Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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(IJARET)
Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp. 80-90, Article ID: IJARET_06_11_008
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=11
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
High cutting speeds and feeds are essential requirements of a machine tool
structure to accomplish its basic function which is to produce a work piece of
the required geometric form with an acceptable surface finish at as high a rate
of production as is economically possible. Since bearings in high speed
spindle units are the main source of heat generation. Friction in bearings
causes an increase of the temperature inside the bearing. If the heat produced
cannot be adequately removed from the bearing, the temperature might exceed
a certain limit, and as a result the bearing would fail. To analyse the heat flow
in a bearing system, a typical ball bearing and its environment has been
modelled and analysed using the finite element method. The maximum
temperature in the bearing has been calculated as a function of heat
generation with the rotational speed as a parameter. The goal of this analysis
is to see how fast the temperature changes in the bearing system with respect
to rotational speeds. In this thesis, at high speed range, a steady state thermal-
stress simulation is performed by using FEA method to investigate
temperature distribution of the bearing and the result shows that the
temperature increases gradually with increase in rotational speed and it is
validated by analytical formulation done. Further the increase of rotation
speed the inner ring centrifugal displacement increases which causes larger
contact deformation and stress. The dynamic stiffness of the variable preload
bearing is analysed analytically and it is found that the radial stiffness
decreases with increase in rotational speeds.
Key words: Bearing, Stress, FEM, Stiffness.
Cite this Article: M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy. Thermal Stress Analysis of A
Ball Bearing by Finite Element Method. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp. 80-90.
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Thermal Stress Analysis of A Ball Bearing by Finite Element Method
1. INTRODUCTION
High speed machining is a promising technology to drastically increase productivity
and reduce production costs. The technology of high speed machining is still
relatively new. Although theories of high-speed metal cutting were reported in the
1930s, machine tools capable of achieving these cutting speeds did not exist until the
1980s. Only recently, industry has started experimenting with the use of high speed
machining in production. The aircraft industry was first, with the automotive industry
and mould and die makers now following. Because of little experience in this new
field, there are still many problems to be solved in the application of high speed
machining. Current problems include issues of tooling, balancing, thermal and
dynamic behaviours, and reliability of machine tools.
The demand for high speed machine tools and three coordinate measuring
machines are rapidly increasing in response to the development of production
technology such precision machining which requires high-precision parts and high
productivity. Research on high speed machine tooling can be approached on the main
spindle and feed system. A high speed/precision feed system reduces non-
cutting/operating time and tool replacement time, making production more
economical.
The high speed precision ball bearing is a main part in high speed/precision feed
system, and there are many joints existing in the ball bearing, such as the interfaces
between the bearing and the shaft, the bearing and the bearing support and so on.
When two surfaces are in contact, the presence of surface roughness produces
imperfect friction at the joint, no matter how much the pressure between the surfaces
is. The friction in ball bearings entails a sudden and violent heating of balls that can
have very detrimental effects. The increase of temperature generated by these
phenomena can involve mechanical micro-deformations and an overheating of
cooling fluid (especially when dealing with cryogenic fluids). Such temperature
heating of ball bearing plays a significant role in thermal characteristics of the feed
system, causing serious thermal deformation that subsequently degrades the accuracy
of machine tool and other mechatronics instrument where the precision ball bearing is
used.
After the invention of the wheel, it was learned that less effort was required to
move an object on rollers than to slide the object over the same surface. Even after
lubrication was discovered to reduce the work required in sliding, rolling motions till
required less work when it could be used. For example, archaeological evidence
shows that the Egyptians 2400 BC, employed lubrication, most likely water, to reduce
the manpower required dragging sledges carrying huge stones and statues. The
Assyrians, ca. 1100 BC, however, employed rollers under the sledges to achieve a
similar result with less manpower. It was therefore inevitable that bearings using
rolling motion would be developed for use in complex machinery and mechanisms. In
a simplistic manner, the evolution of rolling bearings, Dowson provides a
comprehensive presentation on the history of bearings and lubrication in general; his
coverage on ball and roller bearings is extensive. Though the concept of rolling
motion was known and used forty thousands of years, and simple forms of rolling
bearings civilization, the general use industrial revolution. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-
1519) AD conceive the basic construction of the modern rolling bearing.
