Green Audit BMSC

ST.
JOSEPHS COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Devagiri, Kozhikode, Kerala
Green Audit Report

(2015-2016)
| Green audit report 2015-2016 2
Introduction
Protection and conservation of environment is increasingly becoming
important, especially in light of observed climatic changes which has
devastating consequences for the survival of humanity. The term, Green
means eco-friendly or not damaging the environment. Green Auditing or
Environmental Auditing can be defined as the systematic identification,
quantification, recording, reporting & analysis of components of ecological
diversity & expressing the same in financial or social terms.
The Bhoomithrasena Club has made a green audit of St.Josephs College in
the academic year 2015-2016 to analyse the floristic composition of the
campus, the various measures taken for energy conservation, use of
renewable sources, rain water harvesting, efforts of carbon neutrality,
hazardous waste management and E-waste management which is
summarized as follows.
Infrastructure of the Institute
No. Name of the unit Total Area

1 Total Campus Area 11.11 hectares
2 Built up Area of the Old Block 13831.5 m2
Building New Block 2386.8 m2
Total area 18605.1 m2
3 Building Area of Administration 290 m2
4 Chemistry Lab Area+ Store 72.84 m2
5 Botany Lab Area+ Store 36.84 m2
6 Physics Lab Area+ Store 29.28 m2
7 Zoology Lab Area+ Store 36.84 m2
8 Herbarium 10.98 m2

9 Library 1065.52 m2
10 Class rooms 38 Nos.
11 Canteen Area 300 m2

12 Staff Room 14 Nos.
13 Ladies Room 3 Nos.
14 Gym 790 m2
15 Guest Room 3.34 m2
16 Ladies Hostel Building 1315.12 m2
17 Boys Hostel Building 1096.8 m2
18 Toilets Gents 16 m2
19 Ladies 38 m2
Sports Ground 2 hectares
20 Botanical garden 80 m2
Hardening chamber 20 m2
22 Shade house 36 m2
23 Parking area 80 m2
24 Auditorium 600 m2
1. Water consumption
a. Water consumption in the institute
No. Water used per day

1 Domestic purpose including 2500 Ltr
canteen.
2. Gardening 2000 Ltr
3. Laboratory Purpose. 675 Ltr
b. Laboratory water consumption
No. Laboratories Water consumption

/Day
1. Chemistry Laboratory 150 Ltr
2. Zoology Lab 225 Ltr
3. Botany Lab 300r

2. Solid wastes generated in the campus
No. Source of waste Quantity/day
1. Canteen waste. 50 kg
2. Solid waste from tree droppings 5 kg
and lawn
3. Plastic waste 5 kg
4 Solid waste from Chemistry, 2 kg each from the
Botany and Zoology Lab. lab
3. Characteristic and disposal practices of Solid Wastes

a. We discourage the use of non-biodegradable plastic articles inside
the campus premises.
b. The waste is segregated at source by providing separate dust bins;
Green colored bins for biodegradable wastes and Grey colored
bins for non-biodegradable plastic wastes.
No. Waste category Method of disposal

1 Canteen waste and solid Made in to organic manure
waste from tree droppings
and lawn
2. Plastic Waste Segregated and handed over to
waste management agencies
available near the campus
3. Solid waste from Lab Solid wastes from Botany lab
are made in to organic manure
4. E- Waste Management
The total Number of
Computers in the Institute : Desktops -216 Nos,
: Laptops -28 Nos,
: Servers 4 Nos
Xerox Machines : 4 Nos.
LCD Projectors : 44 Nos.
LCD/LED Televisions : 5 Nos.

The E-waste and defective item from computer lab is stored properly.
5. Electricity Consumption
Item Energy Total Total power

Consumption Number consumption
Fans 60 W 208 12480 W
Fresh Air Fan 35 W 8 280 W
LED 7W 5 35 W
15 W 12 180 W
30 W 1 30 W
LED street light 24 W 1 24 W
30 W 1 30 W
48 W 1 48 W
CFL 8W 45 360 W
11 W 12 132 W
15 W 59 885 W
20 W 9 180 W
CFL street lights 65 W 3 195 W
45 W 5 225 W
Tube lights 40 W 350 14000 W
Bulbs 40 W 9 360 W
Air Conditioner 1 ton 3 3600 W
(1200 W)
2 ton 2 3600 W
(1800 W)
11.5 ton 1 12660 W
(12660 W)
Average Electricity consumption per Year: 1,23,468 KW
Average Electricity consumption per month: 10289 KW
Average Electricity consumption per day: 338 KW

Initiatives taken by the college to make the campus
Eco-friendly
1. Energy Conservation
Incandescent bulbs were completely replaced by LED lights, Compact

Fluorescent Lights (CFL) and Tube lights to ensure minimum power
consumption. A total of 30 LED lights, 133 CFL and 350 tubelights
were installed.
CRT monitors of desktop computers (about 90 %) are replaced by
LCD/LED monitors to cut short the power consumption in computer
labs.
Renewable energy sources like solar panels have been installed in the
institute to trap solar energy and thus minimizing the power
consumption. Two panels have been installed with a capacity of 20
kW that accounts for 6 % of the total energy consumed per day.
Classrooms are made with sufficient cross ventilation and light so
that the use of electricity can be minimized.
2. Water harvesting
College has taken measures to harvest water during rain seasons. The
water from the roofs are collected and stored in Rain Harvesting
Tanks (with total capacity of 20,000 Ltrs) specially built for the
purpose. Stored water is mainly used for Botanical Garden and
Vegetable garden.
3. Automation & Data management

The transformation of information relay from paper to technological
use has reduced much paper use in the institution.
Attendance of degree students are entered directly to an online
server

Library is completely automated; Multipurpose ID cards with bar
codes were provided to each student which can also be used as
library cards.
4. Efforts for Carbon neutrality
Use of paper is minimized by the automation of attendance recording
through online system
Library automation and multipurpose ID cards (with bar codes) were
provided for students as well as teaching and non-teaching staff
Online submission of Assignments to reduce the use of paper.
A garden for 60 species of medicinal plants was established with the
cooperation of Bhoo-Mithra-Sena Club and Centre for Medicinal
Plants Research, Kottakkal.
A vegetable garden is established with the cooperation of National
Service Scheme team inside the campus.
Many of the plants used for practical classes are grown in the
botanical garden itself thus minimizing the destruction of nature for
its periodic collection.
Parking zone for students was set outside the campus so as to reduce
the emissions from vehicles. The entry of the private vehicles in to the
campus is restricted providing ID stickers for staff vehicles.
5. Biodiversity assessment
A survey is conducted to enumerate the trees and lianas in the St.
Josephs College Campus to assess the floristic composition of the college
campus. The floristic study resulted in the documentation of 90 species
including trees and lianas, belonging to 38 Families. Among these, 4 plants
are Gymnosperms including Cycas circinalis L., C. revolute Thunb., Gnetum
edule (Willd.) Blume, and Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco. The
reported 90 species include 87 trees and 3 lianas. Among the 86 flowering
plants, dicotyledons are the dominating group representing 85 species with

the lone monocot species Bambusa bambos L. Among the dicotyledons,
Fabaceae was the dominant family with 19 species.
A total of three 3 lianas were reported from the campus among which
one species is a gymnosperm (Gnetum edule (Willd.) Blume) and two
angiosperm represented by Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari and
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.
Endemic plants
The campus of St. Josephs College is located in Devagiri hills which is an
outskirt of Southern Western Ghats. Western Ghats is one of the two
biodiversity hotspots in India with a relatively higher percentage of endemic
species. Nayar (1996) estimated that out of the 4000 species of flowering
plants of Western ghats, 1500 are endemics. In Kerala, Nayar estimated 3800
species with 1272 endemics. Thus, Kerala has 95% of the flowering plants of
the Western Ghats.
Among the 90 species reported from the study area 3 are endemic to
Western Ghats which are Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. (Dipterocarpaceae),
Lagerstroemia microcarpa (Lythraceae) and Olea dioica (Oleaceae). One
species Senna Montana (Heyne ex Roth) V. Singh (Caesalpiniaceae) is
endemic to Peninsular India.
Threatened plants
The threatened plants of India were well documented by Joseph (1977),
Henry et al. (1979), Jain & Sastry (1984), Ahmedullah & Nayar (1987) and
Nayar & Sastry (1987, 1988, 1990). International Union of Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) well documented the list of threatened
species with regular updates. Present study documented 7 Species listed in
the Red List of IUCN. Among these, 4 species viz. Hopea ponga (Dennst.) D.J.
Mabb., Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam, and
Cycas circinalis L. belongs to Endangered category and three species viz.
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don, Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde and Santalum
album L. are assessed as Vulnerable in their natural habitats.
Table.1.1. List of endemic plants in the campus
No. Scientific name Family Endemism
1 Hopea ponga (Dennst.) D.J. Mabb. Dipterocarpaceae Western Ghats
2 Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight. Lythraceae Western Ghats
3 Olea dioica Roxb. Oleaceae Western Ghats
4 Senna Montana (Roth)V.Singh Fabaceae Peninsular India
Table 1.2. List of Threatened plants in the college campus
No Scientific name Family Status

