Está en la página 1de 16

201761 CHAPTER2.

RETAILFACILITIES

CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES
THISchaptercoversdesignandapplicationofairconditioningandheatingsystemsforvarious
retailmerchandisingfacilities.Loadcalculations,systems,andequipmentarecoveredelsewherein
theHandbookseries.
1.GENERALCRITERIA
Toapplyequipmentproperly,theconstructionofthespacetobeconditioned,itsuseand
occupancy,thetimeofdayinwhichgreatestoccupancyoccurs,physicalbuildingcharacteristics,
andlightinglayoutmustbeknown.
Thefollowingmustalsobeconsidered:

Electricpower:sizeofservice

Heating:availabilityofsteam,hotwater,gas,oil,orelectricity

Cooling:availabilityofchilledwater,wellwater,citywater,andwaterconservationequipment

Internalheatgains

Equipmentlocations

Structuralconsiderations

Rigginganddeliveryofequipment

Obstructions

Ventilationopeningthroughrooforwallforoutdoorairduct

Exposuresandnumberofdoors

Orientationofstore

Coderequirements

Utilityratesandregulations

Buildingstandards

Specificdesignrequirements,suchastheincreaseinoutdoorairrequiredtomakeupforkitchen
exhaust,mustbeconsidered.VentilationrequirementsofASHRAE 62.1mustbefollowed. Standard
Objectionableodorsmaynecessitatespecialfiltering,exhaust,andadditionaloutdoorairintake.
Securityrequirementsmustbeconsideredandincludedintheoveralldesignandapplication.
Minimumconsiderationsrequiresecureequipmentrooms,secureairhandlingsystems,andoutdoor
airintakeslocatedonthetopoffacilities.Moreextensivesecuritymeasuresshouldbedeveloped
basedonoverallfacilitydesign,ownerrequirements,andlocalauthorities.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 1/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Loadcalculationsshouldbemadeusingtheproceduresoutlinedinthe ASHRAEHandbook
Fundamentals .
Almostalllocalitieshavesomeformofenergycodeineffectthatestablishesstrictrequirements
forinsulation,equipmentefficiencies,systemdesigns,etc.,andplacesstrictlimitsonfenestration
andlighting.TherequirementsofASHRAE Standard
90.1mustbemetasaminimumguidelinefor
retailfacilities.The AdvancedEnergyDesignGuideforSmallRetailBuildings
(ASHRAE2006)
providesadditionalenergysavingssuggestions.
Retailfacilitiesoftenhaveahighinternalsensibleheatgainrelativetothetotalheatgain.
However,thequantityofoutdoorairrequiredbyventilationcodesandstandardsmayresultina
highlatentheatremovaldemandattheequipment.Thehighlatentheatremovalrequirementmay
alsooccuratoutdoordrybulbtemperaturesbelowdesign.UnitaryHVACequipmentandHVAC
systemsshouldbedesignedandselectedtoprovidethenecessarysensibleandlatentheat
removal.Theequipment,systems,andcontrolsshouldbedesignedtoprovidethenecessary
temperature,ventilation,filtration,andhumidityconditions.
HVACsystemselectionanddesignforretailfacilitiesarenormallydeterminedbyeconomics.First
costisusuallythedeterminingfactorforsmallstores.Forlargeretailfacilities,owning,operating,
andmaintenancecostsarealsoconsidered.Decisionsaboutmechanicalsystemsforretailfacilities
aretypicallybasedonacashflowanalysisratherthanonafulllifecycleanalysis.
2.SMALLSTORES
Smallstoresaretypicallylocatedinconveniencecentersandmayhaveatleastthestorefront
exposedtooutdoorweather,althoughsomearefreestanding.Largeglassareasfoundatthefront
ofmanysmallstoresmaycausehighpeaksolarheatgainunlesstheyhavenorthernexposuresor
largeoverhangingcanopies.Highheatlossmaybeexperiencedoncold,cloudydaysinthefrontof
thesestores.TheHVACsystemforthisportionofthesmallstoreshouldbedesignedtooffsetthe
greatercoolingandheatingrequirements.Entrancevestibules,entryheaters,and/oraircurtains
maybeneededinsomeclimates.
DesignConsiderations
SystemDesign.Singlezoneunitaryrooftopequipmentiscommoninstoreairconditioning.
Usingmultipleunitstoconditionthestoreinvolveslessductworkandcanmaintaincomfortinthe
eventofpartialequipmentfailure.Prefabricatedandmatchingcurbssimplifyinstallationandensure
compatibilitywithroofmaterials.
Airtoairheatpumps,offeredaspackagedequipment,arereadilyadaptabletosmallstore
applications.Groundsourceandotherclosedloopheatpumpsystemshavebeenprovidedfor
smallstoreswheretherequirementsofseveralusersmaybecombined.Winterdesignconditions,
utilityrates,maintenancecosts,andoperatingcostsshouldbecomparedtothoseofconventional
heatingHVACsystemsbeforethistypeofsystemischosen.
Watercooledunitaryequipmentisavailableforsmallstoreairconditioning.However,many
communitiesrestricttheuseofcitywaterandgroundwaterforcondensingpurposesandmay
requireinstallationofacoolingtower.Watercooledequipmentgenerallyoperatesefficientlyand
economically.
AirDistribution.Externalstaticpressuresavailableinsmallstoreairconditioningunitsare
limited,andairdistributionshouldbedesignedtokeepductresistanceslow.Ductvelocitiesshould
notexceed1200fpm,andpressuredropshouldnotexceed0.10in.ofwaterper100ft.Average
airquantities,typicallyrangefrom350to450cfmpertonofcoolinginaccordancewiththe
calculatedinternalsensibleheatload.
Attentionshouldbepaidtosuspendedobstacles(e.g.,lights,soffits,ceilingrecesses,and
displays)thatinterferewithproperairdistribution.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 2/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Theductsystemshouldcontainenoughdampersforairbalancing.Volumedampersshouldbe
installedintakeoffsfromthemainsupplyducttobalanceairtothebranchducts.Dampersshould
beinstalledinthereturnandoutdoorairductsforproperoutdoorair/returnairbalanceandfor
economizeroperation.
Control.Controlsforsmallstoresshouldbekeptassimpleaspossiblewhilestillprovidingthe
requiredfunctions.Unitaryequipmentistypicallyavailablewithmanufacturersuppliedcontrolsfor
easyinstallationandoperation.
Automaticdampersshouldbeplacedinoutdoorairinletsandinexhauststopreventairentering
whenthefanisturnedoff.
Heatingcontrolsvarywiththenatureoftheheatingmedium.Ductheatersaregenerally
furnishedwithmanufacturerinstalledsafetycontrols.Steamorhotwaterheatingcoilsrequirea
motorizedvalveforheatingcontrol.
TimeclockcontrolcanlimitunnecessaryHVACoperation.Unoccupiedresetcontrolsshouldbe
providedinconjunctionwithtimedcontrol.
Maintenance.Toprotecttheinitialinvestmentandensuremaximumefficiency,maintenanceof
airconditioningunitsinsmallstoresshouldbeprovidedbyareliableservicecompanyonayearly
basis.Themaintenanceagreementshouldclearlyspecifyresponsibilityforfilterreplacements,
lubrication,belts,coilcleaning,adjustmentofcontrols,refrigerationcyclemaintenance,
replacementofrefrigerant,pumprepairs,electricalmaintenance,winterizing,systemstartup,and
extralaborrequiredforrepairs.
ImprovingOperatingCost.Outdooraireconomizerscanreducetheoperatingcostofcooling
inmostclimates.Theyaregenerallyavailableasfactoryoptionsoraccessorieswithroofmounted
units.Increasedexteriorinsulationgenerallyreducesoperatingenergyrequirementsandmayin
somecasesallowthesizeofinstalledequipmenttobereduced.Mostcodesnowincludeminimum
requirementsforinsulationandfenestrationmaterials.The AdvancedEnergyDesignGuidefor
SmallRetailBuildings (ASHRAE2006)providesadditionalenergysavingssuggestions.

