10 Neonatal Synesthesia: A Reevaluation Daphne Maurer and Catherine J. Mondloch [eee ne enters, Chap are98 Proposed thatthe aml newborn e synethets They arsed that “the newton does not hep semsitons separ rn ane anther, but ‘ather‘minessights sounds, elngs andes sens brie In which “sights have sound, feta have tastes" and smalls can make the bby fe daz p51. ltr publeatons.D- Murer and Monae provid nin exdence for ths hyphess (Maur 1993: Maurer & Monch, 1996) and distinguished strong and wk rs of (Maar {& Mondloh, 1996). The purpse ofthis chapters to rele the bass or the orginal byptess and to restate in Hah af the evidence since 1996 on the neural bss of syste on developmental pty. nd on crowed neato a nonsyentete adls and care, The Original Hypothesis he hypothesis grew ut of prado eidence of Ushaped developement of essmodal prego: abies Setonstati success inking fifo: ‘maton across sensory modes ner bith aed asa ass tr inf ahem appeared o gral or cosa ks nthe ond hal ofthe rt year of le Tr exampl, Lanta who saa patch ‘wt ght eee for 20 tla sowed evidence of abuts wo thot it and to 8 sound at evel nti By als as best matching thine of the Hight When another oun wae show more tense Ig van of hatin sited ‘kee MN, Ee he yuna ik iy ior nen sa Lehnsyachrony of sd othe vinta of cop bjt (Babsck 201) fn the synchrony of spoken page to ip movements of rane face (lense ly 1994) The a eidece of Unk twee ach fend son: Mer fanrzaton pera during wich they the hr acti, -mnh peered t vk 4 ve so detorming pacer {and vice seat Wibuin & Wilkr, 184, sod fe actual haan to one objet (eg. st-poatd star or «plan square. 2 0 month ts demonstrated sila referent bck the aol shape (2. @ "pot Hower or a squire with entra ole) (Sen 1987) Apparent ‘nation of tongue pasion abo suze integration between Vn eg the sight of mois ekg ot corer ong orf acm i Mimulus, Jace, 1979} and poprineton Le thefongo ching ok the tongueorat making sina movenents with ther appendages Carer ‘Gardner, 1970), (Note that some nerpetatons ofthe phenomenon do {own an interesting visual sins: nes 1996, Desptesucheidenceo rosenadltegraton near bith there are su sing fares tater ages un eidence ofthe baby’s subssquent ar into integrate difeentised sents Toe most arin evidence comes fom throes tht ete somerset diferent aero acess ‘unger age ile by aire at in nny, Fr exemple. Paks ct 1511994 founda 5-0 month al tenminianisooked andor at ‘he aul esting the paige hey were bearing when hat wa ae wth an aul resting ferent pos, younge (5-14 and ‘lee 7- to Sanoath-od Infants look pefecetaly at heat recting the malching pesos Silay, unde unger infant (Se, 1987), 4-10 5 month-lisalto ook dierent ati objets tactehabuation tone ofthe Str & Pécs, 186), The equency with whieh bebics ‘ck ut thee tong in respons to = val model lo decrees sates ically ter theft non (Abana & Sigs, 1984: Fontaine, 1988 Heimann. Nels & Schl 1989)an gradually emer triniaianey 1 the by appears to lear the coazeston between meements a his ot a ‘Adultlike Synesthesia at Birth ‘We peopel that the apparent cros-mel Integration in ea Infancy results fom synesthetie perception. one form of the hype (ich swe iia ald the "tong form. young infants esenbesynestetic ‘uls in whom simulation of one arsry modliy evokes percept nat ‘nly n tha malty (ach os hong the presented sound or seeing the ‘chai eee but ao spect prexp in a ena mally Vora sudory simula, he o she smattaneosl perves ands habitus | ‘hecoreonding viualtmuls, Ths ype conan with what ‘own about the brain bs of syesthesa ad neural development during nn Coloed woed hearing synesthesia wich specie ound eters evoke colored preps appens tobe ssl nunusaleonnetons tee) Conta aces. n sich sytesttes, ering wars wok eedence fe ‘a activity not oly tthe ary ees but aso ln existe visual Cortex ray Wiliams, Nan & arn. Cahe, 1997; Name a. 2002) t unbe of higher visu ans (le tl, 1995) and none a. en nthe primary ial cortex (Ak. ate Sisko, Deuter {© Rare 2001, (Akernativly. sch concn may ext i all ale trai ut mye rls rs ia syste: Gessenbacer ‘€lameace, 2001) In conta the synesthesia of one putter sree wascorrlned with corte suppres Sycthesinintesed wih cortical kepresant ike ethanol amy nitrated decreased wi otal sti ‘slants ike amphetamine ote aa culkin. A PET sca cone 8 ecreas incor lo ow thrah the prt fractal ad temporal ‘tes while he subject reported thesjesthete induction of tate ein {col pls cols) by odorant (Cowie, 1989) Theresa eidence ‘or suppression of some areas of sensory visual cortex during colored word raring Paes eta, 1995) and pater f event elated pent dur ingdhelnduction of colors graphene tht consistent wit speresion of sctityindhe etal cortextSeiltaet al, 1999), Cyto (2989) speculated that synesthesia mated y the bic system, speculation nse tits evidence that sons ofthe monk's amyl abalshcross-madal matching betwoen vison and ouch he not introring with matching lin eter modality (urea & Mishkin, 1985)-Thus, sesh might rise therfrom sna connectons eee corte area om coe suppression There is ample saat evidence ha young orzanismshate ranslent connections between coral ares that wlsobsequenty be prae (De Dole & Kennedy 1984: Det, Keanedy & Boller 1988; Huttenbcher, 1994; Kenn: Baler & Dells, 1989) and thatthe cortex af Ue human sewtorn i bal functioning. as evidenced by anatomical impaturites. Towels of blod load tre at bene marker tasks reiewed in kinson & Beak, 2003; Brak, Atkinson & Hood, 1991 de Ha 4 Jonson, 2003) Morne, tat the be system deveoys realy early (reviewed in Benes, 1994) and behueinal tvidence tha it maybe factional ith [Pascls & de Sone, 19941 Thus, the newborn might have ynetetc perceptions cause some othe Iran comovtonse fthl nv Bae the le ye hig wits Me ex ap Ta the rte. ag ote re anatomical evden‘der modalities. ering ce colrer tasting set substance othe tone) nthe stonpest kn ofthe Hypo, une syst adits the Baby sable oir el fom syste uot cepa te secing aed objet wersut eng” arenducingtont ting ‘peal il ess “ating” a swetincacing tone) OF curse, Bessie of “Coral mmatrty. none of he’s eres silylated ss those of as ed will ook saturated and yet wi no ste as compe. A Special Neonatal Fort of Symesthesia Anothe form ofthe hypthess hc we only call "we frm {Murer & Moni, 1996) tha, ez because fan inate ete, the ty doesnot ferent tinh om rent moda, but rather respon tothe otal ant of energy, sumed ros ll odie. The thy ware of changes ithe ptr of energy and recy sme faterns that were experienc Bele ut is aaware of whi medal Prete pater As cou he aby will appear o detect rss nreendnees when stimu ows dierent medaites produce common patterns of ener change Wh presented wth a human vie, the bay thay expeence «patter of changing clans und eon tee i arity to pttersexerencl Pere fo she same vole. Alou are tf the osltons, the bb dos ut yet perceive them son pr se As ‘Treat the bly may not dilecatits bawoen the pater of eilatons “reat by the vole any tims another modaiy— bouncing Felor yeh that crete sme frequency fost. Ad ‘ial evdence lor this frm f the pes sth the newborn's ua pefrences ad seeing pte re ated toatl amount sialon, fvthequvelent flo neressing stint within ane aay st Taking moderate eel of sinultion om anther motte Brack fa 1930, 1971. 1973, 1975: Garda Lelie, Nose & Karmel 1986) Gecenerg & Buc, 1977; tewonlc 1991: Lewkowter &Turkewit. 198 Turk, Gardr & Lewis 1988) “Tis frm of the bytes resets Zlao's (1996) claim thatthe ou Infant hs ony ist-eve mk conscousness in whie he buy erecvesobjetabut sunnwacof where orshewseing or etn them, entorn’pereeton may be analogos to the manditory son of nf ration rom dere vial es ht oceurs in ads percent of Sept [ii res Banks Candy 2002) Adasen percevetheslantolanobet famed thechangs inthe teturcor Kyra rom binocular dsp in perete H mon surly es Has ee eee eee aed ‘us they apes to pri sank Buk the vs ce pein hal Sn vals nn sch mandatory aon ocers between sala a ues to det: pesrmance beter the ces ae tent, Dut ides ‘otter the curs re neonssent. pater indeting ised cos Imola perception without ls of information rr enh modal. Unie ‘es sine mndtory fasion may ocuracoss modalities fr inns, Sch tha they perceive an objet Bt oe cess to sfortaton moat sopping th Unlike syethete adults who experience two perepts—one inthe in cing moat and second inthe synestheve mvt —the Baby may that isthe sme wheter the pater ford, ee, o tasted. Alternatives ‘ey my eperence diferent percepts when the energy changeset ‘rather ha sec or fast bt mi eles are thus ads the malty ‘input end nc moe sete thn adult simian ers mole isin he pattern of enery change This enbanced sens wl ins ts tani connectins are pruned and aa more specie cortex tris mare contol Three the baby eras oanterelte dfreistd Senses bu remnants ofthe snestesa persis i coss-moda