1 Hopea ponga (Dennst.) D.J. Mabb. Dipterocarpaceae Endangered
2 Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam Sapotaceae Endangered
3 Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don Bignoniaceae Vulnerable
4 Santalum album L. Santalaceae Vulnerable
5 Saraca asoca Roxb.) de Wilde Caesalpiniaceae Vulnerable
6 Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Meliaceae Endangered
7 Cycas circinalis L. Cycadaceae Endangered

ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS IN CAMPUS
1. Medicinal plants
Among the 90 species reported, 16 plants are known to have medicinal
properties. The different parts of these 16 plants are used in local medicines
well, directly or indirectly. A list of these medicinal plants with their
medicinal properties are listed out in the table below (Table 1.3).
2. Edible plants
Among the 90 species reported, 14 taxa are edible plants. Fruit is
the edible part in most of the species. The seeds of Cycas circinalis and stem
starch sago of Cycas revoluta have high nutritional value. A list of the edible
plants and their edible part is given below (Table 1.4)
Table 1.3. List of medicinal plants reported from the College campus
No. Scientific name Family Medicinal value

Heart wood is
1 Caesalpinia sappan L. Leguminosae
medicinal.
Bark is used
against skin
2 Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae
diseases, root is
medicinal
Fruits are
3 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae
medicinal
Leaves against
4 Tamarindus indica L. Leguminosae
skin diseases
Terminalia cuneata (Roxb.) Wight Against skin
5 Combritaceae
& Arn. itching, burning
Cotyledons are
6 Terminalia catappa L. Combritaceae
medicinal
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. Head ache, Skin
7 Apocynaceae
diseases
8 Alstonia venenata R.Br. Apocynaceae Anti-venam
9 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Skin diseases
Ficus benghalensis L. var. Root and fruits
10 Moraceae
benghalensis medicinal
Cosmetics,
11 Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae
perfumery
12 Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Rubiaceae Fruit is medicinal
13 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Lauraceae
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-
14 Euphorbiaceae
Arg.
For different
15 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae
diseases
16 Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae
Table 1.4. List of edible species reported from college campus
No. Scientific name Family Useful part

sago and
1 Cycas circinalis L. Cycadaceae
seeds
sago and
2 Cycas revoluta Thunb. Cycadaceae
seeds
3 Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Rubiaceae Fruits
Flacourita jangomas (Lour.)
4 Flacourtiaceae Fruits
Raeusch.
5 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Fruit
6 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae Fruit
7 Syzygium cumini ( L. ) Skeels. Myrtaceae Fruit
8 Artocarpus heterophylla Lam. Moraceae Fruit
9 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Fruit
10 Pisonia grandis R.Br. Nycaginaceae Leaves
Tender
11 Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barn. Fabaceae leaves and
buds
12 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Fruit
13 Morus alba L. Moraceae Fruit
14 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Fruit
5. Timber and latex yielding plants
8 species from the 90 species reported in the campus is commercially
important for their timber. Hevea braziliensis is planted for extracting latex.
A list of timber and latex yielding plants reported from the campus are listed
below (Table 1.5).

Table 1.5. List of timber and latex yielding plants reported from the
campus
No. Scientific name Family

1 Tectona grandis L. Verbanaceae
2 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae
3 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae
4 Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight. Lythraceae
5 Araucharia heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Arauchariaceae
6 Racosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley Mimosoidae
7 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae
8 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. Annonaceae
9 Hevea braziliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell.Arg. Euphorbiaceae

Plate 1. A. Annona squamosa; B. Aegle marmelos; C. Alstonia
scholaris; D. Artabotrys hexapetalus; E. Bauhinia purpurea;
F. Caesalpinia coriaria; G. Caesalpinia pulcherrima;
H. Citharexylum spinosum.

Plate 2. A. Coffea arabica; B. Flacourtia jungamos; C. Gmelina
arborea; D. Gomphia serrata; E. Hopea ponga; F. Lagerstroemia
speciosa; G. Michelia champaca; H. Mimusops elengi.

Plate 3. A. Morinda tinctoria; B. Murraya paniculata; C. Plumeria
alba; D. Polyalthia longifolia; E. Pongamia pinnata; F. Quassia
amara; G. Saraca asoca; H. Spathodea companulata.

List of trees and lianas documented from the campus
ANGIOSPERMS
MAGNOLIACEAE
1. Michelia champaca L.
Malayalam name: Chempakam
Description: An evergreen or semi-deciduous, small to medium sized tree
up to 50 m tall. Leaves simple, entire, arranged spirally. Flowers on short,
axillary, solitary or rarely in pairs.
Flowering & Fruiting: Throughout the year
Distribution: Indomalaysia and China; in the Western Ghats- South and
Central Sahyadris.
Specimens examined: DEV-6337
ANNONACEAE
2. Annona squamosa L.
Malayalam name: Atha, Seethappazham
Description: Small, semi-deciduous tree, with a broad, open crown or
irregularly spreading branches. Leaves simple, lanceolate or oblong
lanceolate, minutely dotted on examination with a lens. Flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant, on slender hairy stalks, produced singly or in short lateral
clusters about 2.5 cm long, 2-4 flowers but not at the base of the leaves;
The aggregate fruit formed from the numerous pistils of a flower, which
are loosely united, is soft and distinct from other species of the genus.
Each pistil forms a separate tubercle, greenish-yellow when ripe, with a
white, powdery bloom.
Flowering & Fruiting: June-October
Distribution: Native of Central America and West Indies
Notes: Fruits are edible
Specimens examined: DEV- 6362

3. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari
Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Br.
Malayalam names: Manoranjini, Madana-kameswari, Madana-poo
Description: A large woody climber or half-scandent shrub. Flowers
axillary, solitary, or in clusters of two or three, greenish yellow in color when
ripe and give a strong smell resembling that of ripened jackfruit.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-April
Distribution: Indo-Malesia
4. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw.

