Research in Indian Road

Infrastructure: State of the Art

By

Dr.S. Gangopadhyay

Head, Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning Area

Central Road Research Institute,
New Delhi - 110020
Advanced Parking
Management System
(APMS)
Objective of the Study

To disseminate information on

parking lot usage through VMS

and thereby effective

management of parking lots

A Glimpse of Advanced Parking Management
Systems (APMS) installed at Palilka Parking
A Glimpse of Advanced Parking Management Systems (APMS)
installed at Palilka Parking (Contd..)
A Glimpse of Advanced Parking Management Systems (APMS)
installed at Palilka Parking (Contd..)
 NO. OF 2W PARKED IN PALIKA PARKING

Preliminary 39000

Results 38000

37000
AUGUST

NO. OF VEHICLES
36000 SEPTEMBER BEFORE
AFTER
35000

34000
MAY
33000
JUNE JULY
32000
MONTH

NO. OF CARS PARKED IN PALIKA PARKING

39000

38000 Around 20%

37000
AUGUST SEPTEMBER
increase in
NO. OF VEHICLES

36000 total vehicles

BEFORE
35000
AFTER parked after
the installation
34000

33000

32000
MAY JULY of APMS
JUNE
31000
MONTH
 Urban Road Traffic and Air
Pollution (URTRAP) in Major
Metropolitan Cities of India
 Objectives

Traffic and Travel Characteristics

Quantification of Pollution Loads from Traffic (modewise &
pollutant-wise)
Broad Pattern of Urban Air Pollution by Traffic

The Scope Covers the following cities

Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad &
Ahmedabad
 Inner Area Inner Area
Trucks
0.3% SMV Trucks SMV
Cars Buses
10.1% 2.0% 4.0%
Buses 26.7% 5.0% Cars
6.0% Auto/Taxi 38.0%
19.0%

Auto/Taxi Two Two

23.5% Wheelers Wheelers
33.4% 32.0%

Middle Area Middle Area

Trucks SMV Buses Trucks SMV
Buses
1.0% 7.7% Cars 6.0% 3.0% 3.0%
5.6% Auto/Taxi
30.7%
Auto/Taxi 13.0% Cars
17.2% 44.0%

Two Two
Wheelers Wheelers
37.8% 31.0%

Outer Area Outer Area

SMV Cars SMV
22.0% 23.3% 16.0% Cars
Trucks 32.0%
Trucks 7.0%
3.6%
Buses
Two 5.0%
Buses Wheelers Two
4.6% 31.7% Auto/Taxi Wheelers
Auto/Taxi
14.8% 8.0% 32.0%

In 1991 In 2002

Composition of Traffic 1991 and 2002 (Delhi)

Traffic Flows and Composition of Vehicles at Mid blocks (Delhi)
 2,73,000
2,52,000
SMV SMV
11% 11%
Goods
Goods
13% 17%

Pass
Pass 72%
76%
Goods (21 %) Passengers (9 %)

Pattern of External Traffic of Delhi

 792.37* 305.35* 230.99* 249.3* 326.24* 256.77* 48.15* 27.50* *Veh-km In Lakhs
100%
Bus_Diesel
90%
Percentage of Veh-km

80% Bus_CNG
70% HCV
60%
LCV
50%
40% Auto_Petrol
30% Auto_CNG
20%
Two Wheelers
10%
0% Taxis
+

Agra
Hyderabad
Chennai

Bangalore

Kanpur
Kolkata
Delhi

Mumbai

Cars / Jeeps /
Vans

+ The buses and taxis plying on CNG could

not be easily identified on road side

Shares of Traffic Loads by Vehicle Type in the Cities

 421.8

177.0

207.1

110.4
164.0
189.6

137.5

54.1

27.3

36.9
46.4

29.7
100% 100%

Percentage Share of NOx

90% 90%
Percentage Share of CO

80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad
Private Vehicles I P T Public Transport Goods Vehicles Private Vehicles I P T Public Transport Goods Vehicles
184.4

117.4
89.9

47.6

12.8
90.1
95.6

10.6

10.8

7.3

8.0
8.1
100% 100%
Percentage Share of HC

90% 90%

Percentage Share of PM
80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad
Private Vehicles I P T Public Transport Goods Vehicles Private Vehicles I P T Public Transport Goods Vehicles

Estimated Shares of Pollutants by Different Vehicle Types

(in tonnes per day as per the Surveys in Feb / Mar.2002)
 Pollution Reduction due to Bypassable Traffic in Different Cities
Bypassable Traffic
City Veh-km (in lakhs) Pollution Load Reduction (in tonnes/day)
Total Bypassable CO NOx HC PM
792.37 29.06 16.18 5.82 5.61 0.84
Delhi (100%) (3.67%) (3.84%) (5.33%) (3.03%) (6.58%)
305.36 7.99 4.17 0.56 2.05 0.16
Mumbai (100%) (2.62%) (2.2%) (1.21%) (2.28%) (1.54%)
230.99 6.44 4.41 2.99 1.38 0.61
Kolkata (100%) (2.79%) (3.21%) (5.52%) (2.9%) (5.65%)
249.20 4.32 2.53 1.50 0.92 0.31
Chennai (100%) (1.73%) (1.43%) (5.51%) (0.96%) (4.32%)
326.26 5.52 3.70 3.33 0.96 0.67
Bangalore (100%) (1.69%) (1.79%) (11.21%) (0.82%) (8.29%)
256.80 5.89 3.55 1.88 1.56 0.37
Hyderabad (100%) (2.29%) (2.16%) (5.09%) (1.73%) (4.2%)
48.18 2.81 1.68 1.84 0.40 0.37
Kanpur (100%) (5.83%) (6.72%) (30.74%) (3.27%) (25.92%)
27.50 1.59 0.79 0.79 0.19 0.15
Agra (100%) (5.79%) (4.42%) (23.3%) (1.87%) (15.97%)
 Future Modal Split in 2010
Estimated Modal Split (%)
Delhi
S.No. Mode
Without With Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad
Metro Metro
1 Private Cars 21 20 11 11 13 15 16
2 Two Wheelers 21 15 7 8 20 29 20
3 Autos/Taxis 3 3 9 8 12 4 7
4 Public Transport 55 62 73 73 55 52 57

Estimated Vehicle - Kilometres in Different Cities in 2010

Delhi
S.No. Vehicle Type Without With Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad
Metro Metro
1 Cars/Jeeps 521.82 496.97 163.20 109.26 94.69 123.12 89.02
2 Taxis 6.59 6.59 40.88 42.31 6.52 4.05 3.36
3 Two Wheelers 494.15 352.96 106.91 75.17 164.98 231.63 163.26
4 Autos_CNG 78.23 78.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 Autos_Petrol 24.33 24.33 84.52 34.68 49.34 86.94 52.92
6 LCVs 45.38 45.38 16.17 8.68 10.15 11.42 10.65
7 HCVs 23.47 23.47 17.72 8.57 9.05 8.21 17.67
8 Bus_CNG 27.45 26.33 - - - - -
9 Bus_Diesel 8.85 8.85 17.41 29.06 9.40 14.83 17.38
Total 1230.27 1063.11 446.81 307.73 344.13 480.20 354.26
 Estimated Pollution Loads in Different Cities as per the BAU and
Proposed Road Map in 2010
Business As Usual Road Map
City
CO NOx HC PM CO NOx HC PM
301.34 120.14 129.68 7.71
Delhi (Metro) 423.18 124.79 203.79 12.26
( 28.79 ) ( 3.72 ) ( 36.36 ) ( 37.13 )
131.67 40.63 54.01 4.76
Mumbai 172.68 55.06 72.89 9.02
( 23.75 ) ( 26.22 ) ( 25.9 ) ( 47.23 )
96.06 37.91 35.39 4.08
Kolkata 129.54 65.59 51.02 10.13
( 25.84 ) ( 42.2 ) ( 30.64 ) ( 59.72 )
93.37 22.98 46.48 3.16
Chennai 133.77 30.07 66.63 5.39
( 30.2 ) ( 23.56 ) ( 30.24 ) ( 41.37 )
150.70 34.04 74.42 5.41
Bangalore 199.90 44.17 103.32 8.14
( 24.61 ) ( 22.93 ) ( 27.98 ) ( 33.52 )
103.17 37.63 46.49 4.12
Hyderabad 138.74 51.44 60.40 7.31
( 25.64 ) ( 26.84 ) ( 23.02 ) ( 43.69 )
Note: Figures in parenthesis refer to the percentage reduction as compared to BAU
Updation of Road User Cost Data
 Chronology of Studies

}
Kenyan Study (1975) - TRRL & IBRD
Brazilian Study (1979) - BG & UNDP
Caribbean Study (1982) - TRRL

Road User Cost Study (1982) - CRRI, MOST & IBRD

(IBRD Interest - Global Model)
Updated Road User Cost Study (1992) - LRK, MOST & ADB
Updated Road User Cost Study (2001) - CRRI & MORTH
Road User Costs
Road User Cost =

Vehicle Operating
Cost (55 - 70 %)

Time
Cost (20 - 40%)
+

Accident
Cost (5 - 10%)
 Inputs for Analysis
Traffic and Road Data
Basic Desired Speed
Free Speed
Speed - Flow
Road Geometric Data

