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CLINICAL STUDY
improve lower facial
symmetry in facial
nerve palsy
Abstract
Introduction In long-standing facial palsy, Introduction
muscles on the normal side overcontract
In facial palsy, paralysis of muscles on the
causing difficulty in articulation, eating,
affected side of the face results in loss of
drinking, cosmetic embarrassment, and
forehead creases, loss of the nasolabial fold,
psychological effects as patients lack
lagophthalmos, brow droop, and drooping of
confidence in public.
the corner of the mouth. In contrast, muscles on
Methods We injected botulinum toxin A
the unaffected side of the face no longer have
(BTXA) into the normal contralateral smile
opposing forces.1 This may cause difficulty in
muscles to weaken them and restore symmetry 1
Manchester Royal Eye
articulation, eating, drinking, and is often Hospital, Manchester, UK
to both active and passive movements by
cosmetically unacceptable to patients because of
neutralising these overacting muscles.
asymmetry, especially when speaking, smiling, 2
The University of
Results A total of 14 patients received BTXA
and laughing. There are significant Manchester, Manchester
(79% women, median age 47 years, average
psychological effects as patients lack the Academic Health Science
length of palsy 8 years). They were all difficult Centre, Central Manchester
confidence to carry out many daily activities in
cases graded between 2 and 6 (average grade 3 Foundation Trust,
public, such as appearing in photographs. Manchester, UK
HouseBrackmann). All 14 patients reported
Although management is difficult, there are a
improved facial symmetry with BTXA (dose
range of reanimation options available. These 3
Department of
altered in some to achieve maximum benefit).
include nerve grafts, muscle transfers, Otolayngology, Manchester
Average dose was 30 units, but varied from 10
myofunctional approaches, and microsurgical Royal Infirmary, Manchester,
to 80 units. Average time to peak effect was 6 UK
patches usually for the more severe facial
days; average duration of effect was 11 weeks.
palsies (HouseBrackmann grades 4 to 6).1
Three patients had increased drooling 4
National Ear, Nose and
However, despite these procedures, facial Throat Hospital, London, UK
(resolved within a few days).
symmetry may not improve.
Conclusion The improvement in symmetry
Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) has been used Correspondence:
was observed by both patient and examining
since the 1970s to treat a variety of conditions SA Sadiq, Manchester Royal
doctor. Patients commented on increased
resulting in abnormal muscle contraction or Eye Hospital, Oxford Road,
confidence, being more likely to allow Manchester M13 WH, UK
spasm. It works by preventing the release of
photographs taken of themselves, and Tel: +44 (0)161 276 8957;
acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction Fax: +44 (0)161 660 2310.
families reported improved legibility of
thereby inhibiting muscle contraction.2 Its E-mail: a.sadiq@
speech. Younger patients have more muscle
benefits in synkinesis in facial palsy (aberrant manchester.ac.uk
tone than older patients; the effect is more
neural regeneration of the paralysed muscles)
noticeable and the benefit greater for them.
are well recognised.1,3 Received: 23 April 2012
BTXA improves symmetry in patients with Accepted in revised form:
Our aim was to document the use of BTXA
facial palsy, is simple and acceptable, and 25 June 2012
injections to the unaffected side to improve
provides approximately 4 months of benefit. Published online:
symmetry in patients with facial nerve palsy. 14 September 2012
The site of injection depends on the dynamics
BTXA was administered to the normal lower
of the muscles in each individual patient.
side, which exaggerates the asymmetry Presented as an oral com-
Eye (2012) 26, 14311436; doi:10.1038/eye.2012.189;
(especially on movement such as smiling) in munication at the: XIth
published online 14 September 2012 International Facial Nerve
order to reduce this asymmetry.
Symposium in Rome, 2009
BTXA was injected into the contralateral and British Oculoplastic
Keywords: facial palsy; botulinum toxin; lower facial muscles complex to weaken the Surgery Society Annual
symmetry unopposed normal muscles to improve Meeting 2010.
Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy
SA Sadiq et al
1432
Eye
Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy
SA Sadiq et al
1433
1 64 Vestibular schwannoma 5 6
2 12 Congenital facial weakness 12 2
3 51 Vestibular schwannoma 7 3
4 68 Vestibular schwannoma 1 3
5 50 Poliomyelitis 34 2
6 52 Vestibular schwannoma 5 4
7 44 Facial schwannoma 5 2
8 46 Bells palsy 2 2
9 43 Parotid carcinoma (muco-epidermoid) 3 3
10 16 Skull base fracture 5 3
11 42 Vestibular schwannoma 12 3
12 62 Vestibular schwannoma 4 3
13 67 Vestibular schwannoma 3 3
14 47 Cholesteatoma 2 6
Patient Grade Number Main muscle Dose Side effects Time taken Period
of sessions injection site for effect of action
(days) (months)
Figure 2 shows a patient before and 10 days normal functioning of the mouth and to improve
post-BTXA injection. Figure 3 shows a patient before and psychological wellbeing.