nuences {Gee Sethe Corespondencenin Chen and Adatsy Inthe next sto webs evidence for transient conetons teen ‘tcl res dringinloncy. Sack exideneecomesfomthreesoureeaper imental sts with nial in wich the emory input to otic regions Ile “nateral” experiential dea nd nd ura, ad net roimaging and beavoral ths ein fan Evidence for Transient Connections during Infancy Cortical Plasticity Rocenterdence on crstnaal plasty sugess that he inmatecortex ‘kw spied than wil be atrte devlgpnent Altering the inp primary sensory corto ery in He scent io change te nature ‘tthe sectlaton The mat striking examples come om suis which retinal aos in he ert age nied toeplace the normal autor innervation f the media gence micas (MON, where the estbsh inde vata map, Neos i the auory corte, to whieh the at wc an tev presse Sor Ly 20 NIONAIAL SYNE STIESIA: A RELVALUIATION.inte tha the mete abscce of the Norm sensry input Lee ea tenet of the eyes a beth) sullen oindoce espns fo ‘iry stil nthe pinay vss cortex aks Yinon & Walkers 1999 reviewed in Bee & Neve, 2002) Ths ft are dought to eect the Stbiation of tasintcomnctons andthe umaskngof sent inputs that mn nortan be eal mit even be inhibited (evewed in Rauscheslr. 1995; Bate & Nel 0021 During norma develop tment these connectons would be diminish! thrvugh Hebbian competion Inlet the more feequent activation by np fom the “ore” sensory molality eres the tength of the “core” sya connetions Be “use sc compete cts ave en dentate operate wn he ‘tual may ve peas as short x1 he they are ue to ars fo the oman of ew syapconnections Rather: they are ey tet ompeti nfznces on preexisting conmations eewen Rauschek. 1995) There ievldene a us conti interactions in one MRL sty cf sesthetes wih os hearings the ota roup seeing es ae {ate an extant sacri ara led Vi both heisperes thesynsthets, hearing words atte that are in thee hemisphere and Secing ols dso ony the ight hemphere. a fhe autor input ha conte Vi the hemp theo Hedin eompetion ote ‘lament of the normal val nt (Nant a. 2002), Blind Adults Human sts con hat when the neal sensory ints sing he assaf blindness or delnes te primary isa nd aur cores become esansne to other sensory npr. Nearomaging sales usng PE fan DRI hve dunes that nals Hd Kom an ear ap read ing Bre setts the visual corte. aching much of extras sual tex end most tas, te primary sal cortex Burton et al, 2002; Meret al, 2001; Stoet 2998, bce chal. Pie Procktak Friston, 19981 or empl, noe stad: she nd subjects ead Bele the mtese nthe MRT sal ne the sine ein peed was ony 2% les fom the rary val orton hun as rom the sensorimotor cortex {steer etal. 200) case tact npt om fet te Bale characters ‘woul be ruts ony t the berisphere centrateral othe hand ye the extn of isl ctxt Brae wa btra the reorganiation ily tolls changes in cortical onatstons ahr thank subeotcalnputs to the visual eater (Sato etn. 1996) The fanetional portance of ivy itt by dhcp eft Saas te ws lg a ha ets i sts pad thse coe rates ners Co a, 1997 ob 1999}. Noch dsupton ocourra whet TMS dentate ber wrt ens, Aditona evidence tht the val cortex plays factional cole the ity o read Baie comes om a congenitally ad wou who ls ‘hat ality suddenly when she sufleed teal cept tobe tp 63, dite ntact pier sestty (amiton, Keenan Catala & Pascale eons 2000, The visual cote congenitally ia ersonsisalo sponsieto sound In wrecen IMR tty (Rider, Sac, Ben, Neil & Rist 2082 spoke sentences activated let try coal eres in both gta Bind Subjects but in lind subjects, poten sentenes alo activated primary 4nd cevtratnate bua ares, wt a pte hat ws ela Lo spt ad Semantic diay The hard the tsk, the greoer the atton of sual cores, Researchers using magnetoeacepulerapy and eveat-ratl| Petes (ERP) have ao noted that responses to bal sti an Frequent autory requency or lcation of wcongeuent woe) are eco from estos ener the visual cortex oly fom people Wind oma early sg (hj ts 1995; Lele, Slnt-Amour, ano, Lassonde & Les, 2000: Lot Riker & Waldol. 