4 5 , 347
3 7 0 - 2 , 379, 384, 4 0 1 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 4 3 9 - 4 0 .
P l a t o , 17, 33, 7 ! , 386
444
pleasirre, 6 1 , 173, 185, 192, 230-1,2(38
p r o b l e m , 6, 9, 13, 20, 2 2 , 2 5 . 37-.39. 54.
p o s i l i o n , 15, 4 8 , 5 7 , 6 8 , 9 6 , 1 0 6 . 1 1 0 ,
57, 63, 7 1 , 7 8 - 9 , 88, 100, I 10. 1 12-14.
125, 139, 199,207-8,215,286,375,
142, 159, 1 7 0 - 1 , 181. 199, 2 0 1 , 209,
382, 387, 41 7, 422, 428, 43(3-7
 004 Index
213, 2 3 8 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 8 . 306, 312, 3 1 4 - 1 5 ,
332. .350, 353. 3 6 9 - 7 0 , 3 7 7 - 8 , 3 8 8 - 9 ,
4 0 0 - 2 , 416, 4 2 3 , 42.5-6, 4.32-3. 4 3 6 - 7 ,
441-2
process. 14. 2 5 . 3 9 . 47, .50-1, 54, 5 8 .
6 6 - 7 . 69, 7 1 - 2 . 8 2 - 3 , 87, 90, 100, 102,
107-8, 115, 130. 137, 140, 147, 170,
176, 178, 192. 2 1 2 - 1 3 , 215, 223, 2 2 8 ,
2 3 1 , 2 3 3 - 4 . 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 , 243, 287, 292,
297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 3 1 8 , 338, 342, 344,
3 6 1 - 2 . 366, 368, 3 7 1 - 2 , 379, .393, 4 3 2 ,
434. 438-9, 4 4 1 , 4 4 5
progress, 18, 2 8 - 9 , 35, 47, 92, 186, 2.3.3,
30.5-6, 3 1 8 , .321, .342, 366, 3 7 1 , 408,
419,439
p.sychic, 127, 2 2 5 , 2 3 6 - 8 , 2.53, 4 3 1 , 4.36
P i i i n a i u , Roben,, 178
cpiesi, 8 7 , 9 6 , 213, 4 1 6 , 440
q u e s u o n . 8, 18, 2 3 , 2 9 - 3 0 , 38-4 1, 46,
49-65,67-73, 7 4 - 9 , 8 9 - 9 1 . 95-108,
llO-n, 113, 11.5-16, 118, 126. 139.
148, 152, 155. 164. 1 7 1 , 174-8. 1 8 1 ,
1 8 8 - 96, 200, 2 0 7 - 9 , 2 1 2 - 1 9 , 2 2 1 - 6 ,
2 3 0 . 240, 2 4 6 - 7 , 2 5 7 - 8 , 263, 2 7 5 - 7 ,
2 8 0 - 1 , 2 8 4 - 6 , 2 8 9 - 9 0 , 293, 2 9 5 - 7 .
2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 304, .306, 3 0 9 . 312, 314-1.5,
.321, 332, 334, 3 3 6 - 7 , 340, 353, .356,
3.59, 3 7 0 - 1 . 373, 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 - 8 , .386, 388,
403, 4 0 6 - 7 , 410, 4 1 6 , 420, 4,22, 424,
426, 4 3 1 . 435, 4 4 3 ; f u r d i e r pernent,
5 4 - 6 , 58, 65, 67, 7 3 , 9 0 , 106-9, 113,
1 4 0 - 1 , 1 7 0 - 1 , 1 7 4 - 5 , 179-,S3, 186,
1 8 9 - 92, 194. 196, 2 0 0 , 2 0 8 . 214, 217,
2 4 0 , 264, 2 7 5 - 7 . 2 8 1 , 2 9 1 - 2 . 294, 299,
313, 329. 376. 383, 3 8 5 - 6
r a n k . 196, 255, 2 5 7 . 352
r a i i o n a l . 4, 2 1 , 6 1 , 7 4 , 76, 120, 146, 279,
290, 3 6 1 , 366, 369, 3 7 8 , 392, 405,
419,421
raonaliiy, 146, 3 6 9
Rawls, J o h n , 425
refiecon, 16, 4 l , 4 3 , 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 2 . 5.5-6.
real, 7, 22, 57, 6 7 - 7 2 , 99, 107, 1 14.
12.5-6. 1 4 0 - 2 , 148, 150. 153, 185.
202, 225, 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 233, 235, 2 4 3 - 4 ,
250, 253. 265, 2 8 9 . 3 2 2 . 325, 3 2 7 - H .
.33.5-8, 342, 345, 350, 360, 364, 3 7 1 .
376, 378, 3 8 1 - 2 , 3 8 5 , 3 8 9 , 392, 40.
417, 4 2 1 , 4 4 5
r e a l i l y 6, 34, 52, 5 7 , 6 3 , 6 6 - 7 3 , 76, 9 1 .
