info@andalyze.

com
www.andalyze.com

Heavy Metals Water Testing

Powered by DNA
FastSensitiveSpecificPlatformTechnologyforMetalsdetection


Advantages
PlatformTechnologyAllowingDetectionofManyTargets
LaboratoryDetectionLimitsinaPortableInstrument
FieldTestResultsUnderOneMinute
ResearchGradeFluorimeter
DisposableTestKits

By
EricL.Null,Ph.D.,StaffScientist
and
MartyDugan,VPMarketing&BusinessDevelopment

Copyright2012ANDalyze,Inc.
TableofContents
Advantages ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
The Problem with Metals Test Kits: High Detection Limits, Difficult to Use................................................... 3
The Solution: DNA-based Detection ................................................................................................................... 4
Catalytic DNA Technology ................................................................................................................................... 5
Sensor Construction............................................................................................................................................. 6
AND1000 Fluorimeter............................................................................................................................................ 6
Advantages of ANDalyze Technology ................................................................................................................ 6
Applications ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Colorimetric Test Kit Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 8
Cost Advantages of the AND1000 Portable Fluorimeter................................................................................... 8
Advanced Water Testing Applications ............................................................................................................... 9
Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Contact ................................................................................................................................................................. 10
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Specifications for the ANDalyze Lead100 Sensor ........................................................................................... 11
Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................... 13

















ANDalyzeDNAzymesensorsforheavymetals

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 WaterTestingPoweredbyDNA
ANDalyze,Inc.

Introduction
Waterpollutionisaworldwideproblemaffectingdevelopinganddevelopedcountriesalike.
Heavymetalcontaminantsareoneprevalenttypeofwaterpollutant.Theyarepersistentinthe
environmentoncedischargedandremovalfromsourcewatersisnecessarytoensureaclean
drinkingwatersupply.Theproblemofheavymetalpollutionarisesfromseveralsources.Heavy
metalssuchasuraniumcannaturallyexistingroundwater.Leadcanbepresentasaresultof
leadsolderincopperpiping.Mercuryandcadmiumcanbearesultofpowerplantemissions.
Additionally,avarietyofindustrialprocessescanproduceproblematicheavymetal
concentrationsindischargedwaterfromfactoriesthatareharmfultohumansandcan
contaminateagriculturalland.Testingforheavymetalsatpartperbillion(ppb)levelsis
essentialtomeetinternationalestablishedlimits.TomeetthisneedANDalyze,Inc.has
developedheavymetalstestsbasedoncatalyticDNA.ANDalyzeheavymetalstestsare
designedtobesensitive,selective,portable,andveryeasytouse.Thispapercoverstheuse,
theinnovativesolution,specifications,applications,andfuturepossibilitiesofthispatented
technology.

TheProblemwithMetalsTestKits:HighDetectionLimits,DifficulttoUse
Limitsonheavymetalsinwastewateranddrinkingwaterareoftenstatedinpartsperbillion
(ppb)andareheadinginonlyonedirection:down.Currenttechniquesfordetectionofheavy
metalsinthelowppbrange,suchasinductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICPMS),
areexpensive,requiringasixfigureinvestment.Theseinstrumentsareoperatedbyatrained

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scientistandremainstationaryonceinstalled.Extensivesamplepreparationmayberequired
andasinglemislabeledsamplecanresultinextensivedowntime.Theseworkhorseinstruments
excelatmetalsanalysis,howeveramethodsimplerinimplementationisadvantageous.

Aportablealternativewouldallowforonsiteanalysisinrealtimewithoutexpensivesample
transportationandpreparation.Contaminantscouldbemonitoredonaregularbasisandhigh
contaminantconcentrationscanbedetectedbeforeharmisdone.Suchmetalstestkitsbased
oncolorimetrictechnologyarecurrentlyavailable,thoughtheycomewithseveralcaveats.
Additionofmultiplereagentsmaybenecessary,thetestprocedureforeachmetalisdifferent,
andthedetectionlimitsareusuallynotsingleppblevel.TheUSEPAsMaximumContaminant
LimitsforLeadandMercury(inorganic)arecurrently15ppband2ppb,respectively.1Many
colorimetrictestkitsfailtotestbelowtheselevels.

TheSolution:DNAbasedDetection

ANDalyzehasdevelopedheavymetalstestkitsbasedoncatalyticDNA.

WhyuseDNA?
UsingcatalyticDNAtechnologyitispossibletoreachsingle
digitppblevellimitsofdetectionanduptomillionfold
specificityoverothermetals.Colorimetricmethods,though
welldeveloped,cannoteasilymatchthesecapabilities.The
selectivityandspecificitycomesfromtheabilityofDNA
strands,obtainedthroughaprocessknownasinvitro
selection,tobindonemetalpreferentiallyoveranother.
CatalyticactivityoftheDNAstrandsorrapidbindingtometal
ionsleadstoveryquicktestingtimese.g.underoneminute
forLead.Toallowforportableheavymetalsanalysis,the
selectivityofDNAhasbeenpairedwithfluorescencedetection
averysensitivetechniqueintheformofacustomdesigned
portablefluorimeter.TheAND1000fluorimeterisdesignedto
workspecificallywithANDalyzesensors.TheAND1000canalso
beusedasaresearchgradelaboratoryinstrumentduetothe
incorporationofaphotomultipliertube(PMT)detector.
CombiningcatalyticDNAchemistrywithfluorescencebaseddetectionresultsindetection
limitswellbelowtheUSEPAandotherinternationalregulatorylimitsfordissolvedmetalsin
water.CurrentmetalsthataredetectableincludeCopper,Lead,Mercury,Zinc,Uraniumwith
severalothermetalsindevelopment.

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 CatalyticDNATechnology
ThecombinationofcatalyticDNAandfluorescencebaseddetectionwasdevelopedand
patentedattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign.CatalyticDNAs(alsocalled
DNAzymesorDNAenzymes)areDNAsequencesthatcatalyzethecleavageofanotherDNA
strand(thesubstrate)inthepresenceofaspecificcofactor.Thefirststepinthedevelopment
processisobtaininganoptimumDNAsequencethatcatalyzesthesubstratecleavagereaction
inthepresenceofaspecificmetalcontaminant.ThisDNAsequenceisobtainedthrougha
combinatorialprocesscalledinvitroselection.Briefly,10141015DNAsequencesaresubjected
toselectionpressureviatherepeatingstepsofincubationwiththetarget,separationofactive
sequences,andamplification/mutation.Stringencyisincreasedintermsoflowertarget
concentrationandshorterreactiontimesuntilsufficientcatalyticactivityisobtained.Thenext
stepsofcloning,comparisonofDNAsequences,andtruncationresultinasingleDNAsequence
withoptimumactivity.Thesequenceismodifiedtoaddafluorophoreandquencher,twosmall
organicmolecules.Afluorophoretakesinlightofacertainwavelengthandemitslightataless
energeticwavelength.Aquencherdissipateslightintheformofheat.Placingafluorophoreand
quencherincloseproximityviaDNAbasepairing(complimentaryenzymeandsubstrateDNA
strands)quenchesthefluorescenceprocess.Separationofthefluorophoreandquencherin
spaceduetothemetalspecificDNAzymecleavageofthesubstrateresultsinareturnof
fluorescencesignal,whichismeasuredusingafluorimeter.

Figure1.Schematicsof(A)theInvitroselectionprocessand(B)catalyticDNAactivityinthe
presenceofametalionleadingtofluorescencesignal.

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 SensorConstruction
ThecoretechnologydevelopedbyANDalyzeislocatedinthesensorhousing.AllDNAis
chemicallysynthesized,meaningthatnobiologicalorganismsareusedintheprocess.OurDNA
isnotfarmedorgrown.ActiveDNAsequencesareincorporatedintoaporousmaterialusinga
proprietarymethodandthenplacedinaplastichousing
thatallowsforliquidflowfromasyringe.Duringtesting,the
housingisplacedoveracuvetteandabufferedsampleis
passedthroughthehousingusingadisposable1mLsyringe.
Thesampleflowsthroughthehousingandpassesthrough
theporousmaterialcontainingtheDNA.Theamountof
DNAineachsensorhousingissosmallthatitcannotbe
seenwiththenakedeye,thoughitiseasilydetectedusing
fluorescence.AssoonastheDNAmixeswiththeliquid
sample,analmostinstantaneousprocess,theDNAbegins
reactingwithmetalionsinsolution.Eachmetalionleadstoacleavageeventandareleaseof
thesubstratestrandfromtheenzymestrand.Thisreleasealsoseparatesthefluorophorefrom
thequencher,leadingtoafluorescencesignalthatisdirectlyproportionaltothemetalion
concentration.