1998: Rader Riser & Neil 20 Wader Lal, 1999), although not while the subjects are weeding Beale (Kuala tal, 1995), as would he expecta om the evidence presented aoe hat the visual cortex pap an ete role in deca ral veal the evoked responses are more sharply tuned to vations inthe auditory stimula tn lind subjects than i sighed sbjets an, eoresponings lind sb ists loclie peripheral aor sands more rest acetal, 2008 Tesuard, Part. Lepowe & Lassie, 1998; Rider ett, 1999) The pater lateralization alin unt ote lateral resp olan than in sighted dls Rr et, 2000, 2002) a tren young infa's 1 pater suggesting that transient connections for language inthe ih hemisphere have come stbilzed, ‘The ncewed tivation inva ores eve by PET an MRI when ong blind subject proces acto audio notation coats ‘wth dcreued activation ia some ofthese same ress n onal sighed subject doing these tks (Stn otal, 1998; sks et ah 2000) Athough the deceased activation a nor sighted suet could lect mer shi of aention say from vision when processing inom from other modalities the pattern consistent with nl potting that syne vual percep ell the activation of intercortcal connections that are normally suppressed eg. Gaseabacher& Lele. 2001). ‘stil ete the ado corte (an vce vera nly wa presente 2002. Wn nine hnWoe ee of val se yl oes ‘pct That inpston ta my nacre pes business nth al rin so const wh es thatthe thence dig ate een en theo yar ostatas ease antes nbs snl ching thes fms ws te ne Daron et 41.2003\shenctal.1995)ornhennormy aie aden bebe tecatdeeminting ale chara rig Sys whe fe inn Tet Pern 2002 tn yee Conga i psn rete isl corte cng te tear cars can bem oreo wry and ce np Thee rm TAS ok pn ia mest he reponse cont oso ondanday pee Deaf Adults Sumario he nd fr ld sts ae Been emt or seve sry cr ng rine lyre, be cetera ay ee posal eo theceneci hermes my eh en seman Neuroimaging Studies with infants rence using euromoging technlaue wth ian indicts that the ‘eansiet connections may be ft and supports ates pia om of neonatal synesthesia. There iseidece forthe aens for inp fom the infants’ somtosnsory und val nrties and forthe nec a sl inpat om the infants audory cot. or examp timation the wrist ls a somatosensory evoked reponse fs both nc sus bat nly n newborns i magia ene in wt sie eter tem 197, Sp fh asus, bt nl nants does to tw large eps oe visual eorex (Neil, 1995), ch doe ‘nda Leclerc et a, 2000; Lote a, 1998-Réker ea 2000) RL tues show tha poe words an cl ctv oer ha empl and sal cortices in yesh eg. Alman etal, 2701: Nun ete Ms Fale etal, 1995) Finally. at 2 months of age, PET ativan i osponse "ofr, ela to uninated hoes, inchaes areas that wl oe aly activated by aces in as a area within the right infec temporal yr tha homologs to dhe al sim face aeons tral {ain o infor cpa cortex (Tao Mayer el 2002 at soo Dehaene-tamberts Dehn Hert Pony, 2081 niin infants focs ett he ke nee Font ae super temporal gyre ta later iecome assoc with language Catv thee reset os ‘pelt of corte areas daring arty nancy, Species hrnse daring thet three esrsf lie Forexampe by Heineahs the ERP sponse on the visa crtex In gorse to spoken langage has dvi to aie lew Nev, 1995, Behavioral Evidence Recent beaver sts that explo cro model eespndencs daring Infany ae bo consistent with the yp that Sse ne sept ‘fom one another in newborns. Molina sn Joven (2001) mesure the lrequancy with which newborns squeezed srt and ean objet and fund that they squsezal smoot stn mre tequenty thas granular ‘unt. During the test pea the ners wee peste with the sue tact simulus anda visual sual The val tinal trod (©. smoodh-smoth) or dd not match (eg, sm ranula) the tac stimu. Rrequency of succng did nt change when a matching sua smulus was presented, However ron of stcceng Intend en the granular tote stimulus was seompanie by the smth vst sn, ‘ulus nd decreased when the sot tile simul was compan by ‘hegranlar vsualstiulus. Molina ad oorn cnet that newb ble“to compare texture densty information ares modalities jp 123) hs ‘urconteton tht these resus inlet amerging of hese acur handling ofthe tac stimulus saris wth the overall pater of eeroy ‘ater than wth thetextureof the tate ims pers Th the smote smooth and granelar- granular combistons simpy supe telecon: of te same pater of energy experienced ithe st pact the saty Te combined pattern of energy evoked by the smth tactle-geanuar sat combination represents am Inte In energy er seth tate alonevv mene in the seth compound and hence yes the incre enc of squerng evoked ty st etre ane Indes, ni changes in equeny of squseaing igh be observed the tactile ‘mul wee accompanied by pati verss.acontiauous tone ‘Newborns do show evidence of learnt some crosman ences that are not arbrars—eorang ta content with the nena synesthesia hypothesisheauset maybe sto slr patterns neta