1 month post-BTXA injection. BTXA has been described for facial hyperkinesis on the
non-affected side1 but used a higher total dose with a
similar effective duration of action.1 With the average
dose required being 30 units, we feel it is reasonable to
Discussion
start the first session with 20 units, and titrate as
No face has true facial symmetry at rest or on active necessary. There were sometimes difficulties in finding
movement.6 When a unilateral facial palsy affects this the appropriate dosage, for example, in one lady, there
balance between the left and right sides of the face, the was no effect until 80 units were injected. However, once
degree of asymmetry affects quality of life and daily an effective dose was reached, the improvement in
function. Restoring symmetry is important to allow symmetry was observed by both the patient and the
Eye
Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy
SA Sadiq et al
1434
Figure 2 (a, b) Pre and post-BTXA EMG study of patient in Figures 2c-f with electrodes on both corners of the mouth and patient
smiling. The patient has a right seventh nerve palsy. (c, d) Pre-BTXA injection with displacement of the nose and mouth towards the
normal left side of the face at rest and on smiling, respectively. (e, f) Post-BTXA injection given lateral to the left lip showing improved
symmetry and less displacement of the nose and mouth.
Eye
Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy
SA Sadiq et al
1435
Figure 3 (a) Young patient pre-BTXA with a moderate right sided facial palsy. There is obvious asymmetry when she smiles, laughs,
or frowns. (b) After BTXA injections to the left face and forehead, as well as for right synkinesis. There is greatly improved symmetry
so the face looks virtually normal.
examining doctor. In addition, patients commented on more noticeable and the benefit greater in younger
increased confidence, being more likely to allow patients. It appears to help all grades of facial palsy, but
photographs taken of themselves, and families reported especially those with partial recovery of lower facial
improved legibility of speech. movement (HouseBrackmann grades 2 and 3). This
The site of the injection will depend on the dynamics of latter group are also less likely to undergo facial
the muscles in each individual patient. Needle EMG is reanimation surgery where there is always the risk of
not essential to achieve good results as it does not appear damage to any residual function on the affected side.
necessary to inject specific muscles, which co-ordinate This study highlights the:
the smile, but rather the area of activity that contributes
K effects of BXTA on improving lower face symmetry
most to the movement of the lower face on the normal
when smiling and laughing following injections to
side during smiling. This most likely involves the DAO
the normal side of the face in facial palsy patients
of the non-affected side, but also the LLS, risorius, and
K effective doses needed
zygomaticus major and minor.
We found that the average duration of the effect was 13 K time taken to achieve the peak effect and its duration
weeks and the longest duration was 6 months, which is K mild self-limiting side effects
similar to a previous study.7 Side effects of drooling were K need to tailor the treatment to an individual patient
only noted in three patients, but these resolved within a K EMG studies that confirm the effect of BXTA in
few days, and did not deter patients from further balancing the action of the unopposed muscles
treatment. Other reported side effects resulting from against the palsied muscles.
spread of the toxin to adjacent areas were not seen.3
Reported patient satisfaction was high although a
formal survey was not administered for this treatment as
Clinical applicability this study was retrospective. Patients commented on an
Any patient who has an unresolved facial palsy should improved smile leading to increased confidence and
be referred to a facial palsy clinic where a balanced being more likely to allow photographs to be taken of
choice of options can be provided.8 Patients not keen on them. Families reported improved speech articulation.
reanimation surgery could be treated with BXTA to
improve facial symmetry.
Conclusion
Younger patients naturally have more muscle tone
than older patients. As BTXA works by weakening the Facial nerve palsy is a difficult condition to manage. A
unopposed pull of the unaffected muscles, the effect is multidisciplinary approach is of benefit in our experience.
Eye
Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy
SA Sadiq et al
1436
The results of this review suggest that BTXA is effective in Conflict of interest
improving symmetry in patients with facial palsy by
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
injections into the unopposed normal lower facial muscle
complex. It is a relatively simple treatment, with a lack of
systemic toxicity and provides approximately 3 months of Acknowledgements
benefit making it acceptable to patients. BTXA should be
considered in patients with facial asymmetry because of This work was supported by the NIHR Manchester
facial nerve palsies where the maximum expected Biomedical Research Centre.
improvement has been reached and who are not keen for
surgical options, particularly younger patients.
References
Eye