3.DISCOUNT,BIGBOX,ANDSUPERCENTERSTORES
Largediscount,bigbox,andsupercenterstoresattractcustomerswithdiscountprices.These
storestypicallyhavehighbayfixturedisplaysandusuallystoremerchandiseinthesalesarea.
Theyfeatureawiderangeofmerchandiseandmayincludesuchdiverseareasasafoodservice
area,autoservicearea,supermarket,pharmacy,bank,andgardenshop.Somestoressellpets,
includingfishandbirds.ThisvarietyofactivitymustbeconsideredindesigningtheHVACsystems.
Thedesignandapplicationsuggestionsforsmallstoresalsoapplytodiscountstores.
Eachspecificareaistypicallytreatedasatraditionalstandalonefacilitywouldbe.Conditioning
outdoorairforallareasmustbeconsideredtolimittheintroductionofexcessmoisturethatwill
migratetothefreezeraislesofagroceryarea.
Hardware,lumber,furniture,etc.,isalsosoldinbigboxfacilities.Aparticularconcerninthistype
offacilityisventilationformerchandiseandmaterialhandlingequipment,suchasforklifttrucks.
Inaddition,areassuchasstockrooms,restrooms,breakrooms,offices,andspecialstorage
roomsforperishablemerchandisemayrequireseparateHVACsystemsorrefrigeration.
LoadDetermination
Operatingeconomicsandthespacesservedoftendictateinsidedesignconditions.Somestores
maybasesummerloadcalculationsonahigherinsidetemperature(e.g.,80Fdb)butthensetthe
thermostatstocontrolat72to75Fdb.Thisreducestheinstalledequipmentsizewhileproviding
thedesiredinsidetemperaturemostofthetime.
Heatgainfromlightingisnotuniformthroughouttheentirearea.Forexample,jewelryandother
specialtydisplaystypicallyhavelightingheatgainsof6to8Wpersquarefootoffloorarea,
whereasthetypicalsalesareahasanaveragevalueof2to4W/ft2.Forstockroomsandreceiving,
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 3/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