Malayalam name: Aranamaram
Description: Evergreen tree, native to India, commonly planted due to its
effectiveness in alleviating noise pollution. It exhibits symmetrical pyramidal
growth with willowy weeping pendulous branches and long narrow
lanceolate leaves with undulate margins. The tree is known to grow over 30
ft in height.
Flowering & Fruiting: Feb-April
Distribution: Native of Sri Lanka, introduced to many tropical countries
Specimens examined: DEV- 6312
BIXACEAE
5. Bixa orellana L.
Malayalam Name: Monkey-mailanchi, Kunkumam, Kurangumanjal,
Sindooram
Description: Shrubs or small evergreen trees, 2-9 m high; young branches
densely dark scaly; wood pale yellow, soft. Leaves alternate, ovate,
subcordate or truncate at base, long-acuminate at apex, shining above,
densely red- dotted, initially scaly beneath, glabrous later; Inflorescence a
terminal corymb or panicle. Capsules globose or broadly ovoid, nearly
truncate at base, abruptly short-acuminate at apex or elongate-ovate with
narrowly long-acuminate apex, with dense long stiff but soft and flexible
bristles, green when young,
Flowering & Fruiting: June - November
Distribution: Originally from Tropical America; now widespread in the tropics
Specimens examined: DEV-1876, 6377
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
6. Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb.
Malayalam names: Naduvalippongu, Kambakam, Naikambakam
Description: Trees, to 20 m high, bole fluted, bark dark grey, smooth,
exfoliations large, rectangular or irregular; branchlets pubescent Leaves
simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong or ovate, coriaceous,
Flowers bisexual, yellowish-pink, in axillary unilateral drooping racemose
panicles. Fruit a nut, ovoid, calyx lobes expanded to forms wings, dark red; 2
longer wings and 3 smaller unequal wings.
Flowering & Fruiting: January-April
Distribution: Endemic to Southern Western Ghats
Specimen examined: DEV- 6317
STERCULIACEAE
7. Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R.Br.
Malayalam Names: Anathondi, Kavalam, Kudatthanni, Pothondi
Description: Deciduous trees, to 35 m high, bole straight, buttressed; Leaves
simple, alternate clustered towards the end of branches, ovate or orbicular,
coriaceous. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, to 2 cm long, brownish, in
rusty brown tomentose panicles from leafless nodes. Fruit of 3-5 follicles,
obovoid oblique.
Flowering & Fruiting: April-May
Distribution: South Asia and Myanmar
8. Kleinhovia hospita L.
Malayalam name:
Drescription: Evergreen, bushy tree growing up to 20 m high. Leaves are
simple and alternate, ovate to heart-shaped. The flowers in loose panicles

protruding from the crown, pale pink. Fruit 5-lobed, thin-walled,
membranous capsules.
Flowering & Fruiting: March - September
Distribution: Indo-Malesia and Tropical Africa
RUTACEAE
9. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
Malayalam name: Koovalam
Description: Trees to 12 m tall, deciduous. Leaves alternate-3-foliolate,
sometimes 5-foliolate,dimorphic, leaflets subsessile, ovate-elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, racemose or corymbose,
few-flowered, 4-5 cm long. Berries ovoid and flat.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-May
Distribution: India and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated in South East Asia,
Malesia, Tropical Africa and the United States
10. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack.

Malayalam Names: Kattumulla, Kottunarakam, Maramulla, Naaragamulla,
Palakanni, Paanamar, Vellakkal-thirukan
Description: Shrubs or small trees; bark pale greyish to white. Leaves 3-7-
foliolate; leaflets ovate to elliptic-ovate or rhomboid, shortly acuminate at
apex, attenuate at
base, glabrous. Panicles few-flowered, from the axils of upper leaves.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-September
Distribution: Indo-Malesia and Australia
11. Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) D.H. Nicolson

Malayalam Names: Kattunarakam, Malanarakam
Description: Trees, to 10 m, armed with sharp solitary or paired axillary
spines. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate; leaflets 3-7, opposite, sessile, elliptic

or elliptic-obovate. Flowers bisexual, white, in few flowered axillary
racemes. Fruit a berry, subglobose, bluish-black, glandular; seeds 1-4.
Flowering & Fruiting: June-December
FLACOURTIACEAE
12. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.
Malayalam names: Lubica, Lovlolica,
Description: It is a small shrub or tree that grows to a height of 10m.
Flowers small white to green, fragrant.
Flowering & Fruiting: November-April
Distribution: It is widely cultivated in Southeast and East Asia, and has
escaped cultivation in a number of places.
Notes: The fruit is eaten both raw and cooked as a jam and the bark is
sometimes used medicinally.
SIMAROUBACEAE
13. Quassia amara L.
Common name: Quassia
Description: A large shrub or small tree, to 8 m tall. Leaves compound,
alternate, pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets, the leaf rachis being winged. Flowers
bright red on the outside, and white inside, produced in a panicle 1525 cm
long. Fruit a drupe.
Flowering & Fruiting: January-November
Distribution: Native of Tropical America, cultivated as ornamental plants
Notes: Q. amara is used as an insecticide in traditional medicine and as
additive in the food industry.

14. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
Malayalam names: Matti, Mattipongilyam, Peemaram, Perumaram,
Pongiliam
Description: Large deciduous tree 18-25m tall; bark aromatic. Leaves
alternate, pinnately compound, 30-60cm or more in length; leaflets 8-14 or
more pairs, long stalked. Flowers polygamous, 8 mm across, yellowish, in
subterminal panicles, emits foetid smell.
Flowering & Fruiting: December - July
OCHNACEAE
15. Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis
Malayalam name: Aanaperal, Chavakambu, Chavetti, Chokkatti, Valermani
Description: Woody erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, elliptic-
oblong, coriaceous. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal raceme or panicle.
Fruit a drupe.
MELIACEAE
16. Melia azedarach L.
Malayalam names: Malaveppu, Kattuveppu, Valiyaveppu
Description: Trees, to 20 m high. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, estipulate;
Flowers bisexual, lilac, ca. 1 cm across, in axillary panicles Fruit a globose
drupe, glabrous.
Flowering & Fruiting: May-December
Distribution: Tropical Asia, Australia and Africa
Notes: Melia azedarach is frequently confused with Neem. However, the
structure of the leaves and the color of the flowers, white in Neem and lilac
in Persian lilac, are sufficient to distinguish between the two.
17. Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.
Malayalam Name: Mahagani
Description: Trees to 25 m tall; bark deeply fissured. Leaves alternate,
leaflets ca 5 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, falcate, oblique at base, entire at
margin, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, glabrous above puberulous beneath;
Flowers cream-yellow on panicles. Fruit a oblong capsule; seeds winged.
IUCN Status: Endangered
Flowering & Fruiting: April-November
Distribution: Native of West Indies and Central America
ANACARDIACEAE
18. Mangifera indica L.
Malayalam name: Mavu
Description: Evergreen trees. Leaves simple, alternate, clustered at the tips
of branchlets, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-oblong, coriaceous; Flowers
polygamous, yellowish-green, in terminal panicles. Fruit a drupe, oblong-
reniform, compressed, yellowish-red.
Flowering & Fruiting: January-May
Distribution: Tropical
Specimens examined: DEV- 1346, 6376
FABACEAE
19. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.
Malayalam name: Sheemakkonna, Seema konna
Description: Trees to 8 m high; bark grey, lenticellate; branchlets glandular-
pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnate, alternate, spiral; leaflets 7-21, opposite,
ovate, ovate-oblong, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-oblong, glabrous above,
glaucous and puberulent beneath, membranous. Flowers bisexual, rose-pink,
to 20 cm long racemes; Fruit a pod, to 15 cm long.
Flowering & Fruiting: November- February

Distribution: Native of South America; Introduced and now widely grown in
India
20. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi

Malayalam name: Ungu
Description: Evergreen trees, to 18 m high. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate,
leaflets 5-7, opposite, estipellate, elliptic-acuminate, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate
or ovate-oblong, glabrous, chartaceous. Flowers bisexual, purplish-white, in
lax axillary racemes. Fruit a pod, obliquely oblong, flat, thick, pointed at both
ends, indehiscent, slightly falcate.
Flowering & Fruiting: February- June
CAESALPINIACEAE
21. Bauhinia purpurea L.
Malayalam name: Chuvanna mandaram
Description: Leaves simple, alternate, base rounded to shallow-cordate, up
to 12 cm x 12 cm, deeply 2-lobed at apex up to 1/3-1/2, ca. 7-12 cm long,
and equally wide, margin entire and the surfaces smooth and glabrous, and
9- or 11-nerved at base, the apex lobes rounded or obtuse to subacute,
minute stipules 1-2 mm long, petioles puberulous to glabrous, 2.5-3.5 cm
long; leaf blades 4.5-11 cm long. Inflorescence a 6-10-flowered raceme in
terminal panicles; flowers numerous, hypanthium, turbinate, purple to
nearly white or at least purple-marked, the flower buds clavate (club-
shaped), velvety, ca 3-4 cm long prior to anthesis; fertile stamens 3 or 4, the
anthers 6 mm long, versatile; ovary superior; corolla of 5 narrow petals and
constricted at base, oblanceolate, 3-5cm long, claws 5-10mm long, the
banner purple-striate, ca 7 mm wide; calyx tubular, erupted by corolla along
one side when flower fully expanding.
Flowering & Fruiting: September-November

Distribution: Native of South East Asia
22. Bauhinia racemosa Lam.