The universal acceptance of rolling bearings by design engineers was initially
impeded by the inability of manufacturers to supply rolling bearings that could
compete in endurance with hydrodynamic sliding bearings. This situation, however,
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M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
has been favourably altered during the twentieth century, and particularly since 1960,
by development of superior rolling bearing steels and constant improvement in
manufacturing, providing extremely accurate geometry, long-lived rolling bearing
assemblies. Initially this development was triggered by the bearing requirements for
high speed aircraft gas turbines; however, competition between ball and roller bearing
manufacturers for worldwide markets increased substantially during the 1970s, and
this has served to provide consumers with low-cost, standard design bearings of
outstanding endurance. The term rolling bearing includes all forms of bearings that
utilize the rolling action of balls or rollers to permit rotation to shaft on, constrained
motion of one body relative to another. Most rolling bearings are employed to permit
rotation of a shaft relative to some fixed structure. Some rolling bearings, however,
permit translation, that is, relative linear motion, of a fixture in the direction provided
by a stationary shaft, and a few rolling bearing designs permit a combination of
relative linear and rotary motion between two bodies.
The term rolling bearing includes all forms of roller and ball bearing which
permit rotary motion of a shaft. Normally a whole unit of bearing is sold in the
market, which includes inner ring, outer ring, rolling element (balls or rollers) and the
cage which separates the rolling element from each other.
Rolling bearings are high precision, low cost but commonly used in all kinds of
rotary machine. It takes long time for the human being to develop the bearing from
the initial idea to the modern rolling bearing which can be seen from figure.1, The
reason why bearing is used is that first it can transfer moment or force. Secondly and
maybe more important is that it can be interchanged easily and conveniently when its
broken. It has less possibility for the shaft or housing to be worn out. Usually the
bearing first cracks and then the shaft or housing is broken. If the above situation
happens it is really easy to figure it out: just buy a new bearing from the market with
the same parameter and replace it. Thats why bearings are so often used.
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Thermal Stress Analysis of A Ball Bearing byy Finite Element Method
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M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
( di do )
dm
2
pd do di ( 2.D)
Race conformity is a measure of the geometrical conformity of the race and the
ball in a plane passing through the bearing axis (also named centre line or rotation
axis), which is a line passing through the centre of the bearing perpendicular to its
plane and transverse to the race. Figure 4, depicts a cross section of a ball bearing
showing race conformity, expressed as
r
f
D
Figure 4 Cross section of a ball and an outer race showing race conformity
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
The thermo-mechanical model for the spindle needs to include all interacting effects
inside the spindle relevant to the objective. The model should account for all heat
sources, heat transfer, heat sinks and relative thermal expansion within the system. In
this case bearings in the model are one of the problems. Friction in bearings causes an
increase of the temperature inside the bearing. If the heat produced cannot be
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Thermal Stress Analysis of A Ball Bearing byy Finite Element Method
4. METHODOLOGY
To analyse the heat flow in a bearing system, a typical ball bearing and its
environment has been modelled and analysed using the finite element method. The
maximum temperature in the bearing has been calculated
calculated as a function of heat
generation and with thee rotational speed as a parameter.
5. HEAT GENERATION IN B
BEARING ANALYTICAL
SOLUTION
The major heat generation of the system is caused by the cutting process and the
friction between the balls and races of the bearings.
bearings Assumed that the majority of
cutting heat is taken away by coolant and chips, the heat generated by bearings is the
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M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
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Thermal Stress Analysis of A Ball Bearing by Finite Element Method
After the model is done, then the next will be the simulation. Importing the solid
model to new simulation in ANSYS Workbench and the analysis procedure is
described below.
SOLID186 is hexahedron, 3-D, 20-node solid element which has quadratic
displacement behaviour as is shown in Fig. 7. Every node has three degrees of
freedom: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. When the uniform reduced
integration is used, it is helpful to prevent volumetric mesh locking in nearly
incompressible cases.
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M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
With continuing to the structural analysis, the obtained temperature load data from
thermal analysis is given has the input by updating the boundary conditions. Finally
the total deformation of entire bearing modal and the maximum stress distribution at
the contact points are measured.
The modal which undergoes the steady-state thermal-stress analysis, results are
plotted shown in below figure 9. Here temperature distribution, total heat flux,
deformation of the bearing and maximum stress in the bearing with respect to
rotational velocity is shown.
Figure 9 Temperature Distrubtion, Total Heat Flux, Deformation and Equivalent Stress
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Thermal Stress Analysis of A Ball Bearing byy Finite Element Method
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M. Chandra Sekhar Reddy
8. CONCLUSION
A thermal model was developed to study the heat generation rate, temperature
distribution, deformation and thermal stress occurred in the bearing system at various
stages with rotational speed as parameter and preload applied to a feed system. The
thermal stress simulation was conducted, and it was observed from the simulation
that the temperature in the bearing increases with increase in heat generation
developed by bearing and also it was found that, at the rotational speed of 5000rpm,
the maximum temperature in inner ring is 41.90 C and temperature at outer ring is
40.750 C. The effects of bearing stiffness with respect to variable preload for different
bearing speeds have been studied and it has been concluded that the rotational speeds
have more effect on radial stiffness of the bearing which tends to decrease with
increase of speeds.
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