AND1000Fluorimeter
TheAND1000Fluorimeterisaportableselfcontainedinstrument,thoughitmaybeconnected
toacomputerviaUSBifdesiredtodownloaddata.TheAND1000Fluorimeterisusedin
conjunctionwithmetalspecifickitsfromANDalyze,andyet
thefluorimetermaybeutilizedindependentlyasaresearch
gradeinstrument.Fluorescencedetectionwaschosenby
ANDalyzeduetotheinherenthighsensitivityofthe
techniqueandthesensitivitywasenhancedfurtherbyusing
aphotomultipliertube(PMT)asadetector,whichis
uncommoninportablefluorimeters.Excitationis
accomplishedusingalightemittingdiode(LED)andan
excitationfilter.Anemissionfilteratlocatednexttothe
PMTcompletesthesetup.TheAND1000Fluorimeteris
rechargedviaUSBorawalladapter,iswaterresistantwithan
IP54enclosurerating,andisCEmarked.

AdvantagesofANDalyzeTechnology
AgreatdealofcuriosityhasresultedfromtheintroductionofcatalyticDNAtechnologytothe
marketplace.MostpeopleviewDNAasapurelybiologicalmaterialandtoseeDNAusedfor
detectionofmetalsisnewandexciting,andrathercurious.WhyuseDNAwhenICPMSand
colorimetrictechniquesaresoestablished?ANDalyzeusesDNAbecauseofthehostof
advantageslistedbelow.

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AdvantagesofCatalyticDNATechnology:
Platformtechnologyanalysisofmetalsaswellasotheranalytesispossibleusingthe
samesystemwithdifferentcartridgesandbuffersforeachtarget
LowdetectionlimitsallsensorscurrentlyforsaletestatorbelowtheUSEPAlimitsfor
drinkingwater
Highselectivitymanyclassicmetalanalysisreagentsreactwithmultiplemetals,
whereascatalyticDNAhasmuchhigherselectivity
Highlyportable
Reagentsarenothazardous
Nocontaminationissuesaskitsaredisposable
Lowinitialinvestmentcomparedtoothersolutions

ANDalyzeLimitofQuantification(LOQ)versusUSEPAMaximumContaminantLevel(MCL)
ANDalyze
Metal USEPAMCL1 ANDalyzeLOQ*
DetectionRange
Lead 15ppb 2ppb 2100ppb
40ppb(LR) 40200ppb(LR)
Copper 1300ppb
600ppb(HR) 6003000ppb(HR)
Uranium 30ppb 2ppb 260ppb
Mercury 2ppb 2ppb 250ppb
*TheLimitofQuantificationorLOQisbasedonthe10sigmamethod,whereastheLimitofDetectionorLODis
basedonthe3sigmamethod.LOQvaluesarehigherthanLODvaluesandarereportedinsteadofLOD.LR=
LowRange,HR=HighRange
1.DrinkingWaterContaminants.http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm(accessedJune6th2012).

Applications
ANDalyzetestkitsmaybeutilizedinawidevarietyofmatricesfromdrinkingwatertoindustrial
wastewatersandnewapplicationsareconstantlyemerging.

ANDalyzetestkitswereoriginallydevelopedfortestingdrinkingwateranddonotrequire
samplepreparation.Drinkingwatermayincludewaterfromautilityormunicipality,bottled
water,andtreatedspringandwellwater.Inshort,anywaterintendedforhumanconsumption.

TheutilityofANDalyzetestkitshasbeenexpandedtoincludewaterssuchas:
Environmentalfreshwaters(rivers,lakes,streams,andgroundwater)
Seawater
Industrialprocesswastewater
Municipalfinaleffluent

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Asimplefiltrationstepisrequiredforthesewatersduetotheirturbidity.InrarecasespH
adjustmentandironinterferenceprotocolsmaybenecessary,andanANDalyzeIron
InterferenceaccessorykitmaybepurchasedfromANDalyzeifsuchtreatmentisnecessary.

