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1. Pendahuluan
Fungsi
Klasifikasi tulang
Komposisi
Osteogenesis
2. Osteologi khusus
Bones of human: 206
Vertebrae:
*) Children, vertebrae=33, arranged as follows:
Vertebrae cervicalis: 7
Vertebrae thoracalis: 12
Vertebrae lumbalis: 5
Vertebrae separated
by discus
intervertebralis
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14
Structure of a typical vertebrae
(corpus)
General features of vertebrae
Corpus vertebrae
Arcus vertebrae
Pediculus:
Incisura vertebrae sup. dan inf.
foramen intervertebralis
Lamina consists of:
processus (7):
process spinousus (1)
Atlas (C1)
Corpus dan
processus spinousus
are absent
Terdapat:
arcus anterior,
posterior
2 lateral masses
Groove/sulcus for
arteri vertebralis
Axis (C2):
Have dens epistropheus
Facies articularis anterior
articulates with fovea dentis,
arcus anterior os atlas
C6:
Tuberculum caroticum:
tuberculum anterior dari
processus transverse C6
Hiatus sacralis
palpation
*) Angulus sternalis:
The angle of the junction of
manubrium and corpus sterni
which connects costal cartilage
II laterally; lies opposite lower
border of V.Th.IV posteriorly
General features:
Costae 1~7 = costae
vera
Costae 8~10 = costae
spuriae
Costae 11~12 =
costae (spuriae)
fluitantes
Intercostal spaces (ICS) is
space between the ribs
musculus intercostalis
Articulatio sternoclavicular
Characteristic of typical os costae
Posterior end:
capitulum costae: facies articularis superior et inferior
capituli costae, crista capituli costae
collum costae
tuberculum costae: facies articularis tuberculi costae
Corpus:
angulus costae
sulcus costae (~ anterior end)
Atypical os costae
Costae I:
tuberculum musculi
scaleni anterior, sulcus
arteri/vena subclavia
Costae XI dan XII lack
of collum costae,
tuberculum, and
angulus costae.
Clinical correlation:
sphenoidale, occipitale
Paired:
Temporale, parietale
Viscerocranium (14)
Smaller; inferior-anterior; to
form frame for eyes, nose,
and mouth.
Cranial parts of the
respiratory and digestive
tracts
Unpaired: mandibula,
vomer
Paired:
Maxilla, nasale, lacrimale,
palatinum, zygomaticum,
concha nasalis inferior
parietal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Ramus:
Processus coronoideus
Process Condyloideus
Incisura mandibularis
coronaria,
sagittalis
lambdoidea
Facies interna
sulcus sagittalis ~ sinus sagittalis
superior
Sulcus arteriosus ~ a. meningea
Facies posterior
protuberantia occipitalis externa
L. Sutura = sew
Facies interna basis cranii
foramen caecum ~
v.emissaria
crista galli
Lamina cribriformis
Foramina cribriformis
~ N.olfactorius (I)
posterior
sella turcica ~ gld. pituitary
foramen rotundum ~
foramen ovale ~
foramen spinosum ~
foramen lacerum ~
tegmen tympani=roof of
cavum tympani
Fossa cranii posterior
Formed by os occipital &
pars petrosus os temporal
Structures:
foramen magnum~
medulla spinalis;
N.accessorius (XI)
canalis hypoglossi~
protuberance occipitalis
interna
foramen jugularis
(between pars petrosus os
temp. & os occ.)
meatus acusticus internus
~
Basis cranii (facies inferior)
Arcus alveolaris os palatina
Foramen incisivum
~ a.palatina major;n.nasopalatinus
Fossa mandibularis
Tuberculum articularis
Basis cranii (facies inferior)
Facies lateralis cranii
Regio frontalis:
squama frontalis
tuber frontalis
arcus superciliaris
glabella
Clinical correlation:
Cleft palate
Craniosynostosis , ex:
Crouzons syndrome
(sagittal)
Mandibulofacial
dysostosis (Treacher
Collin syndrome)
Sutural/wormian bones
Sutura metopica
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Sinus paranasalis
Paired air spaces in bones of the skull
surrounding nasal area,
communicates via ducts into the
nasal cavity.
Which drain into meatus nasi media:
1. Sinus frontalis
2. Sinus maxillaris
3. Sinus ethmoidalis
Which drain into recessus
sphenoethmoidalis:
1. Sinus sphenoidalis
Clinical correlation:
The moist and warm vascular lining within the nasal
cavity is susceptible to infections. Infections of the nasal
cavity can spread to the several areas:
1. Sinus paranasalis
2. The eyes via the ductus nasolacrimalis
3. The middle ear, from nasopharynx via tuba
auditorius. Prolonged middle ear infection (acute
otitis media) can cause mastoid air cells infection
called mastoiditis
4. Meninges via the sheaths of the N. olfactorius which
pass through lamina/foramina cribriformis
meningitis
Fig. meningitis, mastoiditis
Fig. lateral wall of nasal cavity
Fig. The section of temporal bones to shows mastoid air
cells, mastoid antrum, and middle ear.
Quiz:
Vertebrae:
*) Children, vertebrae=33, arranged as follows:
Vertebrae cervicalis: 7
Vertebrae thoracalis: 12
Vertebrae lumbalis: 5
Vertebrae separated
by discus
intervertebralis
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14
Structure of a typical vertebrae
(corpus)
General features of vertebrae
Corpus vertebrae
Arcus vertebrae
Pediculus:
Incisura vertebrae sup. dan inf.
foramen intervertebralis
Lamina consists of:
processus (7):
process spinousus (1)
Atlas (C1)
Corpus dan
processus spinousus
are absent
Terdapat:
arcus anterior,
posterior
2 lateral masses
Groove/sulcus for
arteri vertebralis
Axis (C2):
Have dens epistropheus
Facies articularis anterior
articulates with fovea dentis,
arcus anterior os atlas
C6:
Tuberculum caroticum:
tuberculum anterior dari
processus transverse C6
Hiatus sacralis
palpation
*) Angulus sternalis:
The angle of the junction of
manubrium and corpus sterni
which connects costal cartilage
II laterally; lies opposite lower
border of V.Th.IV posteriorly
General features:
Costae 1~7 = costae
vera
Costae 8~10 = costae
spuriae
Costae 11~12 =
costae (spuriae)
fluitantes
Intercostal spaces (ICS) is
space between the ribs
musculus intercostalis
Characteristic of typical os costae
Posterior end:
capitulum costae: facies articularis superior et inferior
capituli costae, crista capituli costae
collum costae
tuberculum costae: facies articularis tuberculi costae
Corpus:
angulus costae
sulcus costae (~ anterior end)
Atypical os costae
Costae I:
tuberculum musculi
scaleni anterior, sulcus
arteri/vena subclavia
Costae XI dan XII lack
of collum costae,
tuberculum, and
angulus costae.
Clinical correlation: