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1.1. INTRODUCCIN
Hasta este momento se ha estudiado la rama del Clculo llamada Clculo Diferencial,
en la que se estudia la derivada. En este tema se iniciar el estudio de la otra rama del Clculo
denominada Clculo Integral. Estas dos ramas estn relacionadas mediante los teoremas
fundamentales del Clculo, descubrimiento culminante en el siglo XVII realizado por Newton y
Leibniz, quienes trabajaron en forma independiente. Fue Arqumedes el precursor del clculo
integral. Arqumedes calcul reas y volmenes aplicando un mtodo similar al actual. Leibniz
y Newton descubrieron el clculo tal como hoy se le conoce. Gauss hizo la primera tabla de
integrales. Cauchy aplic las integrales a los nmeros complejos. Riemann y Lebesgue dieron a
las integrales una base lgica firme. Hermite encontr un algoritmo para integrar funciones
racionales.
Definicin 1. Una funcin F(x) es la primitiva de una funcin f(x) en un intervalo I si y slo
si F '(x) = f(x) , para cada x I .
Como ya se dijo anteriormente, una funcin tiene una nica derivada; sin embargo la
primitiva no es nica. De modo que si F(x) es primitiva de f(x) en el intervalo I entonces la
expresin F(x) + C describe todas las primitivas de f(x) y es llamada primitiva general de
f(x). La primitiva general F(x) + C representa una familia de funciones que dependen de la
constante C y sus grficas guardan entre s una relacin geomtrica de traslacin vertical (ver
figuras 1 y 2).
y ' = 2x .
1.5.1.
x dx =
x +1
+1
+C con 1 1.5.2.
exdx = ex + C
ax 1
1.5.3. axdx = +C (a > 0 y a 1) 1.5.4. dx = ln x + C
ln(a) x
1.5.5.
sen(x)dx = cos(x) + C 1.5.6.
cos(x)dx = sen(x) + C
1.5.7.
tg(x)dx = ln cos(x) + C 1.5.8.
ctg(x)dx = ln sen(x) + C
1.5.9.
sec(x)dx = ln sec(x) + tg(x) + C 1.5.10.
csc(x)dx = ln csc(x) + ctg(x) + C
1.5.11.
sec2(x)dx = tg(x) + C 1.5.12.
csc2(x)dx = ctg(x) + C
1.5.13.
sec(x)tg(x)dx = sec(x) + C 1.5.14.
csc(x)ctg(x)dx = csc(x) + C
1 x x
1.5.15. dx = arcsen + C = arccos + C1 (a > 0)
a x2 2 a a
1 1 x 1 x
1.5.16. 2 2
dx = arctg + C = arcctg + C1 (a 0)
a +x a
a a a
1 1 x 1 x
1.5.17. dx = arc sec + C = arc csc + C1 (a 0)
x x a 2 2 a a a a
1 x
1.5.18. dx = senh1 + C = ln(x + x2 + a2 ) + C1 (a > 0)
x +a2 2 a
1 x
1.5.19. dx = cosh1 + C = ln(x + x2 a2 ) + C1 (a > 0)
x a2 2 a
1 x 2 2
tgh + C si x < a
1 1 a+x a
1.5.20. dx = ln + C1 = (a 0)
a2 x2 2a a x ctgh-1 x + C si x2 > a2
a
1 1 x 1 a + a2 x2
1.5.21. dx = sec h1 + C = ln + C1 (0 < x < a)
x a2 x2 a a a x
a + a2 + x2
1 1 x 1
1.5.22. dx = csc h1 + C = ln + C (x 0) (a 0)
x a2 + x2 a a a x
1.5.23.
senh(x)dx = cosh(x) + C 1.5.24.
cosh(x)dx = senh(x) + C
1.5.25.
sec h2(x)dx = tgh(x) + C 1.5.26.
csc h2(x)dx = ctgh(x) + C
1.5.27.
sec h(x)tgh(x)dx = sec h(x) + C 1.5.28.
csc h(x)ctgh(x)dx = csc h(x) + C
No hay otra forma de aprender las integrales que haciendo muchas. Con la ejercitacin
constante, se adquiere una habilidad para reconocer la mejor forma de resolver una integral.
Por otra parte, se debe tener presente el manejo correcto de identidades y frmulas
algebraicas vistas en cursos anteriores.
Programas de software como Derive, Maple, Mathcad o Mathematica, entre otros, son
capaces de efectuar integracin indefinida. En siguientes apartados se ampliar un poco sobre
esto.
otras en una constante. Eso quiere decir que las grficas de dos primitivas de f son traslacin
vertical una de la otra. As, la figura 3, muestra varias primitivas
y=
(3x2 1)dx = x3 x + C (Solucin general)
para varios valores enteros de C. Cada una de estas primitivas es solucin de la ecuacin
diferencial
dy
= 3x2 1 .
dx
Figura 3. La solucin particular que satisface la condicin inicial F(2)=4 es F(x)=x3 -x-2
F(2) = 8 2 + C = 4 ,
C = 2 .
Integrar ( f(x)dx ) es buscar una funcin F(x) tal que su derivada sea f(x). No
siempre la bsqueda es trivial, de modo que existen algunos mtodos para integrar con xito.
2 + x2 2 x2
dx .
4 x4
Solucin.
2 + x2 2 x2 2 + x2 2 x2 dx dx
dx = dx dx =
4 x4 4 x4 4 x4 2 x2 2 + x2
x
= arcsen ln(x + x + 2) + C
2
e2x + ex
dx .
ex
Solucin.
e2x + ex ex .ex + ex
dx =
dx =
(e + 1)dx = ex + x + C
x
ex ex
Ejemplo 4. La velocidad mnima requerida para que un objeto lanzado desde la Tierra escape
de la atraccin gravitatoria de sta se obtiene como solucin de la ecuacin
1
vdv = GM dx ,
x2
donde v es la velocidad, y la distancia al centro de la Tierra, G la constante de la gravitacin y
M la masa de la Tierra.
1 v2 GM
vdv = GM dx = +C
x2 2 x
Incorporando la condicin que implica que v = v0 cuando x = R se tiene
1 1
v2 = v20 + 2GM .
x R
( a x)4
dx .
ax
Solucin.
( a x)4 (( a x)2 )2 (a 2 ax + x)2
dx = dx = dx
ax ax ax
(a 2 ax)2 + 2x(a 2 ax) + x2
= dx
ax
a2 4a ax + 4ax + 2ax 4x ax + x2
= dx
ax
a2 4a ax + 6ax 4x ax + x2
= dx
ax
3 1 1 1 1 3
= a2 x 2 dx 4a dx + 6a2 x 2 dx 4 xdx + a2 x 2 dx
2x2 x
= 2a ax 4ax + 4x ax 2x2 + +C
5 a
2x3
= 2a ax 4ax + 4x ax 2x2 + +C
5 ax
1 tg2 (x)
dx .
sen2 (x)
Solucin.
1 tg2 (x) 1 1
2
dx = sen2 (x) cos2 (x) dx = (csc2 (x) sec2 (x))dx = ctg(x) tg(x) + C
sen (x)
(x 1)(x 2)
dx .
x
Solucin.
(x 1)(x 2) x2 3x + 2 2 x2
dx = dx = x 3 + x dx = 2 3x + 2 ln x + C
x x
sen(x)
dx .
cos2 (x)
Solucin.
sen(x) sen(x) 1
dx = . dx = tg(x).sec(x)dx = sec(x) + C
cos2 (x) cos(x) cos(x)
De manera que:
f(g(x)).g'(x)dx = F(g(x)) + C
f(g(x)).g'(x) ,
du
= g'(x) ,
dx
o sea
du = g'(x)dx ,
f(g(x))g'(x)dx =
f(u)du = F(u) + C = F(g(x)) + C
sen(x) cos(x)
dx .
2 sen4 (x)
Solucin.
sen(x) cos(x) 1 du 1 u 1 sen2 (x)
dx = = arcsen + C = arcsen +C
2 sen4 (x) 2 2 u2 2 2 2 2
(u = sen2 (x) du = 2sen(x) cos(x)dx)
sec2 (x)tg(x)dx = 1
2
tg2 (x) + C1 .
sec2 (x)tg(x)dx = 1
2
sec2 (x) + C2 .
sec3 (x) + esen(x)
dx .
sec(x)
Solucin.
sec3(x) + esen(x)
dx = (sec2 (x) + cos(x)esen(x) )dx = tg(x) + esen(x) + C
sec(x)
2x + 3
dx .
2x + 1
Solucin.
2x + 3 2x + 1 + 2 2x + 1 2 2 du
dx = dx = 2x + 1 + 2x + 1 dx = dx + dx = dx +
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1 u
(u = 2x + 1 du = 2dx)
= x + ln u + C = x + ln 2x + 1 + C
1 + sen3 (x)
dx .
1 cos(x)
Solucin.
1 + sen3 (x) (1 + sen3 (x))(1 + cos(x)) 1 + cos(x) + sen3 (x) + sen3 (x) cos(x)
dx = dx = dx
1 cos(x) 1 cos2 (x) sen2 (x)
cos(x) sen2 (x)
csc (x) + + + = + +C
2
sen(x) sen(x) cos(x) dx ctg(x) csc(x) cos(x)
sen2 (x) 2
Por lo tanto:
1 + sen3 (x) sen2 (x)
dx = ctg(x) csc(x) cos(x) + +C
1 cos(x) 2
ln 2x 1
dx .
ln 4x x
Solucin.
ln 2x 1 ln(2) + ln x 1
dx = dx
ln 4x x ln(4) + ln x x
dx
Haciendo u = ln(4) + ln x , du = .
x
Sustituyendo en la integral
Ln(2) + u Ln(4) u Ln(2) Ln(2)
du = du = 1 du =
u u u
1
= du + Ln(2) du = u Ln(2) Ln u + C donde C es una constante real
u
Devolviendo el cambio de variable u = ln(4) + ln x = ln 4x se obtiene:
Ln(2 x) 1
d x = Ln|4x| + Ln(2) Ln(Ln|4x|) + C
Ln(4 x) x
x3
dx .
1 + x8
Solucin.
x3 1 du 1 1
dx = = arctg(u) + C = arctg(x 4 ) + C
1+ x 8 4 1+u 2 4 4
(u = x du = 4x3dx)
4
2x32x e3x dx .
Solucin.
1 z 2x32x e3x
2x32x e3x dx = dz = +C = +C
ln(2.32.e3 ) ln(2.32.e3 ) ln(2.32.e3 )
(z = 2x32x e3x = (2.32.e3 )x dz = ln(2.32.e3 ).(2.32.e3 )x dx)
3x4 + 12x3 + 6
dx .
x5 + 5x 4 + 10x + 12
Solucin.
3x4 + 12x3 + 6 x4 + 4x3 + 2 3 5x4 + 20x3 + 10
dx = 3 dx = dx
x5 + 5x 4 + 10x + 12 x5 + 5x 4 + 10x + 12 5 x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12
3 du 3 3
= ln u + C = ln x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12 + C
5 u 5 5
(u = x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12 du = (5x4 + 20x3 + 10)dx)
x
ex + e dx .
Solucin.
x x x
ex + e dx = ex ee dx = eudu = eu + C = ee + C (u = ex du = ex dx)
dx
.
1 + e x
Solucin.
dx dx ex du
x
= = dx = = ln u + C = ln(ex + 1) + C
1+e 1 + 1x e +1
x u
e
(u = ex + 1 du = ex dx)
ln(ln(x))
dx .
x ln(x)
Solucin.
ln(ln(x)) u2 (ln(ln(x)))2
dx = udu = +C = +C
x ln(x) 2 2
(u = ln(ln(x)) du = dx (x.ln(x)))
sen(ln(x))
dx .
x
Solucin.
sen(ln(x))
dx = sen(u)du = cos(u) + C = cos(ln(x)) + C
x
(u = ln(x) du = dx x)
dx
.
1 + cos2 (x)
Solucin.
dx sec2 (x) sec2 (x) du 1 u
= dx = dx = = arctg +C
1 + cos2 (x) 1 + sec2 (x) 2 + tg2 (x) 2 + u2 2 2
1 tg(x)
= arctg +C
2 2
(u = tg(x) du = sec2 (x)dx)
dx
.
sen(x) cos3 (x)
Solucin.
dx dx sec2 (x)
= = dx = 2 tg(x) + C
sen(x) cos3 (x) tg(x) cos4 (x) tg(x)
dx
.
sen (x) cos5 (x)
3
Solucin.
Manipulando algebraicamente la integral:
1
dx cos2 (x) sec2 (x)
= dx = dx
sen3 (x) cos5 (x) 1 sen3 (x) cos5 (x) sen3 (x) cos5 (x)
.
cos2 (x) cos3 (x) cos(x)
sec2 (x) sec2 (x) sec2 (x).sec2 (x)
= dx = dx = dx
tg3 (x) cos4 (x) cos2 (x) tg3 (x) tg3 (x)
(1 + tg2 (x)).sec2 (x)
= dx
tg3 (x)
Sea u = tg(x) , du = sec2 (x)dx
(1 + u2 ) (1 + u2 ) 2 2
du = 3/2
du = (u3 / 2 + u1 / 2 )du u3 / 2du + u1 / 2du = + u u+C
u3 u u 3
De modo que:
dx 2 2
= + tg(x) tg(x) + C
3
sen (x) cos (x) 5 tg(x) 3
4x + 1
dx .
2x + 1
Solucin.
Separando en dos integrales:
4x + 1 4x dx
dx = dx +
2 +1x
2 +1
x
2 +1
x
4x 1 (u 1)2 du 1 (u 1)
dx = . = du
2 +1x ln(2) u u 1 ln(2) u
1 (u 1) 1 du 1
du = du = (u ln(u)) + C
ln(2) u ln(2) u ln(2)
1 1
(u ln(u)) + C = (2x + 1 ln(2x + 1)) + C
ln(2) ln(2)
Resolviendo la segunda integral: Sea
du
u = 2x + 1 , du = 2x ln(2)dx = dx
(u 1)ln(2)
dx 1 1 du 1 du 1 du 1 du
= . = = =
2 +1
x ln(2) u (u 1) ln(2) u u2 ln(2) u u+
2 1 1 ln(2) (u 12 )2 1
4 4 4
Sea z = u 1
2
, dz = du .
1 du 1 dz 1 dz 1
1 +z
= = = .ln 2
+C
ln(2) (u 1 )2 1 ln(2) z 2 1 ln(2) 1 z 2 ln(2) 1
2
z
2 4 4 4
4x + 1 1 x 2x + 1 1 x (2x + 1)2
dx = 2 + 1 ln(2 + 1) ln
x
+ C = 2 + 1 ln + C
2x + 1 ln(2) x ln(2) 2x
2
1 tg(x) dx
. .
1 + tg(x) cos2 (x)
Solucin.
Sea u = tg(x) , du = sec2 (x)dx
1u 1u 1u 1u 1u du u
du = du = . du = du = du
1+u 1+u 1+u 1u 1 u2 1 u2 1 u2
Al resolver la primera integral se tiene:
du
= arcsen(u) + C1 = arcsen(tg(x)) + C1
1 u2
Al resolver la segunda integral se tiene: Sea
dz
z = 1 u2 , dz = 2udu , = udu
2
u 1 dz
du = = z + C2 = 1 u2 + C2 = 1 tg2 (x) + C2
1u 2 2 z
De modo que:
1 tg(x) dx
. = arcsen(tg(x)) + 1 tg2 (x) + C
1 + tg(x) cos2 (x)
x
dx .
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )3
Solucin.
Sea
du
u = 1 + x2 , du = 2xdx = xdx
2
x 1 du 1 du 1 du
dx = = =
2 u+u u 2 u(1 + u) 2 u 1+ u
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )3
Sea
du du 1 du dz
z = 1 + u , dz = 2dz = , = =2 z +C
2 u u 2 u 1+ u z
dz
= 2 z + C = 2 1 + 1 + x2 + C
z
De modo que:
x
dx = 2 1 + 1 + x2 + C .
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )3
e2 x
dx .
4
ex + 1
Solucin.
Haciendo la sustitucin ex + 1 = u2 ex dx = 2udu en la integral dada, se obtiene:
e2x ex .ex (u2 1)2u
dx = dx = du = 2 (u5 /2 u1/2 )du
4 4
e +1
x
e +1
x u
u 7 /2
u3 /2 u 7 /2
u
3 /2 (ex + 1)7 /4 (ex + 1)3 /4
= 2 7 + C = 4 + C = 4 +C
3
2 2 7 3 7 3
Luego,
e2x (ex + 1)7 / 4 (ex + 1)3 /4
I= dx = 4 +C
4 x
e +1 7 3
donde C es la constante de integracin.
(u.v)'(x)dx =
u'(x).v(x)dx +
u(x).v '(x)dx
de donde:
u(x).v '(x)dx = u(x).v(x)
int egral original
u'(x).v(x)dx
int egral auxiliar
Elegir v entre los factores de la integral original, de forma que se obtenga v sin
dificultad.
La integral auxiliar debe ser fcil de calcular.
xe x dx .
Solucin.
Obsrvese que el integrando est compuesto por dos funciones, una Algebraica (x) y otra
Exponencial (e-x). Se buscan las iniciales A y E en la palabra I.L.A.T.E. Como en ella,
leyendo de izquierda a derecha, aparece primero la letra A, se elige como u la funcin
Algebraica, es decir, u = x. Por lo tanto, lo que queda dentro de la integral es dv. As:
dv = e x dx .
Por lo tanto:
xe x dx = xe x +
ex dx = xe x ex + C
x ln(x)dx .
Solucin.
u = ln(x) du = dx x , dv = xdx v = x2 2
x2 1 x2 x2
x ln(x)dx = ln(x) xdx = ln(x) +C
2 2 2 4
x2 cos(x)dx .
Solucin.
x2 cos(x)dx = x2sen(x) 2
xsen(x)dx
u = x du = dx , dv = sen(x)dx v = cos(x)
xsen(x)dx = x cos(x) +
cos(x)dx = x cos(x) + sen(x) + C
arcsen(x)dx .
Solucin.
dx
u = arcsen(x) du = , dv = dx v = x
1 x2
x
arcsen(x)dx = xarcsen(x) dx = xarcsen(x) + du
1 x2
(u2 = 1 x2 2udu = 2xdx udu = xdx)
= xarcsen(x) + u + C = xarcsen(x) + 1 x2 + C
earcsen(x)dx .
Solucin.
Integrando por partes:
earcsen(x)
u = earcsen(x) du = dx , dv = dx v = x .
1 x2
xearcsen(x)
earcsen(x)dx = xearcsen(x) dx .
1 x2
Resolviendo la integral auxiliar aplicando integracin por partes:
earcsen(x) x
u = earcsen(x) du = dx , dv = dx v = 1 x2 .
1x 2
1x 2
De modo que:
xearcsen(x)
dx = 1 x2 earcsen(x) + earcsen(x)dx .
1x 2
En consecuencia:
1
earcsen(x)dx = (x + 1 x2 )earcsen(x) + C
2
sen(ln(x))dx .
Solucin.
cos(ln(x))
u = sen(ln(x)) du = dx , dv = dx v = x
x
sen(ln(x))dx = xsen(ln(x))
cos(ln(x))dx
sen(ln(x))
u = cos(ln(x)) du = dx , dv = dx v = x
x
cos(ln(x))dx = x cos(ln(x)) +
sen(ln(x))dx
1
sen(ln(x))dx = x(sen(ln(x)) cos(ln(x))) + C
2
x.arctg2 (x)dx .
Solucin.
Integrando por partes:
2arctg(x) x2
(u = arctg2 (x) du = dx , dv = xdx v = )
1+ x 2 2
2 2
x x arctg(x) x2 1
x.arctg2 (x)dx = arctg2 (x) dx = arctg2 (x) 1 arctg(x)dx
2 1 + x2 2 1 + x2
2
x arctg(x)
= arctg2 (x) arctg(x)dx + dx
2 1 + x2
Resolviendo cada integral auxiliar:
dx
(u = arctg(x) du = , dv = dx v = x)
1 + x2
x 1
arctg(x)dx = x.arctg(x) dx = x.arctg(x) ln(1 + x2 ) + C1
1+ x 2 2
arctg(x) u2 arctg2 (x)
(u = arctg(x)) dx = udu = + C2 = + C2
1 + x2 2 2
De modo que:
x2 1 arctg2 (x)
x.arctg2 (x)dx = arctg2 (x) ln(1 + x2 ) + +C
2 2 2
x
dx .
1 + sen(x)
Solucin.
Manipulando algebraicamente la integral:
x x 1 sen(x) x(1 sen(x)) x xsen(x)
dx = . dx = dx = dx
1 + sen(x) (1 + sen(x)) 1 sen(x) 2
cos (x) cos2 (x)
Separando:
x xsen(x) x xsen(x)
2
dx = 2
dx dx
cos (x) cos (x) cos2 (x)
Resolviendo la primera integral:
x
dx = x sec2 (x)dx
cos2 (x)
Aplicando integracin por partes:
u=x du = dx
dv = sec (x)dx v = tg(x)
2
xsen(x)
dx = xtg(x) sec(x)dx
cos2 (x)
Aplicando integracin por partes:
u=x du = dx
dv = tg(x) sec(x)dx v = sec(x)
De modo que:
x
dx = xtg(x) + ln cos(x) x sec(x) + ln sec(x) + tg(x) + C .
1 + sen(x)
x2 + 1 ln(x2 + 1) 2 ln(x)
dx .
x4
Solucin.
Aplicando propiedades de logaritmos:
( ) dx = ( ) dx
x2 + 1.ln x2 +1 x2 + 1.ln 1 +
x2 + 1 ln(x2 + 1) 2 ln(x)
1
dx = x2 x2
4
x x4 x4
Manipulando algebraicamente:
( ) dx = (1 + ) dx
x2 + 1.ln x2 +1 1+ 1 .ln 1
x2 x2 x2
x4 3
x
Sea
1 2 dz dx
z =1+ 2
, dz = 3
dx = 3 ,
x x 2 x
(1 + ) dx = 1
1+ 1 .ln 1
x2 x2
3
z.ln(z)dz
x 2
2 2 2 2 2
z.ln(z)dz = z z ln(z) zdz = z z ln(z) . z z + C
3 3 3 3 3
x2 + 1 ln(x2 + 1) 2 ln(x)
dx = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ln 1 + 1 2 + C
4 3
x x2 x2 x2 3
Ejemplo 38. Si
xn
In = dx ,
x2 + 5
pruebe que
xn 1 5(n 1)
In = x2 + 5 In 2 .
n n
Solucin.
Integrando por partes:
x
u = xn 1 du = (n 1)xn 2 dx , dv = dx v = x2 + 5
x +5
2
xn 2
In = xn 1 x2 + 5 (n 1) xn 2 x2 + 5dx = xn 1 x2 + 5 (n 1) (x2 + 5)dx
x +5
2
x2ex sen(x)dx .
Solucin.
Aplicando integracin por partes
I1 =
x2ex cos(x)dx = x2ex sen(x)
x2ex sen(x)dx 2
xex sen(x)dx
I2
2
xex sen(x)dx + 2
I2
xex cos(x)dx
2
x2ex sen(x)dx = x2ex cos(x) + x2ex sen(x) 2
xex sen(x)dx + 2
I2
xex cos(x)dx
1 2 x 1
x2ex sen(x)dx = x e cos(x) + x2ex sen(x) xex sen(x)dx + xex cos(x)dx
2 2
I2
Resolviendo I2 se tiene:
I2 =
xex sen(x)dx = xex cos(x) +
xex cos(x)dx +
ex cos(x)dx
I3
1 2 x 1
x2ex sen(x)dx = x e cos(x) + x2ex sen(x) + xex cos(x) xex cos(x)dx
2 2
ex cos(x)dx +
I3
xex cos(x)dx
1 1
= x2 + x ex cos(x) + x2 ex sen(x) ex cos(x)dx
2 2
I3
Resolviendo I3 se tiene:
ex cos(x)dx = ex sen(x)
ex sen(x)dx = ex sen(x) + ex cos(x)
ex cos(x)dx
u = e du = e dx , dv = cos(x)dx v = sen(x)
x x
u = ex du = ex dx , dv = sen(x)dx v = cos(x)
1 x 1
2 ex cos(x)dx = ex sen(x) + ex cos(x) ex cos(x)dx = e sen(x) + ex cos(x) + C
2 2
Por lo tanto
1 1 1 1
x2ex sen(x)dx = x2 + x ex cos(x) + x2ex sen(x) ex sen(x) ex cos(x) + C
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= x2 + x ex cos(x) + x2 ex sen(x) + C
2 2 2 2
1 1
= (x 1)2 ex cos(x) + (x 1)(x + 1)ex sen(x) + C
2 2
1
= (x 1)ex (x 1) cos(x) (x + 1)sen(x) + C
2
x
2
1
+ dx .
x cos(x) sen(x) sen (x) cos (x)
2 2
Solucin.
Sean
2
x dx
I1 = dx y I2 = .
x cos(x) sen(x) sen (x) cos2 (x)
2
De modo que:
2
x 1
+ dx = I1 + I2 .
x cos(x) sen(x) sen2 (x) cos2 (x)
Resolviendo I1 se tiene:
2
x x x.sen(x)
I1 = dx = . dx
x cos(x) sen(x) sen(x) x cos(x) sen(x)2
x dx x
= + = ctg(x) + C
sen(x) x cos(x) sen(x) 2
sen (x) sen(x) x cos(x) sen(x)
u = x x.cos(x) sen(x) x.sen(x) 1
du = dx , dv = v =
sen(x) sen2 (x) x cos(x) sen(x)
2 x cos(x) sen(x)
Resolviendo I2 se tiene:
dx sen2 (x) + cos2 (x)
I2 = = dx = sec2 (x)dx + csc2 (x) = tg(x) ctg(x) + C
sen2 (x) cos2 (x) sen2 (x) cos2 (x)
Por lo tanto
2
x 1 x
+ dx = 2ctg(x) + tg(x) + C
x cos(x) sen(x) sen (x) cos (x)
2 2 sen(x) x cos(x) sen(x)
(3x 4) ln2 (x)
dx .
x
Solucin.
1
Haciendo el cambio de variable z = Ln(x) , dz = d x , la integral se transforma en
x
( )
3 e z 4 z2 d z = 3
z2 e z d z 4
z2 d z
I1 I2
Resolvamos la integral I1 , aplicando el mtodo de integracin por partes
Escogemos u = z2 , du = 2z dz , dv = ez dz , v = ez
3 z2ez d z = 3 z2 ez 2 z ez d z = 3z2 ez 6 ez ( z 1 ) + C1
Luego, I1 = 3
z2ez d z = 3z2 ez 6 ez ( z 1 ) + C1 = 3x ln2 (x) 6x(ln(x) 1) + C1
4 3 4
La integral I2 = 4 z2 d z = z + C2 = ln3 (x) + C2
3 3
As que,
(3 e ) 4 3 4
z
4 z2 d z = 3z2 ez 6 ez ( z 1 ) + z + C = 3x ln2 (x) 6x(ln(x) 1) + ln3 (x) + C
3 3
x(a2 + x2 )n 2na2
(a2 + x2 )n dx = + (a2 + x2 )n 1 dx , n 1
2n + 1 2n + 1 2
Solucin.
Integrando por partes se tiene:
u = (a2 + x2 )n du = n(a2 + x2 )n 1 2xdx , dv = dx v = x
(a2 + x2 )n dx = x(a2 + x2 )n 2n
x2 (a2 + x2 )n 1 dx
= x(a2 + x2 )n 2n (a2 + x2 a2 )(a2 + x2 )n 1 dx
= x(a2 + x2 )n 2n (a2 + x2 )n dx + 2na2
(a2 + x2 )n 1 dx
As,
x(a2 + x2 )n 2na2
(a2 + x2 )n dx = + (a2 + x2 )n 1 dx , n 1
2n + 1 2n + 1 2
x.arcsen(x)
dx .
(1 x2 )3
Solucin.
Usando el mtodo de integracin por partes se tiene: Haciendo
1 x
u = arcsen(x) , du = d x , dv = dx
1 x2 1 x2 ( )
3
( ) ( )
3 1 1
v= x 1 x2 2 d x = 1 x2 2 + C1 = + C1
1 x2
Luego,
x arc sen(x) 1
arc sen (x)dx = + C1 dx = [1]
(1 x ) 2 3
1x 2 1 x2
Ahora la integral,
1 1 1 1 1
dx = dx = + dx ,
1x 2 (1 x )(1 + x ) 2 1 x 1 + x
y por la propiedad de linealidad de la integral se tiene:
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ dx = dx + dx =
2 1 x 1 + x 2 1 x 1+ x
1+ x
= ( Ln 1 x + Ln 1 + x + C2 ) = Ln
1 1 1
+ C2
2 2 1x 2
Sustituyendo este resultado en [1] , tenemos:
x arc sen (x) 1 1+x
arc sen (x)dx = ln +C
(1 x ) 2 3
1x 2 2 1x
1
donde C = C1 + C2 .
2
xm +1(ln(x))n n
xm(ln(x))n dx = xm(ln(x))n1 dx ,
m+1 m+1
1 n
xm (ln(x)) dx = xm +1 (ln(x)) xm (ln(x))
n n n 1
dx
(m + 1) m+1
Ejemplo 45.
n
a) Halle una frmula de recurrencia para calcular la integral ( Ln(x)) dx .
( Ln(x))
3
b) Calcule la integral d x , usando la frmula hallada en la parte a).
Solucin:
Apliquemos el mtodo de integracin por partes tomando
n ( Ln(x))
n 1
udv = uv
v du
se obtiene:
(Ln(x))
n
n n 1 (*)
( Ln(x)) d x = x
n ( Ln(x)) dx
3 2
( Ln(x)) d x = x
3 ( Ln(x)) dx , [1]
( Ln(x))
2
( Ln(x)) d x =
2
2 Ln(x) d x , [2]
x
Ln(x) Ln(x)
Ln(x)dx = dx = x+C , ( C constante de integracin) [3]
x x
( Ln(x)) (Ln(x))
3 2
3 Ln(x)
( Ln(x)) dx = x
3
x
+6
x
6x +C
a2 x2 , a2 + x2 o bien x2 a2 , a > 0
a2 x2 x = asen()
a2 + x2 x = atg()
x2 a2 x = a sec()
dx
.
4 + x2
Solucin.
dx 2 sec2 () 1 1 1 x
(x = 2tg() dx = 2 sec2 ()d) = d = d = + C = arctg + C
4+x 2
4 sec () 2 2 2 2 2
dx
.
4 + x2
Solucin.
x2 + 4 + x
dx 2 sec2 ()
= d = sec()d = ln sec() + tg() + C = ln +C
4 + x2 2 sec() 2
(x = 2tg() dx = 2 sec2 ()d)
dx
.
x2 4 x2
Solucin.
En este ejercicio la expresin dentro del radical es de la forma a2 x2 ; por lo que la sustitucin
debe ser:
x = 2sen() dx = 2 cos()d .
De tal manera que:
dx 2 cos()d 2 cos()d
= =
2
x 4x 2
(2sen()) 2
4 (2sen()) 2
4sen () 4 4sen2 ()
2
cos()d d 1 1
= = = csc2 ()d = ctg() + C
4sen2 () cos2 () 4sen ()
2 4 4
Como x = 2sen() , entonces
x
sen() = .
2
Con estos datos, se construye el tringulo rectngulo que se observa en la figura 4.
De la figura se deduce que
4 x2
ctg() =
x
De modo que:
dx 4 x2
= + C.
x2 4 x2 4x
1 x
dx .
1+ x
Solucin.
1 x 1z 1z
dx = 2zdz = 2zdz
1+ x 1+z 1 z2
dx
(z = x dz = 2zdz = dx)
2 x
Integrando por partes:
u = 1 z du = dz
2z
dv = dz v = 2 1 z2
1z 2
1z
2zdz = 2(1 z) 1 z2 2 1 z2 dz
1z 2
1
2 1 z2 dz = 2 cos2 ()d = (1 + cos(2))d = + sen(2) + C = arcsen(z) + z 1 z2 + C
2
(z = sen() dz = cos()d)
1z
2zdz = 2(1 z) 1 z2 arcsen(z) z 1 z2 + C
1z 2
1z
2zdz = 2(1 z) 1 z2 arcsen(z) z 1 z2 + C = (z 2) 1 z2 arcsen(z) + C
1z 2
= ( x + 2) 1 x arcsen( x) + C
De modo que:
1 x
dx = ( x + 2) 1 x arcsen( x) + C
1+ x
ln(x)arcsen(x)dx .
Solucin.
Apliquemos el mtodo de integracin por partes tomando:
1
u = arcsen(x) , du = dx ; dv = ln(x)dx , v= ln (x)dx = x(ln(x) 1)
1 x2
x (ln(x) 1)
ln (x) arc sen (x) d x = x(ln(x) 1) arcsen(x) dx [1]
1 x2
Apliquemos nuevamente integracin por partes a la integral
x (ln(x) 1)
dx ,
1 x2
1 x
tomando u = ln(x) 1 , du = dx ; dv = dx , v = 1 x2
x 1x 2
x (ln(x) 1) 1 x2
dx = 1 x2 (ln(x) 1) + dx [2]
1 x2 x
1 x2 1 sen2z cos2 (z) 1 sen2 (z)
dx = cos(z)dz = dz = dz
x sen(z) sen(z) sen(z)
=
csc(z)dz
sen(z) dz = Ln csc(z) + ctg(z) + cos(z) + C
1 x2
1 1x 2
csc(z) = ctg(z) = entonces,
1x 2 x
1 x2 1 1 x2
dx = ln + + 1 x2 + C
x 1 x2 x
sustituyendo [2] ,
x (ln(x) 1) 1 1 x2
dx = 1 x2 (ln(x) 1) ln + + 1 x2 + C
1 x2 1 x2 x
sustituyendo en [1]
1 1 x2
x(ln(x) 1) arcsen(x) + 1 x2 (ln(x) 1) + ln + + 1 x2 + C
1x 2 x
dx
.
(2 x )
3
2
Solucin.
Hacemos el cambio trigonomtrico: x = 2 sen(u) , dx = 2 cos(u) du
Entonces,
( (
dx 2 cos(u)
= du =
) )
3 3
2x 2
2 2 sen (u) 2
2 cos(u) 2 cos(u)
= du = du =
( )
3
2 1 sen (u)
3 2 8 cos6 (u)
2 cos(u) 1 1 1 1
= 3
du = 2
du = sec2 (u) du = tg(u) + C
2 2 cos (u) 2 cos (u) 2 2
x
Devolviendo el otro cambio de variable x = 2 sen(u) = sen(u)
2
2 Por el teorema de Pitgoras se tiene:
x
( 2)
2
u b2 = +x2 b= 2 x2
b
cateto opuesto x
como tg (u) = , entonces tg (u) = .
cateto adyacente 2 x2
Luego,
dx x
= +C
(2 x ) 2 2 x2
3
2
x
dx .
x + 3x2 + 2
4
Solucin.
x 1 dz 1 dz 1 du 1
1 +u
dx = = = = ln 2
+C
x + 3x + 2
4 2 2 z + 3z + 2
2 2 (z + 3 )2 1 2 u
2 1 2 1
2
u
2 4 4
(z = x2 dz = 2xdx) (u = z + 3
2
du = dz)
1
1 +z+ 3
1 2+z 1 z+2 1 x2 + 2
= ln 2 2
+C = ln + C = ln + C = ln 2 +C
2 1
2
z 3
2
2 1 z 2 z +1 2 x + 1
x+2
dx .
x + 4x + 3
2
Solucin.
x+2 x+2 x+2
dx = dx = dx
x2 + 4x + 3 x2 + 4x + 4 4 + 3 x2 + 4x + 4 1
x+2 u sec().sec().tg()
dx = du = d = sec2 ()d
(x + 2) 1
2
u 1
2 tg()
(u = x + 2 du = dx) (u = sec() du = sec()tg()d)
dx
.
3x2 + 6x + 6
Solucin.
dx 1 dx 1 dx
= =
3x + 6x + 6
2 3 x + 2x + 2
2 3 (x + 1)2 + 1
1 du 1 1
(u = x + 1 du = dx) = arctg(u) + C = arctg(x + 1) + C
3 u +12 3 3
x +1
dx .
x2 + 4x + 2
Solucin.
x +1 x +1 x +1
dx = dx = dx
x + 4x + 2
2
x + 4x + 4 4 + 2
2
(x + 2)2 2
u1 u du
(u = x + 2 du = dx) du = du
u 22
u 2
2
u 2
2
u 1 1 dz du
(z = u2 2 dz = 2udu) du =
u 22 2 z u 22
1 1 2 +u
= ln z + ln +C
2 2 2 2 u
1 1 2 +u
= ln u2 2 + ln +C
2 2 2 2 u
1 1 2 +x+2
= ln (x + 2)2 2 ln +C
2 2 2 2 x2
x2
dx .
2x + 12x + 18
2
Solucin.
x2 1 x2 1 x2
dx = dx = dx
2x + 12x + 18
2 2 x + 6x + 9
2 2 (x + 3)2
1 u5 1 du 5 du 1 5
(u = x + 3 du = dx) 2
du = 2
= ln u + +C
2 u 2 u 2 u 2 2u
1 5
= ln x + 3 + +C
2 2(x + 3)
dx
.
(5 + 2x + x2 )3
Solucin.
Completando cuadrados se tiene que:
x2 + 2x + 5 = (x + 1)2 + 4
y haciendo el cambio de variable u = x + 1 du = dx se tiene la integral:
du
.
(u + 4)3
2
2 sec2 () 2 sec2 () 1 1
d = d = cos()d = sen() + C .
64 sec6 () 8 sec () 3 4 4
dx 1 x +1
= . + C.
(5 + 2x + x2 )3 4 x2 + 2x + 5
(ln(x))2
dx .
x 4 ln(x) (ln(x))2
Solucin.
Cambio de variable: u = ln(x) du = dx x
u2 u2 (z + 2)2
du = du = dz
4u u2 4 (u 2)2 4 z2
Cambio de variable: z = u 2 dz = du Cambio de variable: z = 2sen() dz = 2 cos()d
(z + 2)2 (2 + 2sen())2.2 cos()
dz = d
4 z2 2 cos()
(2 + 2sen())2 d = 4
d + 8
sen()d + 4
sen2 ()d
x2
dx .
6x x2
Solucin.
6x x2 = (x2 6x) = (x2 6x + 9 9) = (x2 6x + 9) + 9 = (x 3)2 + 9 = 9 (x 3)2
De manera que:
x2 x2
dx = dx .
6x x2 9 (x 3)2
Sea u = x 3 , du = dx , se tiene entonces:
x2 (u + 3)2
dx = du
9 (x 3)2 9 u2
Aplicando la sustitucin trigonomtrica:
u = 3sen() , du = 3 cos()d
se tiene entonces:
(u + 3)2 (3sen() + 3)2 9(sen() + 1)2
du = 3 cos()d = 3 cos()d = 9 (sen() + 1)2 d
9 u2 9 9sen2 () 3 cos()
Desarrollando
9 (sen() + 1)2 d = 9 (sen2 () + 2sen() + 1)d = 9
sen2 ()d + 18
sen()d + 9
d
1 cos(2) 9 9 9
9 sen2 ()d = 9 d = (1 cos(2))d = d cos(2)d
2 2 2 2
9 9
= sen(2) + C1
2 4
Se obtiene:
9 9
9 sen2 ()d + 18 sen()d + 9 d = .2sen() cos() 18 cos() + 9 + C
2 4
x 3 (x + 9) (9 (x 3) )
2
x2 27
dx = arcsen +C
6x x2 2 3 2
x+2
dx .
x2 + x + 1
Solucin.
x+2 1 2x + 4 1 2x + 1 3 1
dx = dx = dx + dx
x + x +1
2 2 x + x+1
2 2 x + x +1
2 2 x + x +1
2
I1 I2
1 2x + 1 1
1 = dx = Ln x2 + x + 1 + C1
2 x + x +1
2 2
(
3 1 3 1 3 1
2 = dx = dx = du
2 x + x +1
2 2 x+ 1
2
)
2
+ 3
4
2 u + 2 3
4
= 3 arctg
2u
+ C2 = 3 arctg
2 x+( 1
2
) + C2
3 3
Luego,
( )
x+2 1 2 x+ 1
d x = Ln x2 + x + 1 + C1 + 3 arctg 2
+ C2
x + x +1
2 2 3
Por lo tanto
( )
x+2 1 2 x+ 1
2
dx = Ln x2 + x + 1 + 3 arctg +C
x + x +1
2 2 3
donde C = C1 + C2 es una constante.
dx
.
x(3x + 5)
Solucin.
dx dx
=
x(3x + 5) 3x2 + 5x
Completando el cuadrado:
5 5 25 25
3x2 +5x = 3 x2 + x = 3 x2 + 2 x +
3
6 36 36
2 2
5 25 5 25
3 x + 3 = 3 x +
6 36 6 12
Luego la integral queda
dx dx
= [1]
3x + 5x
2
5 25
2
3 x +
6 12
Calculemos esta integral haciendo el cambio de variable:
5
u=x+ de donde du = dx
6
Sustituyendo en [1] se tiene
dx 1 dx
= [2]
25 3 25
3u 2
u
2
12 36
Esta integral la resolvemos haciendo la sustitucin trigonomtrica:
5 5
u= sec(z) de donde du = sec(z) tg(z) dz
6 6
Sustituyendo en [2]
1 5 sec( z)tg (z) 5 sec( z) tg (z)
dz = dz =
3 2 6 3 25 25
5 25 sec 2 (z)
6 sec (z) 36 36
6 36
5 sec( z ) tg (z ) 5 sec( z ) tg (z )
= dz = dz =
6 3 25
36
(
sec 2 (z ) 1 ) 6 3 5
6
tg 2 (z )
1 1
sec(z) dz = Ln sec(z) + tg( z) + C
3 3
Devolviendo los cambios realizados
6u
sec (z) =
5
y de la identidad sec2(z) = tg2(z) + 1 se tiene
36u2 36 u2 25
tg z = sec2 (z) 1 = 1 =
25 5
5
y como u=x+ se tiene que
6
5
6 x +
6 6x + 5
sec (z) = =
5 5
y
2 2
5 6x + 5
36 x + 25 36 25
6 6 (6x + 5)2 25
tg (z) = = =
5 5 5
Sustituyendo se tiene
(6x + 5)2 25
dx 1 1 6x + 5
= Ln sec(z) + tg (z) + C = Ln + +C
x(3x + 5) 3 3 6 5
As que,
(6x + 5)2 25
dx 1 6x + 5
= Ln + +C
x(3x + 5) 3 5 5
Si el integrando es una funcin racional, es decir, tiene la forma R(x) = P(x) Q(x) donde
P(x) y Q(x) son polinomios, se buscar una descomposicin de R(x) en fracciones simples.
Para descomponer una fraccin racional propia como suma de fracciones simples se
hace uso del siguiente teorema:
TEOREMA 1. Cada polinomio P(x) con coeficientes reales, se puede expresar como un
producto P(x) = A(x)B(x) , donde A(x) es un producto de potencias de polinomios de primer
grado, diferentes entre si y B(x) es un producto de potencias de polinomios de segundo grado,
diferentes entre s, ninguno de los cuales posee races reales.
Los pasos a seguir para expresar una fraccin propia R(x) = P(x) Q(x) como suma de
fracciones simples se indicarn considerando varios casos.
x
dx .
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
Solucin.
PRIMER MTODO:
x A1 A2 A3
dx = dx + dx + dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) x +1 x+2 x3
x A1 A2 A3
= + +
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) x + 1 x + 2 x 3
x A (x2 x 6) + A2 (x2 2x 3) + A3 (x2 + 3x + 2)
= 1
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
x = A1(x2 x 6) + A2 (x2 2x 3) + A3 (x2 + 3x + 2)
A1 + A2 + A3 = 0 , A1 2A2 + 3A3 = 1 , 6A1 3A2 + 2A3 = 0
1 2 3
A1 = , A2 = , A3 =
4 5 20
x 1 2 3
dx = ln x + 1 ln x + 2 + ln x 3 + C
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) 4 5 20
SEGUNDO MTODO:
x A1 A2 A3
dx = dx + dx + dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) x +1 x+2 x3
x A1 A2 A3
= + +
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) x + 1 x + 2 x 3
x A (x2 x 6) + A2 (x2 2x 3) + A3 (x2 + 3x + 2)
= 1
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
x = A1(x2 x 6) + A2 (x2 2x 3) + A3 (x2 + 3x + 2)
x = 1 : 1 = 4A1 A1 = 1
4
. x = 2 : 2 = 5A2 A2 = 25 .
x = 3 : 3 = 20A3 A3 = 3
20
.
1 2 3
A1 = , A2 = , A3 =
4 5 20
x 1 2 3
dx = ln x + 1 ln x + 2 + ln x 3 + C
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3) 4 5 20
4x3 4x2 + x + 1
dx .
x 4 2x3 + x2
Solucin.
PRIMER MTODO:
x 4 2x3 + x2 = x2 (x2 2x + 1) = x2 (x 1)2
4x3 4x2 + x + 1 A1 A2 A3 A4
dx = dx + dx + dx + dx
x 2x + x
4 3 2
x 2 x (x 1) 2 x 1
4x3 4x2 + x + 1 = A1 (x 1)2 + A2 x(x 1)2 + A3 x2 + A 4 x2 (x 1)
A2 + A 4 = 4 , A1 2A2 + A3 A 4 = 4 , 2A1 + A2 = 1 , A1 = 1
A1 = 1 , A2 = 3 , A3 = 2 , A 4 = 1
4x3 4x2 + x + 1 dx dx dx dx 1 2
dx = +3 +2 + = + 3ln x + ln x + C
x 2x + x
4 3 2
x 2 x (x 1) 2 x 1 x x 1
SEGUNDO MTODO:
x 4 2x3 + x2 = x2 (x2 2x + 1) = x2 (x 1)2
4x3 4x2 + x + 1 A1 A2 A3 A4
dx = dx + dx + dx + dx
x 2x + x
4 3 2
x 2 x (x 1) 2 x 1
4x 4x + x + 1 = A1 (x 1) + A2 x(x 1) + A3 x + A 4 x (x 1)
3 2 2 2 2 2
x = 0 : 1 = A1. x = 1 : 2 = A3.
2 + A2 = 1 A2 = 3, A2 + A 4 = 4 A 4 = 1
A1 = 1 , A2 = 3 , A3 = 2 , A 4 = 1
4x3 4x2 + x + 1 dx dx dx dx 1 2
dx = +3 +2 + = + 3ln x + ln x + C
x 2x + x
4 3 2
x 2 x (x 1) 2 x 1 x x 1
dx
.
x + 2x 4 + x2
6
Solucin.
x6 + 2x4 + x2 = x2 (x2 + 1)2
dx A1 A2 A3 x + A 4 A5 x + A 6
= dx + dx + dx + dx
x (x + 1)
2 2 2
x2 x (x + 1)
2 2
x2 + 1
1 = A1(x 4 + 2x2 + 1) + A2 x(x 4 + 2x2 + 1) + A3 x3 + A 4 x2 + A5x5 + A5 x3 + A6 x4 + A6 x2
A2 + A5 = 0 , A1 + A6 = 0 , 2A2 + A3 + A5 = 0 , 2A1 + A 4 + A6 = 0 , A2 = 0 , A1 = 1
A1 = 1 , A2 = 0 , A3 = 0 , A 4 = 1 , A5 = 0 , A6 = 1
dx dx dx dx 1 dx
= = arctg(x)
x (x + 1)
2 2 2
x 2
(x + 1)
2 2
x +12 x (x + 1)2
2
Resolviendo
dx sec2 () 1 sen(2)
= d = cos2 ()d = 1 + cos(2) d = + +C
(x2 + 1)2 (tg2 () + 1)2 2 2 4
1 1 x
= arctg(x) + +C
2 2 x2 + 1
Por lo tanto
dx 1 3 x
= arctg(x) + +C
x (x + 1)
2 2 2 x 2 2(x + 1)
2
x3 x + 1
dx .
x2 1
Solucin.
x3 x + 1 1 x2 1 x +1
dx = x + 2 dx = 2 + 2 ln x 1 + C
x2 1 x 1
x6 + 1
dx .
x4 16x2
Solucin.
x6 + 1 (x4 16x2 )(x2 + 16) + (256x2 + 1) 256x2 + 1
dx = dx = (x2 + 16)dx + dx
x4 16x2 x4 16x2 x4 16x2
x3 256x2 + 1 x3 A1 A2 A3 A4
+ 16x + dx = + 16x + dx + dx + dx + dx
3 x (x 4)(x + 4)
2 3 x2 x (x 4) (x + 4)
A2 + A3 + A 4 = 0 , A1 + 4A3 4A 4 = 256 , 16A2 = 0 , 16A1 = 1
1 4097 4097
A1 = , A2 = 0 , A3 = , A4 =
16 128 128
x6 + 1 x3 1 4097 4097
dx = + 16x + + ln x 4 ln x + 4 + C
x4 16x2 3 16x 128 128
ln(x)
dx .
(x 2)4
Solucin.
Utilizando integracin por partes se tiene que:
dx dx 1
u = ln(x) du = , dv = v= .
x (x 2)4
3(x 2)3
Luego:
ln(x) ln(x) 1 dx
dx = + .
(x 2) 4
3(x 2) 3 3 x(x 2)3
Al resolver
dx
x(x 2)3
se tiene:
dx dx dx dx dx
= A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
x(x 2)3 x (x 2)3 (x 2)2 (x 2)
Desarrollando
dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
= + +
x(x 2)3 8 x 2 (x 2)3 4 (x 2)2 8 (x 2)
1 1 1 1
= ln x + + ln x 2 + C
8 4(x 2)2 4(x 2) 8
De modo que:
ln(x) ln(x) 1 1 1 1
dx = ln x + + ln x 2) + C
(x 2) 4
3(x 2) 3 24 12(x 2)2 12(x 2) 24
x2 5x + 9
dx .
x2 5x + 6
Solucin.
x2 5 x + 6 + 3 x2 5 x + 6 3 3
= + = 1+
x 5x + 6
2
x 5x + 6
2
x 5x + 6
2
x 5x + 6
2
Entonces,
x2 5 x + 9 3 1
dx = 1 + dx = dx + 3 dx
x 5x + 6
2
( x 3 )( x 2 ) ( x 3 )( x 2 )
Ahora resolvemos la integral
1
dx ,
( x 3 )( x 2 )
escribiendo la fraccin
1
( x 3 )( x 2 )
como suma de fracciones simples:
1 A B
= +
( x 3 )( x 2 ) x3 x2
de donde 1 = A x 2 A + B x 3 B y de aqu se obtiene el sistema de ecuaciones:
A + B = 0
A =1 y B = 1 ,
2A + 3B = 1
luego
1 1 1
=
( x 3 )( x 2 ) x3 x2
As que,
x2 5 x + 9 1 1
dx = dx + 3 dx =
x2 5 x + 6 x 3 x 2
x2 5 x + 9 x3
d x = x + Ln |x - 3| - 3Ln|x - 2| + C = x + Ln +C
x 5x + 6
2
(x 2) 3
x +1
dx .
x(1 + xex )
Solucin.
x +1 ex (x + 1) dz dz dz dz dz
dx = dx = =A +B =
x(1 + xe ) x
xe (1 + xe )
x x z(1 + z) z 1+z z 1+z
z = xex dz = ex (x + 1)dx 1 = A(1 + z) + Bz, z = 0 A = 1, z = 1 B = 1
xex
= ln z ln 1 + z + C = ln xex ln 1 + xex + C = ln +C
1 + xex
Por lo tanto:
x +1 xe x
dx = ln +C
x(1 + xex ) 1 + xex
x3 6x2 6x + 8
dx .
(x + 3)(x2 + 2)
Solucin.
x3 6x2 6x + 8 9x2 8x + 2
dx = dx + dx
(x + 3)(x2 + 2) (x + 3)(x2 + 2)
As se tiene
x3 6x2 6x + 8 3x2 + 6x + 2 6x2 + 7x
dx = dx + dx 2 dx
(x + 3)(x2 + 2) (x + 3)(x2 + 2) (x + 3)(x2 + 2)
Realizamos la descomposicin en fracciones simples
6x2 + 7x A Bx + C
= + 2
(x + 3)(x + 2)2 (x + 3) (x + 2)
De donde se obtiene A=B=3, C=-2
x3 6x2 6x + 8 3x2 + 6x + 2 dx xdx dx
dx = dx + dx 6 6 +4
(x + 3)(x + 2) 2
(x + 3)(x + 2) 2 (x + 3) (x + 2)
2
(x + 2)
2
Por tanto,
x3 6x2 6x + 8 x
dx = x 5ln x + 3 2 ln(x2 + 2) + 4arctg +C
(x + 3)(x + 2) 2
2
arctg(1 ex )
dx .
ex
Solucin.
Aplicando integracin por partes
arctg(1 ex ) arctg(1 ex ) dx
dx =
e x
e x
1 + (1 ex )2
I1
e x
u = arctg(1 e ) du =
x
dx , dv = e x dx v = e x
1 + (1 e )
x 2
Resolviendo I1 se tiene
dx du du udu du
I1 = = =A +B +C
1 + (1 e ) x 2
(u 1)(1 + u ) 2 (u 1) (1 + u )2
1 + u2
du
u = 1 e du = e dx u 1 = dx
x x
A +B = 0 A = 12
1 A Bu + C
= + 1 = A(1 + u2 ) + (Bu + C)(u 1) C B = 0 B = 12
(u 1)(1 + u2 ) u 1 1 + u2
AC =1 C = 12
Por lo tanto
dx du 1 du 1 udu 1 du
I1 = = =
1 + (1 e ) x 2
(u 1)(1 + u ) 2 2 (u 1) 2 (1 + u )
2 2 1 + u2
1 1 1
= ln u 1 ln(1 + u2 ) arctg(u) + C
2 4 2
1 1 1
= ln(ex ) ln(e2x 2ex + 2) arctg(1 ex ) + C
2 4 2
x 1 1
= ln(e 2e + 2) arctg(1 ex ) + C
2x x
2 4 2
De modo que
arctg(1 ex ) 1 x 1
x
dx = e x arctg(1 ex ) + ln(e2x 2ex + 2) + C .
e 2 2 4
dx
.
x +14
Solucin.
dx dx
=
x +14
(x + 2x + 1)(x2 2x + 1)
2
xdx dx xdx dx
=A +B +C +D
(x + 2x + 1)
2
(x + 2x + 1)
2
(x 2x + 1)
2
(x 2x + 1)
2
x + 1 = (x + 2x + 1) 2x = (x + 1) 2x = (x + 2x + 1)(x 2x + 1)
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 Ax + B Cx + D
= +
(x2 + 2x + 1)(x2 2x + 1) (x2 + 2x + 1) (x2 2x + 1)
A+C =0 A= 4
2
2A + 2C + D + B = 0 B= 1
2
1 = (Ax + B)(x2 2x + 1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + 2x + 1)
A + C 2B + 2D = 0 C= 2
4
B +D =1 D= 1
2
Por lo tanto
dx
2
x+ 1 2
x+ 1
= 4 2
dx + 4
dx 2
x4 + 1 (x2 + 2x + 1) (x2 2x + 1)
I1 I2
Resolviendo I1 se tiene:
2
x+ 1 2
x+ 1 2
(z 2
) + 1 2
z +1
I1 = 4 2
dx = 4 2
dx = 4 2 2
dz = 4 4
dz
(x2 + 2x + 1) (x + 2 2
) + 1 z + 21
2
z +
2 1
2
2 2
z = x + 2
dz = dx x = z 2
2
2
2
z + 1
2 z 1 dz 2 dw 1 dz 2 2
= 4 4
dz = dz + = + = ln w + arctg( 2z) + C
z +
2 1
2
4 z +
2 1
2
4 z +
2 1
2
8 w 4 z +
2 1
2
8 4
w = z2 + 1
dw = 2zdz
2
2 2 2 2
ln w + =arctg( 2z) + C = ln x2 + 2x + 1 + arctg( 2x + 1) + C
8 4 8 4
Resolviendo I2 se tiene:
2
x+ 1 2
x+ 1 2
(z + 2
) + 1 2
z+ 1
I2 = 4 2
dx = 4 2
dx = 4 2 2
dz = 4 4
dz
(x2 2x + 1) (x 2 2
) + 1 z2 + 1
2
z +
2 1
2
2 2
z = x 2
dz = dx x = z + 2
2
2
2
z+ 1
2 z 1 dz 2 dw 1 dz
= 4 4
dz = dz + = +
z +
2 1
2
4 z +
2 1
2
4 z +2 1
2
8 w 4 z + 2 1
2
2 2 w = z2 +
= ln w + arctg( 2z) + C 1
dw = 2zdz
8 4 2
2 1 2 2
= ln w + arctg(2z) + C = ln x2 2x + 1 + arctg( 2x 1) + C
8 2 8 4
Por lo tanto
dx 2 2 2 2
= ln x2 + 2x + 1 + arctg( 2x + 1) ln x2 2x + 1 + arctg( 2x 1) + C
x +1
4 8 4 8 4
2 x2 + 2x + 1 2
= ln 2 + arctg( 2x + 1) + arctg( 2x 1) + C
8 x 2x + 1 4
2 x2 + 2x + 1 2 2x
= + arctg +C
1 x2
ln 2
8 x 2x + 1 4
senn (x)dx y
cosn (x)dx ,
Si la potencia es impar use la identidad sen2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1 para obtener integrandos de
la forma cos2m (x)sen(x) o bien sen2m(x) cos(x) que se integran fcilmente.
Ejemplo 76.
cos2k +1(x)dx =
(cos2 (x))k
Transformar a s enos
cos(x)dx =
(1 sen2 (x))k .
cos(x)
potencias del s eno derivada int erna
dx
1
cos2k (x)dx = (cos2 (x))k dx = (1 + cos(2x))k dx
2k
tgn (x)dx y
ctgn (x)dx ,
Ejemplo 78.
tgn (x)dx =
(tg(x))n 2 tg2 (x)dx =
(tg(x))n 2 (sec2 (x) 1)dx
(tg(x))n 1
= (tg(x))n 2 sec2 (x)dx (tg(x))n 2 dx = (tg(x))n 2 dx
n1
secn (x)dx y
cscn (x)dx ,
(sec(x))2k dx =
sec2k 2 (x) sec2 (x)dx =
(sec2 (x))k 1
Transformar a tan gentes
sec2 (x)dx
=
(1 + tg2 (x))k 1
. sec
2
(x)
potencias de tan gentes derivada int erna
dx
(sec(x))2k +1 dx =
sec2k 1(x) sec2 (x)dx
= tg(x) sec2k 1(x) (2k 1) sec2k 1(x) tg2 (x)
Transformar a sec antes
dx
= tg(x) sec2k 1(x) (2k 1) sec2k 1(x) sec2 (x) 1 dx
= tg(x) sec2k 1(x) (2k 1) sec2k +1(x)dx + (2k 1) sec2k 1(x)dx
1
= tg(x) sec2k 1(x) + (2k 1) sec2k 1(x)dx
2k
Si la potencia del seno es impar y positiva, conserve un factor seno y transforme los
dems a cosenos, desarrolle e integre:
=
(1 cos2 (x))k cosn (x).
potencias del cos eno
sen(x)
derivada int erna
dx
=
(1 sen2 (x))k senm (x).
potencias del seno
cos(x)
derivada int erna
dx
Si las potencias del seno y del coseno son pares y no negativas, use repetidamente
las identidades
1 cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
sen2 (x) = y cos2 (x) =
2 2
para convertir el integrando en uno con potencias impares del coseno:
k2
k1
1 cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
sen2k1 (x) cos2k2 (x)dx = (sen2 (x))k1 (cos2 (x))k2 dx = dx
2 2
sen(x)sen(x)dx;
sen(x) cos(x)dx;
cos(x) cos(x)dx ,
se resuelven pasando a una suma de senos y/o cosenos con las identidades:
1
sen()sen() = cos( ) cos( + )
2
1
sen() cos() = sen( ) + sen( + )
2
1
cos() cos() = cos( ) + cos( + )
2
Transformar a secantes
secn 1(x) sec(x)tg(x)dx
=
(sec2
(x)
1)
k
secn 1(x).
sec(x)tg(x)
Potencias de sec ante
dx
derivada int erna
x
u = tg , < x <
2
En consecuencia,
1 x 1 x 1
du = s ec2 dx = tg2 + 1 dx = (u2 + 1)dx
2 2 2 2 2
luego
2
dx = du
u +1
2
x
sec2 = u2 + 1,
2
luego
1 + cos(x) x 1
= c o s2 = 2 ,
2 u +1
2
de donde
1 u2
cos(x) =
1 + u2
2
1 u2
sen2 (x) = 1
1 + u2
,
luego
2u
sen(x) = .
1 + u2
cos4 (x)dx .
Solucin.
2
1 + cos(2x) 1
cos4 (x)dx = (cos2 (x))2 dx = dx = 4 (1 + cos(2x))2 dx
2
1 1 1 1
(1 + 2 cos(2x) + cos2 (2x))dx = dx + cos(2x)dx + cos2 (2x)dx
4 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
= x + sen(2x) + x + sen(4x) + C
4 4 8 8
sen5 (x)dx .
Solucin.
sen5 (x)dx =
(sen4 (x))sen(x)dx =
(sen2 (x))2 sen(x)dx
=
(1 cos2 (x))2 sen(x)dx =
(1 2 cos2 (x) + cos4 (x))sen(x)dx
=
sen(x)dx 2
cos2 (x)sen(x)dx +
cos4 (x)sen(x)dx
2 1
= cos(x) cos3 (x) + cos5 (x) + C
3 5
tg5 (x)dx .
Solucin.
tg5 (x)dx =
tg3 (x)tg2 (x)dx =
tg3 (x)(sec2 (x) 1)dx =
tg3 (x) sec2 (x)dx
tg3 (x)dx
tg (x) tg2 (x)
4
tg3 (x) sec2 (x)dx tg(x) sec2 (x)dx + tg(x)dx = ln cos(x) + C
4 2
Solucin.
cos5 (x) cos7 (x)
(1 cos2 (x))sen(x) cos4 (x)dx = (cos4 (x)sen(x) cos6 (x)sen(x))dx = +C
5 7
dx
.
(x + 4x + 6)3
2
Solucin.
dx dx du 2 sec2 (z)
= = = dz
(x2 + 4x + 6)3 ((x + 2)2 + 2)3 (u2 + 2)3 (2tg2 (z) + 2)3
(u = x + 2 du = dx) (u = 2tg(z) du = 2 sec2 (z)dz)
2
2 sec2 (z) 2 2 1 + cos(2z) 2
dz = cos4 (z)dz = dz = (1 + 2 cos(2z) + cos2 (2z))dz
8 sec6 (z) 8 8 2 32
2 2 2 2
(1 + 2 cos(2z) + cos2 (2z))dz = dz + cos(2z)dz + cos2 (2z)dz
32 32 16 32
2 2 2 u 2 x + 2
dz = z + C1 = arctg + C1 = arctg + C1
32 32 32 2 32 2
2 2 2 u 2 x + 2
cos(2z)dz = sen(2z) + C2 = sen 2arctg + C2 = sen 2arctg + C2
16 32 32 2 32 2
2 2 2 sen(4z)
cos2 (2z)dz = (1 + cos(4z))dz = z+ + C3
32 64 64 4
2 sen(4arctg( u ))
= arctg( u
) + 2 + C3
64 2 4
2 sen(4arctg( x + 2 ))
= arctg( x + 2 ) + 2 + C3
64 2 4
De modo que:
x +2
2 sen(4arctg( 2 ))
dx 3 2 x + 2 2 x + 2
= arctg + sen 2arctg + +C
(x2 + 4x + 6)3 64 2 32 2 64 4
Solucin.
Sea z = x3 + x2 dz = (3x2 + 2x)dx . De modo que:
2
sen3 (z) cos4 (z)dx = 2
sen2 (z)sen(z) cos4 (z)dz
2 (1 cos2 (z))sen(z) cos4 (z)dz = 2 (cos4 (z)sen(z) cos6 (z)sen(z))dz
dx
.
sen (x) cos3 (x)
3
Solucin.
dx (sen2 (x) + cos2 (x))2 sen4 (x) + 2sen2 (x) cos2 (x) + cos4 (x)
3 3
= 3 3
dx = dx
sen (x) cos (x) sen (x) cos (x) sen3 (x) cos3 (x)
sen(x) dx cos(x) sen(x) cos(x) cos(x)
3
dx + 2 + 3
dx = 3
dx + 2 2
dx + dx
cos (x) sen(x) cos(x) sen (x) cos (x) sen(x) cos (x) sen3 (x)
(u = cos(x)) (z = tg(x)) (w = sen(x))
du dz dw 1 1 1 1
+2 + = + 2 ln z +C = + 2 ln tg(x) +C
u3 z w3 2u2 2w2 2cos2 (x) 2sen2 (x)
dx
.
1 + 2sen(x) + cos(x)
Solucin.
dx 1 2
= . du
1 + 2sen(x) + cos(x) 1+ 4u + 1 u2 1 + u2
1 + u2 1 + u2
2 du 1 1
du = = ln 1 + 2u + C = ln 1 + 2tg( 2x ) + C
2 + 4u 1 + 2u 2 2
Solucin.
Sea
dz
z = ex dz = ex dx = dx .
z
Se tiene entonces que:
z2 1 z2
z ln(z + 9 + z2 )dz = ln(z + 9 + z2 ) dz
2 2 9 + z2
Al resolver
z2
dz .
9 + z2
Sea z = 3tg() dz = 3 sec2 ()d , de modo que
z2 9tg2 ().3 sec2 ()
dz = d = 9tg2 () sec()d = 9 (sec2 () 1) sec()d
9+z 2 3 sec()
= 9 sec3 ()d sec()d
Resolviendo
sec3 ()d .
= tg() sec()
sec3 ()d +
sec()d
1 1
sec3 ()d = tg() sec() + ln sec() + tg() + C
2 2
De modo que:
z2 9 9
dz = 9 sec3 ()d sec()d = tg() sec() ln sec() + tg() + C
9 + z2 2 2
9 z 9 + z2 9 9 + z2 z 1 9 9 + z2 z
= . . ln + + C = .z 9 + z2 ln + +C
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
Entonces:
z2 1 9 z + 9 + z2
z ln(z + 9 + z2 )dz = ln(z + 9 + z2 ) z 9 + z2 + ln +C
2 4 4 3
Finalmente:
e2x 1 9 ex + 9 + e2x
e2x ln(ex + 9 + e2x )dx = ln(ex + 9 + e2x ) ex 9 + e2x + ln +C
2 4 4 3
1 + cos(x)
dx .
5 cos (x) + 8 cos(x) + 3
2
Solucin.
1+ 1 u2
1 + cos(x) 1 + u2 du du
dx = 2 . =
5 cos (x) + 8 cos(x) + 3
2 2
5(1 u2 )2 +
2
8(1 u2 ) +3 1+u
2
4 u2
1+ u 1+ u
x 2 2u 1 u2
u = tg dx = du sen(x) = cos(x) =
2 1 + u2 1 + u2 1 + u2
Por tanto
1 2 + tg( 2 )
x
1 + cos(x) du 1 2+u
dx = = ln + C = ln +C
5 cos2 (x) + 8 cos(x) + 3 4 u2 4 2u 4 2 tg( 2x )
dx
.
ctg(x) + cos(x)
Solucin.
Manipulando algebraicamente la integral se tiene que:
dx dx dx sen(x)
= = cos(x) + sen(x) cos(x)
= dx
ctg(x) + cos(x) cos(x)
+ cos(x) cos(x)(1 + sen(x))
sen(x) sen(x)
Usando el cambio
x 2 1 u2 2u
u = tg dx = du , cos(x) = , sen(x) = .
2 1 + u2 1+u 2
1 + u2
2u 2 4u
. 4u 4u
1 + u2 1 + u2 1 + u2
du = du = du =
( ) ( )
du
1 u2
1+ 2u
(1 u )
2 u2 + 2u +1 (1 u )(u + 1)
2 2
(1 u)(1 + u)3
1 + u2 1 + u2 1 + u2
Se tiene:
4u A1 A2 A3 A4
= + + +
(1 u)(1 + u) 3 1 u (1 + u)3
(1 + u)2 1+u
A1(1 + u)3 + A2 (1 u) + A3 (1 u2 ) + A 4 (1 u2 )(1 + u)
=
(1 u)(1 + u)3
A1(1 + 3u + 3u2 + u3 ) + A2 (1 u) + A3 (1 u2 ) + A 4 (1 + u u2 u3 )
=
(1 u)(1 + u)3
(A1 A 4 )u3 + (3A1 A3 A 4 )u2 + (3A1 A2 + A 4 )u + (A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 )
=
(1 u)(1 + u)3
Construyendo el sistema de ecuaciones:
A1 A 4 = 0
3A1 A3 A 4 = 0
3A1 A2 + A 4 = 4
A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 = 0
Encontrando valores:
u=1 u = 1
4u 1 4u
= A1 A1 = = A2 A2 = 2
(1 + u)3 2 1u
Se tiene entonces:
1
A1 A 4 = 0 A4 =
2
3A1 A3 A 4 = 0 A3 = 1
3A1 A2 + A 4 = 4
A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 = 0
De manera que
4u 1 du du du 1 du
du = 2 + +
(1 u)(1 + u)3 2 1u (1 + u)3 (1 + u)2 2 1+u
1 1 1 1
= ln 1 u + + ln 1 + u + C
2 (1 + u)2 1 + u 2
Devolviendo el cambio de variable se tiene que:
dx 1 1 1 1
= ln 1 tg( 2x ) + + ln 1 + tg( 2x ) + C
ctg(x) + cos(x)
( ) 1 + tg( 2x ) 2
2 2
1 + tg( 2x )
dx
.
(1 + sec(x))sen(x)
Solucin.
dx dx dx cos(x)
= = = dx
(1 + sec(x))sen(x) (1 + 1 )sen(x)
cos(x) sen(x) + sen(x) sen(x) cos(x) + sen(x)
cos(x)
(
.
1 + u2 1 + u2 (1 + u2 )2
I= du =
)( )
du
1 u2 2u(1 u2 +1 + u2 )
2u + 2u
1 + u2 1 + u2 1 + u2 (1 + u2 )2
2(1 u2 ) 1 1 u2 1 u2 1 1 2
= du = du = ln u + C = ln tg(x 2) tg (x 2) + C
4u 2 u 2 2 2 4
1 sen2 (x)
dx .
1 + cos2 (x)
Solucin.
Aplicando el cambio u = tg(x) :
1 u2
1 sen2 (x) 1 + u2 du du
dx = . = .
1 + cos (x) 2 1+ 1
1+u 2
(2 + u )(1 + u2 )
2
1 + u2
du A1u + A2 A3u + A 4
= du + du
(u + 1)(u + 2)
2 2
u +1
2
u2 + 2
A1 + A3 = 0
A2 + A4 = 0
A1 = A3 = 0 , A2 = 1 , A 4 = 1
2A1 + A3 = 0
2A2 + A4 = 1
De modo que:
du du du
=
(u2 + 1)(u2 + 2) u2 + 1 u2 + 2
u 1 1 tg(x)
= arctg(u) arctg + C = arctg(tg(x)) arctg +C
2 2 2 2
1 tg(x)
=x arctg +C
2 2
dx
.
2sen (x) + 3 cos2 (x)
2
Solucin.
dx dx dx
= = [1]
2 sen (x) + 3 cos (x)
2 2
2 (sen (x) + cos (x)) + cos (x)
2 2 2
2 + cos2 (x)
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2 1
= = dt = dt
2+
1 2 + 2t 2
+ 1 (1 + t 2
)(3 + 2t 2
) 3 + 2t2
1 + t2 1 + t2
1 1 1 1 1
= dt = dt = dt [2]
2 3 2
1 + t2
3 2
2
3 1 + t 2
3 3 1+ t
3
Resolvamos la integral
1
2
dt
2
1+ t
3
haciendo el cambio de variable
2 2 2
z= t , dz = dt = dt
3 3 3
de donde
3
dt = dz
2
Entonces
1 3 1 3
dt = dz = arctg (z) + C1
2
2
2 1+z 2
2
1+ t
3
2
Devolviendo el cambio de variable z = t se tiene:
3
1 3 1 3 3 2
dt = dz = arctg (z) + C1 = arctg t + C1
2
1+z 2 3
2 2 2 2
1+ t
3
Reemplazando en [2] se obtiene
1 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 C1
dt = dt = arctg t + C = arctg t +
3 + 2t 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
2 2 3 2
1+ t
3
3 3 2 C1 3 2 C1 1 2
= arctg t + = arctg t + = arctg t + C
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 6 3
C1
donde C = es una constante cualquiera
3
Por lo tanto:
dx 1 2
= arctg tg( x) + C
2 sen (x) + 3 cos (x)
2 2
6 3
sen(4x) cos(5x)sen(x)dx .
Solucin.
[sen(9x) sen(x)]sen(x)dx = 1
[sen(9x)sen(x) sen (x)]dx
1
sen(4x) cos(5x)sen(x)dx = 2
2 2
[cos(x) cos(9x)]dx 1 [1 cos(2x)]dx
1 1 1
sen(9x)sen(x)dx sen2 (x)dx =
2 2 4 4
1 1 1 1
= sen(x) sen(9x) + sen(2x) + C
4 36 4 8
dx
.
4 cos(x) + 3sen(x)
Solucin.
Haciendo el cambio universal :
x 1 t2 2t 2
tg = t , cos (x) = , sen(x) = , dx = dt ,
2 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
la integral se transforma en
dx dt dt
= =2 dt = 2 dt
4 cos (x) + 3 sen(x) 2
4 4t + 6t 4t
2
6t 4
1 dt
= ,
2 2
25 3
4 t
4 4
1 dt 5 cos (u) 1 cos (u)
= du = du =
2 2 4 25 25 2 5 2
25 3 sen (u) 1 sen (u)
4 t 4 4
4 4
1 1
= sec (u)d u = Ln sec( u) + tg(u) + C
5 5
25 (4 t 3 )2
1 5 4t 3
sec(u) = = , tg(u) =
25 (4t 3 ) 25 16 (4t 3)
cos (u) 2 2
Luego,
1 4t + 2
= ln +C
5 25 (4t 3)2
x
tg = t
2
x
4tg + 2
1 2
= Ln +C
5 2
x
25 4tg 3
2
dx
.
1 + 2tg(x)
Solucin.
Haciendo el cambio de variable t = tgx , dt = sec2xdx = (1 + tg2x)dx = (1 + t2) dx
dt
de donde dx = luego,
1 + t2
dt
=
(1 + 2 t) (1 + t2 )
Ahora descomponiendo en fracciones parciales simples:
1 A Bt + C
= +
(1 + 2 t) (1 + t ) 1 + 2 t 1 + t2
2
4 dt 2 t 1 1
= dt + dt
5 1 + 2t 5 1+ t 2 5 1 + t2
2 1 1
= Ln 1 + 2t Ln 1 + t2 + arctg (t) + C
5 5 5
(1 + 2t ) (1 + 2tg(x))
2 2
1 x
= Ln 5 + arctg(t) + C = Ln 5 + +C
1+ t 2 5 1 + tg (x)2 5
=
1
5
( Ln (cos(x) + 2sen (x)) 2
+x ) +C=
1
5
(2 Ln (cos(x) + 2sen(x)) + x ) + C.
= ( 2 Ln (cos( x) + 2sen(x)) + x ) + C.
dx 1
Por lo tanto, =
1 + 2 tg (x) 5
sec(x)
dx .
2tg(x) + sec(x) 1
Solucin.
Aplicando identidades trigonomtricas y manipulando algebraicamente
1
sec(x) cos(x) dx
dx = dx =
2tg(x) + sec(x) 1 2 sen(x)
+ cos(x)
1 1 1 + 2sen(x) cos(x)
cos(x)
dx u2 +1 2 2
= du = du = du
1 + 2sen(x) cos(x) 1+ 4u
1 u2 4u + u + 1 1 + u
2 2
2u + 4u
2
1 + u2 1 + u2
du du du 1
= =A +B = ln u ln u + 2 + C
u(u + 2) u (u + 2) 2
A+B = 0 A = 12
2A = 1 B = 12
1 u 1 tg( 2x )
= ln + C = ln +C
2 u+2 2 2 + tg( 2x )
1 + tg( 2x )
dx .
1 + cos(x)
Solucin.
Hacemos el cambio universal:
x
tg = t
2
de donde
1 t2 2
x = arctg(2t) ; co s(x) = , dx = dt
1+ t 2
1 + t2
Entonces,
1 + tg( 2x ) 1+t 2 1+t 2
dx = dt = dt =
1 + cos(x) 1t 2
1 + t2 1+ t +1 t
2 2
1 + t2
1+
1+t 2
1 + t2
1+ t 2 t2
= dt = (1 + t ) d t = t + +C
1 + t2 + 1 t2 1 + t2 2
1+ t 2
1 + tg( 2x ) 1 2 x
dx = tg( 2x ) + tg ( 2 ) + C
1 + cos(x) 2
1 ex dx .
Solucin.
2u2 1 du du
1 ex dx = du = 2 1 + 2 du = 2u + = 2u + ln u 1 ln u + 1 + C
u 12
u 1 u1 1+u
(u = 1 e 2udu = e dx)
2 x x
1 ex 1
= 2 1 ex + ln +C
1 ex + 1
dx
.
x 1/2
+ x2 / 3
Solucin.
dx 6t5 1
= dt = 6 t 1 + t + 1 dt = 3t 6t + 6 ln t + 1 + C
2
1/2
x +x 2 /3
t +t
3 4
(x = t dx = 6t dt)
6 5
= 3x1 / 3 6x1 / 6 + 6 ln x1 / 6 + 1 + C
x +1 +2
dx .
(x + 1)2 x + 1
Solucin.
z2 = x + 1 2zdz = dx
(z + 2).2z z+2 z+2
dz = 2 dz = 2 dz
z z
4
z 1
3
(z 1)(z2 + z + 1)
Descomponiendo en fracciones simples
z+2 A1 A z + A3
= + 22
(z 1)(z + z + 1) z 1 z + z + 1
2
A1 + A2 = 0 , 2A1 A2 = 3 A1 = 1 , A2 = 1 , A3 = 1
z+2 dz z +1
2 dz = 2 2 dz
(z 1)(z2 + z + 1) z 1 z2 + z + 1
dz
2 = ln z 1 + C1 = 2 ln x + 1 1 + C1
z 1
z +1 2z + 2 2z + 1 1
2 dz = dz = dz + dz
z + z +1
2
z + z +1
2
z + z +1
2
z + z +1
2
z + 1
1 2
= ln z2 + z + 1 + dz = ln z2
+ z + 1 + arctg + C2
(z + 12 )2 + 34 3
2
x +1 + 1
1 1
= ln x + 1 + x + 1 + 1 + arctg 2
+ C2
2 2 3
2
dx
.
4
(x 1)3 (x + 2)5
Solucin.
dx dx
=
4 + 2)
4 (x 1) (x + 2)4 (x + 2) (x 1)(x + 2)4 (x
(x 1)
(x 1)
x+2 t4 + 2 12t3 3 3t 4
t4 = x= 4 dx = 4 dt ; x 1 = 4 x+2 =
x +1 t 1 (t 1)2
t 1 t4 1
12t3
(t 4 1)2 12t3 4 dt 4 4 x 1
dt = dt = = +C = 4 +C
3 . 3t4 .t 9t 5 3 t 2 3t 3 x+2
t 4 1 t 4 1
x. arctg( x2 1 )dx .
Solucin.
dz
Haciendo el cambio de variable z = x2 1 de donde dz = 2 x dx x dx = , se tiene
2
1
x arctg( x2 1) dx = arctg z dz . [1]
2
1 1 1 1
arctg z dz = z arctg z z dz
2 2 1 + z 2 z
1 1 z
= z arctg z dz [2]
2 2 z (1 + z)
Calculemos la integral que queda haciendo el cambio de variable: z = t2 , dz= 2t dt,
t2 t2 1 + t2 1
z
dz = 2td t = 2 d t = 2 d t = 2 1 1 d t =
z (1 + z) t (1 + t2 ) 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
1
= 2 dt dt = 2 t 2 arctg t + C1
1+ t 2
Devolviendo los cambios de variable: t = z donde z = x2 - 1
z
d z = 2 t 2 arctg( t) + C1 = 2 z 2arctg( z ) + C1 =
z (1 + z)
= 2 x2 1 2 arctg ( x2 1) + C1
Sustituyendo en [2]
1 1 2 C
arctg( z )dz = (x 1) arctg( x2 1) x2 + 1 + arctg( x2 1) 1 =
2 2 2
Por lo tanto
1 2 1
x arctg( x2 1 )dx = x arctg( x2 1) x2 1 + C
2 2
Ejemplo 105.
ex x
sen(x2 )dx , 1 + x4 dx , dx , ee dx ,
x
1 sen(x)
dx , ln(ln(x))dx , dx , ex ln(x)dx
ln(x) x
que parecen tan sencillas que se siente la tentacin de investigar de dnde surgieron.
Maple realiza la integracin indefinida con el comando int . Esta funcin necesita dos
argumentos: una expresin y la variable de integracin. Si Maple encuentra respuesta, sta es
devuelta sin la constante de integracin. Estos son algunos ejemplos de integracin indefinida:
> int(2*x*exp(x^2),x);
(x2 )
e
> int(sin(y)*cos(y),y);
1
sin( y ) 2
2
> int(2*x*exp(x^2),x)+C;
(x2)
e +C
> int(sin(y)*cos(y),y)+C;
1
sin( y ) 2 + C
2
> Int(2*x*exp(x^2),x)=int(2*x*exp(x^2),x)+C;
(x2 ) (x2)
2 x e d x = e +C
> Int(sin(y)*cos(y),y)=int(sin(y)*cos(y),y)+C;
1
sin( y ) cos( y ) dy = 2 sin( y ) + C
2
> int(sin(x^3)*cos(x^2),x);
sin( x 3 ) cos( x 2 ) dx
como se trabajar en futuros ejemplos. En el desarrollo de los mismos se tendrn presente los
siguientes pasos:
> restart:with(student):
> integ:=Int(cos(2*x),x);
integ := cos( 2 x ) dx
> nuevaInteg:=changevar(2*x=t, Int(cos(2*x),x));
1
nuevaInteg := cos( t ) dt
2
> value(nuevaInteg);
1
sin( t )
2
> Int(cos(2*x),x)=subs(t=2*x,%)+C;
1
cos( 2 x ) dx = 2 sin( 2 x ) + C
Otro ejemplo:
> restart:with(student):
> integ:=Int(exp(3*x+4),x);
( 3 x + 4 ) dx
integ :=
e
> nuevaInteg:=changevar(3*x+4=u, Int(exp(3*x+4),x));
1 u
nuevaInteg := e du
3
> value(nuevaInteg);
1 u
e
3
> Int(exp(3*x+4),x)=subs(u=3*x+4,%)+C;
( 3 x + 4 ) dx = 1 e ( 3 x + 4 ) + C
e
3
intparts(f,u),
> restart:with(student):
> integ:=Int(x*ln(x),x):
> Por_Partes:=intparts(Int(x*ln(x),x),ln(x));
x
Por_Partes := ln( x ) x 2
1
dx
2
2
> valor:=value(Por_Partes);
1 x2
valor := ln( x ) x 2
2 4
> integ=valor+C;
2
x ln( x ) dx = 1 ln( x ) x 2 x + C
2 4
Otro ejemplo:
> integ:=Int((2+x)*sin(x),x):
> Por_Partes:=intparts(Int((2+x)*sin(x),x),2+x);
Por_Partes := ( 2 + x ) cos( x ) cos( x ) dx
> valor:=value(Por_Partes);
valor := ( 2 + x ) cos( x ) + sin( x )
> integ=valor+C;
( 2 + x ) sin( x ) dx = ( 2 + x ) cos( x ) + sin( x ) + C
completesquare(f(x),x).