VOC Data
Actual field experimentation on selected vehicles
Prediction of VOC mechanistic principles
Collection of real life data from actual vehicle owners &
Operators
 Basic Functional Relationships

Speed = f (Traffic Volume, Vehicle & Road

Characteristics)
VOC = f (Speed)
TC = f (Socio economic aspects)
AC = f (Vehicle and Road Characteristics)
 125 50

Fuel consumption (in ml/km)

Fuel consumption (in ml/km)
Congested State
100 40 Congested State

75 30

50 20
Steady State

25 10
Steady State

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Highly Speed (in km/h) Least Speed (in km/h)
Affected New Technology Cars Affected Two Wheelers
Fuel consumption (in ml/km)

150 Congested State

125

100

75

50

25 Steady State

Marginally 0
0 20 40 60 80
Affected Speed (in km/h)
Old Technology Cars
Comparison of Fuel Consumption under Congested and
Steady State Conditions
 Software Package
RIDS (Road Investment Decision Software)

User Friendly Package (developed in

Windows OS using MS VB-6)
Updated VOC Equations
Form of Input (both Interactive and File mode)
Form of Output (both Text & Excel File)
ESTIMATION OF FUEL LOSS AT NEW
DELHI RAILWAY STATION ON
PAHARGANJ SIDE.

Sponsored by

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH

ASSOCIATION, NEW DELHI

CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE

NEW DELHI
 OBJECTIVES and SCOPE

Study the traffic characteristics of

Chelmsford Road. (970 mts.)
Study the speed profiles of traffic.
Monitor the fuel consumption of selected
vehicles.
Evolve the relationships between operating
characteristics and fuel consumption.
Suggest measures to improve the operating
conditions and conserve fuel.
STUDY AREA (Chelmsford road)
ON STREET PARKING LACK OF PED. FACILITIES

STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS

LACK OF ENFORCEMENT ENCROACHMENT

 Composition of total daily traffic

11%
3%
19%

22% 45%

3W CARS 2W BUS NMT Total vehicles = 66,407

 Average Running Speed & Journey Speed

Direction Avg. Running Avg. Journey

Speed(km/h) Speed(km/h)
CP-Paharganj 21.79 20.62
Paharganj- Sadar Bazaar 14.29 13.60
CP -- Sadar Bazaar 18.04 17.11
Sadar Bazaar -Paharganj 10.51 9.77
Paharganj - CP 27.98 27.50
Sadar Bazaar -CP 19.24 18.64
 Average Delay in Various Directions

Direction Average Delay (s/veh)

CP Paharganj 40.169
Paharganj- Sadar Bazaar 11.909
Sadar Bazar Paharganj 76.91
Paharganj CP 10.42
Paharganj Railway Station Entry Gate 69.704
 Annual Total Fuel Loss

Fuel loss due to delays 0.72 crore

Fuel loss due to low running speeds 2.39 crore

Time loss in monetary terms 2.40 crore

TOTAL LOSS 5.51 CRORES
 Recommendations
Short term
Turning Movements Restrictions
Pedestrian Facilities
Parking Restrictions
Traffic Signages
Median Railings
Installation of Signal Lights at Station Exit Gate
Free Straight Movement
Savings of 14-15 percent in total fuel loss

Long term
An Underground Parking for traffic coming from C.P.
side
Savings of 93 95 percent in total fuel loss
ESTIMATION OF FUEL LOSS DUE TO
IDLING AT SIGNALIZED
INTERSECTIONS IN DELHI