110-1 1, 126, 1 4 0 - 2 , I49-.50, 19.3-4.
197, 199. 2 2 1 - 2 . 2 2 5 - 6 . 228, 2.50, 2 6 5
27.5, 277, 304. 3 0 9 , 314, 3 2 1 , 3 2 4 - 7 .
3.34-7, 339, .344, 3 5 0 - 1 . 3 6 1 , 3 7 0 .
3 7 4 - 6 , 378, 3 8 1 - 2 , .390. 393, 4 1 6 - 1 7 ,
r e g u l a r i t y 262, 343, 3 9 1 - 2 , 39.5-6, 401
4 2 1 , 4 3 1 . 4 3 4 , 4 3 7 , 439, 4 4 1 , 443
relan,5,9. 2 1 , 3 4 , 49, 111, 120-1,
r e a s o n , 4, 9. 18, 2 1 - 2 , 2 5 - 9 , 33. 35,
.50-2, 57, .59. 6 6 , 7 1 , 126, 173, 2 0 8 .
21.5-16, 2 1 8 - 1 9 . 2 6 7 , 2 7 1 - 4 , 277,
287, 290, 305, 3 1 2 , 315, 356, 3 6 6 - 7 .
lelaonship. 24, 38, 4 5 , 4 8 , 72, 79, 99,
372, 3 7 4 . 3 8 0 - 1 , .389, .395, 397, 4 1 0 .
4 2 0 , 439
reasonable, 50. 5 4 - 6 , 58, (58, 7 ! , 105, 190,
.301. 3 1 1 , 329, .334. 340, 418, 44 I , 443
r e a s o n a b l y 50, .52, 5 8 , 107, 157, 183.
relave, 8, 142, 1 4 9 - 5 0 , 1.59, 167-8, 178,
2 7 8 , 3 6 . 3 . 3 7 6 , 439
rea.soning, 1 9 , 2 1 . 2 5 - 6 , 7 1 - 2 , 143, 116,
157, 1 6 7 , 2 0 9 , 2 7 2 - 5 , 305
recognion, 18, 4 4 . 5 4 , 8 7 . 9 1 , 9 5 . 132.
146, 1.5.3, 2 4 8 . 266. 2 9 8 , 302, 304.
3155,446
r e c o g n i z e , 1 4 - 1 5 , 22, 2 8 , ,30, 39, 43,
53. 6 6 - 7 , 102, 139, 149, 191. 2 1 1 .
235, 247, 2 7 9 - 8 0 . 2 8 8 , 355, 379. 395,
,397-9.432
r e c o g n i z i n g , 15, .32, 5 3 , 9 7 , 427, 447
r e c u r r e n c e , 2 6 2 - 3 , 3 2 3 , 325, 347,
3 6 1 - 2 , 370, 380, 3 9 1 , 3 9 5 , 4 0 6 . 4 1 9
r e d e m p o n , 318, 4 0 9 , 4 1 7 . 439
Reeve, C . D . C , 18, 20
r e l l e c t . 150, 180, 186, 1 9 2 - 3 , 197. 23-1.
2 4 3 - 4 , 247, 2 6 2 - 3 , 2 7 1 . 273, 2 8 1 . 321
3.50,393,422,441
Index .505
1 9 4 - 5 , 199, 202, 2 1 1 , 2 2 7 - 8 , 2 3 1 . 246,
2 5 1 , 2 6 1 , 270, 2 8 2 , 2 9 4 , 300, 303,
5 8 - 6 2 . 64, 66, 72, 7 7 - 8 , 8 0 - 8 1 , 83.
321,397.417, 429,445
86. 88. 9 0 - 1 , 9 7 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 4 - 8 , 112-13.
r e s p o n s i b l e , 22, 4 6 , 5 6 , 7 3 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 ,
116. 118-19, 126, 1.30. 1.39, 140-2,
105, 108-10, 113, 115. 145. 202, 222,
14(:>-8, 155, 161. 1 6 9 - 7 1 , 17.3-80,
273, 294. 360, 3 0 L - 2 , 313, 31.5-1(5,
1 8 1 - 5 , 187-97, 199-203,208,211-12,
.323, .327-8, 363, 3 8 8 , 4 4 1 - 3
2 1 7 - 1 8 , 226, 229, 23 1, 2 3 8 - 9 , 24 I ,
rntrniliinnil, 64, 166, 2 2 0 , 222, 242,
2 4 3 , 245, 248, 252, 2 6 1 - 5 . 269, 27.3-5.
2 5 2 - 4 , 260, 2 7 8 , 2 8 2 - 3 . 3 1 4 , 3 5 3 , 3 8 2
2 8 1 - 2 , 2 8 5 - 7 , 289, 2 9 1 , 294, 296, 2 9 9 .