Seawatersandwastewatersmaybetestedafterfiltrationanddilutionsteps.Thesewatersare
oftenturbid,andasimplefiltrationstepisrequired.SeawaterdoesnotusuallyrequirepH
adjustment,thoughcertainwastewatersmayrequirepHadjustmentbeforeproceedingwith
testingsteps.ANDalyzetestkitsincludeabuffermaterialthatadjuststhepHtotheoptimum
rangeforthesensors.Somewastewatersmayexceedthebufferingcapacity.Besuretofollow
theproductguidelinesforeachsensortodeterminewhetherthesamplepHiswithinrange.A
simpletenfolddilutionstepfollowsandmaybeaccomplishedusingstandardlaboratory
equipmentortheANDalyzeDilutionaccessorykit.

ANDalyzehasdevelopedanEnvironmentalWaterTestingSolutionNotethatguidestheuser
throughtestingenvironmentalwatersandresearchisongoingwithadditionalmatrices.
ANDalyzetestkitsmaybeabletodetectheavymetalsinmatricesnotlistedhere.Please
contactANDalyzewithdetailsofanymatrixyouwouldliketotest.

ColorimetricTestKitLimitations
Themostcommonportabletestkitsfordetectionofheavymetalsrelyoncolorimetric
techniques,someofwhichdatebackover100years.Thesecommonmethodshaveundergone
numerousimprovementsovertheyears.However,thelimitsofdetectionareseldomatthe
singleppblevelandaremorelikelytobefoundabove50ppb.Inordertotestbelowever
decreasingUSEPAMCLs,alternativetechniquesarenecessary.

Inaddition,thecolorimetricteststepsandreagentsvaryforeachmetalandhazardous
reagentssuchasconcentratedacidsandcyanidemayberequired.Finally,designofreagents
thatwillreactspecificallywithasinglemetalisverydifficultandthereforefalsepositivesarea
concern.ThesedifficultiesareincontrasttotheplatformtechnologydevelopedbyANDalyze
whichutilizesthesamegeneralteststepsforallmetals,whiletestingbelowtheUSEPAMCLs.

CostAdvantagesoftheAND1000PortableFluorimeter
LaboratorymethodssuchasICPMS,commonlyusedforanalysisofmetalsinwater,involvea
tremendousinitialinvestmentofhundredsofthousandsofdollarsandmustbeoperatedby
highlytrainedchemicalanalysts.Thedrivetowardsportableinstrumentationisbeneficialfrom
afinancialstandpointaswellasatechnicalstandpoint.Onsitetestingprovidesquickresults,
allowingissuestobecorrectedinatimeliermannerandminimizingwatersamplechainof
custodyconcerns.Thoughportableinstrumentsaregenerallycheaperthanlaboratory
instrumentation,thecostvariesgreatlywithtechniqueandinstrumentcapabilities.Lower
detectionlimitsandhighercapabilitiesusuallymeangreaterexpenditureandincreased
operatorexperiencerequirements.TheAND1000PortableFluorimeterisdesignedtoprovidea
userfriendlyexperiencewithlowdetectionlimitsandadvancedcapabilities,whilecosting
muchlessthancompetitiveportableinstruments.Anotherportabletechnologywithlow

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detectionlimits,anodicstrippingvoltammetryorASV,iscommerciallyavailablealthoughthe
initialinvestmentistentimeshigherthantheDNAzyme/fluorimetricbasedsolutionandASV
instrumentsrequireregularmaintenanceofelectrodes.

AdvancedWaterTestingApplications
ANDalyzeiscurrentlyexploringawiderangeofpossibilitiesforfutureproductlines.Ourbasic
technologyisapplicabletoawiderangeoftargets,notsimplymetals,andavarietyofdetection
schemes.Afewpossibilitiesarediscussedbelowandwewouldbegladtoelaborateonanyor
alloftheseapplications.

OrganicsandBiologicalOrganisms
DNAsequencesusedbyANDalyzedonothavetobecatalyticinnature.DNAsequencesmay
alsobeobtainedbyinvitroselectionthatsimplybindtoatargetratherthanundergoacatalytic
reactionupontargetbinding.Thesenucleicacidsequencesarecalledaptamers,aterm
derivedfromtheLatinwordaptusmeaningfit.Aptamerscanbeselectedtobindawide
rangeoftargetsfrominsecticidestoproteinstowholecells.Withashortdevelopmentcycle
almostanytarget,chemicalorbiological,canbeanalyzedusingtheANDalyzeplatformsystem.
Pleaseinquireifyouhaveatargetinmind.