marking,toilet,andrestroomareas,avalueof2W/ft2 maybeused.Whenavailable,actual
lightinglayoutsratherthanaveragevaluesshouldbeusedforloadcomputation.
ASHRAE Standards
62.1and90.1providedataandpopulationdensityinformationtobeusedfor
loaddetermination.Chapter33ofthisvolumehasspecificinformationonventilationsystemsfor
kitchensandfoodserviceareas.Ventilationandoutdoorairmustbeprovidedasrequiredin
ASHRAE Standard
62.1andlocalcodes.
Dataontheheatreleasedbyspecialmerchandisingequipment,suchasamusementridesfor
childrenorequipmentusedforpreparingspecialityfooditems(e.g.,popcorn,pizza,frankfurters,
hamburgers,doughnuts,roastedchickens,cookednuts,etc.),shouldbeobtainedfromthe
equipmentmanufacturers.
DesignConsiderations
Heatreleasedbyinstalledlightingisoftensufficienttooffsetthedesignroofheatloss.Therefore,
interiorareasofthesestoresneedcoolingduringbusinesshoursthroughouttheyear.Perimeter
areas,especiallythestorefrontandentranceareas,mayhavehighlyvariableheatingandcooling
requirements.ProperzonecontrolandHVACdesignareessential.Locationofcheckoutlanesinthe
storefrontorentranceareasmakesproperenvironmentalzonecontrolevenmoreimportant.
SystemDesign.Theimportantfactorsinselectingdiscount,bigbox,andsupercenterstoreair
conditioningsystemsare(1)installationcosts,(2)floorspacerequiredforequipment,(3)
maintenancerequirements,(4)equipmentreliability,and(5)simplicityofcontrol.Roofmounted
unitsaremostcommonlyused.
AirDistribution.Theairsupplyforlargeinteriorsalesareasshouldgenerallybedesignedto
satisfytheprimarycoolingrequirement.Forperimeterareas,thevariableheatingandcooling
requirementsmustbeconsidered.
Becausethesestoresrequirehigh,clearareasfordisplayandrestocking,airisgenerally
distributedfromheightsof14ftandgreater.Airdistributionattheseheightsrequireshigh
dischargevelocitiesintheheatingseasontoovercomethebuoyancyofhotair.Thisdischargeair
velocitycreatesturbulenceinthespaceandinducesairflowfromtheceilingareatopromote
completemixing.Spacemountedfans,andradiantheatingattheperimeter,entranceheaters,and
aircurtainsmayberequired.
Control.Becausethecontrolsareusuallyoperatedbypersonnelwhohavelittleknowledgeofair
conditioning,systemsshouldbekeptassimpleaspossiblewhilestillprovidingtherequired
functions.Unitaryequipmentistypicallyavailablewithmanufacturersuppliedcontrolsforeasy
installationandoperation.
Automaticdampersshouldbeplacedinoutdoorairinletsandinexhauststopreventairentering
whenthefanisturnedoff.
Heatingcontrolsvarywiththenatureoftheheatingmedium.Ductheatersaregenerally
furnishedwithmanufacturerinstalledsafetycontrols.Steamorhotwaterheatingcoilsrequirea
motorizedvalveforheatingcontrol.
TimeclockcontrolcanlimitunnecessaryHVACoperation.Unoccupiedresetcontrolsshouldbe
providedinconjunctionwithtimedcontrol.
Maintenance.MoststoresdonotemploytrainedHVACmaintenancepersonneltheyrelyinstead
onservicecontractswitheithertheinstalleroralocalservicecompany.(SeethesectiononSmall
Stores).
ImprovingOperatingCost.SeethesectiononSmallStores.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 4/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Figure1.RefrigeratedCaseLoadVariationwithStoreAirHumidity

4.SUPERMARKETS
LoadDetermination
HeatingandcoolingloadsshouldbecalculatedusingthemethodsoutlinedinChapter18ofthe
2013 ASHRAEHandbookFundamentals .Insupermarkets,spaceconditioningisrequiredbothfor
humancomfortandforproperoperationofrefrigerateddisplaycases.Theairconditioningunit
shouldintroduceaminimumquantityofoutdoorair,eitherthevolumerequiredforventilation
basedonASHRAE Standard
62.1orthevolumerequiredtomaintainslightlypositivepressurein
thespace,whicheverislarger.
Manysupermarketsareunitsofalargechainownedoroperatedbyasinglecompany.The
standardizedconstruction,layout,andequipmentusedindesigningmanysimilarstoressimplify
loadcalculations.
Itisimportantthatthefinalairconditioningloadbecorrectlydetermined.Refertomanufacturers
dataforinformationontotalheatextraction,sensibleheat,latentheat,andpercentageoflatentto
totalloadfordisplaycases.Engineersreportconsiderablefixtureheatremoval(caseload)variation
astherelativehumidityandtemperaturevaryincomparativelysmallincrements.Relativehumidity
above55%substantiallyincreasestheloadreducedabsolutehumiditysubstantiallydecreasesthe
load,asshowninFigure1.Trendsinstoredesign,whichincludemorefoodrefrigerationandmore
efficientlighting,reducethesensiblecomponentoftheloadevenfurther.
Tocalculatethetotalloadandpercentageoflatentandsensibleheatthattheairconditioning
musthandle,therefrigeratingeffectimposedbythedisplayfixturesmustbesubtractedfromthe
buildingsgrossairconditioningrequirements(Table1).

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 5/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Modernsupermarketdesignshaveahighpercentageofclosedrefrigerateddisplayfixtures.These
verticalcaseshavelargeglassdisplaydoorsandgreatlyreducetheproblemoflatentandsensible
heatremovalfromtheoccupiedspace.Thedoorsdo,however,requireheaterstominimize
condensationandfogging.Theseheatersshouldcyclebyautomaticcontrol.
Formoreinformationonsupermarkets,seeChapter15inthe2014 ASHRAEHandbook
Refrigeration .

Table1.RefrigeratingEffect(RE)ProducedbyOpenRefrigeratedDisplayFixtures
RE on Building Per Unit Length of Fixture*
Display Fixture Types Latent Heat, Btu/h ft % Latent to Total RE Sensible Heat, Btu/h ft Total RE, Btu/h ft
Lowtemperature (frozen food)
Singledeck 38 15 207 245
Singledeck/doubleisland 70 15 400 470
2deck 144 20 576 720
3deck 322 20 1288 1610
4 or 5deck 400 20 1600 2000
Ice cream
Singledeck 64 15 366 430
Singledeck/doubleisland 70 15 400 470
Standardtemperature
Meats
Singledeck 52 15 298 350
Multideck 219 20 876 1095
Dairy, multideck 196 20 784 980
Produce
Singledeck 36 15 204 240
Multideck 192 20 768 960
*
These figures are general magnitudes for fixtures adjusted for average desired product temperatures and apply to store
ambients in front of display cases of 72 to 74 F with 50 to 55% rh. Raising the dry bulb only 3 to 5 F and the humidity to 5
to 10% can increase loads (heat removal) 25% or more. Lower temperatures and humidities, as in winter, have an equally
marked effect on lowering loads and heat removal from the space. Consult display case manufacturer's data for the particular
equipment to be used.

DesignConsiderations
Storeownersandoperatorsfrequentlycomplainaboutcoldaisles,heatersthatoperateeven
whentheoutdoortemperatureisabove70F,andairconditionersthatoperateinfrequently.These
problemsareusuallyattributedtospilloverofcoldairfromopenrefrigerateddisplayequipment.
Althoughrefrigerateddisplayequipmentmaycausecoldstores,theproblemisnotexcessive
spilloverorimproperlyoperatingequipment.Heatingandairconditioningsystemsmust
compensatefortheeffectsofopenrefrigerateddisplayequipment.Designconsiderationsinclude
thefollowing:

Increasedheatingrequirementbecauseofremovaloflargequantitiesofheat,evenin
summer.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 6/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Netairconditioningloadafterdeductingthelatentandsensiblerefrigerationeffect.Theload
reductionandchangeinsensiblelatentloadratiohaveamajoreffectonequipmentselection.

