Philippine Normal University

National Center for Teacher Education

College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Education research

Educational Statistics

Final Examination

BONJOVI H. HAJAN
M.A.Ed in English Language Teaching
September 16, 2017

1. In research, specifically in experimental study where the need to have variables is deemed
necessary, there are two types of variables that are worth expounding. These variables are
independent and dependent. An independent variable is the one that can infer cause because it
affects the dependent variable. It is a basis for establishing the effectiveness of a dependent
variable under investigation. The behavior of the dependent variable depends heavily on the
independent variable. The establishment of relationship that I am referring to in this sense is
often done in inferential statistics. It is, however, worth noting that once cannot always infer
cause from independent variable. Only the approaches that have an active independent variable
(randomized experimental or quasi-experimental) can provide data that allow one to infer that
the independent variable caused the change in dependent variable. This suggests that terms
main effect and effect sixe can be misleading when the independent variable is, for
example, an attribute. If this is the case, then non-experimental study is the only available
design.

2. Research Questions

a. Is there a significant correlation between presence of computer and internet connection at

home and student achievement in Media and Information Literacy subject?
This inferential research question seeks to examine on the correlation between two
variables such as presence of computer and internet connection at home and
student achievement. In particular, it attempts at looking into whether presence of
computer and internet connection at home has an effect on student achievement.
Thus, Bivariate-Correlational Test will be practically applicable for this matter.
b. Is there a significant difference on students attitude towards technology when they are
grouped according to course?
In this research question, the goal is to find whether there is a significant difference
on students attitude towards technology when the data are grouped into course
 taken. Course as a variable may have different varieties depending on the school
being investigated. For state universities, there can be tons of courses that student
participants are taking. Hence, the best (or I would say, the most appropriate)
statistical test to use in this context would be One-way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA).
c. What are the mean, media and mode of scores of the student achievement in Statistics and
Probability?
Descriptive statistical questions require no less than basic statistical tests. For the
question I posed above, I would say that what forms the most appropriate statistical
test to employ is the computation for the three measures of central tendency:
mean, median, and mode.

3. Statistical Package for the Social Science or widely known SPSS is a highly developed statistical
tool which can perform statistical computations and analysis of dataset necessary for
quantitative research. Before using SPSS or entering sets of raw data into it, it is important to
have a thorough comparison of the minimum and maximum scores with the highest and lowest
appropriate values in the codebook. Valid N which represents the number of people would
mean that there is no missing data on any variable.

4. There is no such thing as best quantitative research design nor is there best statistical
treatment in quantitative research. The term appropriate is more likely viable rather than best. I
argue that everything that the researcher does reflects the very purpose of the study. It means
that the kind of quantitative research design to employ and the kind of statistical tests to use
would greatly depend on the purpose of the paper, which the researcher in the study really
intends to accomplish. Those being said, it is significant to look at the nature of variables, levels,
and designs to decide on the appropriateness of the statistic. The number of variables, for
example, may determine whether the researcher needs to use t-Test or ANOVA. It is also
important to note that when comparing two variables, the need to look into the comparability is
indispensablemeaning, the two variables must be naturally comparable. In Statistics, Levenes
Test will tell us whether two variables are indeed comparable. Levels are one factor worth
considering. Whether the researcher wants to focus on nominal, ordinal or scale level of the
variable is an important consideration which helps him through choosing an appropriate
statistical test.

5. Effect size of d=.55 means medium which suggests that the level of sufficiency to tell the
difference between two variables is moderately enough.

6. Quality of Education in NCR (Region 13)

The National Capital Region (Region 13) Commission on Higher Education claims that it provides
quality and relevant higher education. The results of the National Tracer Study conducted last
 2012 corroborate this claim indicating the highest mean score of 3.25 went to region 13 (see
table below).

7. Employees Job Satisfaction

According to the results of the National Tracer Study conducted last 2012, the following were
found out to be factors contributing to the employees job satisfaction:

a. Competitive salary and promotion opportunities

b. Flexible work arrangements, including telecommuting
c. Training and other professional growth opportunities
d. Interesting work that offers variety, challenges and allows the workers opportunities to put
his or her signature on the finished product.
e. Opportunities to use ones talents and be creative
f. Opportunities to take responsibility and direct ones own work
g. Stable and secure work environment that includes job security/continuity
h. Accessible supervisor who provides timely feedback
i. Supportive colleagues
j. Additional benefits, such as day-care center and/or gym membership
k. Availability of current information and communications technologies

Hence, it is crucial that the aforementioned are addressed in the workplace to ensure
employees satisfaction in their job.