DipstickTechnology
Areyouinterestedinqualitativeorsemiquantitativesensorsformetalsorothertargets?By
conjugatingDNAsequencestogoldnanoparticlesinsteadoffluorophorestheANDalyze
detectionschemecanbeexpandedtolateralflowordipsticktests.Appearanceofaredband
indicatestargetpresenceandtheintensityofthebandmaybecomparedtoachartto
determineapproximateconcentration.Theseinexpensivetestsareveryuserfriendly.

InlineApplications
Inlinemonitoringsystemsarebecomingmoreandmoreimportantindrinkingwater,
industrialprocessingwaterandwastewateranalysis.Toensurethehighestlevelsofsafety,
monthlysamplingjustisntenough.Areyouinterestedinsamplingdaily,hourly,orevenhigher
frequencies?Areyouinterestedinasetitandforgetitsystemthatworkswithminimal
intervention?PleasecontactANDalyzewithsuggestionsorcommentsrelatedtoinline
monitoring.

Summary
Thisnewwatertestingtechnologyforheavymetalscreatesnotonlyaclearoperational
advantagefortestingandanalyzingwater,butitalsosetsanewpathforthepotentialoffield
testingtechnologiesbycreatingaplatforminstrumentonwhichalonglistofinorganic,organic
andmicrobiologicalcontaminantscanbedetectedandanalyzedatfieldsites.Italsowillenable
abroaderlistofuserstotestwater.Trainedchemistsandwaterresourceengineerswontbe
theonlyonestestingwater.Generaltechnicians,servicepersonnelandstudentswill
undoubtedlyuncoveramuchclearerunderstandingofthelocations,sourcesandlevelsof

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metalscontaminationaroundtheworld.Thisinnovationwillbringanewunderstandingofthe
levelsofcontaminationincommunities,industryandregions.Itisanewtooltohelpbetter
manageourglobalenvironmentalresourcesandindustrialwatertechnology.

Contact

FormoreinformationonthetechnologybehindWaterTestingPoweredbyDNApleasecontact
ANDalyzeat:

Offices
Laboratory
ANDalyze,Inc.
800BoylstonStreet ANDalyze,Inc.
16thFloor 2109SOakStreet,Suite102
Boston,Massachusetts02199 Champaign,IL61820USA
USA

ContactusbyEmail:info@andalyze.com

ContactusbyTelephone:+18883880818or+12173280045

References

1.DrinkingWaterContaminants.http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm(accessedJune
6th2012).

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 Appendix

SpecificationsfortheANDalyzeLead100Sensor
Performance
Leaddilutionscontaining0,5,10,15,25,50,75,100,150,200ppbPb2+wereprepared
inDIwater.Fivereplicateswereusedforeachtestateachdilution.

LimitofDetection(LOD) Precision
2+
1ppbPb Standard:15ppbPb2+
Basedon3sigmamethod 95%ConfidenceLimits:1317ppbPb2+

LimitofQuantification(LOQ) CoefficientofVariation(CV):
2ppbPb+ 0200ppbPb2+15%
Basedon10sigmamethod

LinearDetectionRange Note:Allspecificationsaresubjecttochangewithout
2+
2100ppbPb notice.

Interference
Interferingion Interferencelevel
Interferencetestsweredonewitha30ppbPb2+ Calcium,Ca
2+
500ppm
2+
solutionplusthepotentialinterferingion.The Magnesium,Mg 500ppm
2+
Zinc,Zn 100ppm
interferencetolerancelevelsrepresentthe 3+
Aluminum,Al 0.1ppm
concentrationabovewhichtheleadconcentration Copper,Cu
2+
0.5ppm
ischangedto10%.Datarepresentsanaverageof Iron,Fe
3+
0.04ppm
2+
atleastthreereplicates.Foreachinterference Cadmium,Cd 15ppm
2+
Mercury,Hg 0.03ppm
test,anonsitecalibrationwiththeparticular 2+
Manganese,Mn 150ppm
watermatrix(containingtheinterferingion)was Ammonium,NH4
+
2000ppm
performed. Carbonate,CO3
2
100ppm
3
Phosphate,PO4 50ppm