Malayalam name: Aathi, Arampali, Malamandaram, Malayathi, Mandaram
Description: Small tree with drooping branches, growing up to 3-5 m tall.
Leaves broader than long. Flowers small, greenish white, borne in loose
racemes, 5-10 cm long. Pods 13 to 25 cms by 1.8-2.5 cms in size, generally
curved, swollen, rigid. Seeds 12 to 20, glabrous, dark reddish brown or black,
compressed, 8mm long.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-December
Distribution: India and Sri Lanka
Notes: The leaves are used for making bidis.
23. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.

Common name: Dividivi
Description: Trees, to 15 m high; branchlets warty. Leaves bipinnate,
alternate. Flowers bisexual, creamy, in axillary and terminal panicles. Fruit a
pod, twisted.
Flowering & Fruiting:
Distribution: Native of the West Indies and Central America; now widely
introduced in the Asian countries
24. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz

Malayalam Names: Chethimandaram, Mayilkonna, Thechimandaram,
Rajamalli
Description: Large shrub to small tree. Leaves bipinnate; pinnae 4-8 pairs;
leaflets 6-8 pairs on each pinna, elliptic to obovate, base cuneate, apex
rounded or emarginate; stipules, c. 2 mm long, subulate, caducous. Flowers
in terminal corymbose racemes. Pods obliquely oblong, compressed, short-
stipitate, beaked at apex.

Distribution: Probably native in Tropical America; now widely cultivated
25. Caesalpinia sappan L.

Malayalam Names: Chappangam, Patang, Sappannam
Description: Trees, to 10 m high, sparsely armed with short straight or
recurved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, alternate; stipules spiniform, to 3-5 mm
long; rachis 20-40 cm long, slender, pubescent, pulvinate; pinnae 10-14
pairs, 2.5-10 cm long, slender; a spine present at the junction between
pinnae pairs on the upper side; leaflets20-40, opposite, subsessile; lamina 1-
2.5 x 0.5-1 cm, oblong, base oblique, obtuse, apex obtuse, emarginate, margin
entire, glabrous, coriaceous; lateral nerves 5-15 pairs, pinnate, faint,
intercostae obscure.
Flowering & Fruiting: August-December
26. Cassia fistula L.

Malayalam name: Konna
Description: Medium sized deciduous tree, with spreading branches. Stem
bark pale grey, smooth and slender when young and dark brown and
rough when old. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 30-40 cm long, with 4-8 pairs
of ovate leaflets, Flowers bright yellow in terminal, drooping racemes,
30-60 cm long; Fruit an indehiscent pod, cylindrical, pendulous and terete.
Flowering & Fruiting: February- September
27. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne

Malayalam name: Charakonna
Description: Deciduous tree usually reaching a height of 15 (-24) m.
Leaves large, 30-60 cm long, with 8-10 pairs of pinnae; leaflets oblong

with oblique bases. Flowers orange-yellow, fragrant, particularly at night
in panicles. Fruits 1-4 seeded pods, flat, thin, winged.
Flowering & Fruiting: Through out the year
Distribution: Native of Sri Lanka, Andamans, Malaya Peninsula and North
Australia
28. Saraca asoca (Roxb.)W.J.de.Wilde

Malayalam name: Ashokam, Hemapushpam, Vanjuulam
Description: Trees, to 10 m high, bark 2-3 mm thick, surface brown or
brownish-black, lenticellate. Leaves paripinnate, alternate; leaflets 6-12,
opposite, narrowly oblong, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
bisexual, yellow-orange or red, in dense sessile paniculate corymbs, axillary
to leaves or leaf scars. Fruit a pod, flat, oblong, coriaceous or almost woody,
tapering at both ends.
IUCN Status: Vulnerable
Flowering & Fruiting: February- August
Distribution: Indigenous to India, Burma and Malaya
Notes: Ashoka is one of the most legendary and sacred trees of India, and
one of the most fascinating flowers in the Indian range of flower essences.
Ashok is a Sanskrit word meaning without grief or that which gives no grief.
29. Senna montana (Heyne ex Roth) V. Singh

Malayalam Name: Kattuthavara
Description: Large shrubs to small trees, young shoots yellow tomentose.
Leaves to 18 cm long; leaflets oblong, obtuse mucronate, base rounded, to 3
x 1.2 cm. Flowers 2.5 cm across, yellow, in axillary and terminal short
corymbose panicles.
Flowering & Fruiting: November-January
Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular India

30. Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barn.
Malayalam name: Manjakonna
Description: A medium-size, evergreen tree growing up to 18 m tall, with
a straight trunk of up to 30 cm in diameter; bole short, crown usually
dense and rounded at first, later becoming irregular and spreading with
drooping branches. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound, leaflets 6-12
pairs on short stalks, oblong. Flower bright yellow.
Flowering & Fruiting: October-March
Distribution: Native of South East Asia; now widely cultivated
31. Tamarindus indica L.

Malayalam names: Puli, Kolpuli, Puli, Valampuli
Description: Large evergreen tree up to 30 m tall. Leaves alternate,
compound, with 10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets; leaflets narrowly oblong.
Flowers attractive pale yellow or pinkish, in small, lax. Fruit a pod,
indehiscent, subcylindrical, straight or curved, velvety, rusty-brown; the
shell of the pod is brittle and the seeds are embedded in a sticky edible
pulp.
Flowering & Fruiting: September -April
Distribution: Native of Tropical Africa; introduced and widely grown in
India and other parts of tropics
MIMOSACEAE
32. Albizia amara Roxb.
Malayalam name: Chalavagai, Nenmenivaka, Oonjal, Varacchi
Description: A small to moderate-sized, much-branched deciduous. Leaves
pinnately compound, with 15-24 pairs of small, linear leaflets, on 6-15
pairs of pinnae. Flowers yellow, fragrant and globose in clusters. Fruits
oblong pods, puberulous,
Flowering & Fruiting: June-January
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka and parts of East Africa
Notes: The genus was named after Filippo del Albizzi. The specific name
amara is probably the Latin word meaning bitter, although the allusion is
not clear.
33. Racosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley

Malayalam name: Manjium
Description: Trees, to 30 m high, bark pale grey-brown to brown, rough,
furrowed.
Phyllode simple, alternate, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous; 3-5-
ribbed from the base, palmate, prominent. Flowers bisexual, white, in loose
axillary spikes. Fruit a pod, woody, twisting into spiral cluster on dehiscence.
Flowering & Fruiting: July-February
Distribution: Native to Australia, cultivated in tropics
34. Racosperma decurrens (Wild.) Pedley.
Common name: Black Wattle
Description: Small to large tree; twigs rounded to sharply angled, glabrous
or with few to many, sparsely distributed, very fine, appressed hairs. Leaves
2-pinnate, alternate, glabrous or with fine appressed hairs on rachis only.
Inflorescecnce, many-flowered, deep golden yellow, globose heads arranged
in axillary, simple or compound racemes. Pod glabrous.
Flowering & Fruiting: August- December
Distribution: Native of Australia
35. Albizia saman (Jacq.) F.Muell.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.
Malayalam names: Mazhamaram, Urakamthoongimaram
Description: Trees, to 25 m high, bark yellowish-brown, rough, deeply
fissured; branchlets pubescent. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate; leaflets
6-16, opposite, subsessile, estipellate; lamina trapezoid or ovate-oblong,

base obliquely truncate, apex obtuse, mucronate, margin entire, glabrous
above, pubescent and glaucous beneath, coriaceous. Flowers bisexual,
pinkish-white, subsessile, in dense heads. Fruit a pod, indehiscent, slightly
flattened and depressed.
Distribution: Native of Central and South America; widely planted in the
tropics as avenue tree
36. Adenanthera pavonina L.