Ricoeur, Paul. 86, 88
300, 302, 310, 3 1 3 - 1 5 , 317, 319, 325,
righieousness, 3 7 5 - 6
3 3 4 - 7 , 3 4 0 - 3 . 3 4 5 - 7 , 3 5 3 , .356. 3 7 4 - 8 ,
n . l e , 6 - 7 , 19, 24, 29, 3 2 - 3 , 42, 7(5, 88,
397, 403, 405, 408, 4 2 0 , 424, 429,
9 8 , 106. 113. 118, 122, 1 2 9 - 3 0 , 162,
441,443
169-70, 184, 195, 1 9 8 - 2 0 0 , 2 1 4 ,
2 2 1 , 2 2 8 - 3 0 , 2 3 3 - 4 , 2 3 7 - 8 , 244, 248,
2 7 0 - 2 , 275. 279, 2 8 1 - 4 , 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 328,
1.50, 1(52, 1(54, 166, 174, 181, 195,
.331, 347, 365. 387, 3 9 0 . 3 9 7 . 4 1 5 - 1 6 ,
2 13, 230, 235, 2 4 2 , 25 1. 2 5 3 . 2 6 2 - 3 ,
2(59, 373, 375, 3 7 7 . 3 9 7 . 4 1 7, 425 4 3 5 . 444, 447
.sasfaciim, 105, 1.32, 215. 2.30, 233, 2.57,
103, 110, 119, 124, 126, 138-139,
2 6 1 . 277, 2 8 0 , 3 1 6 - 1 7 . 329, 3 6 1 , 386
1 4 6 - 7 . 1.59-(50, 199, 2 1 8 - 1 9 . 2 2 2 , 2 3 7 ,
scale, 4 . 8 - 9 , 110, 1 6 2 - 5 , 2 0 1 , 2 2 2 ,
247, 2 5 1 , 264, 287, 2 9 8 , 329, .391,
2 3 1 - 6 , 238, 2 4 1 - 7 , 2 5 1 - 6 1 . 263,
3 9 4 , .396, 398.40(5, 4 4 0
2 6 8 - 7 5 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 2 8 0 - 6 , 289, 2 9 1 - 2 , .
2 9 4 - 6 . 3 0 2 - 3 , 30.5-(5, 3 1 2 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 ,
181, 2 0 1 , 2 0 3 . 2 0 8 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 4 . 2 3 8 - 4 0 .
325, .329, 332, 3 4 2 - 3 , .3.50, 3.52, 358,
260, 322, 3 7 8 - 9 , 390, 396, 400
3 6 2 , 366, 372, 3 7 9 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 5 - 9 , 3 9 1 ,
religin. 3 0 1 , .321, 375
3 9 3 - 5 , .397, .399-410, 424, 427, 434,
r e l i g i o u s , 14, 2 2 - 4 , 26, 6,5-6, 77, 107,
437.439, 444,446-7
119, 128, 131, 13(5, 179, 219, 2 2 1 ,
Scheler, M a x , 8, 108, 1 1 9 - 2 0 , 138, 144.
2 2 5 - 7 , 2 3 1 - 2 , 2 3 5 - 7 . 2 4 8 . 255, 2 5 7 - 9 ,
^162, 1(54, 242. 2.52-9, 2 7 2 , 2 8 0 . 282.
2(5.5-6, 2 6 8 - 7 1 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 283, 29.5-6,
3 8 7 , 404
3 1 4 , 3 2 9 . 3 3 3 . 3 4 4 . .3.50. 3 5 3 , 357,
S c h e l l i n g , F r i e d i l c h W i l h e l m Joseph
3 7 5 , 3 8 0 , 384, 388, 3 9 4 , 3 9 8 - 4 0 0 ,
von,38,369
4 0 2 - 3 . 406. 4 0 9 . 4 2 6 , 4 3 1 , 43(5-7.
s c h e m e , 142, 184, ,324-5, 407
4 4 5 , 447
s c h o l a r , 2 1 , 277, 428, 4 3 9 - 4 0 , 445
r e m e m b e r i n g , 4 2 - 8 , 5 5 . 77, 144
r e o r i e n t , 132, 233, 2 6 8 , 3 0 1 - 2 scholars, 5, 13, 263, 3 8 8 , 4 0 3 , 4 3 6 - 7 ,
439-41
r e s e a r c h , 76, 170, 2 0 7 - 8 , 2 3 1 . 2 7 6 - 7 ,
.scholarship, 4 8 , 2 3 0 . 4 0 5 , 43.5-(). 4.38
390, 424, 4 2 8 - 9 , 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 - 6 , 439,
.science, 3, 17, 47, (59-70, 2.30, 249, 256.