Needforspecialaircirculationanddistributiontooffsettheheatremovedbyopen
refrigeratingequipment.

Needforindependenttemperatureandhumiditycontrol.

Eachoftheseproblemsispresenttosomedegreeineverysupermarket,althoughsituationsvary
withclimateandstorelayout.Methodsofovercomingtheseproblemsarediscussedinthe
followingsections.Energycostsmaybeextremelyhighiftheyearroundairconditioningsystem
hasnotbeendesignedtocompensatefortheeffectsofrefrigerateddisplayequipment.
HeatRemovedbyRefrigeratedDisplays.Thedisplayrefrigeratornotonlycoolsadisplayed
productbutalsoenvelopsitinablanketofcoldairthatabsorbsheatfromtheroomairincontact
withit.Approximately80to90%oftheheatremovedfromtheroombyverticalrefrigeratorsis
absorbedthroughthedisplayopening.Thus,theopenrefrigeratoractsasalargeaircooler,
absorbingheatfromtheroomandrejectingitviathecondensersoutsidethebuilding.
Occasionally,thisconditioningeffectcanbegreaterthanthedesignairconditioningcapacityofthe
store.Theheatremovedbytherefrigerationequipment must
beconsideredinthedesignofthe
airconditioningandheatingsystemsbecausethisheatisbeingremovedconstantly,dayandnight,
summerandwinter,regardlessofthestoretemperature.
Displaycasesincreasethebuildingheatingrequirementsuchthatheatisoftenrequiredat
unexpectedtimes.Thefollowingexampleillustratestheextentofthiscoolingeffect.Thedesired
storetemperatureis75F.Storeheatlossorgainisassumedtobe15,000Btu/hperFof
temperaturedifferencebetweenoutdoorandstoretemperature.(Thisvaluevarieswithstoresize,
location,andexposure.)Theheatremovedbyrefrigerationequipmentis190,000Btu/h.(This
valuevarieswiththenumberofrefrigerators.)Thelatentheatremovedisassumedtobe19%of
thetotal,leaving81%or154,000Btu/hsensibleheatremoved,whichcoolsthestore
154,000/15,000=10F.Byconstantlyremovingsensibleheatfromitsenvironment,the
refrigerationequipmentinthisstorewillcoolthestore10Fbelowoutdoortemperatureinwinter
andinsummer.Thus,inmildclimates,heatmustbeaddedtothestoretomaintaincomfort
conditions.
Thedesignercaneitherdiscardorreclaimtheheatremovedbyrefrigeration.Ifeconomicsand
storeheatdataindicatethattheheatshouldbediscarded,heatextractionfromthespacemustbe
includedintheheatingloadcalculation.Ifthisinternalheatlossisnotincluded,theheating
systemmaynothavesufficientcapacitytomaintaindesigntemperatureunderpeakconditions.
Theadditionalsensibleheatremovedbythecasesmaychangetheairconditioninglatentload
ratiofrom32%toasmuchas50%ofthenetheatload.Removinga50%latentloadby
refrigerationaloneisverydifficult.Normally,itrequiresspeciallydesignedequipmentwithreheat
orchemicaladsorption.
Multishelfrefrigerateddisplayequipmentrequires55%rhorless.Inthedrybulbtemperature
rangesofaveragestores,humidityinexcessof55%cancauseheavycoilfrosting,productzone
frostinginlowtemperaturecases,fixturesweating,andsubstantiallyincreasedrefrigerationpower
consumption.
Ahumidistatcanbeusedduringsummercoolingtocontrolhumiditybytransferringheatfrom
thecondensertoaheatingcoilintheairstream.Thestorethermostatmaintainspropersummer
temperatureconditions.Overridecontrolspreventconflictbetweenthehumidistatandthe
thermostat.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 7/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Theequivalentresultcanbeaccomplishedwithaconventionalairconditioningsystembyusing
threeorfourwayvalvesandreheatcondensersintheducts.Thissystemborrowsheatfromthe
standardcondenserandiscontrolledbyahumidistat.Forhigherenergyefficiency,specially
designedequipmentshouldbeconsidered.Desiccantdehumidifiersandheatpipeshavealsobeen
used.
Humidity.Coolingfromrefrigerationequipmentdoesnotprecludetheneedforairconditioning.
Onthecontrary,itincreasestheneedforhumiditycontrol.
Withincreasesinstorehumidity,heavierloadsareimposedontherefrigerationequipment,
operatingcostsrise,moredefrostperiodsarerequired,andthedisplaylifeofproductsis
shortened.Thedewpointriseswithrelativehumidity,andsweatingcanbecomesoprofusethat
evennonrefrigerateditemssuchasshelvingsuperstructures,cannedproducts,mirrors,andwalls
maysweat.
Lowerhumidityresultsinloweroperatingcostsforrefrigeratedcases.Therearethreemethodsto
reducethehumiditylevel:(1)standardairconditioning,whichmayovercoolthespacewhenthe
latentloadishighandsensibleloadislow(2)mechanicaldehumidification,whichremoves
moisturebyloweringtheairtemperaturetoitsdewpoint,anduseshotgasreheatwhenneeded
todischargeatanydesiredtemperatureand(3)desiccantdehumidification,whichremoves
moistureindependentoftemperature,supplyingwarmairtothespaceunlesspostcoolingis
providedtodischargeatanydesiredtemperature.
Eachmethodprovidesdifferentdewpointtemperaturesatdifferentenergyconsumptionand
capitalexpenditures.Thedesignershouldevaluateandconsiderallconsequentialtradeoffs.
Standardairconditioningrequiresnoadditionalinvestmentbutreducesthespacedewpoint
temperatureonlyto60to65F.At75Fspacetemperaturethisresultsin60to70%rhatbest.
Mechanicaldehumidifierscanprovidehumiditylevelsof40to50%at75F.Supplyairtemperature
canbecontrolledwithhotgasreheatbetween50and90F.Desiccantdehumidificationcan
providelevelsof35to40%rhat75F.Postcoolingsupplyairmayberequired,dependingon
internalsensibleloads.Adesiccantisreactivatedbypassinghotairat180to250Fthroughthe
desiccantbase.
SystemDesign.Thesameairhandlingequipmentanddistributionsystemaregenerallyusedfor
bothcoolingandheating.Theentranceareaisthemostdifficultsectiontoheat.Many
supermarketsinthenorthernUnitedStatesarebuiltwithvestibulesprovidedwithseparateheating
equipmenttotemperthecoldairenteringfromtheoutdoors.Auxiliaryheatmayalsobeprovided
atthecheckoutarea,whichisusuallyclosetothefrontentrance.Methodsofheatingentrance
areasincludetheuseof(1)aircurtains,(2)gasfiredorelectricinfraredradiantheaters,and(3)
wasteheatfromtherefrigerationcondensers.
Aircooledcondensingunitsarethemostcommonlyusedinsupermarkets.Typically,acentralair
handlerconditionstheentiresalesarea.Specialtyareaslikebakeries,computerrooms,or
warehousesarebetterservedwithaseparateairhandlerbecausetheloadsintheseareasvary
andrequiredifferentcontrolthanthesalesarea.
Mostinstallationsaremadeontheroofofthesupermarket.Ifaircooledcondensersarelocated
onthegroundoutsidethestore,theymustbeprotectedagainstvandalismaswellastruckand
customertraffic.Ifwatercooledcondensersareusedontheairconditioningequipmentanda
coolingtowerisrequired,provisionsshouldbemadetopreventfreezingduringwinteroperation.
AirDistribution.Designersovercometheconcentratedloadatthefrontofasupermarketby
dischargingalargeportionofthetotalairsupplyintothefrontthirdofthesalesarea.
Theairsupplytothespacewithastandardairconditioningsystemistypically1cfmpersquare
footofsalesarea.Thisvalueshouldbecalculatedbasedonthesensibleandlatentinternalloads.
Thedesiccantsystemtypicallyrequireslessairsupplybecauseofitshighmoistureremovalrate,
typically0.5cfmpersquarefoot.Mechanicaldehumidificationcanfallwithintheseparameters,
dependingonrequireddewpointandsuctionpressurelimitations.
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 8/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Beingdenser,aircooledbytherefrigeratorssettlestothefloorandbecomesincreasinglycolder,
especiallyinthefirst36in.abovethefloor.Ifthiscoldairremainsstill,itcausesdiscomfortand
doesnothelptocoolotherareasofthestorethatneedmorecooling.Coldfloorsorareasinthe
storecannotbeeliminatedbythesimpleadditionofheat.Reductionofairconditioningcapacity
withoutcirculationoflocalizedcoldairisanalogoustoinstallinganairconditionerwithoutafan.
Totakeadvantageofthecoolingeffectoftherefrigeratorsandprovideaneventemperaturein
thestore,thecoldairmustbemixedwiththegeneralstoreair.
Toaccomplishthenecessarymixing,airreturnsshouldbelocatedatfloorleveltheyshouldalso
bestrategicallyplacedtoremovethecoldairnearconcentrationsofrefrigeratedfixtures.Returns
shouldbedesignedandlocatedtoavoidcreatingdrafts.Therearetwogeneralsolutionstothis
problem:

ReturnDuctsinFloor.Thisisthepreferredmethodandcanbeaccomplishedintwoways.
Thefloorareainfrontoftherefrigerateddisplaycasesisthecoolestarea.Refrigerantlines
areruntoallofthesecases,usuallyintubesortrenches.Ifthetrenchesortubesare
enlargedandmadetoopenunderthecasesforairreturn,aircanbedrawninfromthecold
area(Figure2).Theairisreturnedtotheairhandlingunitthroughateeconnectiontothe
trenchbeforeitentersthebackroomarea.Theopeningthroughwhichtherefrigerantlines
enterthebackroomshouldbesealed.

Ifrefrigerantlineconduitsarenotused,aircanbereturnedthroughinexpensiveunderfloor
ducts.Ifrefrigeratorshaveinsufficientundercaseairpassage,themanufacturershouldbe
consulted.Oftentheycanberaisedoffthefloorapproximately1.5in.Floortrenchescanalso
beusedasductsfortubing,electricalsupply,andsoforth.

Floorlevelreturnrelievestheproblemoflocalizedcoldareasandcoldaislesandusesthe
coolingeffectforstorecooling,orincreasestheheatingefficiencybydistributingtheairto
areasthatneeditmost.

FansBehindCases.Ifductscannotbeplacedinthefloor,circulatingfanscandrawairfrom
theflooranddischargeitabovethecases(Figure3).Althoughthisapproachprevents
objectionablecoldaislesinfrontoftherefrigerateddisplaycases,itdoesnotpreventanarea
withaconcentrationofrefrigeratedfixturesfromremainingcolderthantherestofthestore.