8. Region 1 and 10
 This table below shows the descriptive statistics of tertiary schools in Regions 1 and 10 in terms
of computer internet facilities (Quality 8), Library collection and facilities (Quality 7),
Opportunities for extension activities (Quality 14), and Testing and Grading system (Quality 3).

Descriptives

N Mean SD SE LB UP Min. Max.

Quality8
Region 1 97 3.40 1.205 .122 3.16 3.64 1 5
Region 10 296 3.84 1.001 .058 3.73 3.96 1 5

Quality7
Region 1 99 3.75 1.034 .104 3.54 3.95 1 5
Region 10 296 4.07 .925 .054 3.96 4.17 1 5

Quality14
Region 1 97 3.98 .968 .098 3.78 4.17 1 5
Region 10 296 4.16 .912 .053 4.05 4.26 1 5

Quality3

Region 1 99 3.97 .851 .085 3.80 4.14 1 5

Region 10 296 4.17 .763 .044 4.08 4.26 2 5

9. Comparison of Employment Status in NGOs, Private, and Public sectors

a. Salary and promotion opportunities (Satisfy 1)

Table below shows the employment status in NGOs, Private and Public sectors in terms of
salary and promotion opportunities. As gleaned from the table, NGOs have a mean score of
3.22 whereas private sector has 3.20. Public sector has the highest mean score obtaining
3.23 which means that high salary and most promotion opportunities are offered in private
sectors.

b. Training and other professional growth (Satisfy 2)

As to training and other profession growth, the first table below representing the
descriptive findings reveals that NGOs provide the most training and other professional
 growth indicated by the mean score of 3.56. This is followed by private sectors with the
mean of 3.35 and public with 3.33.

c. Flexible work arrangements, including telecommuting (Satisfy 3)

For flexibility of work arrangement with the inclusion of telecommuting, results show that
NGOs have the most flexible work arrangement with mean score of 3.60, followed by
private sector, 3.42 and public sector, 3.41.

Descriptives

N Mean SD SE LB UP Min. Max.

Satisfy1
NGO 212 3.22 .988 .068 3.08 3.35 1 5
Private 3956 3.20 .940 .015 3.17 3.23 1 5
Public 688 3.23 1.016 .039 3.15 3.30 1 5

Satisfy2
NGO 212 3.60 1.018 .070 3.47 3.74 1 5
Private 3956 3.42 .995 .016 3.39 3.45 1 5
Public 688 3.41 .959 .037 3.34 3.48 1 5

Satisfy3
NGO 212 3.56 1.098 .075 3.41 3.71 1 5
Private 3956 3.35 1.041 .017 3.31 3.38 1 5
Public 688 3.33 1.051 .040 3.25 3.40 1 5

10. Word Processing and Spreadsheet skills in Private Sector

Private sector asserts that they provide quality training to their employees on the area of
Information, Media and Technology Skills with specific inclusion to word processing and
spreadsheet skills. The National Tracer Study conducted by CHED last 2012 supports this claim.
The following table shows descriptive statistics of different employment in terms of word
processing and spreadsheet skills.
11. If Statistics were a song.

If Statistics were a song, it would be an Ordinary Song. I honestly do not know of many songs as
others. In fact, I do not sing. However, I can relate it to that song. Ordinary Song is actually one
of my favorite songs. Whenever there are occasions where I am caught off guard to sing
though I said I do not singthen, this song would be resort. This song is about an ordinary guy
who expresses his appreciation towards a girl. Statistics may somehow be comparable to the girl
whom the guy refers to in the songrich, difficult, yet special. I agree that Statistics is a little
difficult to deal with unlike any other subjects. Probably, I as an English language specialist can
be directly compared to the ordinary guy in the song. My area of specialization is far from being
statistical. A complete shift from being linguistic which I mostly am in my MA classes to
statistical is necessary every time I entered my Statistics class. It is difficult, frankly speaking.
However, I see the brighter side of it. Statistics may be a nightmare to some but to me, it is
special. It may deal with numerical values, analysis and interpretation, but the essence is greatly
valuable as this serves as a bedrock for my thesis later. In fact, this course is rich in knowledge. I
have learned a lot and I appreciated every hour and every minute I spent in class because
everything our professor explained was worth documenting and processing. Perhaps, those who
claim that Statistics is difficult and not essential have not seen yet the true value of itthe value
when what is subjectively enough for qualitative side becomes only an ideal phenomenon and
not a world of sensed reality, where empirical basis makes it enough to justify the quantity over
quality!