I I

ii

.., .., ..
.., .., ..

I I
I. i i i

i ..

-ii
" i"
2005
 i i. I. i i i
. . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . / .: " i",
2005. 257 .
ii ii i -
i . i i
ii i i i i:
i, ii, i i i, -
i , i, i i
, i ii , i ii
i i. i i i ii
.
i i i.

:
i- , ..i (
" ii i .)
i- , ..i (
i i , .)
i- , .. (
i i ii , .)

i- -
i i ii 13
2004 .
 3

i
5
1 . ii 7
1.1 ii . i i . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 i i i i . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 ii . i i. ii . . . . . . . 26
1.5 ii. i ii . . . . . . . . 34
2 ii 37
2.1 i ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 i i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 ii. e . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 iii. i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 i ii. i i . . . . . . . . 57
3 i. i i 59
3.1 i i i.
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 i i. i . . . . . . . 69
3.3 i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 i 83
4.1 i. . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3 i, i . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4 ii i. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.5 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.6 ii i i . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.8 i i i . . . . . . . . . 110
5 i 121
5.1 i . ii.
i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 I i . . . . 128
5.3 I i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4 I ii i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.5 I i . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.6 ii i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4 i

6 I i 141
6.1 i i. i ii.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2 i i . . . 149
6.3 i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7 i 165
7.1 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.2 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.3 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4 i i i. i . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.5 ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8 ii 186
8.1 ii ii i i . . . . 186
8.2 ii i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.3 i i . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.4 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.6 i i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9 i ii. I i 207
9.1 i ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.2 I i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
iii 229

i i 254
 5

i "i i"
i -
i ii i i
i. i i ii -
i i i [1, 2].
, i , i i
i i i,
i i .
i . . . i -
i i i- -
i i i ii ,
ii ii i. -, i i-
i i, i i i
i . -, ii i
i i , i-
, i . i , ii ii i
i i i, i i.
i i i -
i , i.
i i i , ii -
i i
i.
2,3 . -
ii, i i i,
i i [4, 5, 3]. , ii i i.
i , i i i,
i.
, i-
i. i
i i -
, i . . . , i
i .
i ii i i :
i 1 2 . . , i 3 . .
. . , i 4 . . , i 5 6 . . -
, i 7 8 . . , i 9 . . .
6

i
[1] .. i: i: -
. I. .: i, 1993. 320 .
[2] .. . -
. . ., " 2004. 560 .
[3] .. : . .,
" 1987. 408 .
[4] .. -
. ., " 1972. 544 .
[5] . .
... . I, II. ., " 1971.
[6] ., . . .,
" 1967. 252 .
 7

i 1
. ii
1.1 ii . i i
, , i
i, i, .
x, i, ,
i i A, i. x A, A x , x
i A, .
ii :
N i , Z i , Q i
, R i .
i i i ii :
1) (P Q " P Q " -
P, Q");
2) i i (P Q "P i
i, Q" " P Q i Q P ");
3) i ( x "i x" "i x");
4) ! i ( ! x "i x");
5) i ( x " i x" " x" "
- x");
def def
6) := i = i (x := y x = y "
x i y" " x i y").
i ii , -
, / " " i".
i i i i ii.
i , i i, " -
i i "i, ":" i "-
". , i
x, 0 < |x| < 1, y, |y| > 1 : xy = 1
: " x , 0 < |x| < 1, i y ,
|y| > 1, ii xy = 1".
, i
i, i i i -
i i , i . -
8 i 1. . ii

,
aR xR : x a
, i i ii .

a R x R : x < a.
i i , i ii
i a.
i i: A = {1, 2, 5},
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, . . .}, i i:
A = {x B | P (x)} x B,
i P (x) (, {x N | x > 5} i
, i i ).
x A : x B, A i
B. : A B B A.
, i ,
i . , i -
A i A.
A i B i, A B i B A. -
: A = B.
A i B ,
i i, i i i A, B. :
A B. ,
A B := {x | x A x B} .
A i B , i
i, i i A, B. : A B. ,
A B := {x | x A i x B} .
i A i B , i
i, i i A i i B. :
A \ B. ,
A \ B := {x | x A i x
/ B} .
i A i B , -
i i, i i i A B.
: AB. ,
AB := (A \ B) (B \ A).
X . A
, i i , i -
i A. : A. ,
A := {x X | x / A} = X \ A.
1.1. ii . i i 9

T ii i t T
At . i i i
{At | t T } :
At := {x | t T : x At } ,
tT
At := {x | t T : x At } .
tT

T = N i An
n=1

i An ii.
n=1
i a i b (a, b), i
, a , b . a = b :
(a, b) = (b, a).
A i B i -
. : A B. ,
A B := {(a, b) | a A, b B} .
i n- i (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) i
i A1 A2 . . . An . -
An := A A . . . A, n N.
| {z }
n i
( i)
i ii
A B = A B, A B = A B.
1. A, :
1) A = {x | n N : x = 2n} ;
2) x A n N : x = 2n.
1) x A, n N : x = 2n. , x
. , x ,
i 2n, n N, x A. A = {2, 4, 6, . . .}
i .
2) x A, n N : x = 2n, , x
. , A i i i .
, A i i i ( -
i), . , - i
i, , -
A = {2m}, m N, A = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . .}
i i.
2. i
a R x R : x2 2ax + 1 = 0?
10 i 1. . ii

x R : x2 2ax+1 = 0
: i (i x) x2 2ax + 1 = 0
. i, i ii i:
D = 4a2 4 0. , i i
i a R : D = 4a2 4 0. i,
a = 0 : D = 4 < 0, ii D 0 i
a R. i i.
3. i i :
" i A i i i , i 3,
i 5".
, x A i 3, ,
i x = 3n, n N. , x A i 5, ,
i x = 5m, m N. , i
: n N : x = 3n, m N : x = 5m x A.
I , , -
i 15k r, k N, r Z, 0 r 14. i
i, , i i,
r {3, 6, 9, 12}. , i ii: k N r {3, 6, 9, 12} :
15k r A.
4. A B , A{ B, A \ B, B \ A, A }
{ ii,
} A = x R | x2 4x + 3 < 0 ,
B = x R | x2 2x 0 .
i ii, A = (3, 1), B = [0, 2].
i : A B = (3, 2],
A B = [0, 1), A\B = (3, 0), B \ A = [1, 2], A = (, 3] [1, +).
5. m Z, n N Amn = [m n, m + n].
i :

Bm = Amn , Cm = Amn , m Z, C = Cm .
n=1 n=1 m=1

Bm = R, i x R n(x) N : x [m n(x), m + n(x)],

n(x) = [|m x|] + 1, |x m| [|m x|] + 1 = n(x).
[t] i i t.
Cm = [m 1, m + 1], i n N : [m 1, m + 1] Amn ,
[m 1, m + 1] Cm , i , x R \ [m 1, m + 1] : x
/ Cm ,
[m 1, m + 1] Cm .
C = [0, +), i m N : [m 1, m + 1] [0, +),
C [0, +), i x < 0 m 1 : x / [m 1, m + 1], C [0, +).
1.1. ii . i i 11

6. i A, B, C ii
(A B) \ C = (A \ C) (B \ C).
x (A B) \ C. i x A B i x / C. , x A x B;
ix / C. i : 1) x A, x A \ C. 2) x B,
x B \ C. x (A \ C) (B \ C). , ,
(A B) \ C (A \ C) (B \ C).
x (A\C)(B \C). i x (A\C) x (B \C). , x A
ix / C; x B i x / C. i x / C i x A B.
, x (A B) \ C. , , (A B) \ C (A \ C) (B \ C).
ii.
7. i A, B, C ii
(A B C) \ (C \ A) = A (B \ C).
i ii , -
i i i (. 1.13), i
(A B C) \ (C \ A) = (A B C) (C A) =
= (A B C) (C A) = ((A B C) C) ((A B C) A) =
= ((A C) (B C) (C C)) A = (B C) A = (B \ C) A.
1.1. i x,
1) a > 0 : x < a; 4) a < 0 : x < a;
2) a > 0 : x a; 5) a > 0 : x < a;
3) a 0 : x < a; 6) a < 0 : x > a?
1.2. A,
1) x A n N : x = 2n + 1;
2) A = {x | n N : x = 2n + 1} ;
m
3) x A m Z n N : x = ;
n
4) A = {x | y R, y 1 : 2x = y} ;
{ }
5) A = a | x R : x2 + 2ax + a = 0 ;
{ }
6) A = x | y R : x2 + y 2 = 1 ;
7) a A x R : 3a + 2ax x2 > 0;
8) a A b R x R : x2 + 2ax + b2 + 1 < 0.
1.3. A i R2
1) A = {(x, y) | |x| + |y| 1} ; 3) (x, y) A : x2 + y 1;
2) A = {(x, y) | |x y| = 2} ; 4) (x, y) A : max(x, y) 1.
1.4. ii i
12 i 1. . ii

1) a R x R : x2 + ax = 0;
2) a R x R : x2 + 2ax + a = 0;
3) n N p Q r Q : pr + p = n;
4) a R x R : x2 2ax + a > 0?
1.5. i i
1) " i A i i ";
2) " i A i i ".
1.6. A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A, A
ii
{ } { }
1) A = x R | x2 6x 7 < 0 , B = x R | x < x2 ;
2) A = {x R | 1 < |x 3| 2} , B = {x R | 2|x| < 3} ;
{ }
3) A = {x R | a R : a2 + 2ax + 1 > 0 },
B = x R | a R : a2 x + 2x + 2a 0 ;
{ } { }
4) A = x R | x2 + 6x + 8 < 0 , B = x R | x2 + 3x < 0 .
1.7. A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A, A
ii
{ }
1) A = {(x, y) R2 | x2 + y 2 1 , }
B = (x, y) R2 | 2|y 1| 1, x R ;
{ } { }
2) A = (x, y) R2 | xy 0 , B = (x, y) R2 | y x2 ;
{ } { }
3) A = (x, y) R2 | x = y , B = (x, y) R2 | |x| + |y| 1 ;
{ }
4) A = {(x, y) R2 | sin(x y) = 0 },
B = (x, y) R2 | cos(x + y) = 0 ;
{ } { }
5) A = (x, y) R2 | x2 + y 2 1 , B = (x, y) R2 | xy 0 .
1.8. Amn = (m, m + n), m Z, n N.