4 4 1 - 2 , 445
r e s p o n s i b i l i i y 22, 1 0 0 - 1 , 104, 109-10, 2(50, 2 8 2 , 378, .381, 3 8 8 , 3 9 0 - 2 . 4 0 1 ,
137, 145, 1.56, 160, 162, 172. 1 8 7 - 8 . 105, 4 2 0 - 1 , 433
 ()6 IMCIL-X
s c i e n i i l i c , 19, 5 3 - 4 . 6 4 , 6 8 - 7 0 , 72, 8 7 - 8 ,
101-2, 130, 170, 2 0 7 - 8 , 2 3 1 , 2 4 8 - 9 ,
2 5 1 - 2 , 260, 3 0 1 , 318, 332, 338, 388,
390,414,416
sclf-illlrmaiion, 74, 7(-')-9, 8 1 - 4 , 8 6 - 9 2 ,
l l l . 225. 297, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 , 302, 369,
415, 418
s e l f - H p p r o p r i a i i o i i . 4 - 6 , 8, 13-15, 17,
1 9 - 2 1 , 23, 25, 27, 2 9 - 3 6 , 70, 7 4 - 7 ,
79, 8 1 - 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 9 . 9 1 - 2 , 96, 116, 137,
156. 200, 285. 2 8 7 . 289, 2 9 1 , 293,
29.5-.306, 3 2 9 . .333. 3 4 4 - 5 , .352-4. 382,
416, 430. 443, 4 4 7
Ldr-conecting, 6.3-5, 9 0 , 9 2 , 100. 140,
183, 223, 2 7 4 - 5 , .346, 4 1 4 , 4 3 2 - 3
self-know ledge, 5, 2 8 - 9 , 33, 75, 77, 84,
87, 96. 194, 228, 2 9 8 , 300, .302-3,
34 1,416
Sen, A m a r i y a , 425
sensali(jn, 48. 5 2 - 3 . 6 6 , 8 4 - 6 , 88. 106,
108, 120, 1 4 4 - 5 , 2.58. 303. 405
s e n s i n g , 4 3 - 8 , .55, 7 7 - 8 , 9 0 - 1 , 145
sequence, 4 1 - 2 , 64, 8 9 - 9 0 , 223, 280,
3 1 2 - 1 5 , 318, 3 2 1 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 6 - 7
.series. 23, 29, 3 1 , 5 0 - 1 , 83, 1 1 1 , 129,
178, 184, 190, 192, 194, 2 0 1 , 2 2 4 ,
226, 2 4 4 - 5 , 286, 3 1 2 , .323, 325, 336,
364, 3 9 0 - 2 , 396, 4 0 6 , 408
S l u i t e , .\'evil, 3 2 2 . 3 2 8
.simated, 25, 33. 9 9 , 115, 166-7, 1 7 9 - 8 1 ,
195. 2 2 1 , 230. 297, 315, 319, 322,
.357-8, 418, 4 2 2 . 4 2 4 , 428, 4 3 1 , 438
s k i l l , 14-15, 7 5 , 9 9 , 148, 274, 317, 3 4 5 - 7
S n e l l . R.J.,479
.social. 24, 33, 6 3 - 4 . 77, 100. 114. 131.
137, 157, 172-3, 176, 1 7 8 - 8 0 , 183-8,
192, 202. 230. 2 3 2 , 2.35, 24.0, 2 4 7 - 9 ,
25'l-6, 258-64, 2 7 0 - 1 , 277-278. 282.
2 8 8 . 2 9 1 - 5 , 3 0 1 . 3 1 1 - 1 2 . 31.5-19, 3 2 1 ,
3 2 3 - 9 , 3 3 1 - 2 , 34 1, 348-,58, 3 6 1 , 3 8 1 ,
3 8 4 . 388. 39^1-400, 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 5 - 1 0 ,
422-4,433, 437-9
socieiy, 187-8, 228, 2 3 0 . 240, 2 5 1 - 2 ,
2 6 1 , 263, 288, 2 9 4 , .301, 3 1 6 - 3 1 7 ,
3 2 1 , 333. 3 5 1 , 3 5 5 - 4 , 406, 426. 4 3 4
Solomon, Roben, 462
somatic, IOS. 1 2 1 - 3 5 , 1 5 1 - 3 , 1.55, 1.82,
194, 215, 217, 2 3 1 , 4 0 5
s p e c i a l t y 404, 4 2 8 - 9 , 4 3 4 - 5 , 444
species. 6 6 - 7 , 140. 3 1 9 , 338, 364. 379.
388, 4 0 0 - 3 , 409
s p i r i i . 2 1 - 2 , 2 7 - 8 . 3 1 . .34-5. 69, 7 3 , 7 5 ,
9 0 , 213, 2 2 1 , 2 9 3 - 4 , 3 0 4 - 5
.spiriuial, 2 1 - 6 , 28, 3 0 - 2 , 34-,5, 2 2 1 , 223,
2.56, 259, 283, .305, 431
S t a n e l y David .M., 2 1 , 4.50
Stebbin.s,J. M i c l i a e l , 4 5 1 , 475, 480
s i r u c l u r e , 7. 14, 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 5 , 57, 6 8 ,
7 1 - 2 , 79, 8.3-4, 9 0 , 9 8 , 100, 103,
114, 116, 175, 184, 2 4 2 , 286, 289,
3 0 5 , 310, 3 3 6 - 7 . 3 4 0 , 429, 4 3 6 .