Malayalam name: Manchadai
Description: Deciduous trees; to 20 m high; bark grey to reddish-brown,
smooth, blaze dull yellow; branchlets sparsely to densely minutely
tomentellous to glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate; stipules
minute, free, lateral, cauducous. Flowers bisexual, pale yellow, 6 mm across,
clustered in axillary spiciform racemes. Fruit a pod 10-25 x 0.7-1.5 cm,
straight to falcate to slightly twisted; seeds elliptic-lenticular, glossy, red.
Flowering & Fruiting: January- September
Ditsribution: Sri Lanka, North East India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malesia and
China
37. Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.

Common name: Red Powder Puff
Description: Large shrubs to small trees with spreading branches. Leaves
alternate with 1 pair pinnae; leaflets 7-10 pairs, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate
or subfalcate apex obtuse and mucronulate, base obliquely rounded to
subcordate; Flowers in globose heads, Pods linear-lanceolate.
Distribution: Africa, Asia, South and North America

RHIZOPHORACEAE
38. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.
Malayalam name: Vankana, Karakandal
Description: Mangrove tree growing up to 10 m tall. Branches are brown,
corky. Leaves elliptic-obovate, oblanceolate, or rarely circular, papery to
thinly leathery. Flowers are short-stalked or stalkless.
Distribution: Indo-Malesia and Australia
COMBRETACEAE
39. Terminalia cuneata (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
Malayalam names: Attumaruthu, Kattukadukka, Kulamaruthu,
Neermaruthu, Puzhamatthi, Vellamatthi, Vellamaruthu, Vellilaya
Description: Evergreen trees, to 30 m. Leaves simple, opposite to alternate,
estipulate; oblong, elliptic, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous,
coriaceous, 2 glands at the base on the lowerside. Flowers bisexual, dull
yellow, 2-3 mm across, in short axillary spikes; Fruit a drupe, 6 x 3 cm,
oblong, 5-7 winged.
Flowering & Fruiting: November - June
40. Terminalia catappa L.

Malayalam name: Bhadham
Description: Tall deciduous and erect tree reaching 15-25 m, Leaves
alternate obovate with short petioles, spirally clustered at the branch tips,
leathery and glossy; turn bright scarlet or dark red upon maturity. Fruit
hard, green-red, rounded and flattened, egg-shaped, with 2 ridges but no
wings.
Flowering & Fruiting: November-June

MYRTACEAE
41. Callistemon citrinus (Curt.) Skeels
Coomon name: Bottle brush
Description: Trees, to 10 m high, branches drooping; young shoots silky
tomentose. Leaves simple, alternate, estipulate, crowded towards the tip of
branchlets; Flowers bisexual, red, in spikes. Fruiting calyx not much
enlarged, the truncate orifice usually open.
Distribution: Native in East Australia; widely cultivated
42. Pimenta dioica ( L. ) Merr.

Malayalam name: Sarvasughandi
Description: Small tree. The leaves and wood are often used for smoking
meats
Flowering & Fruiting: March-June
Distribution: Native of Central America
43. Syzygium cumini ( L. ) Skeels.

Malayalam name: Njaval
Description: An evergreen tropical tree, 50 to 100 ft. tall, with oblong
opposite leaves that are smooth, glossy and having a terpentine smell.
Flowers white, in branched clusters at stem tips and purplish-black oval
edible berries.
Flowering & Fruiting: March - June
44. Psidium guajava L.

Malayalam name: Pera

Description: Small evergreen tree, generally 3-10 m high, many branches;
stems crooked, bark light to reddish brown, thin, smooth, continuously
flaking. Leaves opposite, simple, oblong to elliptic. Inflorescence, axillary,
1- to 3-flowered. Fruit an ovoid or pear-shaped berry.
Distribution: Originally from Tropical America; now naturalised in the
tropics
LYTHRACEAE
45. Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight.
Malayalam names: Venthekku, Vellialvu
Description: Its a deciduous tree, to 10-15 m tall. Leaves, opposite, elliptic-
lanceolate. Flowers small, white, borne in large compound panicles, 20-30
cm long. Capsule is ellipsoid, 1-2 cm long. Seeds are winged.
Flowering & Fruiting: May-June.
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats
46. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Malayalam names: Manimaruthu, Poomaruthu
Description: Deciduous trees, to 25 m high. Leaves simple, opposite or
subopposite; ovate-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic oblong. Flowers
bisexual, mauve or pink, in terminal panicles. Fruit a capsule; seeds winged,
pale brown.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-November
RUBIACEAE
47. Coffea arabica L.
Malayalam Names: Coffee, Kappi

Description: Glabrous shrubs to small trees. Leaves simple, opposite,12-18
cm long, oblong, acuminate, narrowed into short petiole; main lateral nerves
6-10 pairs, joined by intramarginal veins and slender parallel reticulate
veins. Flowers fragrant, numerous, borne in axillary fascicles. Corolla
funnel-shaped, lobes oblong and as long as the tube Fruit small, fleshy, berry,
dark purple when ripe.
Flowering & Fruiting: March-December
Distribution: Native of Africa; introduced into the East early
48. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
Malayalam name: Gandharajan
Description: Small trees loved for their creamy, fragrant blooms. The leaves
are glossy and leathery. The flowers are white, turning to creamy yellow as
they age, and have a waxy feel. They have a powerful, sweet fragrance, and
can perfume an entire room.
Flowering & Fruiting: August-May
Distribution: Gardenia is native to Japan, China and India.
49. Hamelia patens Jacq.

Common name: Fire Bush
Description: Evergreen, woody shrubs or small tress; stem pubescent,
sulcate, terete ultimately. Leaves opposite, elliptic, obovate-oblanceolate,
glabrous, veins prominent abaxially. Flowers sessile, reddish-yellow.
Distribution: Native of Tropical America; cultivated throughout the tropics
50. Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. & G.Don

Malayalam name: Vellathetchi
Description: Shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall. Leaves opposite, elliptic-
lanceolate to obovate, 10-17 cm long, glabrous, base cuneate to obtuse,

lateral veins 8-12 pairs; stipules ovate to triangular, 3-6 mm long; petiole
distinct 4-10 mm long; flowers white, scented, in dense comymbose cymes
8-10 cm across on up to 4 cm long peduncle; bracts distinct 8-10 mm long;
corolla tube 2.5-3 cm long, lobes narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 5-6 mm
long, less than 1.3-3 mm broad, acute or subacute; fruit globose, 6-8 mm in
diam.
Flowering & Fruiting: December- June
Distribution: Asia, grown in gardens
51. Morinda tinctoria Roxb.

Malayalam name: Noni
Description: Evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 5-10 m tall. Leaves
oblong to lanceolate. The flowers are tubular, white, scented, about 2 cm
long. The fruit is a green syncarp , 2-2.5 cm diameter.
Flowering & Fruiting: March- June
Distribution: Native to Southern Asia
Notes: The plant is extensively cultivated in India in order to make the
morindone dye sold under the trade name "Suranji". Morindone is used for
the dyeing of cotton, silk and wool in shades of red, chocolate or purple. The
colouring matter is found principally in the root bark and is collected when
the plants reach three to four years of age. Morindone is a mordant dye
giving a yellowish-red colour with an aluminium mordant, chocolate with
chromium mordant, and dull purple to black with an iron mordant.
SAPOTACEAE
52. Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Common name: Star Apple
Description: Evergreen tree. Leaves alternate, simple, oval, entire, 515 cm
long; the underside shines with a golden color when seen from a distance.
The tiny flowers are purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell.
Flowering & Fruiting: July-September
Distribution: It is native to the Greater Antilles and the West Indies. It has
spread to the lowlands of Central America and is now is grown throughout
the tropics, including Southeast Asia.
Notes: The fruits are delicious as a fresh dessert fruit; it is sweet and best
served chilled.
53. Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam

Malayalam Names: Attu-ilippa, Iluppa, Kattirippa, Neeririppa, Wallangi
Description: Evergreen trees, to 15 m high, latex milky. Leaves simple,
alternate, crowded at the tip of branchlets, elliptic-lanceolate, linear-oblong,
oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic-oblong or obovate, base acute or
attenuate, apex obtuse or acute, margin entire, glabrous, coriaceous, glossy,
slender; Flowers bisexual, yellowish-white, in axillary subterminal fascicles,
Fruit a berry, ellipsoid, beaked.
Flowering & Fruiting: November-March
54. Mimusops elengi L.
Malayalam name: Elengi
Description: Medium sized tree. Leaves ovate, wavy at margin. Flowers are
small star shaped yellowish white in colour, with a crown rising from the
center.
Flowering & Fruiting: December-August
EBENACEAE
55. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume.) Hiern.
Malayalam name: Kattathuvara, Elichevian, Elichuzhi
Description: Dioecious trees, to 30 m high, bole buttressed; branchlets
densely golden yellow hairy. Leaves simple, alternate, bifarious, elliptic-

ovate, ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers unisexual, white, 1-4
together in subsessile small axillary cymes. Fruit a berry, oblong, pointed,
purple, glabrous.
OLEACEAE
56. Olea dioica Roxb.
Malayalam names: Edana, Karivetti, Koruku, Vayala, Vayana, Vetila, Vidana,
Description: Trees, to 15 m high, bark grey or brown, rough, shallowly
vertically grooved. Leaves simple, opposite, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or elliptic
lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, base acute, margin serrate or entire,
glabrous, punctate, pink when young, coriaceous; petiole 7-10 mm, slender,
glabrous, grooved above; lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, pinnate, slender,
glabrous; intercostae obscure. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, creamy- white,
small, in panicles, axillary or from leafless nodes, pedicellate, 4 mm long,
male panicles larger and denser than hermaphrodite.
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
57. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston
Malayalam names: Chembanji, Parapanji, Parappoola, Appakudukka
Description: Deciduous trees, to 10 m tall. Leaves simple, palmately 3-5
lobed, alternate, estipulate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers bisexual,
7.5-10 cm across, bright yellow, in grey tomentose terminal panicles. Fruit a
capsule, 5-valved, obovoid, pear shaped, straight, leathery, brown; seeds
many, black, curved, embedded in white cotton.
Flowering & Fruiting: February-March

CARICACEAE
58. Carica papaya L.
Malayalam names: Ampapaya, Karmmathi, Karmmoos, Kappalanga,
Omakkay, Pappali, Kappaka, Pappaya
Description: Small herbaceous tree with white milky juice. Trunk with scars
of fallen leaves. Leaf blade 30-60 cm long, deeply divided into several lobes
which are again divided into smaller lobes with acute apex, petiole 40-100
cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter. Plants mostly dioecious rarely monoecious with
fragrant and nocturnal flowers. Male inflorescence 30-100 cm long
pendulous raceme. Fruit large spherical or pyriform usually turning yellow
or orange with yellow or orange flesh.
Distribution: Native of Tropical America; cultivated in the tropics and
subtropics
APOCYNACEAE
59. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
Malayalam names: Ezhilamppala, Mangalappala, Pala, Yekshippala
Description: Large trees; height to 30 m, latex milky white; branchlets
whorled. Leaves simple, whorled, estipulate, obovate, oblanceolate or
obovate-oblong. Flower bisexual, greenish-white in terminal umbellate
cymes. Fruit of two linear, narrow, pendulous follicular mericarps, green,
connate at both ends.
Flowering & Fruiting: October-February
Distribution: South and South East Asia to Australia
60. Alstonia venenata R.Br.

Malayalam: Analivegam

Description: A large shrub or small tree, to 6 m tall with grayish brown bark
and bright yellow hard woody root. Leaves simple, whorled, lanceolate with
wavy margins. Flowers white, occuring in clusters at branch ends. Fruits are
fusiform, stalked and beaked follicles, tapering both ends.
Flowering & Fruiting: February-August
Notes: The bark of the plant and, sometimes, the fruit, are used for medicinal
purposes.
Distribution: Peninsular India
61. Plumeria rubra L.

Malayalam names: Eezhachempakam, Arali, Chempakappala
Description: Deciduous trees, to 10 m high, latex milky,. Leaves simple,
alternate spiral, clustered; estipulate, obovate to spathulate, glabrous,
subcoriaceous. Flowers bisexual, in
terminal corymbose stout cymes. Fruit an aggregate of 2 follicle.
Distribution: Native of Tropical America; widely naturalised elsewhere in
the tropics
62. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr.

Thevesia neriifolia Juss ex Steud.
Malayalam name: Manja-arali, Mathaarali, Pachchaarali
Description: Large shrub to small trees. Leaves alternate, clustered near
tips of branches, linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers yellow, in sub-terminal
cymes. Fruit a drupe, broadly turbinate, compressed laterally
Distribution: Native of central and tropical S America from Mexico and the
West Indies to Brazil, and widely distributed by man, occurring in the West
African region as a garden cultivate.

Notes: All parts of the plant are poisonous. In Indonesia it is reported used
as a fish-poison. It has been used in southern Africa as an arrow or ordeal-
poison. The fruits have shown some insecticidal activity.
63. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br.

Malayalam: Dhanthapala
Description: Deciduous trees; upto 15 m. Leaves simple, opposite,
distichous, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-ovate, margin entire, glabrous,
glaucous beneath. Flower bisexual, white, scented, in terminal cymes
appearing along with new leaves.
Flowering & Fruiting: February-November
Distribution: Native to India and Burma,
Notes: Named after a Scottish physician and botanist William Wright (1740 -
1827). The leaves of this tree yield a blue dye called Pala Indigo.
BIGNONIACEAE
64. Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
Malayalam name: Jacaranda
Description: Deciduous trees, to 12 m high. Leaves bipinnate, opposite,
decussate, estipulate; leaflets 21-50, opposite, sessile, elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate. Flowers bisexual, blue, in lax pyramidal panicles terminal or
axillary.
Flowering & Fruiting: December-July
Distribution: Native of South America
65. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.

Malayalam name: Sivakundalam
Description: Trees, to 15 m high. Leaves imparipinnate, clustered towards
the apex of branchlets, spiral, estipulate; leaflets 5-9, opposite, elliptic-
oblong or obovate-oblong. Flowers bisexual in axillary pendulous panicles.
Fruit muddy brown, scurfy flakes present, indehiscent.
Distribution: Africa; introduced in the tropics as ornamental tree
66. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Malayalam name: Thaneerkaimaram
Description: Trees, to 18 m high; bark smooth, light brownish-grey;
branchlets tomentose. Leaves imparipinnate, opposite, decussate,
estipulate; leaflets 9-19, opposite, elliptic-oblong, obovate-oblong or
obovate, Flowers bisexual, bright red, in terminal racemes. Fruit a capsule,
lanceolate-oblong, brownish-black, woody, 2-valved.
Flowering & Fruiting: November - May
Distribution: Native in Tropical Africa
67. Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham.ex Dillw.) Mabb.

Malayalam Names: Pathiri, Poopathiri, Pumbathiri, Karingazha, Karinkura,
Kouringoura
Description: Large trees, to 30 m high. Leaves compound, imparipinnate,
opposite, leaflets 7-13, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-oblong, ovate or
bovate, Flowers bisexual, in terminal lax panicles.
Flowering & Fruiting: February-October
Distribution: Indo-China and Malesia
VERBENACEAE
68. Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Malayalam name: Kumalu, kumbil
Description: Deciduous trees, to 20 m high, bark 8-10 mm thick, white or
whitish-grey, smooth, lenticellate, scurfy, exfoliating in thin flakes;
branchlets stout, tomentose. Leaves simple, opposite, 7.5-25 x 6-20 cm,

broadly ovate or ovate, base cordate truncate or rounded, apex acute or
acuminate, margin entire, glabrous above and tomentose beneath, glaucous
beneath, coriaceous; petiole 5-12.5 cm long, slender, tomentose; nerves 3-5
from base, lateral nerves 3-6, pinnate, prominent, prominent, puberulent
beneath; intercostae scalariform, prominent; 2 glands on either side of the
midrib at the base.
Flowering & Fruiting: January-June
69. Citharexylum spinosum L.