1) Bm = Amn , Cm = Amn , m Z;
n=1 n=1
0
2) Amn , Amn .
m= n=1 m Z n=1
1.9. Amn = {(x, y) R | m2 x2 + y 2 n2 } m, n N {0},
2

m < n.
n1 n1
1) Amn ; 3) Amn ; 5) Amn ;
m=0 m=0 n=m+1 n=1 m=0
n1 n1
2) Amn ; 4) Amn ; 6) Amn .
m=0 m=0 n=m+1 n=1 m=0
1.10. At At
tT tT
1.1. ii . i i 13

1) At = [t, t + 1], T = [0, +);

2) At = {x R | sin x = t}, T = [0, 1];
3) At = {(x, y) R2 | x2 + y 2 t2 }, T = [0, +);
4) At = {(x, y) R2 | y = tx2 }, T = (0, +).
1.11. At , At
tT tT
1) At = {(x, y) R2 | x = ty}, T = (0, );
2) At = {(x, y) R2 | x = ty}, T = [1, 1].
1.12.
1) A B, A B = A, A B = B;
2) A B = B, B A;
3) A B = B, A B.
1.13. i
1) A (B C) = (A B) (A C);
2) A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
1.14. ii
1) A \ C (A \ B) (B \ C);
( ) ( )

2) Ak \ Bk (Ak \ Bk ).
k=1 k=1 k=1
, i .
1.15.
1) (A C) (B D) (A B) (C D);
2) (B \ C) \ (B \ A) A \ C.
1.16. ii
1) (A \ B) \ C = (A \ C) \ (B \ C);
2) (A \ B) (B \ C) (C \ A) (A B C) = A B C.
1.17. A, B, C i .
1) ii A \ B = C , A = B C?
2) ii A = B C , A \ B = C?
1.18. i ii
1) A \ (B C) = (A \ B) \ C; 3) A (B \ C) = (A B) \ C?
2) A (B \ C) = (A B) \ C;
i, i i?
1.19. , i A, B, C
1) AB = (A B) \ (A B); 2) AA = ;
14 i 1. . ii

3) A = A; 5) AB (AC) (BC).
4) A(BC) = (AB)(AC);

1.20. AB = A. , B = .
1.21. (A B)C (AC) (BC).
, i .
1.22.

1) A (B (C D)); 2) (A B) (C D).

1.23. ii

1) A \ B = A B = A B; 3) A B (A B) = A B.
2) AB = A B (A B);

1.24. lim An ii {An : n 1}

n
i i, i i i
ii i .
ii i .
1.25. lim An ii {An : n 1}
n
i i, i ii -
i i ii. ii
i .
1.26. ii {An : n 1} ,

An lim An lim An An .
n=1 n n n=1
ii , i .

1.27. ii {An : n 1} -
,
n N : An An+1 ,
ii ,
n N : An+1 An .
, ii

lim An = lim An = An ,
n n n=1
ii

lim An = lim An = An .
n n n=1
1.2. i 15

1.2 i
X, Y i i . i ( i) f
X Y ,
x X iii y Y.
f
: f : X Y ; X x 7 y Y ; y = f (x), x X.
x X, y = f (x) x
ii f. X i-
f i D(f ).
R(f ) := {y Y | x X : f (x) = y} = {f (x)| x X}
i f.
i f1 : X1 Y1 i f2 : X2 Y2 ii i i, :
X1 = X2 = X i x X : f1 (x) = f2 (x). : f1 = f2 .
f : X Y i U X. i g : U Y,
g(x) = f (x), x U. i g i
f U, i f i g X.
f : X Y i A X, B Y. A i-
i f f (A) := {f (x) | x A} . B
ii f f 1 (B) := {x X | f (x) B} .
, f (A) Y, f 1 (B) X.
i i f : X Y G(f ) :=
:= {(x, y) X Y | x X, y = f (x)} , i X Y.
f : X Y, g : Y Z. i h : X Z, -
h(x) := g(f (x)), x X, i-
i i f i g.
: h = g(f ) h = g f.
i f : X Y i, f (X) = Y.
i f : X Y ii, {x1 , x2 } X,
x1 = x2 : f (x1 ) = f (x2 ). i f : X Y ii,
f ii i i. ,
f - iii i X i Y.
f : X Y ii. i y Y ! x X : f (x) = y.
f 1 (y) = x, y Y. i f 1 : Y X
i f.
1. i
f
R [0, +) (x, y) 7 (x3 , x2 y 2 ) R2
ii? i? ii?
16 i 1. . ii

i, i ii. f (x1 , y1 ) = f (x2 , y2 ),

(x31 , x21 y12 ) = (x32 , x22 y22 ). ii :
x31 = x32 , x21 y12 = x22 y22 . ii , x1 = x2 ,
i , y12 = y22 . i, , y1 , y2 [0, +),
y1 = y2 . , (x1 , y1 ) = (x2 , y2 ). f ii.
i, i i. (a, b) R2 -
i . i, i (x, y) R [0, +),
f (x, y) = (a, b). i : x3 = a, x2 y = b.
2 2

ii x = 3 a. y = x2 b = a 3 b.
2
b > a 3 i i i i. f i, ,
ii.
2. ,
f : X Y ii A, B X : f (A B) = f (A) f (B).
1) A, B X ii. y f (A B),
x A B : f (x) = y. x A i x B, y f (A) i y f (B).
i y f (A) f (B), f (A B) f (A) f (B). ,
ii i f .
y f (A) f (B), y f (A) i y f (B). x1 A :
f (x1 ) = y i x2 B : f (x2 ) = y. i f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), f ii,
x1 = x2 . x1 A B, y f (A B). , f (A) f (B)
f (A B). ii f (A B) = f (A) f (B) .
2) i i . A, B X :
f (A B) = f (A) f (B). , f ii, i
i x1 , x2 X, x1 = x2 , f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = y. -
A = {x1 }, B = {x2 }. i f (A) = f (B) = f (A) f (B) = {y},
f (A B) = f () = . i: = {y}. f ii.
1.28. i f (x) = x2 3x + 2, x R, ((
))
3
f ({0}), f ({1}), f ({1, 2}), f ((0, 1)), f 1, , f ((1, 2)),
2
1 1 1 1
f ({1}), f ({4, 3}), f ((5, 6]), f ((, 0]).
1
1.29. i f (x) = , x R \ {0},
|x|
f ({1}), f ({1, 1}), f ((2, 0)), f ([1, +)),
f 1 ({1}), f 1 ({1}), f 1 ((0, 1)), f 1 ((1, 1)).
1.30. i f (x) = 1 +({ sin x, x })
R,
((
])
3
f ({0, }), f , , , f 0, ,
6 4 2 2
1.2. i 17
(( ]) (( ))
1 1
f 1 ({0}), f 1 , 2 , f 1 , + .
2 2
1.31. i f : Z Z ii
f (n) = n(n + 1), n Z.

{1}, {2}, N, {. . . , 4, 3, 2, 1, 0}.
1.32. i i [1, 1] [1, 1] i? ii? ii?
1) x 7 x3 ; 3) x 7 2x1 ; x
5) x 7 .
1 + x2
2) x 7 x2 ; 4) x 7 2|x|1 ;
1.33. i i f : R2 R2
1) f : (x, y) 7 (y, x); 3) f : (x, y) 7 (x + 1, y + 1);
2) f : (x, y) 7 (x, 0); 4) f : (x, y) 7 (2x , 2y ).
i? ii? ii? i f . 2)
f 1 (A), A = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, y = 0}. i f . 4)
f 1 (A), A = {(x, y) | 0 x 1, y = 1}.
1.34. , ii ii .
1.35. f : X Y i A, B i X. ,
1) f (A B) f (A) f (B); 4) A f 1 (f (A));
2) f (A) \ f (B) f (A \ B); 5) A B f (A) f (B).
3) f (A B) = f (A) f (B);
1) 2) .
1.36. f : X Y i At , t T, i X. ,
1) f ( At ) = f (At ); 2) f ( At ) f (At ).
tT tT tT tT

1.37. f : X Y i A, B i Y. ,
1) f 1 (A B) = f 1 (A) f 1 (B);
2) f 1 (A B) = f 1 (A) f 1 (B);
3) f 1 (A \ B) = f 1 (A) \ f 1 (B);
4) A B f 1 (A) f 1 (B);
5) f (f 1 (A)) = A f (X).
1.38. f : X Y i At , t T, i Y. ,
1) f 1 ( At ) = f 1 (At ); 2) f 1 ( At ) = f 1 (At ).
tT tT tT tT

1.39. i f : X Y ,
18 i 1. . ii

1) f ii x X : f 1 (f ({x})) = {x};
2) f ii A X : f 1 (f (A)) = A;
3) f ii A, B X : f (A B) = f (A) f (B);
4) f ii A, B X : f (A \ B) = f (A) \ f (B).
1.40. i f : R2 R2 ii,
f (x, y) = (x + y, x y), (x, y) R2 ?
1.41. , i y = x2 , x [1, 1], . -
i i i
1) y = x2 , x [1, 0]; 2) y = x2 , x [0, 1].
1.42. , i y = sin x, x R, .
i i i [ ]

y = sin x, x + 2k, + 2k , k Z.
2 2
1.43. i i f = g(h),
1) g(x) = ex , h(x) = sin x, x R;

2) g(x) = x, h(x) = x2 , x R;

3) g(x) = x2 , h(x) = x, x 0;
4) g(x) = ln x, h(x) = 2x , x R.
1.44. i i i i i
1) f (x) = sin3 ex ; 2) f (x) = cos(3e2x 1).

1.3 i i i i
f
i R A R
A i x R, i
i i.
i f i B A
1) () , x1 , x2 B, x1 < x2 : f (x1 ) < f (x2 );
2) , x1 , x2 B, x1 < x2 : f (x1 ) f (x2 );
3) () , x1 , x2 B, x1 < x2 : f (x1 ) > f (x2 );
4) , x1 , x2 B, x1 < x2 : f (x1 ) f (x2 ).
i i f .
i f : A R , x A : x A i
f (x) = f (x). i f : A R , x A :
x A i f (x) = f (x).
1.3. i i i i 19

i f : A R i, T > 0 x A :
x + T A, x T A i f (x) = f (x T ) = f (x + T ).
T i i f.
i ii
i i i i
Oxy.
1) i i i i .
2) i i i .
3) i i, i i T > 0, i i
T i.
4) i i f 1 i i f i-
y = x.
5) i i f (x + a) i i f (x)
|a| i a > 0, a < 0.
6) i i f (x) + a i i f (x)
|a| a > 0, a < 0.
7) i i f (kx), k > 0, i i f (x)
"" k i i .
8) i i kf (x), k > 0, i i
f (x) "" k i i .
9) i i f (x) i i f (x) i i .
10) i i f i i f i i .
ii i
i i i, i (y = f (x), x A),
(x = f1 (t), y = f2 (t), t T ), (F (x, y) = 0, (x, y) A B R2 ).
i i i, -
. ( i)
i r i i i
i i i i- , i
i i i ( i
2n, n Z). .
i i ii i , -
i i i i ii
x = r cos , y = r sin,
x
arccos 2 + 2n, n Z, y 0,
x + y2
r = x2 + y 2 , =

arccos
x
+ 2n, n Z, y < 0.
x + y2
2
20 i 1. . ii

1. R i
1) f (x) = x4 x2 ; 2) f (x) = x + sin x; 3) f (x) = x3 x2 + x?
1) f (2) = 12 > 0 = f (0) i f (0) = 0 < 12 = f (2), i f
.
2) {x1 , x2 } R :
x2 x1 x1 + x2
f (x2 )f (x1 ) = x2 +sin x2 (x1 +sin x1 ) = x2 x1 +2 sin cos .
2 2
i i t
(0, 1) i ii , sin t t,
t R : | sin t| |t|,
ii i t = 0. x1 < x2
|x2 x1 |
f (x2 ) f (x1 ) > x2 x1 2 1 = 0.
2
, i f R.
3) i (, 0] i f , i
i: f (x) = x3 + (x2 ) + x. i [0, +)
i , i
(
) -
i: f (x) = (1 + x3 ) 1 1+x 1
. f R.
2. i i i

1) f (x) = 5 (x7 + 1)4 + 5 (x7 1)4 ; 2) f (x) = x4 + x5 .
1) i R i, i i x = 0.
i x R
f (x) = 5 (x7 + 1)4 + 5 (x7 1)4 = 5 (x7 1)4 + 5 (x7 + 1)4 = f (x).
i .
2) i R i, i i x = 0.
f (1) = 2, f (1) = 0. i f i , i .
1.45. i

1) y = cos x; 2) y = ctg x + arccos(2x ).
1.46. i
D(f ) = (1, 1) [2, 6].
1.47. , i ii x2 + 6x + 9 = x + 3.
1.48. i
1) y = lg(x2 4); 2) y = lg(x + 2) + lg(x 2).
1.49. i f ii (0, 1).
i
1) f (sin x); 2) f (lg x).
1.3. i i i i 21

1.50. i
sin x, 1 < x < 0,
f (x) =
1 + |x|, 0 x 2,

1, , , 0. f (3)?
4 2
1.51. i

x2 + x + 1, 1 x < 0,


f (x) = | sin x|, 0 x ,



x 1
, < x 5,
x+1
1
1, , 0, , 4.
2 4
1.52. , i R, -
i i i. i i.
1.53. , i R, i -
i . i i.
1.54. i
1 4) y = lg(x2 + 6x + 9) +
1) y = ;
|x| + x + x2 2x 8;
2) y = lg(4 5x); 5) y = lg(cos(lg x));
3) y = lg(x2 4x + 3); 6) y = arcsin(3x 4).
1.55. i f
D(f ) = (2n, 2n + 1).
nZ

1.56.
i
y = 2 + x x2 .