442-.3; o f c o g n i i i o n , 3 8 , 4 1 , 5 6 - 9 ,
6 1 , 64, 6 8 - 9 . 7 1 - 2 , 74, 7 6 - 7 , 80.
8 2 - 3 , 8 6 - 7 , 8 9 . 9 1 , 9 5 , 9 7 - 8 , 100,
1 0 2 - 3 , 105, 1 1 I , 117, 225, 285,
297. 299-300, 33.3-4, 337-9, 3 4 1 ,
3 5 5 , 369, 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 3 6 - 7 , 4 4 3 - 4 ;
o f e i h i c a l i n i c n i i o n a l i l y . 6-7, 9 ,
8 7 , 9 . 5 - 9 , 1 0 1 - 3 , 105, 107, 1 0 9 - 1 8 ,
130, 1.32, 169, 199,201.229.274,
2 8 5 - 3 0 0 . 3 0 2 - 6 . 3 0 9 - 1 0 , 313, 3 1 5 ,
3 1 7 - 2 1 . 323, 328, 3 3 3 - 4 , 339-42,
.344-5, 3 4 8 - 9 . 3 5 5 . 3 5 7 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 8 - 9 ,
3 7 3 , 376, 384. 3 8 6 , 3 8 8 , 4 1 3 - 1 6 ,
424,427-30, 433-4, 436,438-9.
44.3-4, 4 4 7 - 8 ; o f l h e h u m a n g o o d .
4, 2 7 8 - 9 , 290, 3 1 2 . 3 1 7 , 320, 3 2 8 - 9 .
3 3 1 - 4 , .339-42, 3 4 4 - 5 , .347-8, . 3 5 4 - 8 ,
3 6 0 , 4 0 7 - 8 , 410, 4 3 7 , 4 4 4
s u b j e c i . 38, 46, 57, 7 8 - 8 0 , 82, 8 4 - 5 , 8 9 ,
9 1 , 9 6 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 - 3 , 125, 129, 1 6 1 .
16.5-7, 173, 195. 199, 2 0 1 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 8 - 9 .
278, 282, 289, 300, .302, 313, 340,
344, 348, 386, 388, 4 4 3
I ndcN .507
276, 286, 2 8 8 - 9 1 , 306, 31 1, .324. 326.
subjeclivity, 3, 7. 9 , 5 6 , 6 4 - 5 , 73, 79, 8 4 ,
328, 336, 344. 346. 3 7 6 , 380, 386.
8 6 , 105, 125. 2 0 3 , 2 0 7 , 234, 2.38, 4 3 5 ,
.39.3,401,427.439
437, 440
d h n k i n g , 5, 8, 1.3-14, 17, 26, 3 2 - 3 ,
s u f f i c i e n t , 16, 33. . 5 0 - 1 , 78, 89. 9 1 , 1 0 1 ,
.3.5-6, .38, 52. .59, 6 5 - 7 , 79, 9 2 , 95. 97,
1 0 4 - 5 , 109, 123, 126, 129, 177, 194,
104, 108, l l l . 1 3 1 . 1.35, 139, 141,
268, 273, 3.36. 339, 342, 369, 381
144, 167, 173. 182, 193, 199, 2 3 1 ,
s n ] i e r n a t u r a l , 3'1~5
242, 257, 2 7 7 - 8 , 288, 296, 303, 310,
s u r d , 1 14, 314. 3.53, 3 8 1 , 38.3-4
3 1 8 , 3 2 1 , .326, 3 4 6 , 3 5 5 . 3 6 3 , 368,
sysiem, 8 1 - 2 , 122, 134. 160, 2.55, 347,
388, 390, .393-4, 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 1 - 3 ,
366,389-90, 420
436, 443
sysiemaiic, 29, 338, 3 6 3 , 3 6 6 , 3 9 1 - 2 ,
t h o u g h l , 4 - 5 . 7. 13, 2.5-6, 30, 6 2 ^ h 7 1 .
395,420,440
7 6 , 79, 8 4 , 8 8 , 9 5 - 6 . 1 0 4 - 5 , 1 1 1 - 1 2 ,
Sysiernacs. 428-.30, 442
1 18, 120, 1 3 0 - 1 , 135, 153, 188-9, 228,
237, 249-50, 255, 257, 278, 288, 294,
lask, 4. 16, 19, 25, .35, 4 7 , .50. 7 5 . 8 7 ,
3 0 2 , 316, 331-.32, 3 4 6 , 367, 369, 380,
89. 96, 100, 128, 1 4 2 - 3 , 2 2 2 - 3 , 2.55,
390, ,399, 40.3-4, 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 422, 433,
2 8 1 - 2 . 297, 3 1 7 , 3 4 7 , 4 2 7 , 4.34-5, 4 3 8 .