Figure2.FloorReturnDucts

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 9/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Figure3.AirMixingUsingFansBehindCases

Control.Storepersonnelshouldonlyberequiredtochangethepositionofaselectorswitchto
startorstopthesystemortochangefromheatingtocoolingorfromcoolingtoheating.Control
systemsforheatrecoveryapplicationsaremorecomplexandshouldbecoordinatedwiththe
equipmentmanufacturer.
MaintenanceandHeatReclamation.Mostsupermarkets,exceptlargechains,donotemploy
trainedmaintenancepersonnel,butratherrelyonservicecontractswitheithertheinstallerora
localservicecompany.Thisrelievesstoremanagementoftheresponsibilityofkeepingtheair
conditioningoperatingproperly.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 10/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Figure4.HeatReclaimingSystems

Figure5.MachineRoomwithAutomaticTemperatureControlInterlockedwithStore
TemperatureControl

Heatextractedfromthestoreandheatofcompressionmaybereclaimedforheatingcostsaving.
Onemethodofreclaimingrejectedheatistouseaseparatecondensercoillocatedintheair
conditionersairhandler,eitheralternatelyorinconjunctionwiththemainrefrigerationcondensers,
toprovideheatasrequired(Figure4).Anothersystemuseswatercooledcondensersanddelivers
itsrejectedheattoawatercoilintheairhandler.
Theheatrejectedbyconventionalmachinesusingaircooledcondensersmaybereclaimedby
properductanddamperdesign(Figure5).Automaticcontrolscaneitherrejectthisheattothe
outdoorsorrecirculateitthroughthestore.
5.DEPARTMENTSTORES
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 11/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

Departmentstoresvaryinsize,type,andlocation,soairconditioningdesignshouldbespecificto
eachstore.Essentialfeaturesofaqualitysysteminclude(1)anautomaticcontrolsystemproperly
designedtocompensateforloadfluctuations,(2)zonedairdistributiontomaintainuniform
conditionsundershiftingloads,and(3)useofoutdoorairforcoolingduringfavorableconditions.
Itisalsodesirabletoadjustinsidetemperatureforvariationsinoutdoortemperature.Although
closecontrolofhumidityisnotnecessary,aproperlydesignedsystemshouldoperatetomaintain
relativehumidityat50%orbelow.Thishumiditylimiteliminatesmustyodorsandretards
perspiration,particularlyinfittingrooms.

Table2.ApproximateLightingLoadforOlderDepartmentStores
Area W/ft2
Basement 3 to 5
First floor 4 to 7
Upper floors, womens wear 3 to 5
Upper floors, house furnishings 2 to 3

LoadDetermination
Becausetheoccupancy(exceptstorepersonnel)istransient,insideconditionsarecommonlyset
nottoexceed78Fdband50%rhatoutdoorsummerdesignconditions,and70Fdbatoutdoor
winterdesignconditions.Winterhumidificationisseldomusedinstoreairconditioning.
ASHRAE Standard
62.1providespopulationdensityinformationforloaddeterminationpurposes.
Energycodesandstandardsrestrictinstalledlightingwattdensityfornewlyconstructedfacilities.
However,olderfacilitiesmayhaveincreasedlightingwattdensities.ValuesinTable2are
approximationsforolderfacilities.
Otherloads,suchasthosefrommotors,beautyparlors,restaurantequipment,andanyspecial
displayormerchandisingequipment,shouldbedetermined.
MinimumoutdoorairrequirementsshouldbeasdefinedinASHRAE 62.1orlocalcodes. Standard
Paintshops,alterationrooms,restrooms,eatingplaces,andlockerroomsshouldbeprovided
withpositiveexhaustventilation,andtheirrequirementsmustbecheckedagainstlocalcodes.
DesignConsiderations
Beforeperformingloadcalculations,thedesignershouldexaminethestorearrangementto
determinewhatwillaffecttheloadandthesystemdesign.Forexistingbuildings,actual
construction,floorarrangement,andloadsourcescanbesurveyed.Fornewbuildings,examination
ofthedrawingsanddiscussionwiththearchitectorownerisrequired.
Largerstoresmaycontainbeautyparlors,foodserviceareas,extensiveofficeareas,auditoriums,
warehousespace,etc.Someofthesespecialareasmayoperateduringhoursinadditiontothe
normalstoreopenhours.Ifpresentorfutureoperationcouldbecompromisedbysuchastrategy,
thesespacesshouldbeservedbyseparateHVACsystems.Becauseoftheconcentratedloadand
exhaustrequirements,beautyparlorsandfoodserviceareasshouldbeprovidedwithseparate
ventilationandairdistribution.
Futureplansforthestoremustbeascertainedbecausetheycanhaveagreateffectonthetype
ofairconditioningandrefrigerationtobeused.
SystemDesign.Airconditioningsystemsfordepartmentstoresmayuseunitaryorcentral
stationequipment.Selectionshouldbebasedonowningandoperatingcostsaswellasspecial
considerationsfortheparticularstore,suchasstorehours,loadvariations,andsizeofload.
Largedepartmentstoreshaveoftenusedcentralstationsystemsconsistingofairhandlingunits
havingchilledwatercoolingcoils,hotwaterheatingcoils,fans,andfilters.Somedepartmentstores
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 12/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