Sein in two sensi areas that are not yt difrentote For example afer ‘ing habisated toa singe toy that was th clot und syehronens th sound. newborns ooking ume increased, they shower response) wen the toy was presented onthe opie se of the min em the sound (Morrongie. Fenwick & Shane, 1998), Furthermore, ‘er habluation to two objets onl onc of ich was colbcate wth sud newton loka lnger when the sound was Iced withthe ete ty kewl. Buick (2001) showed that 4-necold infants are sce synchrony they dshabisate when they see an asynctionous dior ‘sl event ler being abused toa syaconows event. By 7 week gins also show senstivy to compotion nate sma ton slp. Ar being habituated to a snge aj hat was synchronous wh 4 Singlet sound and to a chstero abet dat was synch ith a mpleimet sound. 7-weck ol ke nee when the snd et pings wore eer Seni taro respons ay se shred pens of neue smaiton (ening pi! ee stato, proportion of Hes ate, Cami, 2002; Marks 1987) and factate he fans earning of more aebrary teats Baik 2001, Seosiity to arbitrary sound-abjet alg fe shape-pitch emerges ‘och ier atch. 1994 Fernander & Burch 1954: see lo Reardon Bushel 1988, Synesthetic Correspondences in Children and Adults Although young chien and dts with semat percept donot expe nit they appear to experience crose-aalnteractons that parle ‘hose experienced by syste. This een n tak ining senor matching percepts gments nd ang Sensory Matching onset adults match higher pc ns with se, Wi "hs Mrs Hammel & Hees, 8) and he it te sures (Marks. 1974. They aso mulch lower tones wih brighter hts {Mach tt, 1987) ard with larger objet (Smith Sra. 1931 Sum of these roseadal corespondences ean be att ons tating Thisexpaatloncanbeinvoked whence subjssancashuomteh otra {hat vary along dimensions we describe in more tes Le “pate mensions, sacha siz, loudnes and Brg Sth Sera 1392 Stevens, 1957 "ig “loud and bgt are monet “sal gu, and “in.” respecte. Ths. mate ofthe gsr tn bes othe righ of two lights othe loner a suds ol be bd iter sty matching Howes, ntensy mathe im i ne ofthe lmensionssmetatheic” and ean be rte need er. A {hovgh “oud is more than “gui tght fine tha ds so not dserbe cher achromatic tac gins oe pitch in owe ead tems. Dark pray for example. st tore tha ty. a es tones eet more ta Bas onstage ith “right” (Mas eta. 1987), they do ack mate “le” wth eter ack ett gray Smith & Sera, 1992) Ths the coreg tht bt ‘vnesthetesandnonsyesthedeadlsreport einen than sla gh ness and betwen ptch and sie cannot batuted ts intenly matching Somecorrespondnces maybe lar eg lire objets make louder ‘ounsthan smal objets when droped sr smo trurente, sch 5 ln do make highee-equency sasha lar ml struments, such usa el Thee led correspondences slo te des ‘el, Unies, two-year do not match ste and nudes sane ‘nl 3 yer of age that eden nc the Lr of ew objet with the loader sound Smith & Sera, 1992), Likewise the currpndne hte Dich and size not alike i yours chlen thug ts mates higher nich with smart ina prepa thing ink. se ok dont nord they understand cosmo metaphors ining ad se hacks ta, 1987:butscebeloforevidence a thse ten S-yearals when tested witha mote hilt rend pre, Ober correspondences arent are thr experience Is to Imagine leer basis forthe correspondence btwn sre ihn and ptch—fihter objects do na ake higher ptched sound in the a ork Weypitesieethatunterned correspondences that cannot be sed fn itensity matching are rernants of neonatal synesthesia, Conse they ought tobe pest throughout development Wehuve eed cornepon. ences tween ptch and bth sean sure lor ounce (Mondoc & Maurer. ress Weshowe Hl to Nemonuhehds a toric "vo bails bouncing in syclrony with each other al with cents soa "hat wr neuen. The halls ellen scales hserit heer between chau ips rept ty bil aynesthetes nd aonsynetets remnant neonatal synthe shen sour chen uh to ssc the ihter bal wh the ihe ctl sound. I experiment the als fer oh lead surface lightness lever ofthe twee Ceri thatthe smaller white al was ‘aking the igherptchel sound or that hela. ray ball was making ‘he inerche sud (p = 014m experment 2 bth lls were these ste bat the dfleensrtaceigheness. rey chil n= 12} said that the ‘white al was making he higher pice ound a experinent 3 both al’ ete white bt they fled nse, nly ofthe 12 chien match the ‘sulle bl withthe bigherptch sound y=.07), Wetetd un aden TRehlden:10o thewe clon match the expt drection (9 =05) Thus