4 4 1 , 447
442-4
T o c q u e v i l l e , A l e x i s d e , 178, 345
Taylor. Charles. 425
T o n e r . Jules, 2 4 - 8 . 4 5 1 - 2
l e c h n o l o g i c a l . 333, 3 5 7 . 406, 4 0 9 - 1 0
l o i a l i i y 68, 72, 160, 213, 21.5-16, 218,
lechnolg)', 409
227, 2 4 1 , 269, 3 1 1 , 3 3 4 , 340, 366.
len.sion, 7. .39-42. 4 6 - 7 . 49-.50, 59. 6 1 ,
370, 378, 4 2 1 , 439
64, I 10, 122, 124. 164, 183, 185, 210,
u - a d i u o n , 2 1 , 178, 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 , 226, 266,
2 1 3 , 215. 222, 2 2 6 , 25.3-4, 3.52. 418
.399, 414, 423, 4 2 6 , 4 3 1 , 442, 446
l e n n i n a l , 1.39-40, 142, 147, 279, 317,
i r a n q u i l i i y 26. 148. 2 6 2
3 2 0 , 34 1-5, 3 4 9 - 5 4 . 3 5 6 . 358, 369,
U'anscend, 29, 138, 1.55,209,21.3-14,
393, 407, 410, 443
2 6 1 , 279, 337, 3 9 6
t h e o l o g i c a l , 34, 7 6 , 2 6 4 , 3 5 3 , 407, 4 0 9 ,
i r a n s c e n d e n c e , 7, 13, 39, 46, 5 7 - 8 , 90,
4 1 4 . 425
138, 1 4 1 , 146, 1.53, 1 7 9 , 2 1 3 , 2 2 0 ,
dieolog)-, 3, 9, 13, 1 7 . 3 0 - 1 , 3 4 , 118,
2 3 0 - 1 , 233. 264, 2 8 1 , 3 2 6 - 7 , 336.
1 36, 207, 259, 2 8 3 , 31 7, 3 3 2 - 3 , 3 4 2 ,
343-^1. 352, 367, 3 9 7 , 4 0 3 , 4 1 7 , 4 3 2 .
378, .394, 404, 415, 42.5-6, 428, 4 3 1 - 4 .
441-2
4 4 2 , 444
i r a i i s c n l u i r a l , 4 , 8, 3 3 3 , 3.55
i h e o r e u c a l , 30, 6 4 - 5 , 76, 101-2, 275,
i r u i h , 17-18. 2 0 , 3 5 , 146.212,221,226,
2 8 6 , .305, 4 4 3
2 2 9 - 3 0 , 256, 2 6 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 9 , 3 7 4 - 6 .
i h e o r y .3, 5, 8 - 9 , 34, .38. 4 1, 52, 7 1 - 2 ,
405,417,441
7 6 - 7 , 84, 86, 9 1 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 , 278, 3 6 4 ,
390. 417
u h i m a i e , 20. 2 5 . 3 4 , 8 3 , 140. 180, 192.
i h i n g , 6, 8, 14, 20, 2 6 , ,33, 3 8 - 9 , 43, 5 5 ,
2 3 1 , 239, .304, 3 2 1 , .350, .362, .367.
6 3 , 6 5 - 6 , 8 2 , 8 5 , 104. 110, 112, 115,
131, 159, 164, 167, 186, 2 0 1 , 212, 3 7 0 - 2 , ,383, .390, 3 9 8 - 9 , 420. 427,
2 1 9 , 2.3.3-4, 2 4 3 , 2 5 5 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 6 , 2 7 4 , 441,445

508 Index
u n c o n d i i i o n a l , 24, 5 6 , 58, 67, 69, 88,
107, 109-10, 114, 156, 166, 194, 198.
2 0 1 - 2 , 216, 2 1 8 - 2 0 , 2 2 2 , 224, 2 2 6 - 7 .
235, 26.5-9, 289, 2 9 1 . 305, 313, 3 3 5 , '
340, 3 4 3 - 4 , 3 5 2 , 3 7 2 - 4 , 37(3-7, 380,
384,398-400, 430, 4 4 1 , 4 4 5
u n c o n d i i i o n e d , 4, 37, 48, 5 0 - 2 , 5 4 - 6 ,
5 8 - 6 0 . 63, 6 7 - 7 2 , 7 7 - 9 , 8 1 , 8 3 - 4 . 8 6 ,
8 9 - 9 1 , 100-2, ! 0 . 5 - 9 , 1 12-17, 126,
131, 140-2, 145, 1 4 8 - 5 0 , 167, l ( i 9 - 7 1 ,
177-8, l 8 ( t - 2 , 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 193, 195, 199.
2 0 1 , 208, 2 1 7 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 225, 229, 234,
2 3 8 - 4 0 , 264, 274, 2 7 6 . 2 8 5 - 6 , 2 9 2 - 6 ,
304, .324, .33.5-7, .347, 3 6 1 , 3 6 4 - 5 ,
.367-8, 3 7 1 - 2 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6 , .380-.3, .385,
4.03, 405, 416, 4 1 9 , 4 4 4
i i n d e m a n d , 4 - 5 , 16. 23, 28, 3 1 , 39, 6 1 ,
(39, 79, 90, 99, 1 0 1 , 104, 107, 131,
1 4 0 - 1 , 149, 152, 155, 169, 189, 193,
2 1 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 2 , 22(3, 2 4 2 - 3 , 246, 2.55,
273, 279, 2 8 1 - 2 , 3 0 2 - 3 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 339.