1.57. ii i i
f (x) = lg(x2 6x + 8), g(x) = lg(x 2) + lg(x 4)?
i?
1.58. i i i
1) y = xn , n Z; 5) y = cos x;
1
2) y = x n , n Z;
6) y = arccos x;
3) y = ax ; ( )
4) y = loga x; 7) y = tg x, x , ;
2 2
22 i 1. . ii

8) y = arctg x; 11) y = {x};

9) y = ctg x, x (0, );
10) y = arcctg x; 12) y = |x| x.
1.59. i f i i i, i g
i i i i. i i i
1) f g; 2) f 2 ; 3) f 4g; 4) g 2 .
1.60. i i i
1
1) y = x + arctg x; 2) y = .
x2 + 4x + 5
1.61. i i i? i? ( 4), 5) n i -
).
[ ]
1) y = 3 x2 + 2x4 , x R;
x , ;
x1 2 2
2) y = , x R \ {1}; 3
x + sin x
x+1 8) y = 2
, x [4, 4];
2
x +1 x + 1
3) y = 2 , x R \ {1, 1}; x4 + 4,
x 1 x 0,
4) y = x 2n+1
+ 3, x R; 9) y =
x4 4, x < 0;
5) y = x2n + 3, x R;
x2 + x 1 x3 + sin x, x 0,
6) y = 6
, x R; 10) y =
x +5 x3 sin x, x < 0.
7) y = cos x + sin4 x,
1.62. i ii

1) y = sin x + x tg x, 0 x < ;
2
2) y = x
lg x, x > 0;
x4 + 3x2 + 2x , 0 x < 1,
3) y =
x3 + |x| + lg x, 1 x < 2.
1.63. i ii

1) y = sin2 x +cos4 x, x > 0; x4 + 1, 0 x < 2,
2) y = lg(x + x2 + 1), x 0; 3) y =
x3 + 1, 2 x < 3.

1.64. i, i f i 0 D(f ). f (0).

1.65. , i i f : R R i
i.
1.3. i i i i 23

1.66. ii i i i
x 2x + 1
1) y = cos , x R; 4) y = sin , x R;
2 2
5) y = cos x, x R;
2) y = sin 3x, x R; ( )
x
6) y = 2 sin + 3 , x R;
2
3) y = tg 5x, 7) y = 2sin x , x R;
n
x = + , n N; 8) y = {2x}, x R.
10 5
1
1.67. , i y = sin , x = 0, y = cos x2 , x R,
x
i.
1.68. i
0, x < 0,
y=
sin x, 0 x < ,
i i i 2.
23 7 23
, , .
2 3 2
1.69. i f,
1) i i f ;
2) i f : A R i, T > 0 x A : x + T A i
f (x) = f (x + T ).
1.70. i i
y = n2 + 2n 1, n {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}.

1.71. i i
1) y = x3 + 1; 1x 1
3) y = ; 5) y = x + ;
1+x x
2) y = x2 x4 ; 2x
4) y = ; x
6) y = x .
1 + x2 10 x
1.72. i i
1 1 4
1) y = x 2 ; 3) y = x 3 ; 5) y = x 3 ;
3 2 3
2) y = x 2 ; 4) y = x 3 ; 6) y = x 4 .
1.73. i i
y = x, y = x3 , y = x5 , y = x2 , y = x4 , y = x6 ;
1 1 1 1
y = , y = 3, y = 2, y = 4.
x x x x
24 i 1. . ii

1.74. i i
1) y = (1 x2 )(2 + x); 1
5) y = ;
1 + x2
2) y = x(1 x)2 (1 + x)2 ; x
1 6) y = ;
3) y = x2 + ; 1 x2

x 7) y = x 2;
1 1
4) y = x + 2 ;
x 8) y = 100 x2 .
2
1.75. i i
( )x
1
y= , y = 2x , y = ex , y = 10x .
2
1.76. i i i
y = log0,5 x, y = log2 x, y = ln x, y = lg x.
1.77. i i y = lg(x) y = lg x.
1.78. i i
1) y = sin x2 ; 5) y = ln(cos x); 9) y = arccos(cos x);
(1) ( 1 )
2) y = sin ; 6) y = exp ; 10) y = arctg(tg x);
x( ) sin x
11) y = x + sin x;
3) y = x cos ; 7) y = arcsin(sin x);
x 12) y = x cos x.
x
4) y = e cos x; 8) y = arcsin(cos x);

1.79. i i
( )
1) y = exp(x2 ); 1
( ) 4) y = exp 2 ;
2) y = exp
1
; ( x )
2x
(x ) 5) y = exp
1 x2
.
1
3) y = exp 2 ;
x
1.80. i i
1) y = lg(1 + x2 ); 1
4) y = lg ;
2) y = lg(x 1)(x 2)2 (x 3)3 ; x2
1x 5) y = lg(1 + 10x ).
3) y = lg ;
1+x
1.81. i y = a sin x + b cos x y = A sin(x +
x0 ).
i i y = sin x + 3 cos x.
1.3. i i i i 25

1.82. i i
1) y = sin2 x; 6) y = lg tg x;
2) y = sin3 x; 1
7) y = ;
1 + arctg2 x
3) y = ctg2 x;
8) y = 2tg x ;
4) y = sin x sin 3x;
9) y = 2sin x ;
5) y = lg sin x;
10) y = lg2 x + 6 lg x.

1.83. i i i
2x 2x
1) y = , x (, 1]; 3) y = , x [1, +).
1 + x2 1 + x2
2x
2) y = , x [1, 1];
1 + x2
1.84. i i i
1) y = 2x x2 , x [1, +); 2) y = 2x x2 , x (, 1].
2x
1.85. i i i | sin x| = ?
201
1.86. i i i x 3|x|+2 = a i i
2

a?
1.87. i i
x+1 3) x = cos x;
1) sin x = ;
4
2) lg x = 4 x2 ; 4) x2 = ex + 2.
1.88. i, i
1) x = 1 t, y = 1 t2 ;
1 1
2) x = t + , y = t + 2 ;
t t
3) x = 10 cos t, y = sin t (i);
4) x = 2(t sin t), y = 2(1 cos t) ();
5) x = 2 sin t sin 2t, y = 2 cos t cos 2t (i);
6) x = 21 (et + et ), y = 12 (et et );
7) x = 5 cos2 t, y = 3 sin2 t.
i. i sh t = 12 (et et ), ch t = 12 (et + et ), t R,
ii ii ii .
1.89. i i , -
ii

1) x2 + y 2 4y = 0;
26 i 1. . ii

2 2
2) x 3 + y 3 = 4 (); 9) x3 3xy + y 3 = 0

3) x + y = 1; (i );
4) x3 + y 3 = 1; 10) (x2 + y 2 )2 = 4(x2 y 2 )

100
5) x + 100 y = 1; (i i);

6) 101
x + 101 y = 1; 11) (x2 + y 2 + a2 )2 4a2 x2 = c4 ,
7) x100 + y 100 = 1; a > 0, c > 0 ( ii);
8) x101 + y 101 = 1;
i. ii i , i-
i (a, 0) i (a, 0) i c2 .
1.90. i i i i
1) r = (i i); 7) r = 10 sin 3
2) r = e (
);
(i i); 8) r = 6 cos 2

3) r = 2 2 ; (i i);
1
4) r = , > 0 9) r = ;
sin
(ii i); 1
10) r = ;
5) r = , 0 < +; sin 2
+1 1
6) r = 2(1 + cos ) (i); 11) r = (i).
4 cos2
1.91. , i i, i-
i r = sin , [0, ], .

1.4 ii . i i. ii
i i i i
a = 0 , 1 2 . . . n . . . , 0 N {0}, n , n 1 i 0 9.
i , n 0 : n > 0. i-
i i "" .
i ii ,
i i i { i
}
m n, Q = m n | m Z, n N . Ii-
i ii , i i.
i ii , i
9 ii. i i R.
ii ii a = 0 , 1 2 . . . i b = 0 , 1 2 . . .
i n = n , n 0. a < b, n 0 :
k = k , 0 k < n i n < n . a b, a < b a = b.
1.4. ii . i i. ii 27

ii i , i
i .
a = 0 , 1 2 . . . n . . . an := 0 , 1 2 . . . n i

an := 0 , 1 2 . . . (n + 1), n 0 ( n = 9,
i ). i n-
a i ii.
A R, A = .
b A i A,
a A : a b. b A
A, a A : a b.
A , c R x A :
x c. c A.
A , d R x A : x d.
d A.
c R A,
1) c A;
2) i d A : c d.
c R A,
1) c A;
2) i d A : c d.
: c = sup A = sup x; c = inf A = inf x.
xA xA
( i ). c = sup A i
i i, i
1) x A : x c ; 2) d < c x A : x > d.
c = inf A i i i, i
1) x A : x c ; 2) d > c x A : x < d.
A sup A :=
:= +, inf A := .
i i i
( )
1) a + b := sup(an + bn ); 3)
a
:= sup
an
;
n0

b n0 bn
2) a b := sup(an bn ); 4) a b := sup(a b ), a > b.
n0 n n
n0

i i ,
i .
28 i 1. . ii

n- (n N) a -
1
x , xn = a. : x = n a = a n .
1
a > 0, r = m n , m, n N : ar := (am ) n . a > 1, b > 0 :

ab := sup abn . i a > 0 i b R i
n0
, i .
ii , i
i i ii. i ii , i ,
.
A i B ii ( i), i
ii f : A B. : A B.
, i i {1, 2, . . . , n} n N, -
i. i A {1, 2, . . . , n} ii
i n |A|.
, i i, i.
A i, A N.
, A , ii
A N. , i i, i,
i i.
i i
1) i i i i.
2) i i i i.
3) i i i i .
4) i, i i i i, i i
i, i i .
5) i i i .
, i ii [0, 1], -
i .
i i.
i i i A i A
2A .
{ 1. i
} i
{ i i }
1n p
1) A = an = | n 1 ; 2) A = | p, q N, 3 < 2p < q .
2n + 3 q
1) a1 = 0, an < 0, n 1. , a1 = max A =
= sup A i A . i , an = 21 + 2(2n+3) 5
>
> 2 , n 1. , A . i,
1
1.4. ii . i i. ii 29

12 . i ,
d > 21 n N : an < d. ii i i: 2(2n+3)
5
<
( )
< d + 21 . ii i n : n > 12 2d+1 5
3 .
[ ]
ii , , n = 21 2d+1 5
+ 1.
, inf A = 12 .
2) i 3 < 2p < q , pq < 12 , i p, q N,
p 2 i pq > 0. , 0 A, 12 .
i , A . , i i
.
, c < 12 x A : x c. i (c, 12 )
i pq , p = 1. i
A, i . , sup A = 21 .
, c > 0 x A : x c. i (0, c) -
i pq . i 2p 2q , i
2 i i A, i
. , inf A = 0.
2. , i f : A (0, +),
g : A (0, +) {f (x) | x A} , {g(x) | x A} i. -
ii
inf (f (x)g(x)) inf f (x) inf g(x).
xA xA xA
i y A : f (y) inf f (x) i g(y) inf g(x), ,
xA xA
ii i,
f (y)g(y) inf f (x) inf g(x).
xA xA
ii {f (y)g(y) | y A} ,
i.

3. , 3 4 ii .
, : 3 4 = pq , p, q N, p i q
3
i. i pq3 = 4 i p3 = 4q 3 . i , p i
2, p = 2a, a N. i 8a3 = 4q 3 , i q 3 = 2a3 . i ,
q i 2, i i p i q.
.
4. , i i -
, a > 0 ii 2a a = a.
2a = sup(2n an ) = sup(2an ). i ,
n0 n0
30 i 1. . ii

2an 2a 2an , n 0,
2an = (2an )n (2a)n (2an )n = 2an , n 0.
ii k N : 2a a = sup((2a)n an )
nk
sup(2an an ) = ak , 2a a inf ak = a. i , 2a a =
nk k0
= sup((2a)n an ) sup(2an an ) sup an = a.
n0 n0 n0
i ii.
5. , [0, 1) i .
, ii i ii [0, 1]. i-
i f : [0, 1) [0, 1] i f ( n1 ) = n1
1
, n 2, i
{1 }
f (x) = x, x [0, 1) \ n | n 2 .
6. ii B ii
ii [0, 1].
i ii A i, i-
i i i . ,
B i, A B i. -
i ii [0, 1], i .
i i.
1.92. i i
{ n } { n }
1 1
1) A = | nN ; 4) A = | nN ;
2k k!
{ n
k=0 } { n
k=1 }
1 k
2) A = |nN ; 5) A = |n0 ;
k(k + 1) 2k
{ n
k=1 } { n
k=0 }
1 2k
3) A = | nN ; 6) A = |n1 .
k2 k!
k=1 k=1

1.93. , { i }
1 1
A = 1 + + ... + | nN .
2 n
.
1.94. i i , i i -
, i i? i i .
p
1) i r = , 0 < q < p.
q
p
2) i r = , q < p < 0 < q.
q
1.4. ii . i i. ii 31

3) [2, 7] (R \ Q).
4) i 2n -i, i R.
5) 2n -i, i R.

6) 2.

7) 2.
1.95. i i .
i i
{ } { }
n3 n3
1) 3
| n N ; 2) | n N ;
{ 2n + 1 } n4 + 1
1 n2
3) 2
, | nN ;
n +1 n+1
{ }
(1)n 1 n
4) ((1)n + 1)n2 + cos | nN .
n 2
1.96.
mn m
1) inf sup ; 4) inf sup ;
nNmN m + n nNmN m +n
mn 5) sup inf (x2 2nx);
2) sup inf ; nNxR
mNnN m + n 1
m 6) sup inf .
3) sup inf ; n N x R n + 2 + arctg x
mNnN m + n

1.97. i i i
{ } { }
n+1 n
1) | nN ; 3) | nN ;
n 2n + 1
{ } { }
n n n
2) (2 + (1)n ) | n N ; 4) 1 + cos | nN .
n+3 n+1 2
1.98. , {i i } i
p
A= | p, q N, 0 < p < q
q
i , i i i. i
i i .
1.99. i i A B i -
ii
sup(A B) = max{sup A, sup B}; inf(A B) = min{inf A, inf B}.

1.100. A , inf A = 0, sup A = 1,

A = [0, 1].
32 i 1. . ii

1.101. inf A = sup A?

1.102. A i B i i i R i
C = {x + y | x A, y B}.
, sup C = sup A + sup B.
1.103. ii i i i i -
A R, B R,
1) B = {x | x A}; 4) B = {x2 | x A};
2) B = {x + a | x A}, a R; 5) B = {x3 | x A}?
3) B = {ax | x A}, a R;
1.104. , i f : A R, g : A R
{f (x) | x A}, {g(x) | x A} i. ii
inf (f (x) + g(x)) inf f (x) + inf g(x);
xA xA xA
sup (f (x) + g(x)) sup f (x) + sup g(x).
xA xA xA
1.105. i ii i i ii-
, i i?
1.106. i i ii i i ii-
, i?
1.107. i i , i
9 i 0, 9.
1.108. i i , i
8 i 9 0, 9.
1.109. , 3 ii.
1+ 5
1.110. , .
2
1.111. , i
.
1.112. , i i r,
1) r2 = 5; 2) r3 = 7; 3) r2 + 3r + 1 = 0; 4) r3 7r + 1 = 0.
1.113. ii AB i C , AB AC = BC 2 (
AC
i). , i AB ii.
1.114. ii , i i.
1.115. ii , i.
1.116. ,
/ Q, + Q. , , + 2 / Q.
1.117. , R \ Q, r Q. i
i
1) + ; 2) + r; 3) ; 4) r; 5) ; 6) r;

7) + r; 8) + ; 9) + r; 10) r + ?
1.4. ii . i i. ii 33

1.118. , , i
0, 1000000001000000 . . . (i , , , -
i .. ii, ii i) ii.
1.119. , i 0, 12345678910111213
. . . ii.
1.120. i 2 i
0, 1; 0, 01; 0, 001 i i i 2 i -
. .
m m + 2n
1.121. , 2,
n m+n
i i i.
i 2,
11 . i i.
1.122. a > 0.
1) > 0 n 0 : 0 a an < ;
2) > 0 n 0 : 0 an a < .
1.123. , i a > 0 ii
sup an = a = inf an .
n0 n0

1.124. A i i
1) A = {x
{ R | x = 2, 133 . . . n . . . ; n {0, 1,[. . .], 9}, n }3};
n
2) A = x R | x = 0, 1 2 . . . n . . . ; n n 3 , n1 .
3
1.125. i a i b ii
1) a + b = b + a; 4) a(b + c) = ab + ac;
2) ab = ba; 5) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c;
3) a + a = 2a; 6) a(bc) = (ab)c.
1.126. ,
1 1 1 1
a n a m = a n + m , a > 0, m N, n N.
1.127. i A i B ii:
1) |A B| = |A| |B|; 3) |A B| = |A| + |B| |A B|;
2) |A \ B| = |A| |A B|; 4) |2A | = 2|A| .
1.128. , i i
1) i ii (a, b) i i;
2) i i i ii , ii
i .
1.129. , i i i ii
34 i 1. . ii

1) ii i, i ;
2) M i , i ii
n
xj , n N, xj M, i i A.
j=1
1.130. N i i
i i , .
( )

1.131. ii i i , i
2 2
i R.
1.132. ii i ii [0, 1] i (0, 1).
1.133. A i i x A. , A {x} A.
1.134. A i , B i . ,
A B A.
1.135. ii i ii [0, 1] ii [a, b], a < b.
1.136 . , [0, 1) i 2N ii.
1.137 . , [0, 1] i [0, 1]2 ii.
1.138 . , R Rn , n N, ii.
1.139. , i
i .
1.140 . , A i 2A ii.

1.5 ii. i ii
ii. ,
i n0 i n i
n + 1, i i i , n0 .
i ii ii.
ii i . i n N i i
{a1 , a2 , . . . , an , b1 , b2 , . . . , bn }
( n )2

n
n
ak bk a2k b2k ,
k=1 k=1 k=1
ii i i i i, R R,
|| + || = 0, k {1, 2, . . . , n} : ak = bk .
i i a1 , a2 , . . . , an
a1 + . . . + an
An := .
n
i i i a1 , a2 , . . . , an -

Gn := n a1 a2 . . . an .
1.5. ii. i ii 35

i i i a1 , a2 , . . . , an -
n
Hn := 1 1 1 .
a1 + a2 + . . . + an
ii i. - {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } [0, +) -
ii
a1 + . . . + an
n
a1 a2 . . . an ,
n
ii i i i i, a1 = a2 = . . . = an .
n(n + 1)
1. , n N : 1 + 2 + . . . + n = .
2
n = 1 ii 1 = 2 ( ii). ii
12

n = k. n = k + 1 ( ii).
1 + 2 + . . . + n + (n + 1) = n(n+1)
2 + (n + 1) = (n+1)(n+2)
2 . ,
ii, ii i i n.
2. , n 1 6n1 + 72n+1 i 43.
n = 1 1 + 73 = 344 = 8 43 ( ii).
n = k. n = k + 1 (
ii). 6k + 72k+3 = 49(6k1 + 72k+1 ) 43 6k1 .
i i 43, .
ii i i n.
1.141. i i a1 , a2 , . . . , an ii
1) |a1 + a2 | |a1 | + |a2 |;
2) |a1 a2 | ||a1 | |a2 ||;

3) | a21 + a22 a21 + a23 | |a2 a3 |;
4) |a1 + a2 + . . . + an | |a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |an |.
1.142. ii , i -
n i ii
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1) 12 + 22 + . . . + n2 = ;
6
n2 (n + 1)2
2) 13 + 23 + . . . + n3 = ;
4
2 3
3) 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 n1
= 2n 1.
1.143. , ak R, k = 1, . . . , n, n N :
n
n1 n
(a1 + a2 + . . . + an )2 = a2k + 2 ak am .
k=1 k=1 m=k+1