Chloride,Cl 2000ppm
2
Sulfate,SO4 100ppm

Nitrate,NO3 5000ppm

ProductAccuracyRanges

ThegraphsbelowdepicttheaveragemeasuredPb2+concentrationasdisplayedonthe
AND1000fluorimeter(yaxis)vs.theknownconcentrationoftheleadstandards(xaxis).Error
barsdepictthestandarddeviationfromfivemeasurements.Figure1showsthelinearrangeof
0100ppbPb2+.ForhigherconcentrationsofPb2+(testedupto200ppbPb2+),theaccuracy
decreases(Graph2).Samplescontaininghigherthan100ppbPb2+canbediluted1:1andre
analyzed.

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2+
Graph1:AveragePb Conc.vs.KnownConc. Graph2:Accuracyvs.LinearDetectionRange

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 Glossary
PlatformTechnology
Ahardwareand/orsoftwaresolutionthatallowsfutureexpansionoftheproductlineand
increasedcapabilitieswithouttheneedtopurchaseadditionalequipment.

DeoxyribonucleicAcid(DNA)
ThemostcommondefinitionofDNAisanucleicacidthatcarriesgeneticinstructionsinliving
organisms.However,DNAcanalsobesynthesizedinalaboratory.Throughaprocessknownas
invitroselection,piecesofDNAcanbefoundthatbindtometals,smallmolecules,orcellsina
highlyspecificmanner.Theseshortsequencescanthenbeturnedintosensors.

Fluorescence/Fluorophore/Fluorimeter
Fluorescenceisaprocessinwhichasubstanceormoleculeabsorbsonewavelengthoflightand
emitsalessenergeticwavelengthoflight,e.g.absorbingbluelight(moreenergetic)and
emittinggreenlight(lessenergetic).Afluorophoreisamoleculethatfluorescesandinthecase
ofANDalyzetechnology,iscovalentlyattachedtoDNA.Afluorimeterisaninstrumentthat
measuresfluorescencebyshiningamoreenergeticwavelengthoflightonasampleand
measuringthelessenergeticlightemittedbythesample.Fluorescenceisextremelybeneficial
inanalyticalproceduresduetoitshighsensitivity.

InVitroSelection
AcombinatorialchemistrytechniqueperformedinalaboratorytoobtainshortDNAorRNA
strandsofnonbiologicaloriginthatbindtoatargetinahighlyspecificmanner.Theprocess
usesrepeatingcyclesofselection,amplification,andmutation.Theselectionstepeliminates
inactiveDNAstrands,amplificationincreasesthepopulationofactiveDNAstrands,and
mutationintroduceschangesintheDNAstrandsthatmayincreaseaffinityforthetarget.

Partsperbillion(ppb)
Adimensionlessquantity(nounits,e.g.grams)usedtodenoteabundanceorconcentrationofa
substance.Oneppbdenotesonepartper1,000,000,000parts.Anequivalentexpressionin
wateranalysisisg/Lormicrogramsperliter.Arelatedexpressionisppm,orpartspermillion,
whichisequivalenttoonepartin1,000,000partsor1milligramperliterofwater.

Colorimetric
Colorimetrictestsrelyongenerationofcolor,oftenbycomplexformationbetweenanorganic
ligandandametalion.Thecolormaybemeasuredusingacolorimeter,colorcomparator,or
otherdevice.Somecolorimetricmethodshavebeenavailableforover100years,though
despitedecadesofimprovementsmanydetectionlimitsarenotatthesingledigitppblevel.

MaximumContaminantLevels(MCLs)
PartoftheNationalPrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulations(NPDWRs)whicharelegally
enforceablestandardssetbytheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA).All
ANDalyzetestkitstestbelowtheselimits.

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InductivelyCoupledPlasmaMassSpectrometryICPMS
Ahyphenatedorhybridanalyticalinstrumentusedforelementalanalysis,includinganalysisof
metalsinwater.Thesampleisionizedusinginductivelycoupledplasmaat10,000degreesand
componentsareseparatedanddetectedbymassusingamassspectrometer.Metalspeciation
studiesmayrequireadditionalequipment,e.g.determinationoftrivalentchromiumvs.
hexavalentchromium.Awellrespectedtechniquewithlowdetectionlimits.Requiresasix
figureupfrontinvestmentandatrainedanalysttooperate.

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