whe achid-endlyproceduets ised chen asyoungs 30-36 months endo atch higher itched sx with smarts pape tr result of karing. Hower. this compondence may be weaker than that etme pitch and sera lightness, Because bh pitch und surface lights re tates the pch-sufaephinesscorepndence cant eaubute ottensty matching Furthamoee, pcb andsrtce ighiness not lay rat thera worl, this correspondence cannot he itu to ering, Rath, our results support he Lyptbess that se ‘Crasmedelinluenceson perepal uments. dus perceptual rents ae fenced by semi eer input tum eer sensory modaltes with a pattern of correspondences ilar to thos reported by ‘esthetic aul, Porexampe, ale ae mre accu ot entying the ‘aor of slutions that have the aporpeste core, red-cherr) than a inaporopite clo fe, rs-temon:Zailer,Bartl & ska, 1991). ton they cpr ha ders presente ncloredsltions sel stronger ‘han aes psented in corse solitons Zier & Kate 1990) and ‘he more sare the co the stronger the lt, repurds of whether the eles appeoeite: ed iat sels stoner than pik min. Siar ‘ul’ dsriination of visual mul isintuence by auditory distractor ‘hel performances itr thee ea syste match ight gh Plch) han ifthe match oppose ars. 1987: Mela 1989). We con- fend that sich erosemodal influences in adler emule af Language Additonal eden of notre corresplences i nonsyesthete aks sound in hurl eden by the pepunerane of ei wa tps, sc sf gh anders” Na aly als saeco sv nig is ils a oh a es al nus mod y an aio wor ea moe ommon bth Bgl nd German ivaure har are metaphor which an auditory on smo isu word fe“ unr" Dy. 1996} pater that parallessymethes Stematc investigations ofthe ooo langue in coss-mol core spondence have demonstrated that yrs denoting lauds, brighnes. pitch, and sure ighiness atin mich the same ay as sero ti {hat vary on thee dimensions. Adults rate “betsht coughs” loner than ‘tm cough” and oud sunlight” ase tha “git sunlight (Maths 1982) st us they match brighter Hg with fuer tres (Mrs 1987) lewis they rte “bight” snectes a higher pth than “in secre and vin right than thunder (Mars, 1982) just they mach higher pitched tones with igh and brighter vst Marks, 1974 Maris otal. 1987). Not only ate sensory dimensions that adits ‘match in aboratory sues mirrored is micaptors, buses dimensions ‘ht adits fl to mate in abort tsk eno elated metaphorically Darksquaresarenotconsistenty match with lodge tnes Mats. 1974) and dark plano notes are no rtd as much der than bh leno notes Marks 1982). Ramachandran ad Uebbord (2001) suggest th synestheti corte spondences between Sensory dimensions have not simply fata ie Pructon and understanding of cose modal metaphors, bu may have “bootstrappe” the vey evaaton of langue. ls rate engl sense gues as more agres, more tense tongs. nse than oun shapes (Marks. 1996) thoy ao are moe Hel to label anu lar shapes “tals” o ik" and routed shapes “num” or bouba— raps ecasse there a eorrspondence betwee the vial percept. the ‘honemi latetons. andthe movement ofthe Tongue on the pale tha esl rm the same coral eanecton among contiguous cortical res that undete syns (Ramtaneon & Hbbor 2001) Ramachan ran and Huard als point out that the monemens mae to produce words comeying large objets Feguesly invoke widening the vocal ac (ea. large he), whereas words describing malloc ile nar ‘owing the weal tacts een iy) This eden may be the reso ‘atraconstrns on sensory and mato naps, which rein ar ne nonaritrary ways oan objet’ appearance Adana erence review by Ramachandran and tabard consis of eiror neurons (neurons tha fre not only when a complex manual task pean at a whe monkey watches w coaspecc perorm copy tas a yin Anger ern tosAlec correc hue bt pe he too tanguge, Martino and Sark 1999) argue that langage now plays central ein sting cron corespondences in ada ‘soning to thie mae, nfrmston frm male soures (so, sudton. tach] “ormerges ma hates, tact, ematical {p-921;socalbo Martino Macks, 2001) When skedtclassy simul eg nonsense gute ungulates a8 igh ow itched. adler form biter whe the imal aecompta hy a Sumas fom another smalality tht congruent eather than ncongracnt (Marks. 