346. 348, 352, 354, 374, 37(3-7, 390,
392, .397-8, 4 2 2 , 4.32-3. 4 4 3 . 446, 448
u n d e r s i a n d i i i g , 3, 5, 16, 22, 27, 2 9 - 3 0 ,
3 2 - 5 , 4 1, 44, 4 6 - 7 , 4 9 - 5 1 , 5 4 - 6 0 ,
62, 6 7 - 7 3 , 7 5 - 8 , 8 0 , 8 2 - 3 , 86, 8 8 - 9 2 .
9 7 - 8 , 1 0 0 - 1 , 1 0 3 - 8 , 11.5-16, 118, 126,
1.30, 133, 135. 137, 1 3 9 - 4 3 . 145, 152,
155, 157, 171, 176, 1 7 9 - 8 0 , 182, 194,
1 9 9 - 2 0 0 , 2 0 8 - 9 , 2 1 1 , 216, 219, 2 2 1 ,
224, 2 2 6 - 7 , 229, 2 3 1 , 237, 2 4 2 - 3 ,
2 4 9 . 2.55, 2.58, 263, 2 6 9 , 2 7 3 - 4 . 2 7 6 - 7 ,
28.5-6. 290, 2 9 2 , 2 9 9 - . 3 0 1 , 30.3-6, 3 1 1 ,
31(3, 333, 33.5-8, 343, 348, 3 5 4 - 5 , 3 6 1 ,
363, 3 7 2 - 7 , 382, 384, 386, 394, 3 9 6 - 7 .
40.3-4, 41.3-14, 4 1 6 , 4 19-20, 423, 427,
4 2 9 - 3 0 , 4 3 2 - 4 , 438, 4 4 0 - 1 , 4 4 5 - 7
u n e i h i c a l , 113, 131, 198, 2 9 0 - 2 . 3 6 8
u n i n i e l l i g i b i l i t y , 1 14, .328, 342, 378,
380-5,421
u n i n t e l l i g i b l e , 279, 3 2 0 , 3 8 0 - 2 , 384
Index 509
w i l l i n g n e s s , 6 2 - 3 , 196, 2 1 7 . 2 8 5 . 3 4 2 - 3
u n i i v , 5 1 . 78, 199, 26(3-7, 31)0-1, 335, \4rtnally, 4. 5 0 - 2 , 5 4 - 6 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 63,
w i s d o m , 19, 2 1 , 183. 1 9 5 , 2 9 2 . 306, 3 1 9 .
374, .396 6 7 - 7 2 , 7 8 - 9 , 8 L 8 3 - 4 , 89, 10(t-2.
1 0 5 - 9 . 112-17, 12(3, 128. 131. 1 4 0 - 2 , .328, 407, 4 2 3 - 4
u n i v e r s e , 9. 25, 2 9 , 4 2 . 1.55. 164, 220.
145, 148, 150, 154, 167, 1(39-71, w o n d e r , 38, 4 1 , 44, 58, (30, (34, 210, 215
2 2 9 - 3 0 , 333, 3.38-9, 342, 3 5 7 - 9 ,
177-S, 1 8 0 - 1 , 1 8 8 - 9 1 , 193. 195, 199, V \ o r d s w o r i h , VVilliam. 148
3 6 1 - 2 , 3(35-7, 3 7 0 - 2 , 379, 38.3-4,
2 0 1 , 208, 2 1 7 - 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 5 , 229, 2.34, w o r l d . 3, 7, 9, 22, 2 9 , 4 4 - 5 , 5 2 , 5 7 . (39,
3 9 2 - 3 , 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 , 422, 430
2 3 8 - 4 0 , 242, 264, 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 5 - 6 , 76, 8 2 . 84, 100, I 14, 130, 134, 137,
u n r e s t r i c i e d , 7 - 8 , 32, 34, 5 8 - 7 0 , 7 2 - 3 ,
2 8 9 . 2 9 2 - 6 , 304, 3 2 4 . 33.5-7. 347, 358, 1 4 3 - 4 , 152, 1 5 4 - 5 , 165, 172, 194-6,
88, 90, 1 3 2 - 3 , 1.55, 1(33-4, 195,
3 6 1 . .3(35, 3(37-8 , 3 7 0 - 2 , 376, .380-3, 2 1 5 , 220, 2.30, 2 3 ' l - 6 , 2 8 3 , 299, 304,
2 1 0 - 2 7 , 229, 2 3 2 , 2 3 6 - 9 , 2 4 l , 254,
3 8 5 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 4 0 5 , 4 1 6, 4 1 9 , 444 3 2 2 , 326, 345, 3 5 9 - 6 0 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 1 , 379,
2 6 3 - 9 . 274, 283, 2 9 3 - 6 , 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 ,
v i r t u e . 2 2 . 33, .56, 6 5 . 6 9 . 115, 229, 264, 3 8 2 - 3 , 385, 402, 4 1 9 - 2 0 , 426, 428,
3 0 2 - 6 , 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , .328, 337, 340,
4 3 0 , 445
34.3-4, 34(3-7, 3 5 8 . 368, 3 7 3 - 7 , 3 8 3 - 7 , 2 7 2 , 287. 3 1 5 . 403
w o r i h . 1 4 - 1 5 , 17, 3 3 , 7 7 . 9 8 , 1 0 9 - 1 0 ,