Malayalam name: Parijatham
Description: Shrubs or trees; branchlets 4-angular, sometimes spiny.
Leaves decussate-opposite, alternate or subopposite, ternate or verticillate,
exstipulate, to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, acute, entire or dentate,
usually with a pair of glands at base of lamina; Inflorescence axillary and
terminal, recemiform or spicate, simple or branched, erect or drooping;
flowers numerous, small, white, regular or somewhat zygomorphic.
Flowering & Fruiting: April to September
Distribution: Native of West Indies; introduced and naturalised in many
other countries
70. Tectona grandis L.

Malaylam name: Thekku
Description: Deciduous trees, to 30 m high. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate,
obovate, wavy, glabrous above and pubescent below with minute red glands,
coriaceous. Flowers bisexual, white, 7 mm across, in terminal cymose
panicles. Fruit a drupe, globose, brown, densely floccose hairy, covered by
the inflated calyx.
Flowering & Fruiting: May-January
Distribution: South and South East Asia

NYCTAGINACEAE
71. Pisonia grandis R.Br.
Malayalam name: Keeramaram, Maduracheera, Maracheera
Description: Small tree. Leaves broad, thin. Flowers green, sweet- smelling
that mature into sticky barbed seeds.
Distribution: Cultivated, Andamans and Malay islands
Notes: The leaves are traditionally used as a leaf vegetable in some
countries.
72. Baughainvillea spectabilis Wild.

Malayalam name: Boganvilla, Kadalasupoovu-chedi
Description: Armed, straggling shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate,
ovate-acuminate, glabrous. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles, in triads,
each flower is subtended by an ovate-acute, petaloid bract. Fruit indehiscent,
enclosed in the hardened perianth tube.
Distribution: Native to Brazil , Peru , Bolivia, and Chubut Province,
Argentina, but it has been introduced in many other areas.
LAURACEAE
73. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.
Malayalam name: Maravettithali
Description: Dioecious trees, to 10 m high, bark 2-2.5 cm thick, surface
brown; branchlets rather slender, stiff, minutely tomentellous towards apex.
Leaves simple, pilose when young; lamina 6-23.5 x 3-10 cm, elliptic, elliptic-
oblong or obovate, base acute, apex acute, obtuse or acuminate, margin
entire, glabrous above, grey-pubescent beneath, chartaceous; lateral nerves

7-12 pairs, pinnate, prominent, intercostae reticulate. Flowers unisexual, 5-6
mm across, yellow, in many flowered umbels; peduncles upto 5 mm long,
slender.
Flowering & Fruiting: April-May
Distribution: Indo-Malesia and China
SANTALACEAE
74. Santalum album L.
Malayalam name: Chandanam
Description: A small evergreen tree with slender drooping branchlets.
Bark is tight, dark brown, reddish, dark grey or nearly black, smooth in
young trees, rough with deep vertical cracks in older trees, red inside.
Leaves thin, usually opposite, ovate or ovate elliptical, glabrous and shining
green above, glaucous and slightly paler beneath; tip rounded or pointed;
stalk grooved, 5-15 cm long; venation noticeably reticulate. Flowers
purplish-brown, unscented in axillary or terminal, paniculate cymes. Fruit a
globose, fleshy drupe.
Flowering & Fruiting: November-December
Distribution: Peninsular India and Malesia
EUPHORBIACEAE
75. Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg.
Malayalam Name(s): Podini, Thodukanni, Uppila, Uppothy, Vatta,
Vattakanni
Description: Dioecious trees, to 18 m high; bark surface pale, greyish-brown
mottled with white, smooth, lenticellate; exudation red, gummy; Leaves
simple, alternate, ovate-orbicular, deltoid-ovate, ovate or orbicular, glabrous
or glabrescent, pubescent with reddish glands beneath, coriaceous; Flowers
unisexual, greenish-yellow. Frit a capsule.
Flowering & Fruiting: January-February
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka and Andamans
76. Briedelia retusa (L.) A. Juss.

Malayalam names: Asuvamaram, Mulluvenga, Mullankkayini
Description: Deciduous trees, to 20 m high, blaze red; young trees armed
with sharp thorns. Leaves simple, alternate, broadly elliptic, oblong, elliptic-
oblong, obovate or obovate-oblong. Flowers unisexual, greenish-yellow,
sessile or shortly pedicellate, crowded in dense axillary or terminal,
sometimes paniculate spikes often exceeding the leaves.
Flowering & Fruiting: August-December
Distribution: Indo-Malaya
77. Hevea braziliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell.Arg.

Common name: Rubber
Description: Trees, to 25 m high, bark grey; latex milky. Leaves digitately
trifoliate, alternate, estipulate; Flowers unisexual, yellowish-white, in
terminal panicled racemes. Fruit a capsule, 3-lobed, woody, dehiscent.
Flowering & Fruiting: February-June
Distribution: Native of Brazil; introduced in the tropics elsewhere
CASUARINACEAE
78. Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Malayalan name: Kattadi
Description: Evergreen, dioecious or monoecious tree, with a finely
branched crown. Crown shape initially conical but tends to flatten with age.
The branchlets are deciduous, drooping, needlelike, terete but with
prominent angular ribs, Flowers unisexual; perianth absent, replaced by 2
bracteoles. Male flowers in a terminal, simple, elongated spikeborne in
whorls. Female inflorescence on a short lateral branchlet, cylindrical, cone-
shaped or globose. Fruit a grey or yellow-brown winged nut (samara).

Distribution: Tropical
CLUSIACEAE
79. Mesua ferrea L.
Malayalam name: Vayanaavu, Nagachempakam, Nagakesaram, Nagapoovu
Description: A slow-growing tree widely cultivated as an ornamental due to
its graceful shape, grayish-green foliage with a beautiful pink to red flush of
drooping young leaves, and large, fragrant white flowers. The tree can grow
over 30 meters tall, often buttressed at the base with a trunk up to 2 meters
in diameter. Leaves simple, opposite, narrow, oblong to lanceolate, blue-grey
to dark green, with a whitish underside. The emerging young leaves are red
to yellowish pink and drooping. The branches are slender, terete and
glabrous. The bisexual flowers are 47.5 cm in diameter, with four white
petals and a center of numerous orange yellow stamens. The fruit is an ovoid
to globose capsule with 1 to 2 seeds.
Flowering & Fruiting: April- July
Distribution: It is native to wet, tropical parts of Sri Lanka , India , southern
Nepal, Burma Thailand, Indochina, the Philippines , Malaysia and Sumatra
80. Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Malayalam name: Punna
Description: A medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall, with sticky latex either
clear or opaque and white, cream or yellow; Leaves elliptical, thick,
smooth and polished, ovate, obovate or oblong. Inflorescence axillary,
racemose, usually unbranched but occasionally with 3-flowered branches.
Flowers usually bisexual but sometimes functionally unisexual, sweetly
scented, usually whitish. Fruit a spherical to ovoid drupe
Flowering & Fruiting: December January
Distribution: Paleotropics
Notes: The generic name comes from the Greek words kalos-beautiful
and phullon-leaf, meaning beautiful-leafed and the specific epithet is

derived from the Greek words inos-fibre and phyllon-leaf, alluding to the
pronounced veins on the underside of the leaves.
MORACEAE
81. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Malayalam name: Pilavu
Description: Large trees with white gummy latex. Leaves obovate or
oblong, coriaceous, glossy, usually glabrous. Individual flowers borne on an
elongated axis and forming a racemoid inflorescence. Fruits contain more
than 500 firm or waxy seeds, oval-oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, thickened at
the hilum.
Flowering & Fruiting: Jan-May
Distribution: Widely cultivated in the tropics, origin is probably South India.
Notes: The generic name comes from the Greek words artos (bread) and
karpos (fruit); the fruits are eaten and are commonly called breadfruit.
The specific name, heterophyllus, is Latin for various leaved, or with
leaves of different sizes and shapes; it is from the Greek word heteros
82. Ficus benghalensis L. var. benghalensis

Malayalam name: Peraal
Description: Spreading trees, to 30 m high; aerial roots numerous from the
branches; exudation milky latex; young parts softly pubescent. Leaves
simple, alternate, spiral, ovate, coriaceous, glabrescent above, minutely
pubescent beneath. Flowers unisexual; inflorescence a syconia, sessile, in
axillary pairs, globose, puberulous without. Syconium ripening orange to
red, achenes globose-ellipsoid, dark brown.
Flowering & Fruiting: May-August
Distribution: Indian subcontinent; widely grown as avenue tree

83. Ficus benghalensis L. var. krishnae DC.
Malayalam name: Krishnanaal
Description: Large, fast growing, evergreen tree up to 30 m tall, with
spreading branches and many aerial roots. Leaves stalked, ovate heart-
shaped, 3 nerved, when young velvety on both sides. The unique feature of
the tree is that the leaves have a pocket-like fold at the base.
Flowering & Fruiting: January- July
Notes: The plant is also known as Krishna Butter Cup. As with most things in
India, there is a mythological story of Krishna related to the leaves of this
tree. The story goes that Lord Krishna was very fond of butter and would
even steal it. Once when he was caught by his mother, Yashoda, he tried to
hide the butter by rolling it up in a leaf of this tree. Since then, the leaves of
these tree shave retained this shape.
84. Ficus religiosa L.