1987). For frample adil rection tine i ster when clashing tones ih owe pitt the lover pic tone x accompanied by black square ot @ ‘wor printed i Back ink, andthe hae pitched tne Is wsompaid lira white square ora word printed in wht ak. That seme ods may ‘come lo mediate these eet event fe tw ndings 1) Smite rls ft ots when actives ese OL NT ate accompanied by ‘ongrucnt (stan by alge tone) resis incongruent Le O BY ‘higher tone) sik Waker & Seth, 1984). and (2) the presentation ood ee, te.) nlsences herent ofthe cngruency ect ese sensory stimu (ea, pte-tghims: Martino & Mark, 1998) Por example, alts casi ahiph ptched on ister esente with the words hr oy ined white nk than seed wth he words 0 ‘ar print in white ‘he interplay Bee language an even is strate in a ty nse by Sith and Sora 1982) m which preschoolers 2-5 yeas and Candergradute student wee asked to mitch stm varying in t,o ‘es orsurfaceligses oa perceptual or ebalmode that epesentd an ‘etre al on one ofthe oer dimen For example er beng pre- ‘soto tha large mouse ce the word BG. chilrea wou ask which twomice—oneemiting quis no, one louder note was mst he the model stil Two-year dil ot mth Tod eth “boule Seomatchingbecame consistent 3 years ae just when chien showed ompehensin ofthe our relevant actives bp. ile oud, que. Ths. ‘eral comprehension may’ pla ale im perceptual organization of polar ‘dnensions, In contest only 2-senrls matched dake gra with thei er of to bjs thatthe arg of two mie was mst He {he dark pray model mouse). Comprehension of the ou evant adjectives (dark, it bi ite) resled in perceptual sorganzaton sub at oer ‘tien id tomatch these wo sensi oastnt. ncaa tne consistent weve soe mate rk pray it bg” and bers rach dar gray wh “lle” Thus, oss-amidal prcepton represents * comple interplay between language snd the plysooical response > sui ry ‘Our curent knowlege of nant bah, cortical platic rosen a matching language. and synesthesia suggests thal const ther sire (eg. Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001) or idiet (eg Cytowie 2002}—ecween tein regions ipl associated wth distinct mealies may under aco these phenomena and thus thet awed of anyone lopiecan nfrm vs about tears. According tothe neonatal synestes model. getoens fi to dilerentite Input Ke dierent seser—ether cause of connections between cortical area that are prone or inhibited Tater in develope ar because ofthe modal bic sem being noe mature than the cores, Bocause of ore widesead cortical att and/or muliadainbie ati: newborns nevertcks sete behave {sf they are sbeto relate inptbetoen dict males The remnants this unspecalud coves are most leary eden inset alts ah experienc, for example ial cepts espns oso ad in als wth abormal sensory experiences sucha the compel Bid ord ‘who have unusual palteresolactvon cortical area deprived of tpi) Input However, emnans ako ae obsess normal chien and als In therabity to match dmensons rom dierent modules. ich ant ‘and in the revlenceof rosea atts eg oud cals in sera speeh, Fostering costal amongresercters om these dict. elds should fsttate oor understanding ofthe wera development of rome modal perception und langutge as wells our rstanding of the roots ymesties, ates Abeavane Sips, AD (1984) aporingtepsencot mation ding ely ifn Chl ect. $5 381-392 ‘Alaman A ten Sis MLM Deuter & Ramsey NB 2001) ‘Activation of tent contr the abc fv tit: An dy of synesthesia 13. 2837-2890 Atkinson | Beak 02003) Neola of era ane na sal eselopaet ln de san & Jonson). Trt Imarssenf depen p47 Bt Sse: ayy Pes Bub 1. (1994) The development ifn sens to array ne mol latins eli! at, 111-125 shri, L (2001) nce pest in prep! derlopment Int “cco notes mult sialon, ra Experimental aw a Neil, 2002) roam ately: Wher aa Dn itrTice is), Hoenn te dpi bn ph 176-206), New ri 1971, conte rin an eleven fants Pcp Prat 11971, Cuma iss cmos simltion oe ros atl ¥. 1973), Conn simuaon sb fl nti: Cd Deo. ra (1975 Conn elt i os ee nnn sts ih ines and tee. Cif Dope, 4, 38-368 Peak Atkin Hoo 8 2996), Sat ote ext core, snd eles: Some new aout nF. iaL Duran FIs & 1 enc If (205-220) Oss Oso Unersty cel Pe, Cock & eon, K-19): Dread ation otersn the wal erie ladon id wt cn, urn. rod A Cou. Ask: Eiger Rael. AL 2002 “Adotv change arly sa tind» UR yo rae wn. wal of Nevo, 87, 589-807, oben LG, Cank, Ps Psa one, A Cra Fa Dabs Mon M, Sos, Ny Gril Catal, M, & tle, M1997) Fone ‘sone picky ln! rans, Notre, 389, feral evan ben ek RS. CP Fa, KH M1999) ad spt frre asic the Wi Ama of Nai ‘yoni E98 Sted ann sons New Yorke Springer era. {tows E2002) Stee ain theses 2d), New Yor i, $1996), Somes an nsec mete Pee a hay oral Reet Carns, Alb ot epee ‘moneshed.o/¥2/paicho2- 32a de Han Mt & Jonson, M2003), chars od thors a ran dea ent a Me sa &M Joon bs) Pe Cate Nee of wl i 1-18) at Ser Pacha Pro oimegigt ssh eceson nin Sons 29820132015 ‘eta. alert Kenndy 1984 Transient ejections athe = rica dom coren ees 17 14s and 19 nthe ie. per ‘ota an Rewo $7, 208-212. Dest Kenedy Baler 198).Charicato of rant cute ern M.A ick (1998) nest tourer et Dns ni tr a eclogme 21.7487 Fone ne & Dobie, (201s ila doy cee hc ea Ste Nearoe 4. 