3 9 7 . 399, 4 16, 4 2 6 - 7 , 429-.30, 435, v i t a l , 37. 144. 1 7 6 - 7 , 1 7 9 - 8 0 , 2.32, 247,
113, 137, 156, 1 7 4 - 5 , 1 9 5 - 6 , 236, 2 6 2 ,
4.39, 445, 447 2 5 3 . 25.5-62, 264, 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 282,
2 7 1 . 277, 290, .301, 3 1 0 . 3 1 9 , 325,
u n r e s t r i c t e d n e s s , 6 2 - 3 , 21.5-17 2 9 5 , 3 ( H , 317, 3 2 4 - 5 . 346, 3.50, .3.54,
3 2 7 - 9 . 34 1. 3 4 8 . 3 5 6 . 3 7 1 , 3 8 4 - 5 , 405
L i p w a r d l v , 339, 361, 418, 420 3 7 8 , 388, 3 9 4 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 1 0
w o r i h w h i i e , 5, 9 2 , 9 8 , l()4-(3, 109. 113,
V o l t a i r e , 378
147, 1.55, 169, 183, 1 9 3 - 4 , 2 0 2 , 2 1 1 .
v a l n e : c u l t n r a L 179, 2(34, 270, 326, 3 9 6 .
215 21 7, 243, 2 4 5 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 0 , 294,
.398, 407; n o i i o n of, 7 - 8 , 95, 1.33, V\eber, M a x , 2 0 7 - 8 , 4 3 5
.301, 3 1 2 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 5 , 3 6 0 , 3 8 5
21 1-19. 2 2 2 - 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 232, 236, W i l k i n s . Jei'em)', 4 7 1
238, 24 1, 254, 2(3.3-5, 2 7 4 - 5 , 279, 28(i,
296, .300. 3 0 2 - 6 , 3 1 0 - 1 4 , 3 2 1 , .328,
3 3 9 - 4 0 , 34.3-4. 3 5 8 . 364, 374, 377,
383, .386-7, .397, 416, 4 2 6 - 7 , 4 2 9 - 3 0 ,
4 3 9 . 444, 447; o r i g i n a i i n g . 196, 229.
.302, .341-4. 352, 398, 409; p e r s o n a l ,
1 9 ' l - 5 , 227, 2 2 9 - 3 ! , 235, 258, 260,
2(33-4, 2 6 7 - 8 . 2 7 1 , 2 8 9 , .300, 302,
.351-3, 3 9 7 - 4 0 0 , 408, 437; religion.s,
179, 232, 236, 2 4 8 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 7 - 9 , 26.5-6.
2 5 8 . 2 7 0 - 1 , 2 7 7 - 8 , 283, 295, .3.50, 388.
394, 394, 3 9 8 - 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 - 3 , 406, 409;
social, 1 78, 247, 2 6 2 - 3 , 2 7 0 - 1 , 282.
3 2 5 - 6 , 349, 402, 408; t e r m i n a l , 317,
3 4 1 - 2 , 3 4 4 - 5 , 3.52, 358, 407; v i i a l ,
144, 176-7, 180, 247, 2 5 8 - 9 , 2 7 1 , 37M
Vntiim ( L o n e r g a n ) , 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 145
V e r d n . Michael, 199-200
vice, 28, 104, 270, 279
v i e w p o i n t , 89, 214, 2 5 4 , 378, 384;
higher, 389-2, 3 9 6 - 8 , 400-1
"The Ethics of Discernment makes a c o m p e l l i n g case f o r w h y
t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f e t h i c s s h o u l d be b a s e d o n a p h i l o s o p h y o f
self-appropriation."

l o h n 1. L i p t a y , D e p a r t m e n t o f P h i l o s o p h y , St T h o m a s More
College, U n i v e r s i t y o f S a s k a t c h e w a n

" W r i t t e n i n a v e r y clear, c o n v e r s a t i o n a l s t y l e , The Ethics of

Discernment w i l l be t h e d e f i n i t i v e t e x t o n L o n e r g a n ' s e t h i c s .
B y r n e n o t o n l y s u m m a r i z e s L o n e r g a n ' s w o r k i n t h i s rea b u t
builds o n it masterfully."

M a r k T. M i l l e r , D e p a r t m e n t o f T h e o l o g y a n d Religious S t u d i e s ,
University oSan Francisco

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