1.144. , Hn Gn , n 1.
36 i 1. . ii

1.145. i a1 , a2 , . . . , an
1 2
Kn = (a + a22 + . . . + a2n ).
n 1
, Kn An .
1.146. i n ii i
(1 + x1 )(1 + x2 ) . . . (1 + xn ) 1 + x1 + x2 + . . . + xn ,
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , ii 1.
ii i x1 = x2 = . . . = xn = x i ,
i ii.
1.147. ii
1 1 3 2n 1 1
1) n N : < . . . < ;
2 n 2 4 2n 2n + 1
1 1 1
2) n 2 : 1 + + + . . . + > n;
2 3 n
3) n 3 : n n+1
> (n + 1) ; n
 ( n )
  n
4) n N : sin  xk  sin xk , xk [0, ], k = 1, . . . , n;
k=1 k=1
5) n N : (n + 1)((2n)!) < 22n (n!)2 .
1.148. ii
n n
1
1) ak n2 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an > 0;
k=1 a
k=1 k

n n n
2) ak < n a2k n ak , a1 , a2 , . . . , an > 0;
k=1 k=1 k=1
1.149. a1 = 2, a2 = 3, an = 3an1 2an2 n 3. ,
n N : an = 1 + 2n1 .
1.150. a1 = 1, a2 = 2, an = an1 + an2 n 3. ,
n N : an < (1, 75)n .
1.151. , i i a, b i ii
1 1
min(a, b) = (a + b |a b|); max(a, b) = (a + b + |a b|).
2 2
 37

i 2
ii

2.1 i ii
ii i a : N R.
: {an : n 1} .
p R ii {an : n 1} ,
> 0 N R n N : |an p| < .
, ii {an : n 1} i p i
: p := lim an an p, n .
n
ii {an : n 1} i +,
C N R n N : an > C.
ii {an : n 1} i ,
C N R n N : an < C.
ii {an : n 1} i ,
C > 0 N R n N : |an | > C.
ii {an : n 1} ,
C > 0 n N : |an | C.
. i i ii .
1. i ii ii:
3n2 n 3 n!
1) lim = ; 2) lim n = 0.
n 7n2 2
 2   7  n n
 3n n 3   7n + 6  7n 6 7n 1
1) i  2 
=   = < = ,
2 7 7(7n 2)
2  7(7n 2)
2 7 5n 2
 7n 5n
 3n2 n 3 
ii  2  < n N,
7n 2 7
1
< (, , i i ).
5n
1 1
ii i n, n > . N = N () := + 1.
5 5
1
i n N ii n > , i ii
 2  5
 3n n 3 
 
 7n2 2 7  < .
n! 1 2 n 1 1
2) = . . . < < i n > ,
nn n n n n
38 i 2. ii

1
n N, N = + 1.

2. an 0, n 1, i an a, n . ,
i k N

k
an k a, n . (2.1)
i i , i i k N i ii
 
k
 k  k | |.
, i,
i ,
( )k
| | + k | | + k ,
i i ii i i .
i an a, n , i ii
> 0 N = N () n N : |an a| < k .
i i  
n N :  k an k a k |an a| < ,
.
3.
> 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ?
k N n > k : "i i
n N i, ". , i > 0, i
i n N i, an ii i a i,
i . , an a, lim an = a.
n
, lim an = a,
n
i ii i i
i i i i ii .
2.1. i ii ii
n 1
1) lim = 1; 5) lim = 0;
n n + 1 n n!
2n + 3 1 6) lim 0, 999n = 0;
2) lim = ; n
n 4n + 5 2
5n + 6 2n
3) lim = 5; 7) lim 3 = 0;
n n + 1 n n
+1
(1)n+1 8) lim 2 n = 0.
4) lim = 0; n
n n
1),2),4)
2.1. i ii 39

0, 1 0, 01 0, 001 0, 0001
N ()
1 1 1
2.2. i ii 1, , 1, , 1, , . . .?
2 3 4
2.3. i

1) lim ( n + 1 n);
n
3 2
n cos n!
2) lim ;
n n+1
10000n
3) lim 3 ;
n n + 1
(1 2 3 n 1)
4) lim + + + . . . + ;
n n2 n2 n2 n2
( 1 2 3 2n 1 2n )
5) lim + ... + ;
n 2n 2n 2n 2n 2n
( 1 1 1 )
6) lim + + ... + ;
n 1 2 23 n(n + 1)
( 12 22 (n 1)2 )
7) lim + + . . . + ;
n n3 n3 n3
( 12 32 (2n 1)2 )
8) lim 3
+ 3 + ... + ;
n n n n3
(1 3 5 2n 1 )
9) lim + 2 + 3 + ... + .
n 2 2 2 2n
2.4. ii
1 6) lim nq n = 0, |q| < 1;
1) lim = 0, > 0; n
n n
n 7) lim n a = 1, a > 0;
2) lim n = 0; n
n 2
nk 8) lim n n = 1;
n
3) lim n = 0, k R, 1
n a
|a| > 1; 9) lim n
= 0;
n n!
n
2 n
4) lim = 0; 10) lim n = 0.
n n! n 2
loga n
5) lim = 0;
n n
2.5. ii i n, -

1) 100(n + 2) 2) 2n n1000 ; 3) 1000n n! ?
0, 01n2 ;
40 i 2. ii

2.6. ii {an : n 1} , ii
{bn : n 1} i . , ii {an bn : n 1}
i .
2.7. a > 0. , lim an = a = lim an .
n n
2.8. {an : n 1} R \ {0}. , |an | + n
1
i i i, 0 n .
an
2.9. ii {an : n 1} +. ,
i .
2.10. , i ii i .
2.11. i i i ii, i
1) > 0 i R;
2) > 0 i > 0;
3) N N i N R;
4) N N i N N;
5) N N n > N : |an a| < i N N : |aN a| < ;
6) |an a| < i |an a| ?
2.12. a R, {an : n 1} ii i . -

1) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
2) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
3) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ;
4) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ;
5) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ;
6) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
7) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ?
2.13. a R, {an : n 1} ii i . ,
i ii {an : n 1}
1) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ;
2) > 0 k N n > k : |an | > .
2.14. a R, {an : n 1} ii i . ,

1) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
2) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
3) > 0 n N : |an a| < ;
4) > 0 n N : |an | <
2.2. i i i 41

i ii {an : n 1} .
2.15. ii {an : n 0} , an+1 an 0.
ii i? iii .

2.2 i i i
i i i
1) i ii .
2) an a, n , i b > a, N N n N : an < b.
3) an a, n , bn b, n , i n 1 : an bn . i
a b.
4) ii. an a, n ; cn a,
n , i n 1 : an bn cn . i bn a, n .
5) i i. an a, n ; bn b,
n . i c R : can ca, an +bn a+b, an bn ab, n .
a a
b = 0, n , n .
bn b
i ii.
{cnk : 1 k n, n 1}
1) k N : cnk 0, n ;

n
2) cnk 1, n ;
k=1
n
3) C > 0 n 1 : |cnk | C.
i
{ i k=1
i
} ii {an : n 1} ii

n
bn = cnk ak : n 1 i i lim bn = lim an .
k=1 n n
. ii {xn : n 1} i {yn : n 1} -

1) n 1 : yn < yn+1 ;
2) yn +, n ;
x xn1
3) i lim n = a, a R {, +}.
n yn yn1
x
i lim n = a.
n yn
1. i

2n2 ln n + 2n 3) lim n 3n + n + 1;
1) lim n+1 ; n
n 2
n + sin n 12 + 22 + . . . + n2
2) lim ( n2 + n n2 + 3n); 4) lim .
n n (n + 1)3
42 i 2. ii

1) i i i i
2n+1 , i i i
i i i
2
2n 2n+1 + 2 0 0 + 12
n ln n 1
2n2 ln n + 2n 1
lim = lim = = .
n 2n+1 n + sin n n 1 2n+1 + 2n+1
n sin n 10+0 2
2) i i. -
i . 1), ii (2.1):
(n2 + n) (n2 + 3n)
lim ( n2 + n n2 + 3n) = lim =
n n n2 + n + n2 + 3n
2n 2
= lim = lim =
n 2 2
n + n + n + 3n n
1+ 1 + 1+ 3
n n
2
= = 1.
1+0+ 1+0
3) i

n 1 : 3 < n 3n + n + 1 < 3 3,
n

i lim n 3 3 = 3, ii
n
i 3.
4) , i i -
, ii i i.
1 i. i i , .1):
12 + 22 + . . . + n2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
lim 3
= lim =
n (n + 1) n 6(n + 1)3
2n2 + n 2 + n1 2+0 1
= lim 2
= lim 12 6 = = .
n 6n + 12n + 6 n 6 + 6+0+0 3
n + n2
2 i. . i i
xn = 12 + 22 + . . . + n2 i yn = (n + 1)3
xn+1 xn n2 n2
lim = lim = lim =
n yn+1 yn n (n + 1)3 n3 n 3n2 + 3n + 1
1 1 1
= lim = = ,
n 3 + 3 + 12 3 + 0 + 0 3
n n

xn 12 + 22 + . . . + n2 1
lim = lim 3
= .
n yn n (n + 1) 3
2.16. i
2.2. i i i 43

1 + a + a2 + . . . + an
1) lim , |a| < 1, |b| < 1;
n 1 + b + b2 + . . . + bn
a0 nr + a1 nr1 + . . . + ar
2) lim , r, s N;
n b0 ns + b1 ns1 + . . . + bs
ai , bj R, 0 i s, 0 j r, a0 b0 = 0.
2.17. i
(n + 1)13 + (n + 2)11 n3 + 2n + cos n
1) lim ; 8) lim ;
n (n + 3)13 + 1 n 2n+1 + sin n2

1 n n3 n2 + n sin n + n
2) lim ; 9) lim ;
n (3n + 1)3 n (n + lg n)2
n2 + n + 1 an3 + n2 + 3n + 1
3) lim ; 10) lim ,
n (n 1)2
n bn3 + 2n2 + 7
a, b R;
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 3n 3n2 + 2
4) lim ; 11) lim 2 ;
n n4 + n2 + 1 n 2n + 1 4n + 1
n + lg n + 2n (1)n n
5) lim 2 ; 12) lim ;
n n + lg n 2n n 2n 1 n2 + n + 1
n

n
3 2
2 +3 +n+1 n +n
6) lim ; 13) lim ;
n 2n+1 + 5 n + 7 n n + 2

(2)n + 3n n+1
7) lim ; 14) lim .
n (2)n+1 + 3n+1 n n+2
2.18. i
( n )
3 + 2n+1 + n 3n + 2n
1) lim ;
n 2n + 1 2n + 2n + 1
( )
3 2
n +3 n n+53n+1
2) lim 3
;
n n+1 n+1

n2 + 1 + n
3) lim ;
n 4 n3 + n n

5
2n + 1 5 n + 1
4) lim 5
;
n n
( )
1 + 2 + ... + n n
5) lim ;
n n+2 2
|1 2 + 3 4 + . . . 2n|
6) lim .
n n2 + 1
2.19. i
44 i 2. ii

2n n+1
1) lim 21
cos ;
2n
n
( 2n 1 )
2n n1 n n(1)n
2) lim sin + .
n 2n2 + 1 2n + 1 2n 1 n2 + 1
2.20.
i
1) lim ( n2 + n + 1 n2 1);
n

2) lim n( n4 + n + 1 n4 + 1);
n

3) lim n2 + 2n + 2 n2 2n + 3;
n
( )
4) lim n + n2 + 1 n n2 1 ;
n

n2 + 1 + n
5) lim ;
n 3 n3 + n n
( )
(n + 1)2 n2 + 1 ;
3 3 3
6) lim n
n
( )
4
7) lim n3 4 n + a n + b , a > 0, b > 0;
4
n

8) lim ( n2 + 1 an), a R;
n

n2 n3 + n;
3
9) lim
n
k
10) lim ( 1k + 2k + . . . + nk n), k N.
n
2.21. i
1) lim (2n n6 ); 2) lim (lg n n).
n n
2.22. i

n2
1) lim n 2n + 5n ; 6) lim 1! + 2! + . . . + n!;
n n
2) lim n n3 + n + 1; 7) lim
n
n(1)n ;
n
n n
3) lim 2 n + 1; 8) lim
n
1k + 2k + . . . + nk ,
n

2 n
4) lim n n;
n
k N.
5) lim n logn2 2;
n

2.23.
(( i
)2 ( )2 ( )2 )
1 1 2 n1
1) lim a+ + a+ + ... + a + ,
n n n n n
a R;
2.2. i i i 45
( )
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2 n
2) lim ;
n n2 3
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + (2n 1)2
3) lim ;
n n3
1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + . . . + n(n + 1)
4) lim ;
n
( n3 )
1 1 1
5) lim + + ... + .
n n2 + 1 n2 + 2 n2 + n
2.24. i
an an
1) lim n
, a 0; 2) lim , a = 1.
n 1 + a n 1 + an

2.25. i i a, b
an an an
1) lim ; 3) lim ;
n 1 + a2n n an + an
n
a an + 3bn
2) lim 4) lim ; .
n (1 + a)(1 + a ) . . . (1 +
2 n
a ) 5an + 7bn
n

2.26. an 0, n ; an 0, n 1; bn +, n .
i ii {an bn : n 1}? i?
2.27. ii {an : n 1} i {bn : n 1} i.
ii i {an + bn : n 1}
{an bn : n 1}? iii .
2.28. ii {an : n 1} i, ii {bn : n 1}
i i . ii {an bn : n 1} i-
? i ii {an + bn : n 1}?
2.29. lim an = 0. , i i-
n
i {bn : n 1} i ii an bn 0 n ?
iii .
2.30. an bn 0 n . , i
i {an : n 1}, {bn : n 1} i ?

2.31. ii i {an : n 1} . -
, ii i
1
An = (a1 + a2 + . . . + an ), n 1
n
i lim An = lim an . , i
n n
, i. ii .
46 i 2. ii

2.32. ii {an : n 1} (0, +) . ,

ii i

Gn = n a1 a2 . . . an , n 1
i lim Gn = lim an .
n n
2.33. ii {an : n 1} (0, +) i
an+1
lim . , ii { n an : n 1} i i
n an
an+1
lim n an = lim .
n n an

n
2.34. lim n .
n n!
2.35.
( )
1 (k + 1)! (k + n)!
lim k! + + ... + , k N.
n nk+1 1! n!
2.36. lim an = a R, lim bn = b R. i -
n n

1
lim (an b1 + an1 b2 + . . . + a1 bn ).
n n

2.37. lim an = a R, q R, |q| < 1. i

n

lim (a1 q n1 + a2 q n2 + . . . + an1 q + an ).

n

2.38. ii {an : n 1} , lim (an+1 an ) = a R.

n
an
lim .
n n
2.39. i
n2 lg n
1) lim n , a > 1; 2) lim .
n a n n

2.40. i

1 + 2 + ... + n 13 + 23 + . . . + (2n)3 + (2n + 1)3
1) lim ; 2) lim .
n n n n n4
2.41. i
1 a + 2 a2 + . . . + n an
1) lim , a > 1;
n n an+1
( )k
1 1 1
2) lim 1 + + ... + , k N.
n nk 2 n
2.3. ii. e 47

2.42. k . ,
1k + 2k + . . . + nk 1
1) lim k+1
= ;
n
( k n k + 1 )
1 + 2k + . . . + nk n 1
2) lim = ;
n nk k+1 2
1 + 3 + . . . + (2n 1)
k k k
2k
3) lim = .
n nk+1 k+1

2.3 ii. e
ii {an : n 1}
1) , n 1 : an < an+1 ;
2) , n 1 : an an+1 ;
3) , n 1 : an > an+1 ;
4) , n 1 : an an+1 .
i 1) 4) ii {an : n 1}
.
. ii i.
( )n ( )n+1
1. an = 1 + n1 , bn = 1 + n1 , n 1. ,
1) n 1 : an < bn ; 2) n 1 : an < an+1 ; 3) n 1 : bn+1 < bn ;
4) ii {an : n 1} i {bn : n 1} i (
i e; i, e ii i i
e = 2, 718281828459045 . . .).
1) i.
2) ii i, n > 1 :
( 2 )n ( )
an (n + 1)n (n 1)n1 n n 1 n 1
= = > 1 = 1.
an1 n2n1 n1 n2 n1 n
3) ii i, n > 1 :
( )n+1
bn1 n2n+1 n1 n2
= = >
bn (n + 1)n+1 (n 1)n n n2 1
( )
n1 1
> 1+ = 1.
n n1
4) i ii {an : n 1} i :
a1 an bn b1 , n 1, e.
bn = an + n1 an e + 0 = e, n .
1 1 1
+ + . . . +
2. lim 2 ln 2 3 ln 3 n ln n
.
n ln ln(n + 1)
48 i 2. ii

i
1
n ln n 1
lim = lim =
n ln ln(n + 1) ln ln n n n ln n ln ln(n+1)
ln n
1 1
= lim ln(n+1)ln n
= lim =
n n ln n ln(1 + ln n ) n n ln n ln(n+1)ln
ln n
n

1 1
= lim = lim = 1,
n n ln n+1 n ln(1 + 1 )n
n n
:
1
+ 1 + . . . + n ln
1
lim 2 ln 2 3 ln 3 n
= 1.
n ln ln(n + 1)

3. x1 = 32 , xn+1 = 3xn 2, n 1. -
ii ii i
ii lim xn .
n
, i i i n N.
ii , xn 23 , n 1.
n = 1 i. , xk 32 . i xk+1 = 3xk 2

92 2 = 10 4 > 9 3
4 = 2 . ii .
i ii {xn : n 1}. i-
i xn xn+1 , n 1. i xn 3xn 2.
i i , i ii :
x2n 3xn 2. i ii xn [1, 2]. i
i, .
, xn 1, n 1. -
ii , xn 2, n 1. n = 1
i. , xk 2. i xk+1 = 3xk 2 6 2 = 2.
ii .
, ii {xn : n 1} i
2. -
ii i . , ,
i ii i. = 3 2. i-
: 2 = 3 2. i i: = 1
i = 2. i xn 23 , n 1, 32 i.
lim xn = 2.
n
2.43. n0 , i ii
. i i.
{ }
n5
1) an = n : n n0 ;
3
2.3. ii. e 49
{ }
n4 4) {an = n2 49n + 50 : n n0 };
2) an = n : n n0 ;
{ 2 } 5) {an = 5n + (4)n : n n0 }.
n!
3) an = n : n n0 ;
n
2.44. i i
1) an = n2 + 2n , n 1; 1
4) an = 3 + arcsin 2 , n 1;
n2 ( n +)4
2) an = 2 , n 1; n4
n + 10 5) an = lg 1 + 4 , n 1;
n4 + 3n2 + 1 n +8
3) an = 4 , n 1; 2n2 + 1
n + 3n2 + 6 6) an = , n 1.
n2
2.45. i i
n n
1) 3 , n 1; ( 39)n 3) sin , n 1.
n + 100 2) , n 1; 2
n!
2.46. i i i-
i ii i
1 1 1 1
1) xn = 1 + + + + ... + , n 1.
22 1 32 2 42 3 n 2n1
1 1 1 1
2) xn = 1 + + 2 + 3 + . . . + n , n 1;
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3) xn = 1 + + 2 + ... + n , n 1;
2+1 2 +1 2 +1
1 1 1 1
4) xn = 1 + + + + ... + , n 1;
12 23 34 n(n + 1)
1 1 1 1
5) xn = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 , n 1;
2 3 4 n
1 1 1 1
6) xn = 1 + + + + . . . + , n 1;
1! 2! 3! n!
10 11 n+9
7) xn = ... , n 1;
1 3 2n + 1
( )( )( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
8) xn = 1 1 1 . . . 1 n , n 1;
2 4 8 2
( )( )( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
9) xn = 1 + 1+ 1+ . . . 1 + n , n 1.
2 4 8 2
2.47. {an : n 0} ii i .
ii ii
50 i 2. ii

a1 a2 an
xn = a0 + + + . . . + n , n 1.
10 102 10
2.48. , ii
a1 = 9, an+1 = (an 3)2 , n 1,
i
. i i ii?
2.49. x1 = 2 i n 1
xn+1 = 2 + xn .
ii i-
i i ii lim xn .
n
2.50. , ii
( )n
1
an = 1 + 2 , n 1,
n
i i 1, ii
( )n2
1
bn = 1 + , n 1,
n
i +.
2.51. , (ii
)( ) ( )
1 1 1
an = 1 2 1 2 . . . 1 2 , n 2,
2 3 n
1
i n .
2
2.52. x1 = 3, xn+1 = 3 + xn , n 1.
ii ii i ii
lim xn .
n
2.53. n 1
1 1 1
an = 1 + + + ... + ln(n + 1),
2 3 n
1 1 1
bn = 1 + + + . . . + ln n.
2 3 n
,
1) n 1 : an < bn ; 2) n 1 : an < an+1 ; 3) n 1 : bn+1 < bn ;
4) ii {an : n 1} i {bn : n 1} i
( = 0, 5772156649 . . .).
2.54. n 1
1 1 1
an = 1 + + + . . . + 2 n + 1,
2 3 n
1 1 1
bn = 1 + + + . . . + 2 n.
2 3 n
2.3. ii. e 51

, :
1) n 1 : an < bn ; 2) n 1 : an < an+1 ; 3) n 1 : bn+1 < bn ;
4) ii {an : n 1} i {bn : n 1} i
i .
2.55. ii {xn : n 1} i
0 xm+n xn + xm , m, n N. , i lim xnn .
n
1 1 1
2.56. , lim (1 + 1 + 2! + 3! +...+ n! ) = e. i,
n
1 1 1 n
e=2+ + + ... + + , n (0, 1).
2! 3! n! n!n
2.57. {pn : n 1} , {qn : n 1} ii ii
R \ (1, 0] i, lim pn = +, lim qn = . ,
n n
( )pn ( )q
1 1 n
lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e.
n pn n qn
2.58. ii (1+ n1 )n < e < (1+ n1 )n+1 , n 1,
ii
nn nn
n > 1 : n e < n! < n ne.
e e
2.59. , ii
n
n
, n 1,
n!
i i e, a ii
n

n
, n 1,
( n!)2
i i .

2.60. a > 0, b > 0. x1 = a, y1 = b, xn+1 = xn yn ,
yn+1 = 2 , n 1. , ii {xn : n 1} i {yn : n 1}
xn +yn

i . i -
a i b.
2.61. i
( )
1 1 1 1 1
1) lim 1 + + + + ... + ;
n 1 + ln n 2 3 4 n
( )
1 1 1 1
2) lim + + + ... + ;
n n + 1 n+2 n+3 2n
( )
1 1 1 1 1
3) lim 1 + + + + ... + n .
n n 2 3 4 2
52 i 2. ii

2.62.
( )
1 2 3 n
lim + + + + .
n ln n 2 ln n 3 ln n n ln n
2.63.
1 1 1
+ + + 2n .
n
lim 1+
n 2 3 2

2.4 iii. i i
{an : n 1} R. ii {n(k) : k 1} N,
i 1 n(1) < n(2) < . . . < n(k) < n(k + 1) < . . . i k 1 :
n(k) k, n(k)
{ +, k . }
ii an(k) : k 1 iii i
ii {an : n 1} .
i ii
1) ii , - iii
.
2) ii i a R {, +}, -
iii i a.
a R a = + a =
{ii}{an : n 1} , a ii-
i an(k) : k 1 .
i i. a R -
ii {an : n 1} i i i,
> 0 N N n N : |an a| < .
. - ii i iii.
i. - ii .
. - ii
i i iii.
A ii {an : n 1} R.
ii {an : n 1}


, {an : n 1} ;

lim an := inf A, {an : n 1} i A = {+};


n

+, A = {+}.
2.4. iii. i i 53

ii {an : n 1}


{an : n 1} ;
+,
lim an := sup A, {an : n 1} i A = {};
n


, A = {}.
. i i ii.
( i i i-
i). {an : n 1} ii.
= lim an > 0 :
n 1) {n 1 | an < } i;
2) {n 1 | an < + } i.

= lim an > 0 :
n 1) {n 1 | an > + } i;
2) {n 1 | an > } i.

{ 1. }
{ ii
} {xn : n 1} ii-
i xn(k) : k 1 , xm(k) : k 1 i, {n(k) | k 1}
{m(k) | k 1} = i {n(k) | k 1} {m(k) | k 1} = N. i -
A ii {xn : n 1}
A1 i A2 ii.
i {- } ii.
a A. i i iii xl(k) : k {
1 , xl(k)} a,
k . iii iii xl(k(p)) : p 1 ,
iii i ii . i, i
i i {n(k) | k 1} , {m(k) | k 1} -
i i ii {l(k) : k 1} . i xl(k(p)) a,
p , a A1 A2 .
a A1 A2 . i a iii i ii-
. iii i ii, a A.
i i, -
i ii.

2. ,
i ii {xn : n 1}
1 + 2(1)n 2) xn = (1)n
n+1
+ sin
n
.
1) xn = ;
3 + (1)n n+2 3
1) x2n = 34 , x2n1 = 12 , n 1. , ii -
54 i 2. ii

i ii iii,
i. i: A1 = { 34 }, A2 = { 12 }.
ii A = { 12 , 34 }. i -
, lim xn = sup A = max A = 34 , lim xn = inf A = min A = 12 .
n n
2) x6n = 6n+1
6n+2 , x6n1 = 6n+1
6n
3
= 6n1
2 , x6n2 6n 3
2 ,

x6n3 = 6n1
6n2
, x6n4 = 6n3 3
6n2 + 2 , x6n5 = 6n4
6n3 + 2
3
, n 1. -
, ii i i ii,
i.


i: A1 = {1}, A2 = {1 23 }, A3 = {1 23 }, A4 = {1},

A5 = {1 + 23 }, A6 = {1 + 23 }. -

ii A = {1, 1, 1 23 , 1 23 , 1 + 23 , 1 + 23 }. i -

, lim xn = sup A = max A = 1 + 23 , lim xn = inf A =
n n

= min A = 1 23 .
3. i {an : n 1}, {bn : n 1}
ii
lim an + lim bn lim (an + bn ) lim an + lim bn .
n
n n n n{ }
= lim an , = lim bn . an(k) + bn(k) : k 1
n n
iii, i i = lim (an +bn ). -
{ n }
i{ } 1 iii an(k(m)) : m 1 -
ii an(k){ : k 1 , i
} i { }
1
iii bn(k(m(l))) : m 1 ii bn(k(m)) : m 1 .
i an(k(m(l))) + bn(k(m(l))) 1 + 1 .
{ 1 + 1 = ,}
iii i ii an(k) + bn(k) : k 1 . i
, 1 1 i.
+ , i i.
ii i i 2.89 1) -
i {an + bn : n 1} {bn : n 1} , lim an
n
lim (an + bn ) + lim (bn ) = lim (an + bn ) lim bn . i
n n n n
i ii.
2.64. a R, {an : n 1} ii i . -
i :
1) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| > ;
2) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ;
2.4. iii. i i 55

3) > 0 k N n > k : |an a| < ?

2.65. , i
ii {xn : n 1}
1 9) xn = 1 + 2 (1)n+1 +
1) xn = ;
n 10 n(n1)
( ) +3 (1) 2 ;
3 n1 2n
2) xn = (1)n 2 + ; 10) xn = cos ;
n n+1 3
(1)n 1 + (1)n 11) xn = (1)n n;
3) xn = + ;
n 2 12) xn = (2 + (1)n )n;
n n n
4) xn = 1 + cos ; 13) xn = n(1) ;
n+1 2 ( )n
n n 1
5) xn = 1 + n sin ; 14) xn = (1) 1 + +
2 n
n
n2 2n + sin ;
6) xn = 2 cos ; 4
n +1 3 n n
( ) 15) xn = sin2 ;
1 n + 1 4
7) xn = 3 1 + 2(1) ; n n
n 16) xn = 1 + 2n(1)n ;
1 2n 1 2n
8) x2n1 = n , x2n = ; 17) xn = cosn .
2 2n 3
2.66. ii
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
, , , , , , , , , ,....
2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

2.67. , ii i, i
iii. , iii -
ii i.
2.68. an 1, n . , a
ii {xn : n 1} i i, a
ii {an xn : n 1} .
2.69. ii i {xn : n 1} i a i,
i > 0 {n N | xn < a } i. ,
lim xn a.
n

2.70. , i ii {xn : n 1} i i -
ii {yn : n 1} ii
lim (xn + yn ) = lim xn + lim yn .
n n n
56 i 2. ii

2.71. ii {xn : n 1} , iii {x2k :

k 1}, {x2k1 : n 1}, {x3k : n 1} ii. , ii
{xn : n 1} i.
2.72. i ii i, an bn cn , n 1,
an a, n i cn c, n . , -
ii {bn : n 1} i ii [a, c].
2.73. ii {xn : n 1} i lim (xn+1 xn ) = 0.
n
, A = [l, L], l := lim xn , L := lim xn .
n n
1
2.74. xn > 0, n 1, i lim xn lim = 1. , i-
n n xn
i {xn : n 1} i.
2.75. i {an : n 1} , {bn : n 1}
ii
1) lim an + lim bn lim (an + bn ) lim an + lim bn ;
n n n n n

2) lim an + lim bn lim (an + bn ) lim an + lim bn .

n n n n n
, ii i i ii.
2.76. {an : n 1} , {bn : n 1} i ii i-
. ii
1) lim an lim bn lim (an bn ) lim an lim bn ;
n n n n n

2) lim an lim bn lim (an bn ) lim an lim bn .

n n n n n
,
{ }ii i i ii.
2.77. am(k) : k 1 iii ii
{an : n 1} . ,
lim an lim am(k) lim am(k) lim an .
n k k n
ii iii, i
ii i.
2.78. ,
1) lim an = lim (an );
n
(
n
) ( )
2) lim an = lim inf ak = sup inf ak ;
n n kn
( ) n1 (kn )
3) lim an = lim sup ak = inf sup ak ;
n n
{ kn n1 kn
}
2 2 2
4) lim an = max ( lim an ) , ( lim an ) .
n n n
2.5. i ii. i i 57

2.5 i ii. i i
ii {an : n 1} , ii-
i,
> 0 N N n N m N : |am an | < .
i i. ii i i i i
i, .
1. ii ii
{ }
sin 11 sin 12 sin n1
an = + + ... + : n1 .
1 2 n
i n > m 
 sin 1 sin m+2 1
sin n1 
 m+1
|an am | =  + + ... + 
 m+1 m+2 n 
   
 1   1   
sin m+1  sin m+2  sin 1 
+ + ... + n

m+1 m+2 n
1 1 1
+ + ... + 2
(m + 1)2 (m + 2)2 n
1 1 1
+ + ... + =
m(m + 1) (m + 1)(m + 2) (n 1)n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ... + =
m m+1 m+1 m+2 n1 n
1 1 1 1
= < < m > ,
m n m
ii {an : n 1} i i i
i ii.
2.79. {an : n 0} ii i |q| < 1.
i ii
xn = a0 + a1 q + a2 q 2 + . . . + an q n , n 1.

2.80. , ii
1 1 1
1 + + + . . . + , n 1,
2 3 n
. ii?
2.81. {an : n 1} i {bn : n 1} i ii.
i i
1) {|an | : n 1}; 2) {an + bn : n 1};
58 i 2. ii

3) {a2n : n 1}; 7) {min{an , bn } : n 1};

4) {an an+2 : n 1}; 8) { |an | : n 1};
{an bn : n 1};
5) 9) { 3 an : n 1}.
6) {max{an , bn } : n 1};

2.82. {an : n 1} ii i i
n 1 : |an+1 an | < 2n .
, ii .
2.83. {an : n 1} ii i i
1
n 1 : |an+1 an | < .
n(n + 1)
, ii .
2.84. {an : n 1} ii i i
n 2 : |an+1 an | < |an an1 |,
(0, 1) i . , ii .
2.85. , - iii i-
i .
2.86. {an : n 1}, {bn : n 1} i ii i
C {> 0 n 1 } : |bn | > C.
, ii a n : n 1 .
bn
2.87. i i ii i
cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos n
1) xn = + 2 + 3 + . . . + n , n 1;
2 2 2 2
sin 2 sin 3 sin 4 sin n
2) xn = + + + ... + , n 2.
12 23 34 (n 1)n
2.88. i i ii i
cos 1! cos 2! cos 3! cos n!
1) xn = + + + ... + , n 1;
12 23 34 n(n + 1)
1 1 1 1
2) xn = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 , n 1.
2 3 4 n
 59

i 3
i. i i
3.1 i i i.
i
A R, A = . x0 R -
A,
> 0 y A, y = x0 : |y x0 | < .
+ A,
C R y A : y > C.
x0 R, x0 A i f : A R. i,
p R i f i x0 ,
> 0 = () > 0 x (A (x0 , x0 + )) \ {x0 } : |f (x) p| < .
+ i f i x0 ,
C R = (C) > 0 x (A (x0 , x0 + )) \ {x0 } : f (x) > C.
x0 = + A. p R
i f x +,
> 0 C R x A, x > C : |f (x) p| < .
+ i f x +,
D R C R x A, x > C : f (x) > D.
i ii ii i.
, i , i -
i ( ). R {, +} x0
A R, f : A R. p R {, +} -
i f x x0 , - ii
{xn : n 1} A,
1) n 1 : xn = x0 ; 2) xn x0 , n ,
ii
f (xn ) p, n .
: p = lim f (x); f (x) p, x x0 .
xx0
A R, x0 R i, > 0 : (x0 , x0 ) A = .
p R i i f i x0 ,
> 0 > 0 x (x0 , x0 ) A : |f (x) p| < .
: p = lim f (x); f (x) p, x x0 .
xx0
60 i 3. i. i i