> restart:with(student):
> integ:=Int(1/(2*x^2+2*x+1),x);
integ :=
1
2 dx
2 x + 2 x + 1
> completesquare(2*x^2+2*x+1,x);
2
1 1
2 x + +
2 2
> nuevaInteg:=changevar(u=(x+1/2)/(sqrt(1/2)),integ,u);
2
nuevaInteg :=
( 2 + 2 u )2 ( 2 + 2 u ) 2 du
2 + + 1
4 2
> value(nuevaInteg);
arctan ( u 2 )
> integ=subs(u=(x+1/2)/(sqrt(1/2)),%)+C;
1
dx = arctan ( 2 x + 1 ) + C
2
2 x + 2 x + 1
Otro ejemplo:
> restart:with(student):
> integ:=Int(1/(x^2-3*x+2),x);
integ :=
1
2 dx
x 3 x + 2
> completesquare(x^2-3*x+2,x);
2
x 3 1
2 4
> nuevaInteg:=changevar(u=(x-3/2)/(1/4),integ,u);
1
nuevaInteg :=
du
3 u 2
4 + 10 3 u
2 4
> value(nuevaInteg);
ln( u + 2 ) + ln( u 2 )
> integ=subs(u=(x-3/2)/(1/4),%)+C;
1
dx = ln( 4 x 4 ) + ln( 4 x 8 ) + C
2
x 3 x + 2
convert(f(x),parfrac,x).
> restart:with(student):
> f:=x->1/(x^2-1);
1
f := x
x 12
> f(x)=convert(f(x),parfrac,x);
1 1 1
=
x 1 2 (x 1) 2 (x + 1)
2
> Int(f(x),x)=Int(convert(f(x),parfrac,x),x);
1
dx =
1
1
2 dx
x 1 2 (x 1) 2 (x + 1)
> value(Int(convert(f(x),parfrac,x),x));
1 1
ln( x 1 ) ln( x + 1 )
2 2
1. Compruebe los siguientes resultados aplicando las propiedades de la integral y/o ciertos
clculos algebraicos:
x 4 (a + b)x3 abx2
1.1. x(x + a)(x + b)dx = + + +C
4 3 2
2x2 x
1.2. ( x + 1)(x x + 1)dx = +x+C
5
x x 4x7 / 4
1.3. dx = +C
4
x3 7
(x2 + 1)(x2 2) 3x 4 3 x 3x2 3 x
1.4. dx = 63 x + C
3
x2 13 7
(xm xn )2 2x2m x 4xm + n x 2x2n x
1.5. dx = + +C
x 4m + 1 2m + 2n + 1 4n + 1
x4 + 2x x3
1.6. dx = x + ln(x2 + 1) + arctg(x) + C
x +1
2 3
x3 3x2 + 3x 1 (x 1)3
1.7. dx = +C
x 1 3
a2x + ax 1 ax 1
1.8. dx = . + x+C
ax +1 a ln(a) a
3 x 3 3 6 3
1.9. 2 + 2 x2 dx = 2 x + x x2 + C
x x x 5
2x ln(2)
1.10. dx = ln(2x + 1) + C
2 +1 x
2x + 1
1.11. dx = ln x2 + x + C
x2 + x
e2x ex sen(x)
1.12. dx = ex + cos(x) + C
ex
3 6 53
1.13. 2 x2 dx = x +C
5
n 1 2 xn
1.14. x + dx = + 2 ln x + C (n 0)
x n
3
x 3
1.15. dx = x1 3 + C
4x 4
ea
1.16. dx = eaarctg(x) + C
1 + x2
x
1.17. dx = arctg(x) + C
x + x3
a2x + ax sec2 (x) ax
1.18. dx = + tg(x) + C
ax ln(a)
1.19.
tg2 (x)dx = tg(x) x + C
x
1.20. dx = arcsen(x) + C (x > 0)
x x4
2
2. Halle una funcin G cuya tangente tenga como pendiente 2x para cada x, y que su grfico
pase por el punto (1, 1) .
1 1 3x
3.1. dx = arcsen +C
4 9x2 3 2
x2 2
3.2. dx = 1 + x3 + C
1+x 3 3
( x + 2)2 2
3.3. dx = ( x + 2)3 + C
3 x 9
3 3
3.4. 3ex x2dx = ex + C
dx
3.5. = ln ln(x) + C
x ln(x)
(ln(x))5 (ln(x))6
3.6. dx = +C
x 6
1 4
3.7. tg3 (x) sec2 (x)dx = tg (x) + C
4
x 1
3.8. dx = arctg(x2 ) + C
1 + x4 2
x2 1 16
3.9. dx = 3x + 4 8 ln 3x + 4 +C
(3x + 4) 2 27 3x + 4
(x + 2)12 3
3.10. (x + 2)10 (x 1)dx = (x + 2)11 + C
12 11
102x
3.11. 102x dx = +C
2 ln10
e2x 1
3.12. dx = +C
(1 + e2x )2 2(1 + e2x )
1 1 x
3.13. dx = arctg +C
x + 11
2
11 11
sen( x)
3.14. dx = 2 cos( x) + C
x
e1 x
3.15. 2
dx = e1 x + C
x
1
3.16. dx = ln 1 + ln(x) + C
x(1 + ln(x))
4sen(x) cos(x)
3.17. dx = ln cos(2x) + C
cos2 (x) sen2 (x)
2x
3.18. dx = ln(ln(x2 + 5)) + C
(x + 5)ln(x2 + 5)
2
2x 1 1
3.19. dx = +C
(2x 3)2 2 2 2x2 3
x a2 + b2 x2
3.20. dx = + C (b 0)
a2 + b2 x2 b2
(ax + b)n +1
3.21. (ax + b)n dx = +C (a 0) (n -1)
a(n + 1)
cos(x) 1
3.22. dx = ln 1 + 2sen(x) + C
1 + 2sen(x) 2
x + ln(x) ln2 (x)
3.23. dx = 2 x + +C
x 2
ax + b 1 1 ax
3.24. dx = ln(a2 x2 + b2 ) + arctg + C (a 0, b 0)
a x +b
2 2 2 2a a b
x2 1
3.25. dx = ln x3 + x6 1 + C
x 16 3
arcsen(x) 2
3.26. dx = (arcsen(x))3 + C
1x 2 3
dx
3.27. = 2 ln(x + 1 + x2 ) + C
(1 + x )ln(x + 1 + x )
2 2
2 1 2
3.28. x.7x dx = 7x + C
2 ln(7)
sen(log(x))
3.29. dx = ln(10) cos(log(x)) + C
x
earctg(x) + x ln(1 + x2 ) + 1 ln2 (1 + x2 )
3.30. dx = earctg(x) + + arctg(x) + C
1 + x2 4
xax ax
4.1. xax dx = +C (a > 0 , a 1)
ln(a) (ln(a))2
eax
4.2. eax sen(bx)dx = (asen(bx) b cos(bx)) + C (a,b 0)
a2 + b2
x3 1
4.3. x2 ln(x)dx = ln(x) x3 + C
3 9
1 2 1 1
4.4. xarctg(x)dx = x arctg(x) x + arctg(x) + C
2 2 2
4.5.
x2sen(x)dx = x2 cos(x) + 2xsen(x) + 2 cos(x) + C
4.6.
(ln(x))n dx = x(ln(x))n n (ln(x))n 1 dx , nN
4.7.
(ln(x))3 dx = x(ln(x))3 3x(ln(x))2 + 6x ln(x) 6x + C
1 n2
4.8. secn (x)dx = secn 2 (x)tg(x) + secn 2 (x)dx , n N , n 2
n 1 n 1
4.9.
arctg( x)dx = (1 + x)arctg( x) x + C
ln(x) ln(x) 1
4.10. 2
dx = +C
x x
x2 2
4.11. dx = (3 x)5 2 + 4(3 x)3 2 18 3 x + C
3x 5
x 1 x x 1 x
4.12. x arccos dx = arccos 1 x2 + arcsen + C
2 2
2 2 4 2
ln(x2 + 1) ln(x2 + 1)
4.13. dx = + 2arctg(x) + C
x2 x
xex dx ex
4.14. = +C
(x + 1)2 x +1
1 1 1
4.15. xarcsen(x)dx = x2 arcsen(x) + x 1 x2 + C
2 4 4
2 4
4.16. x x 1dx = x(x 1)3 2 (x 1)5 2 + C
3 15
1 2 1 1
4.17. x cos2 (x)dx = x + xsen(2x) + cos(2x) + C
4 4 8
1 2 1 1
4.18. x ln(x + 2)dx = x2 ln(x + 2) x + x ln(x + 1) + C
4 2 2
xn +1(1 + ln(x) + nln(x))
4.19. xn loga(x)dx = + C (a > 0, a 1)
(1 + n)2 ln(a)
x3 1 2 2 2
4.20. dx = x x +1 x2 + 1 + C
1+ x 2 3 3
x x
arcsen dx = xarcsen 2 x + 2arctg( x) + C
x + 1
4.21.
x +1
1 3 1 8 1 1
4.22. x2sen2 (x)dx = x x sen(2x) x cos(2x) + C
6 4 8 4
x2 2x 2x +1 x 2x +1
4.23. x2 2x dx = + +C
ln(2) ln(2)2 ln(2)3
x5 1 1
4.24. dx = ln(x3 + 1) +C
(x + 1)
3 2 3 3(x + 1)
3
x cos(2x) sen(2x)
4.25. xsen(x) cos(x)dx = + +C
4 8
5.1.
xnsen(ax)dx 5.2.
xn cos(ax)dx
xn
5.3. (x + b)n eax dx 5.4. dx
1 x2
6.1.
x 4sen(4x)dx 6.2.
x 4 cos(4x)dx
x5
6.3. (x + 2)4 e8x dx 6.4. dx
1 x2
eax P '(x) P ''(x) P '''(x) (1)n n!
eaxP(x)dx = P(x) + + ... + +C
a a a 2
a 3
an
8.1.
(1 + x3 )e2x dx 8.2.
(x + 1)4 ex dx 8.3.
(x3 + x 1)e3x dx
9. Calcule
ln(x + b)dx de la siguiente manera:
sen(x)
dx
x
cos(x)ln(x)dx
tampoco lo es.
eax [b.sen(bx) + a.cos(bx)]
eax cos(bx)dx = +C
a2 + b2
con a, b, c, constantes reales no nulas.
12. Sean
A=
esx cos(tx)dx y B =
esx sen(tx)dx .
xm +1(ln(x))n n
xm (ln(x))n dx = xm (ln(x))n 1 dx
m+1 m+1
x2 (ln(x))3 dx .
1 1 25 x2
14.1. dx = +C
x2 25 x2 25 x
3
64 1 16 + 5x2
x3 16 + 5x2 +C
14.2. dx =
16 + 5x2 25 3 4 4
1 1
14.3. dx = arc sec( 2x) + C
x 4x2 2 2
1
14.4. dx = ln x + 16 + x2 + C
16 + x 2
9 x2 3
(9 x2 )3 2 x 1 x 9 x2
14.5. dx = 9 arcsen +C
x 2 x 2 3 2 9
x2 x 1
14.6. dx = arcsen x + C
(16 x ) 2 32
16 x 2 4
dx 1 4
14.7. = arctg x + C
25 + 16x2 20 5
1 2
14.8. x3 x2 9dx = (x 9)5 2 + 3(x2 9)3 2 + C
5
1 1 4x2 + 9 3
dx
14.9. = ln +C
x 4x2 + 9 3 2 x
x2 dx 1
14.10. = x x2 2 + ln x + x2 2 + C
x2 2 2
1 x2 + 1 1
x2 + 1dx
14.11. = x2 + 1 + ln +C
x 2 x
16 4x2 2 4 x2
14.12. dx = 2 4 x2 + 4 ln +C
x x
dx 1 x2 + 5 5
14.13. = 5 ln +C
x x2 + 5 5 x
x4 1 1 5 3 1
14.14. dx = ln x + ln(x2 + 2) + +C
x(x + 2)
2 2 4 8 4 x2 + 2
2x + 5 2 13
14.15. dx = 9x2 + 6x + 2 + ln 3x + 1 + 9x2 + 6x + 2 + C
9x + 6x + 2
2 9 9
x 1 3 3 3
15.1. dx = x + ln x + C
4x2 12x + 9 2 2 4 2
3x + 5 4 1
15.2. dx = 3x2 + 2x + 1 + 3 ln x + + 3x2 + 2x + 1 + C
3x + 2x + 1
2 3 3
cos(x) 3
15.3. dx = ln sen(x) + sen2 (x) 3sen(x) + 5 + C
sen (x) 3sen(x) + 5
2 2
ax ln(a)
15.4. dx = ln(ax + 1) + C
a 2x
+ 2a + 1 x
cos(x) 1 3 sen(x)
15.5. dx = arctg +C
sen (x) 6sen(x) + 12
2
3 3
3x + 1 1 7
16.1. dx = ln x + ln x 2 + C
x 2x
2 2 2
2 + 3x 2x 1 7 2 1
16.2. dx = 3arctg (x x + 1) + 2 ln x + ln x + 1 + C
x+x 4
3 6 3
x5 + 1 x2 1 1
16.3. dx = + ln(x2 + 1) arctg(x) + C
x2 + x 4 2 x 2
x6 + 1 1 65 65 63 x
16.4. dx = x + ln x + 2 + ln x 2 arctg + C
x (x 16)
2 4 16x 128 128 64 2
x3 1 1 1 1 1 x 1
16.5. dx = ln(x2 + 1) . 2 + . 2 + arctg(x) + C
x + 2x + 1
4 2 2 2 x +1 2 x +1 2
4x + 1
16.6. dx = ln x + 3ln x + 1 + C
x(x + 1)
x3 3x + 1 3
16.7. dx = x + ln x + 3ln x + 1 + C
x(x + 1)2 x +1
3x5 + 2x3 x 3 2 2
16.8. dx = 3x + x + ln x 1 + + 7 ln x + 1 + C
x +x x x
4 3 2 2 x +1
x3 1 2 1 27
16.9. dx = x + 4x ln x 1 + ln x 3 + C
x 4x + 3
2 2 2 2
x4 + x3 + 4x2 + 1 1 2 4 1
16.10. dx = x + ln x + ln x2 + x + 1 3arctg (2x + 1) 3 + C
x +x +x
3 2 2 3 3
1 1 1
16.11. dx = ln x ln x 1 + ln x + 1 + C
x3 x 2 2
x4 1 x 1 1
16.12. dx = x + ln arctg(x) + C
x 1
4 4 x +1 2
dx 1 x2 + x + 1 1 x2 1
= ln 2 + arctg +C
3x
16.13.
x4 + x2 + 1 4 x x + 1 2 3
x3 1 1 1 x16
16.14. dx = x+ ln +C
4x3 x 4 16 (2x 1)7 (2x + 1)9
dx x 1
16.15. = + arctg(x) + C
(1 + x2 )2 2(1 + x2 ) 2
17. Compruebe los siguientes resultados usando las tcnicas para integrandos trigonomtricos:
1
17.1. sen3 (x)dx = cos(x) + cos3 (x) + C
3
1 2 1
17.2. sen2 (x) cos5 (x)dx = sen3 (x) sen5 (x) + sen7 (x) + C
3 5 7
1 3 1 1
17.3. sen4 (x) cos4 (x)dx = x sen(4x) + sen(8x) + C
64 2 2 16
1 3 3 sen(4x) 1 1
17.4. cos6 (x)dx = [x sen(2x) + x + + 2 sen(2x) 6 sen (2x)] + C
3
8 16 2 4
1 1
17.5. tg3 (x) sec3 (x)dx = sec5 (x) sec3 (x) + C
5 3
tg(x) 1 sec2 (x)
17.6. dx = ln +C
1 tg2 (x) 4 1 tg2 (x)
1 1 tg(x) 2
17.7. dx = ln +C
sen (x) 2 cos (x)
2 2
2 2 tg(x) + 2
1 1 tg( 2x ) + 2 5
17.8. dx = ln +C
2sen(x) cos(x) 5 tg( 2x ) + 2 + 5
1 1
17.9. sen(4x) cos(5x)dx = cos(9x) + cos(x) + C
2 9
1 1
17.10. cos(2x) cos(3x)dx = sen(x) + sen(5x) + C
2 5
1 1 sen(4ax)
17.11. cos2 (ax)sen2 (ax)dx = x +C
8 32 a
1 5 1
17.12. tg6 (2x)dx = tg (x) tg3 (x) + tg(x) x + C
5 3
3 1 1
17.13. sen4 (x)dx = x sen(2x) + sen(4x) + C
8 4 32
17.14.
(sec(x) + csc(x))2 dx = tg(x) ctg(x) + 2 ln(tg(x)) + C
1 1
17.15. cos(4x) cos(5x)dx = sen(x) + sen(9x) + C
2 18
1 1
17.16. sen2 (x) cos3 (x)dx = sen(x) sen5 (x) + C
3 5
x 3x 1 1
17.17. sen cos dx = 4 cos(2x) + 2 cos(x) + C
2 2
dx 1 3 3
17.18. = sec3 (x)tg(x) + sec(x)tg(x) + ln sec(x) + tg(x) + C
cos5 (x) 4 8 8
3 1 1
17.19. cos4 (2x)dx = x + sen(4x) + sen(8x) + C
8 8 64
sen(x) 1
17.20. 5
dx = sec4 (x) + C
cos (x) 4
dx 1 1 1
17.21. = ln 1 + tg(x) ln sec(x) + x + C
1 + tg(x) 2 2 2
dx 2
17.22. = +C
1 + 2sen(x) x
1 + tg
2
sen2 (x) 1 1
17.23. 3
dx = sec(x)tg(x) ln sec(x) + tg(x) + C
cos (x) 2 2
dx 1 x 1 x
17.24. = ln tg 3 + ln tg + 3 + C
4 + 5 cos(x) 3 2 3 2
sen(x) cos(x) 1
17.25. dx = ln sen2 (x) cos2 (x) + C
sen2 (x) cos2 (x) 4
cos(x) 1 1 + 2sen(x)
17.26. dx = 2 ln +C
sen (x) cos (x)
2 2 4 1 2sen(x)
sen(x) + cos(x)
17.27. dx = ln sen(x) cos(x) 1 + C
sen(x) cos(x) 1
dx
17.28. = 2 tg(x) + C
sen(x) cos3 (x)
tg(x)
17.29. dx = ln sec(x) + ln sec(x) 1 + C
sec(x) 1
1 cos2 (x) 1 1
17.30. dx = ln cos(x) + +C
(1 sen (x))ctg(x)
2 2 cos2 (x)
(1 + cos(2x))2 4
17.31. dx = 4sen(x) sen3 (x) + C
cos(x) 3
ctg3 (x) 1
17.32. 3
dx = ln sen(x) sen2 (x) + C
csc (x) 2
2 1
17.33. sen5 (x)dx = cos(x) + cos3 (x) cos5 (x) + C
3 5
ctg2 (x)
17.34. ctg3 (x)dx = ln sen(x) + C
2
33 3 3 3
17.35. sen5 (x)3 cos(x)dx = cos4 (x) + 3 cos10 (x) cos16 (x) + C
4 5 16
x1 4 + 1 4 3 4 12 7 12 12 5 12
dx = x + x + 2x1 2 + x + 3x1 3 + 4x1 4 +
18.1. x 12
x 13 3 7 5
6x1 6 + 12x1 12 + 12 ln x1 2 1 + C
2 tg(x) 2 tg(x) + 1 2
tg(x)dx = ln + arctg( 2 tg(x) 1) +
4 tg(x) + 2 tg(x) + 1 2
18.2.
2
arctg( 2 tg(x) + 1) + C
2
2
18.3. x x + 9dx = (x + 9)5 2 6(x + 9)3 2 + C
5
dx x x
18.4. = 2 ln x 4 + 2 x 2 ln + 1 + 2 ln 1 +C
x +2 2 2
dx 3
18.5. = ln x ln x 1 2 ln 3 x 1 + ln 1 + 3 x + x2 + C
x(1 3 x)
dx
18.6. = 2arctg(3 x) + arctg(23 x + 3) arctg(x) + C
3 3
x (1 + x )
2 2
x +1
18.7. dx = 2arcsen(x 1) 2x x2 + C
2x x 2
3
x + 2 1 6
18.8. dx = (x + 2)5 6 2(x + 2)1 2 3(x + 2)1 3 + 3ln (x + 2)1 3 (x + 2)1 6 + 1
x +2 +1 5
3
+2 3arctg (2(x + 2)1 6 1) + C
3
x +1
18.8. dx = 2arcsen(x 1) 2x x2 + C
2x x 2
x3 3 x x13 12 x5 3
18.9. dx = 12 + +C
6 13 20
4
x + x5
x4 x 3 14 3 6 7 6
18.10. 3
dx = x x +C
x 14 7
x4 6x3 + 12x2 + 6 x2 8 11
19.1. dx R: +C
x 6x + 12x 8
3 2 2 x 2 (x 2)2
x3 + x2 + x + 3 1
19.2. dx R: ln x2 + 3 + arctg(x) + C
2
x 4 + 4x2 + 3
1 x +1
R : ln +C
5 x+6
dx
19.3.
x + 7x + 6
2
3
x +1 3 2x 1
R : ln + arctg +C
dx 6
x x +1
2 3 3
19.4.
x3 + 1
1 (ex + 2)(ex 1)2
R: ln +C
e3x
dx 6
19.5.
e2x
+ ex 2
1 + cos2 (x)
R : ln +C
sen(x) cos(x)
19.6. dx
cos(x)(1 + cos2 (x))
2 (2tg() 1)
R : ln 1 + tg() + arctg +C
(2 + tg2 ()) sec2 () 3 3
19.7. d
1 + tg3 ()
4 5 4 3
19.8. 1 + xdx R: (1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 2 + C
5 3
dx
19.9. R : 2arctg( x + 1) + C
x + 1 + (x + 1)3
dx x
19.10. R: +C
(4 x2 )3 4 a x2
x4 + x + 1 ln(x) + ln(5)
20.1. dx 20.2. dx
x x +1
2 5x
1
20.3. sen4 (x) cos(x)dx 20.4. dx
x(1 + x)3
20.5.
5
x 4 x2 (20x3 10x)dx 20.6.
x sec2 (x2 )dx
3x ln(3) + 2x ln(2) sen(2x)
20.7. dx 20.8. dx
3 +2x x
1 cos2 (x)
ln(x + 1) ln(x) x x 2
20.9. dx 20.10. (e 3 e 3 ) dx
x(x + 1)
4x3
20.11. dx 20.12. x 3 x + 1dx
x x+
2 1
4
x +1
20.13. dx 20.14. sec3 (x)tg(x)dx
x
dx dx
20.15. 20.16.
2x x2 1 + e x
dx dx
20.17. 20.18.
x 4 + ln (x) 2
1+ 1+ x
x2 x3
20.19. dx 20.20. dx
x +1 x2 + 1
20.21.
ln(ln(x))
x ln(x)
dx 20.22.
x3 x + 1dx
20.23.
(arcsen(x))2 dx 20.24.
xtg2 (x)dx
20.25.
x ln(1 + x)dx 20.26.
5x2arctg(2x)dx
20.27.
x3 x2 + 4dx 20.28.
xsen(x) cos(x)dx
ln(x + 1)
20.29. 3x cos(x)dx 20.30. dx
x +1
x ln(x)
20.31. sen x + 2dx 20.32. dx
1 x2
xarctg(x)
20.33. ln(x + 1 + x2 )dx 20.34. dx
1 + x2
20.35.
x3
(x2 + 4)2
dx 20.36.
x ln(x)dx
ln(x) dx
20.37. dx 20.38.
x x 2x + 3
2
2x 5 2x + 6
20.39. dx 20.40. dx
4x x2 x2 + 6x + 1
1 ex
20.41. dx 20.42. dx
x ln2 (x) + 3ln(x) 1 e2x + 3ex + 1
2x ln(2) + 3x ln(3)
x+2 20.44. dx
20.43. dx
22x + 2x +13x + 32x + 1
x + 4x + 3
2
2x 3
x +1 20.46. dx
20.45. dx 2x2 6x + 1
x + 4x + 3
2
4x3 4x2 + x + 1
x 20.48. dx
20.47. dx
(x + 1)(x + 2) x 4 2x3 + x2
x2 x + 1
1 20.50. dx
20.49. dx
x2 3x + 2 (x2 + x + 1)2
1 1
20.51. dx 20.52. dx
x +x3
x 1
3
x ex
20.53. dx 20.54. dx
12 + 4x x2 4 e2x
dx ex
20.55. 20.56. dx
x 2 + x2 e2x + ex + 2
dx x2
20.57. 20.58. dx
2x 4x2 1 (1 + x2 )3 2
x dx
20.59. dx 20.60.
(1 x ) 2 32
(x 2x + 5)3 2
2
1x x3
20.61. dx 20.62. dx
x x2 4
dx
20.63. 20.64. tg4 (x) sec4 (x)dx
4 + 4x + x 2 4
x3
20.65. dx 20.66. sen5 (x) cos2 (x)dx
25 x2
20.67.
cos(x) cos(2x) cos(3x)dx 20.68.
sen(x)sen(2x)sen(3x)dx
sen(x) + 2 cos(x) sec(x)
20.69. dx 20.70. dx
1 + cos(x) 2tg(x) + sec(x) 1
dx sen(x)
20.71. 20.72. dx
4 cos(x) + 3sen(x) cos (x) sen2 (x)
2
cos(2x) 5 cos(5x) + cos(x)
20.73. dx 20.74. dx
(1 + cos(2x))tg(x) sen(3x) cos(2x)
x
20.75. tg(x) sec4 (x)dx 20.76. dx
(1 + 6x2 )1 3
dx
20.77. 20.78. (x + 2) x 1dx
(x 1) x + 2
x 1 +1
20.79. dx 20.80. x2 (1 + 3x) 3 2 dx
x 1 1
3
x 1 1 + ex
20.81. dx 20.82. dx
3
x +1 1 ex
x e2x + 1
20.83. xe dx 20.84. dx
ex e x
x3 + 1 dx
20.85. dx 20.86.
2 + 3x x2 x+2
dx
20.87. x3 (1 + 2x2 ) 3 2 dx 20.88.
x 1 + x2
dx 1 x dx
20.89. 20.90.
3
x 4+x 3 1 + x x2
6
x +1 12
x
20.91. dx 20.92. dx
6
x+ x
4 2 6
x+ x+ x
3
1 x dx x +1 +3
20.93. 20.94. dx
1+x x 3
x +1 1
dx x2 + x + 1
20.95. 20.96. dx
x +1 + x 1 3
x +1
1
20.97. x3arcsen dx 20.98. cos(ln(x))dx
x
20.99.
(x2 3x)sen(5x)dx 20.100.
xarctg(2x + 3)dx