nowuselargeunitaryunits.Airsystemsmusthaveadequatezoningforvaryingloads,occupancy,
andusage.Widevariationsinpeopleloadsmayjustifyconsideringvariablevolumeairdistribution
systems.Waterchillingandheatingplantsdistributewatertothevariousairhandlersandzones
andmaytakeadvantageofsomeloaddiversitythroughoutthebuilding.
Airconditioningequipmentshouldnotbeplacedinthesalesareainstead,itshouldbelocatedin
mechanicalequipmentroomareasorontheroofwheneverpracticable.Easeofmaintenanceand
operationmustbeconsideredinthedesignofequipmentroomsandlocations.
Manylocationsrequireprovisionsforsmokeremoval.Thisisnormallyaccommodatedthroughthe
roofandmaybeintegratedwiththeHVACsystem.
AirDistribution.Allbuildingsmustbestudiedfororientation,windexposure,construction,and
floorarrangement.Thesefactorsaffectnotonlyloadcalculations,butalsozonearrangementsand
ductlocations.Inadditiontoentrances,wallareaswithsignificantglass,roofareas,andpopulation
densities,theexpectedlocationsofvariousdepartmentsshouldbeconsidered.Flexibilitymustbe
leftintheductdesigntoallowforfuturemovementofdepartments.Itmaybenecessarytodesign
separateairsystemsforentrances,particularlyinnorthernareas.Thisisalsotrueforstorageareas
wherecoolingisnotcontemplated.
Aircurtainsmaybeinstalledatentrancedoorwaystolimitinfiltrationofunconditionedair,atthe
sametimeprovidinggreatereaseofentry.
Control.Spacetemperaturecontrolsareusuallyoperatedbypersonnelwhohavelittle
knowledgeofairconditioning.Therefore,exposedsensorsandcontrolsshouldbekeptassimpleas
possiblewhilestillprovidingtherequiredfunctions.
Controlmustbesuchthatcorrectlyconditionedairisdeliveredtoeachzone.Outdoorairintake
shouldbeautomaticallycontrolledtooperateatminimumcostwhileprovidingrequiredairflow.
Partialorfullautomaticcontrolshouldbeprovidedforcoolingtocompensateforloadfluctuations.
Completelyautomaticrefrigerationplantsshouldbeconsidered.
Heatingcontrolsvarywiththenatureoftheheatingmedium.Ductheatersaregenerally
furnishedwithmanufacturerinstalledsafetycontrols.Steamorhotwaterheatingcoilsrequirea
motorizedvalveforheatingcontrol.
TimeclockcontrolcanlimitunnecessaryHVACoperation.Unoccupiedresetcontrolsshouldbe
providedinconjunctionwithtimedcontrol.
Automaticdampersshouldbeplacedinoutdoorairinletsandinexhauststopreventairentering
whenthefanisturnedoff.
Maintenance.Mostdepartmentstoresemploypersonnelforroutinehousekeeping,operation,
andminormaintenance,butrelyonserviceandpreventivemaintenancecontractsforrefrigeration
cycles,chemicaltreatment,centralplantsystems,andrepairs.
ImprovingOperatingCost.Anoutdooraireconomizercanreducetheoperatingcostofcooling
inmostclimates.Thesearegenerallyavailableasfactoryoptionsoraccessorieswiththeair
handlingunitsorcontrolsystems.Heatrecoveryanddesiccantdehumidificationshouldalsobe
analyzed.
6.CONVENIENCECENTERS
Manysmallstores,discountstores,supermarkets,drugstores,theaters,andevendepartment
storesarelocatedinconveniencecenters.Thespaceforanindividualstoreisusuallyleased.
Arrangementsforinstallingairconditioninginleasedspacevary.Typically,thedeveloperbuildsa
shellstructureandprovidesthetenantwithanallowanceforusualheatingandcoolingandother
minimuminteriorfinishwork.ThetenantmusttheninstallanHVACsystem.Inanother
arrangement,developersinstallHVACunitsinthesmallstoreswiththeshellconstruction,often
beforethespaceisleasedortheoccupancyisknown.Largerstorestypicallyprovidetheirown
HVACdesignandinstallation.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 13/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

DesignConsiderations
Thedeveloperorownermayestablishstandardsfortypicalheatingandcoolingthatmayormay
notbesufficientforthetenantsspecificrequirements.Thetenantmaythereforehavetoinstall
systemsofdifferentsizesandtypesthanoriginallyallowedforbythedeveloper.Thetenantmust
ascertainthatpowerandotherserviceswillbeavailableforthetotalintendedrequirements.
Theuseofpartywallsinconveniencecenterstendstoreduceheatingandcoolingloads.
However,theeffectanunoccupiedadjacentspacehasonthepartitionloadmustbeconsidered.

7.REGIONALSHOPPINGCENTERS
Regionalshoppingcentersgenerallyincorporateanenclosed,heatedandairconditionedmall.
Thesecentersarenormallyownedbyadeveloper,whomaybeanindependentparty,afinancial
institution,oroneofthemajortenantsinthecenter.
Someregionalshoppingcentersaredesignedwithanopenpedestrianmallbetweenrowsof
stores.Thisopenairconceptresultsintenantspacessimilartothoseinaconveniencecenter.
Storefrontsandotherperimetersofthetenantspacesareexposedtoexteriorweatherconditions.
Majordepartmentstoresinshoppingcentersaretypicallyconsideredseparatebuildings,although
theyareattachedtothemall.Thespaceforindividualsmallstoresisusuallyleased.Arrangements
forinstallingairconditioningintheindividuallyleasedspacesvary,butaresimilartothosefor
smallstoresinconveniencecenters.
Table3presentstypicaldatathatcanbeusedascheckfiguresandfieldestimates.However,this
tableshouldnotbeusedforfinaldeterminationofload,becausethevaluesareonlyaverages.
DesignConsiderations
TheownerordeveloperprovidestheHVACsystemforanenclosedmall.Theregionalshopping
centermayuseacentralplantorunitaryequipment.Theownergenerallyrequiresthatthe
individualtenantstoresconnecttoacentralplantandincludeschargesforheatingandcooling
services.Whereunitarysystemsareused,theownergenerallyrequiresthattheindividualtenant
installaunitarysystemofsimilardesign.
Theownermayestablishstandardsfortypicalheatingandcoolingsystemsthatmayormaynot
besufficientforthetenantsspecificrequirements.Therefore,thetenantmayhavetoinstall
systemsofdifferentsizesthanoriginallyallowedforbythedeveloper.
Leasingarrangementsmayincludeprovisionsthathaveadetrimentaleffectonconservation(such
asallowingexcessivelightingandoutdoorairordeletingrequirementsforeconomizersystems).
ThedesignerofHVACfortenantsinashoppingcentermustbewellawareofthelease
requirementsandworkcloselywithleasingagentstoguidethesesystemstowardbetterenergy
efficiency.
Manyregionalshoppingcenterscontainspecialtyfoodcourtareasthatrequirespecial
considerationsforodorcontrol,outdoorairrequirements,kitchenexhaust,heatremoval,and
refrigerationequipment.
SystemDesign.Regionalshoppingcentersvarywidelyinphysicalarrangementandarchitectural
design.Singlelevelandsmallercentersusuallyuseunitarysystemsformallandtenantair
conditioningmultilevelandlargercentersusuallyuseacentralsystem.Theownersetsthedesign
ofthemallandgenerallyrequiresthatsimilarsystemsbeinstalledfortenantstores.
Atypicalcentralsystemmaydistributechilledairtoindividualtenantstoresandtothemallair
conditioningsystemandusevariablevolumecontrolandelectricheatingatthelocalusepoint.
Someplantsdistributebothhotandchilledwater.Someallairsystemsalsodistributeheatedair.
Centralplantsystemstypicallyprovideimprovedefficiencyandbetteroveralleconomicsof
operation.Centralsystemsmayalsoprovidethebasiccomponentsrequiredforsmokeremoval.
AirDistribution.Airdistributioninindividualstoresshouldbedesignedfortheparticularspace
occupancy.Sometenantstoresmaintainanegativepressurerelativetothepublicmallforodor
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 14/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

control.