Malayalam name: Arayaal
Description: Evergreen or deciduous tree, 20 m tall, irregularly-shaped,
with wide-spreading branches and without aerial roots from the
branches. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged and broadly ovate, glossy,
coriaceous (leathery), with unusual tail-like tips, pink when young, Figs in
pairs, rounded, flat-topped green.
Flowering & Fruiting: November- February
Distribution: East Himalayas; planted and naturalised in India and
neighbouring countries
Notes: The specific epithet religiosa alludes to the religious significance
attached to this tree. The prince Siddhartha is said to have sat and
meditated under this tree and there found enlightment from which time
he became a Buddha. The tree is therefore sacred to Buddhists and is
planted beside temples.

85. Morus alba L.
Malayalam name: Mulbari, Pattunoolpuzhuchedi
Description: Fast-growing shrub or moderate-sized tree with a fairly
cylindrical, straight bole, up to 35 m high. Leaves very variable, ovate or
broadly ovate, distichous, simple to 3-lobed, dentate, palmately 3-veined at
base. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous, with 4 free imbricate petals. Male
flowers in a catkin like raceme, with lax flowers. Fruit a syncarp,
consisting of many drupes enclosed in a fleshy perianth up to 5 cm long.
Distribution: North West Asia
POACEAE
86. Bambusa bambos (L. ) Voss

Malayalam name: Mula
Description: Culms from a thick stoloniferous rhizome, erect, to 30 m tall
and10-20 cm across; culm sheaths broadly triangular, densely brownish-
hairy within, and scattered hairy without. Leaves to 20 cm long; sheaths to
12 x .2 cm, linear, glabrous; ligule short, entire; petiole short. Inflorescence a
compound panicle with the spikelets in heads. Spikelets 1-many-flowered.
Caryopsis linearly cylindric.
Flowering & Fruiting: July- February
GYMNOSPERMS
CYCADACEAE
87. Cycas circinalis L.
Malayalam name: Chana, Chanappan, Chalanga, Edanthu, Eenth,
Eenthinpana

Description: Large shrub to small trees with terminal crown of large
pinnately compound leaves; dioecious. Microsporophylls densely aggregated
to form large terminal cones. Megasporophylls loosely arranged, crowded
round the apex of stem; ovules 1-5 on either side of sporophyll. Seeds
globose.
Distribution: Indo-Malesia and Tropical East Africa
Notes: Also known as the queen sago, is a species of cycad known in the wild
only from southern India. The seed is poisonous. The potent poison in the
seeds is removed by soaking them in water. Water from the first seed-
soaking will kill birds, goats, sheep and hogs.
88. Cycas revoluta Thunb.

Malayalam name:
Description: Small trees with terminal crown of large pinnately compound
leaves; dioecious. Microsporophylls densely aggregated to form large
terminal cones. Megasporophylls loosely arranged, crowded round the apex
of stem; ovules 1-5 on either side of sporophyll. Seeds globose.
Distribution: Native to southern Japan
Notes: It is one of several species used for the production of sago , as well as
an ornamental plant.
ARAUCARIACEAE
89. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco
Description: Juvenile leaves 23-27 x 20-25 mm, longer and flatter than
adult, persist until trees are 10 years old; adult foliage crowded in
overlapping whorls on ends of branches, persistent, without petioles,
narrow to broadly triangular, slightly curved, 8-10 mm long, glabrous, dull
green. Monoecious; male strobili usually borne on lower and mid-crown
branches, terminal, green, yellow at anthesis, red-brown later, elongated,
about 90 x 10 mm.
Distribution: Australia to Polynesia

GNETACEAE
90. Gnetum edule (Willd.) Blume
Gnetum ula Brongn.
Malaylam name: Odal, Karuthodal
Description: Woody lianas. Leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate or oblong,
coriaceous, acute, base rounded or acute; petiole to 1.5 cm. Panicles axillary
arising from mature wood; bracts cupular; male strobilus - to 5 cm long,
bracteoles 2.5 mm; stamens 1, exserted; female strobilus to 7 cm long; ovary
globose. Fruit ellipsoid, yellow.
Flowering & Fruiting:
Distribution: Southwest and southeastern India


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ST.

Devagiri, Kozhikode, Kerala

Green Audit Report

important, especially in light of observed climatic changes which has

devastating consequences for the survival of humanity. The term, Green

means eco-friendly or not damaging the environment. Green Auditing or

Environmental Auditing can be defined as the systematic identification,

quantification, recording, reporting & analysis of components of ecological

diversity & expressing the same in financial or social terms.

The Bhoomithrasena Club has made a green audit of St.Josephs College in

the academic year 2015-2016 to analyse the floristic composition of the

campus, the various measures taken for energy conservation, use of

renewable sources, rain water harvesting, efforts of carbon neutrality,

hazardous waste management and E-waste management which is

Infrastructure of the Institute

No. Name of the unit Total Area

| Green audit report 2015-2016 3

10 Class rooms 38 Nos.

11 Canteen Area 300 m2

No. Water used per day

b. Laboratory water consumption

No. Laboratories Water consumption

| Green audit report 2015-2016 4

3. Characteristic and disposal practices of Solid Wastes

No. Waste category Method of disposal

Computers in the Institute : Desktops -216 Nos,

: Laptops -28 Nos,

Xerox Machines : 4 Nos.

LCD Projectors : 44 Nos.

LCD/LED Televisions : 5 Nos.

| Green audit report 2015-2016 5

Item Energy Total Total power

Average Electricity consumption per Year: 1,23,468 KW

Average Electricity consumption per month: 10289 KW

Average Electricity consumption per day: 338 KW

| Green audit report 2015-2016 6

Incandescent bulbs were completely replaced by LED lights, Compact

3. Automation & Data management

| Green audit report 2015-2016 7

Josephs College Campus to assess the floristic composition of the college

campus. The floristic study resulted in the documentation of 90 species

including trees and lianas, belonging to 38 Families. Among these, 4 plants

are Gymnosperms including Cycas circinalis L., C. revolute Thunb., Gnetum

edule (Willd.) Blume, and Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco. The

reported 90 species include 87 trees and 3 lianas. Among the 86 flowering

plants, dicotyledons are the dominating group representing 85 species with

Fabaceae was the dominant family with 19 species.

one species is a gymnosperm (Gnetum edule (Willd.) Blume) and two

angiosperm represented by Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari and

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

The campus of St. Josephs College is located in Devagiri hills which is an

outskirt of Southern Western Ghats. Western Ghats is one of the two

biodiversity hotspots in India with a relatively higher percentage of endemic

the Western Ghats.

Western Ghats which are Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. (Dipterocarpaceae),

Lagerstroemia microcarpa (Lythraceae) and Olea dioica (Oleaceae). One

species Senna Montana (Heyne ex Roth) V. Singh (Caesalpiniaceae) is

endemic to Peninsular India.

The threatened plants of India were well documented by Joseph (1977),

Nayar & Sastry (1987, 1988, 1990). International Union of Conservation of

species with regular updates. Present study documented 7 Species listed in

Cycas circinalis L. belongs to Endangered category and three species viz.

Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don, Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde and Santalum

album L. are assessed as Vulnerable in their natural habitats.