1171- 1173, Fontaine (194 nates thsi months. ‘nck. 123998 Garde 1 Gade (1970, ton sete er J ev D, Re 8. & Kar W986) sf sal and Sa ona of Berge 281-263 (Gon EL. & Wale, 81988), Dolmen Kotwal act ‘Modano bane Ch Pte 5.495. Gra, Wilams S. Non. Rann 8 119971, Relegation ses tcl quan mano naan {arn Saeed ein 17 ‘ecb Bf ae $1977). The vil pence nancy x of number of tal ese open expel ute Cd Delp 48.1919 ‘rosea Bele 62001), Mechanisms a synestes:Cogntie Manon Rear. CaM. Pa one, Aker toto aera ceil trceinan ear Bn wan. Nero. Nant Neon. KE Schaller (989), Nensal maton f ng tron an uth opens Metta ancien of alin dere Sandan oo ao, 3090-10 tat, Bs 10. Ranks ALS & Landy AS (20021 Cn se ncmaton: Mantory hin wn tot hte ese: Ss 298 21630 uncer (1994 Syneplosnets shaman certs, son he Hm shrew 137132), New or uid Iain .1(1979)Astehing behavior he young fat. Child Dene Jone (1996 nin nln? oun inant of wh al tes Chi enone, 67. 1982-1968, uta Thott Pact ce (2002) Rel character Bsn into in indie human suber: Nog 12 871-374 ean ule [eta (198) sent ton mse Iie New Yk Aono Si 5 8 svn hab Ani Lewd se a ob sine otLauret,P Bude Welle Yeo, YE, Fel, A St 2102, ‘Deactivation of storys cortex crn th ara of Catv Neh 1, 420-425. lace CSA aie. Lasso ML Lege F200), Bean ‘ttn eganeaton incur bnd humans revel by adoy een es Ns Pur pore Lasse M (1998), Mind han ih et laine ound reste than ht bjt Nt 395,278 ‘evinen S. Jousmia 6 Ha. (1998), braton-nduced adoro ‘eta necongsnal det el, Cir ly 8869-872, ewkomica, 0997), Develop of ites functions inhuman Tony Autry inert nM We & PR, ao). Nw Berman pe. 308-338) Noro. Ble, wham Dy Tare, G (1980, Cros modal gatas eae a Tans: Adio ntensty maces. wlan. 16 ewhovice Turow 6, (1981) ners neato in ebora Medica of vial ference flag expe oud Cd Doe Uo M, Hd. & Woldoft MG (1998). Adar atcntion nthe congenitally nd Whar when, ad what ts sie. eae 9, 1009-1012 Murs, LE (1974 On eats het a sound Te esting ‘es plc, nd udnes Ameri ar Penn 47, 173-188 Marka (1982) ugh sneees and dark coh ud suniht nd amp Tit ao Experimental Ply fea oon nd Perma ‘Masks, (1987 Auory-vaal intercon pod mination, 1 Esperia ag hana Peper 13. 388-398 Mia LE (19-On perceptual maton. 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Camtrage: MAcran Nishimura HD K. ta asian, K, Nba Kubo 72000), ‘San language ett the aur cries of canst el sec reall by poston emis tomoragh. In Kl. S, Chag & Bt (to, crip. Ades trier. Niu Hashikaa, KD K. fal, Wana ksaok, ‘Noir, & Kubo (1999), Sign langage ew fo the oy Nunn [A Grey 1 rome ML las Brow Dy Morb, ML ‘Mer, line Barone, S & Gey (2003). Panos gnc somes inaging of syestheds Acvaton of V4/VSBY open Pcl 0 &deSchonenS (1996) Recognition Plo Harr Baro-Cobe, S, Was, J, Gan, Heb Frahowh Rd eh (1995). Te slay of coors aig A Peta std of column yee, 118 661-476 Papa. (19521 The origins of ntlarc non, New Yr: Ertl Pen Pet TNs, Marie, A, Sit. Gores 1994), Fulker and per infant persion of feces In| hava came. 17.347 -495 hg ana atone 8oa eter nd Dram 11, 245-251 oder Riser i Nvil 20, eect pte tga Tenguage presi i congenitally Wad and sighed people: Noun ‘hii 3814821502 Node. Sock. Ben, S, Neve, & Riker (2002), Spach poe. ‘cats wal cre in congertaly Hind fms, Engen ral of Neon. 16, 910-936 ede Ter Sar W Str A Rise Fir, Neil 1.0999), Imgoved aur pa tuning nb humans, ate 400 162-168, Sula Posen, Gel. Deer, AP, hae. Hale 1, (1998). Neural newoes for Brie ead by te bind. Br, 121 129, Swe N. Pascua, Gran, es Der, Do. & ait 1996) Acton thepimiey ivory Bile eading nbd sujet. ue 380.526-525 ula Tec. Waring BML, fms, HA, hanes, S,& Mine 711999), Neurol! aspects of smeseiexper, ara of ewan and la ew 11, 58-65 Sih. Brea ALD (1992). A development he lsrectare dane Cite Pcl 399-142, Se A (1987) Tac derimnatin of spe and emo tans in 2- ‘o Hants. Ba rf Dal Pal, 5,212 Sie A Pie LG. (1986) Visor nd ch vn raser of rm in Sth inns Be lof Dal ah, Stevens $8. 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