Sponsored by

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH

ASSOCIATION, NEW DELHI

CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE

NEW DELHI
 Objectives and Scope of the Study
i. Selection of intersections with high, medium
and low volumes (8,2,2 respectively)
ii. Study the delays occurring at each intersection.
ii. Quantification of fuel loss during idling of
vehicles at selected intersections.
v. Estimation of total fuel loss in Delhi during
idling of vehicles at intersections.
v. Estimation of benefits in terms of fuel savings
to be accrued by implementing improvement
measures.
The scope of the study is limited to the signalized
intersections only.
S
U
R L
V O
E C
Y A
T
I
O
N
S
 Daily Traffic Entering the Selected
Intersections
S No. Name of Intersection Daily traffic
1 KG+ Feroz Shah 64850
2 Shakti Nagar 94830
3 Raotularam 91905
4 Daabri Mod 102695
5 Khanpur 107874
6 Punchsheel 119999
7 Gazipur 132695
8 Pashchim Vihar 137957
9 Azadpur 144194
10 Shyamlal 186266
11 Ashram 260508
12 Moolchand 302518
 Fuel Loss per Annum at Selected
Intersections
Name of Loss per annum in Rs.
S no.
Intersection CNG Diesel Petrol Total
1 KG+ Feroz Shah 1819961 631543 4139135 6590639
2 Shakti Nagar 2555948 485593 4746012 7787554
3 Raotularam Marg 2049788 1202670 7150033 10402491
4 Daabri Mod 2984631 1102062 5837844 9924537
5 Khanpur 3087425 1299268 5692654 10079347
6 Punchsheel 3141185 1590459 8601084 13332728
7 Gazipur 2663740 2342950 8171467 13178158
8 Pashchim Vihar 2613776 1628145 8766441 13008362
9 Azadpur 5646257 2255416 6417253 14318926
10 Shyamlal College 5097047 1934696 8562642 15594385
11 Ashram 5594560 5208741 20182665 30985966
12 Moolchand 8599972 4700182 22575378 35875532
 Annual Loss of Fuel Due to Idling of
Vehicles at Signalized Intersections in
Delhi
No. of In litres
Inter Lakh
Intersec
Section Rs.
tions CNG Diesel Petrol
Low 69 8387157 1354699 7570698 5041
Medium 118 17747734 4982682 18146889 12155
High 413 109734740 41019718 122123006 82249
Total 600 135869632 47357100 147840594 99446
 Annual Total Loss Before & After
Remedial Measures (In Lakh Litres)

3500 3310.67
3000
2500
2000
1500 1066.62
1000
500
0
BEFORE AFTER
 Annual Total Loss Before & After
Remedial Measures (In Lakh Rupees)

100000 99446.9

80000

60000 28718.0
40000

20000

0
BEFORE AFTER
 Comprehensive Traffic &
Transportation Studies
Objectives:

1. Short-term Traffic Management Plans (5 Years)

2. Long-term Transportation Plans (10-20 Years)
 Short-term Traffic Management Plans

Based on Observed Traffic Characteristics

Intersections Improvement Designs

Parking Facilities

Pedestrian Facilities

Bicycle Facilities

Traffic Circulation Plans

 Long-term Transportation Plans
Based on Observed Travel Characteristics thru
Various Socio-economic & Travel Surveys
Intra- & Inter-city Passenger & Goods Traffic

City Development Plan (Landuse)

Transportation Model Development

Travel Forecast for Horizon Years (10-20 Years)

Road Network Development

Grade Separated Junctions

Bridges and R.O.B./R.U.B

Alternate Transport Systems

Public Transport System

 CTTS by CRRI
1. Delhi (1961)
2. Bangalore (1968)
3. Bombay (1978)
4. Surat (1989-90)
5. Aijawl ()
6. Shillong ()
7. Jaipur (1995)
8. Nagpur (1996)
9. Surat (2004-06)
 Traffic & Transportation Surveys
1. Classified Traffic Volume Counts
2. Speed & Delay Survey
3. Parking Survey
4. Pedestrian Counts
5. Physical Surveys

1. Road Inventory (Transport Networks)

2. Household Travel Survey
3. Outer Cordon Survey
4. Inter-Regional Terminal Survey
5. Goods Focal Point Survey
6. Public Transport Survey
7. Intermediate Public Transport Survey
 Road Safety Audit Studies
Objectives of Road Safety Audit

i) To conduct Road Safety Audit and identify

potential safety problems for road users.

ii) To suggest counter measures in order to

minimize the number of accidents and their
severity
 Stages of Road Safety Audit

Stage-1 Feasibility study / concept

design
Stage-2 Preliminary Design
Stage-3 Detailed Design
Stage-4 Construction
Stage-5 Pre-opening to traffic
Stage-6 Existing road Audit
Frequent and Inadequately Designed Median Openings (NH-4)
Typical Recommendations (For e.g. NH - 4 & 7)
Provide continuous service roads and drainage
Regulate the no. of median openings
Redesign the median openings (provide pocket lanes and
appropriate turning radius)
Provide acceleration and deceleration lanes at access
road junctions and Control access to highway
Provide pedestrian facilities such as footpaths, zebra
crossings, flashing signals and railings at appropriate
locations
Redesign/Relocate bus bays
Maintain road markings and provide appropriate road
signs
In the long term consider providing underpasses and
subways at appropriate locations
Provide crash barriers at sharp curves and embankments
higher than 2m
Suggested Future Areas of Research
Inter City Travel Demand Modelling
Highway Capacity Manual
Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) Studies with
special reference to Urban Roads
Network Optimization
9 Pavement Management
9 Road Furniture
9 Fuel Savings
9 Emission Characteristics Evaluation and Control
9 Noise Level Abatement
Safety Audit for Urban Roads esp. catering to
Physically Challenged