Table3.TypicalInstalledCoolingCapacityandLightingLevels:MidwesternUnited
States
Area per Unit of Installed Installed Cooling per Unit Lighting Density of Annual Lighting Energy
Type of Space Cooling, ft2/ton of Area, Btuh/ft2 Area, W/ft2 Use,a kWh/ft2

Dry retailb 367 33 4.0 16.2

Restaurant 136 88 2.0 8.1


Fast food
food court 160 75 3.0 12.2
tenant area
food court 147 82 3.0 12.2
seating area
Mall common 282 43 3.0 12.2 c
area
Total 264 45 3.6 14.6
a
Hours of operating lighting assumes 12 h/day and 6.5 days/week.
b
Jewelry, highend lingerie, and some other occupancy lighting levels are typically 6 to 8 W/ft2 and can range to 11 W/ft2.
Cooling requirements for these spaces are higher.
c 5.8 kWh/ft2 for centers that shut off lighting during daylight, assuming 6 h/day and 6.2 days/week.

ThetotalfacilityHVACsystemshouldmaintainaslightpositivepressurerelativetoatmospheric
pressureandaneutralpressurerelativebetweenmostoftheindividualtenantstores.Exterior
entrancesshouldhavevestibules.
Smokemanagementisrequiredbymanybuildingcodes,soairdistributionshouldbedesignedto
easilyaccommodatesmokecontrolrequirements.
Maintenance.MethodsforensuringtheoperationandmaintenanceofHVACsystemsinregional
shoppingcentersaresimilartothoseusedindepartmentstores.Individualtenantstoresmayhave
toprovidetheirownmaintenance.
ImprovingOperatingCost.Methodsforloweringoperatingcostsinshoppingcentersare
similartothoseusedindepartmentstores.Someshoppingcentershavesuccessfullyusedcooling
towerheatexchangereconomizers.
Centralplantsystemsforregionalshoppingcenterstypicallyhaveloweroperatingcoststhan
unitarysystems.However,theinitialcostofthecentralplantsystemistypicallyhigher.
8.MULTIPLEUSECOMPLEXES
Multipleusecomplexesarebeingdevelopedinmanymetropolitanareas.Thesecomplexes
generallycombineretailfacilitieswithotherfacilitiessuchasoffices,hotels,residences,orother
commercialspaceintoasinglesite.Thisconsolidationoffacilitiesintoasinglesiteorstructure
providesbenefitssuchasimprovedlandusestructuralsavingsmoreefficientparkingutility
savingsandopportunitiesformoreefficientelectrical,fireprotection,andmechanicalsystems.
LoadDetermination
ThevariousoccupanciesmayhavepeakHVACdemandsthatoccuratdifferenttimesoftheday
oryear.Therefore,theHVACloadsoftheseoccupanciesshouldbedeterminedindependently.
Whereacombinedcentralplantisconsidered,ablockloadshouldalsobedetermined.
DesignConsiderations
Retailfacilitiesaregenerallylocatedonthelowerlevelsofmultipleusecomplexes,andother
commercialfacilitiesareonupperlevels.Generally,theperimeterloadsoftheretailportiondiffer
http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 15/16
201761 CHAPTER2.RETAILFACILITIES

fromthoseoftheothercommercialspaces.Greaterlightingandpopulationdensitiesalsomake
HVACdemandsfortheretailspacedifferentfromthosefortheothercommercialspace.
ThedifferencesinHVACcharacteristicsforvariousoccupancieswithinamultipleusecomplex
indicatethatseparateairhandlinganddistributionshouldbeusedfortheseparatespaces.
However,combiningtheheatingandcoolingrequirementsofvariousfacilitiesintoacentralplant
canachieveasubstantialsaving.Acombinedcentralheatingandcoolingplantforamultipleuse
complexalsoprovidesgoodopportunitiesforheatrecovery,thermalstorage,andothersimilar
functionsthatmaynotbeeconomicalinasingleusefacility.
Manymultipleusecomplexeshaveatriums.Thestackeffectcreatedbyatriumsrequiresspecial
designconsiderationsfortenantsandspaceonthemainfloor.Areasnearentrancesrequirespecial
measurestopreventdraftsandaccommodateextraheatingrequirements.
SystemDesign.Individualairhandlinganddistributionsystemsshouldbedesignedforthe
variousoccupancies.Thecentralheatingandcoolingplantmaybesizedfortheblockload
requirements,whichmaybelessthanthesumofeachoccupancysdemand.
Control.Multipleusecomplexestypicallyrequirecentralizedcontrol.Itmaybedictatedby
requirementsforfireandsmokecontrol,security,remotemonitoring,billingforcentralfacilities
use,maintenancecontrol,buildingoperationscontrol,andenergymanagement.

REFERENCES
ASHRAE.2006. Advancedenergydesignguideforsmallretailbuildings
.
ASHRAE.2010.Ventilationforacceptableindoorairquality.ANSI/ASHRAE 62.12010. Standard
ASHRAE.2007.Energystandardforbuildingsexceptlowriseresidentialbuildings.
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard
90.12007.

ThepreparationofthischapterisassignedtoTC9.8,LargeBuildingAirConditioningApplications.

http://handbook.ashrae.org/Print.html?file=http://handbook.ashrae.org/Handbooks/A15/IP/A15_CH02/a15_ch02_ip.aspx 16/16

También podría gustarte