A R i x0 R i, > 0 : (x0 , x0 + ) A = .
p R i f i x0 ,
> 0 > 0 x (x0 , x0 + ) A : |f (x) p| < .
: p = lim f (x); f (x) p, x x0 + .
xx0 +
i -
i i.
x f (x) ii , |x| +
|f (x)| +.
i i. f : A R, g : A R;
R{, +} x0 A. , i
i lim f (x) = p, lim g(x) = q, {p, q} R. i
xx0 xx0
1) C R : lim (Cf (x)) = Cp;
xx0
2) lim (f (x) + g(x)) = p + q;
xx0
3) lim (f (x)g(x)) = pq;
xx0
f (x) p
4) q = 0, lim = .
xx0 g(x) q
i i i i
sin x
lim = 1;
x0 x ( )x ( )x
1
lim (1 + x) x = lim 1 + x1 = lim 1 + x1 = e.
x0 x+ x
ln(1 + x)
lim = 1;
x0 x
(1 + x) 1

lim = , R;
x0 x
a 1
x
lim = ln a, a > 0.
x0 x
1. i i i,
ii
lim (5x 2) = 3.
x1
i x R : |(5x 2) 3| = 5|x 1|, i > 0
= 5 . i
x = 1, |x 1| < : |(5x 2) 3| < ,
.
5 4
7x + 3x + 1
2. lim .
x 5x + 6x2 x5
3.1 i i. i 61

i i , -
i i. i
i x5 . i
iii
7 + 3x1 + x5 7+0+0
lim = = 7.
x 5x4 + 6x3 1 0+01
x2 9
3. lim 2 .
x3 x 2x 3
i 0. i i -
. i
i i (x 3).
x2 9 (x 3)(x + 3) x+3 3
lim 2 = lim = lim = .
x3 x 2x 3 x3 (x + 1)(x 3) x3 x + 1 2
tg x sin x
4. lim .
x0 x3
i 0. i i -
sin x
i , i lim = 1.
( 1 ) x0 x
tg x sin x sin x cos x 1 1 cos x
lim = lim = lim 2 =
x0 x3 x0 x3 x0 x cos x
( )2
2 sin2 x2 1 sin x2 1
= lim = lim x = .
x0 x2 2 x0 2 2
( )3x1
2x + 5
5. lim .
x 2x + 3

( )3x1 ( )3x1
2x + 5 2
lim = lim 1 + =
x 2x + 3 x 2x + 3
(( ) 2x+3 ) 2(3x1)
2x+3
2
2
= lim 1+ =
x 2x + 3
( ( ))
2(3x 1) 2x + 3 2
= lim exp ln 1 + = e3 .
x 2x + 3 2 2x + 3
3.1. {x0 , p} R. i i i
1) lim f (x) = p; 3) lim f (x) = ;
x xx0
2) lim f (x) = p;
x
4) lim f (x) = ;
xx0
62 i 3. i. i i

5) lim f (x) = ; 9) lim f (x) = ;

x x
6) lim f (x) = ; 10) lim f (x) = +;
x x
7) lim f (x) = +;
x
11) lim f (x) = ;
x+
8) lim f (x) = ; 12) lim f (x) = .
x x+

3.2. i i i i ,
1) lim (3x 5) = 1; 2) lim (3x2 2) = 1.
x2 x1

0, 1 0, 01 0, 001 0, 0001
()
3.3. i i i i ,
1
lim = +.
x1 (x 1)2

C 10 100 1000 10000
(C)
3.4. i i i i ii

x1 1 2) lim ( x2 + 1 x) = 0.
1) lim = ; x+
x 3x + 2 3

0, 1 0, 01 0, 001 0, 0001
C()
3.5. i i i i ii
1) lim (x2 3x + 4) = 2; 2) lim (3x2 1) = 11.
x1 x2

3.6. , i i
1 2) lim cos x.
1) lim sin ; x
x0 x
3.7.
1) > 0, x0 R, f : (x0 , x0 +) R i i
ii xn x0 , n , ii f (xn ) a, n .
, lim f (x) = a.
xx0
3.1 i i. i 63

2) > 0, x0 R, f : (x0 , x0 + ) R i i i-
i xn x0 , n , ii {f (xn ) : n 1} i.
, i lim f (x).
xx0
3) > 0, x0 R, f : (x0 , x0 +) R i i
ii xn x0 , n , ii {f (xn ) : n 1}
i. i lim f (x)?
xx0

( ) > 0, f : (, +) R i i a ii
4)
a
f 0, n . i lim f (x) = 0?
3.8. n > 0, bR ii
x0

1) |x| 0, x 0; 3) |x b| 0, x b.
2) x 0, x +;

3.9. m N, k, b, x0 R ,
(kx + b)m (kx0 + b)m , x x0 .
3.10. n, m N; ai R, 0 i n; bj R, 0 j m; a0 b0 = 0.
,

, n > m,

a
a0 xn + a1 xn1 + . . . + an 0
lim = , n = m,
x b0 xm + b1 xm1 + . . . bm b0



0, n < m.
3.11. i
x2 1 x2 1 x2 1
1) lim 2 ; 2) lim ; 3) lim .
x0 2x x 1 x1 2x2 x 1 x 2x2 x 1

3.12. i
(1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) 1
1) lim ;
x0 x
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
2) lim ;
x0 (5x 1)5
(2x 3)20 (3x + 2)30
3) lim ;
x (2x + 1)50

x+ x+ x x+ 3x+ 4x
4) lim ; 5) lim ;
x+ x+1 x+ 2x + 1
( )
6) lim 3 x3 + x2 + 1 3 x3 x2 + 1 ;
x
( )
7) lim x + 3x2 x2 2x ;
3 3
x+
64 i 3. i. i i

1
( 2 2
)
8) lim x 3 (x + 1) 3 (x 1) 3 ;
x
( )

9) lim x+ x+ x x ;
x+
x2 5x + 6 x + 13 2 x + 1
10) lim 2 ; 22) lim ;
x3 x 8x + 15 x3 x2 9

x 3x + 2
3 3
x6+2
11) lim ; 23) lim ;
x1 x4 4x + 3 x2 x3 + 8
x 3x + 2
4
12) lim ;
4
x2
x1 x5 4x + 3 24) lim ;
x16 x4
x 2x 4x + 8
3 2
13) lim ; 9 + 2x 5
x2 x4 8x2 + 16 25) lim ;
x8 3
x2
x 2x 1
3

14) lim ; 1 2x x2 (1 + x)
x1 x5 2x 1 26) lim ;
(x x 2)20
2 x0
x
15) lim 3 ; 3
8 + 3x x2 2
x2 (x 12x + 16)10
27) lim ;
x100 2x + 1 x0
x + x2
16) lim 50 ; 3
27 + x 3 27 x
x1 x 2x + 1 28) lim ;
(xn an ) nan1 (x a)
3 4
x + 2 x
x0
17) lim ;
xa (x a)2 ) 1+x 1x
( 29) lim ;
m n x0 3 1 + x 3 1 x
18) lim ,
x1 1 xm 1 xn x + 2 3 x + 20
30) lim ;
{m, n} N; 4
x+92
x7

1 + 2x 3 3 1+ x 4 1+ x
19) lim ; 31) lim 3 4;
x4 x2 1 1 x2
x0
1x3
20) lim ;
32) lim
x2
.
x8 2+ 3x x0 5 1 + 5x (1 + x)

x a + x a
21) lim ;
xa x2 a2

3.13. a1 , a2 , b1 , b2
( )
1) lim x2 x + 1 a1 x b1 = 0;
x
( )
2) lim x2 x + 1 a2 x b2 = 0.
x+
3.14. ii
1) lim sin x = sin x0 ;
xx0
2) lim cos x = cos x0 ;
xx0
3.1 i i. i 65

3) lim tg x = tg x0 , x0 = + n, nZ.
xx0 2
3.15. i
sin 5x x
1) lim ; 8) lim (1 x) tg ;
x0 x x1 2
sin mx sin x sin a
2) lim , {m, n} Z; 9) lim ;
x sin nx xa xa
1 cos x cos x cos a
3) lim ; 10) lim ;
x0 x2 xa xa
4) lim x ctg 3x; tg x tg a
11) lim ;
x0 xa xa
sin 5x sin 3x ctg x ctg a
5) lim ; 12) lim ;
x0 sin x xa xa
cos x cos 3x sec x sec a
6) lim ; 13) lim ;
x0 x2 xa
( ) xa

7) lim tg 2x tg

x ; cosec x cosec a
x
14) lim ;
4 4 xa xa
sin(a + 2x) 2 sin(a + x) + sin a
15) lim ;
x0 x2
cos(a + 2x) 2 cos(a + x) + cos a
16) lim ;
x0 x2
tg(a + 2x) 2 tg(a + x) + tg a
17) lim ;
x0 x2
ctg(a + 2x) 2 ctg(a + x) + ctg a
18) lim ;
x0 x2
sin(a + x) sin(a + 2x) sin2 a
19) lim ;
x0 x
2 sin x + sin x 1
2
1 + tg x 1 + sin x
20) lim ; 26) lim ;
6 2 sin x 3 sin x + 1
2
x x0 x3
2
1 cos x cos 2x cos 3x 27) lim
x
;
21) lim ;
x0
( 1 cos) x
x0 1 + x sin x cos x

sin x 3 cos x 3 cos x
22) lim ; 28) lim ;
x 3 1 2 cos x x0
sin2 x
tg3 x 3 tg x 1 cos x2
23) lim ( ) ; 29) lim ;
x 3 cos x +
x0 1 cos x
6
1 cos x
tg(a + x) tg(a x) tg2 a 30) lim ;
24) lim ; x0 1 cos x
x0 x2
1 ctg3 x 1 cos x cos 2x 3 cos 3x
25) lim ; 31) lim 2
;
x 4 2 ctg x ctg x
3 x0
( x )
32) lim sin x + 1 sin x .
x+
66 i 3. i. i i

3.16. ii
1) lim ax = ax0 , a > 0; 2) lim ln x = ln x0 , x0 > 0.
xx0 xx0

3.17. i
( )x
( ) 1
1x
x
a1 x + b1
1+x 13) lim ,
1) lim ; x+ a2 x + b2
x0 2 + x
a1 > 0, a2 > 0;
( ) 1 x ( )ctg2 x
1 + x 1x 14) lim 1 + x2 ;
2) lim ; x0
x1 2 + x
( ) 1 x
( ) 1
1 + x 1x 1 + tg x sin x
3) lim ; 15) lim ;
x0 1 + sin x
x+ 2 + x
( )x2 16) lim (1 + sin x)ctg x ;
x+2 x1
4) lim
x 2x 1
; ( ) 1
1 + tg x sin3 x
( 2 ) x3 17) lim ;
x0 1 + sin x
3x x + 1 1x
5) lim ; ( ) 1
x 2x2 + x + 1 sin x xa
( ) 18) lim ;
2n xa sin a
6) lim sinn ;
n 3n + 1 ( )1
( ( ))tg 2x cos x x2
19) lim ;
7) lim tg +x ; x0 cos 2x
x + 8
4 20) lim (tg x)tg 2x ;
( 2 ) x1 x 4
x 1 x+1 ( ( ))ctg x
8) lim ;
x x2 + 1 21) lim tg x ;
( 2 )x2 x0 4
x +1 ( )x
9) lim ; 1 1
x x2 2
22) lim sin + cos ;
x
x x
( 2 )1
x + 2x 1 x 23) lim x cos x;
10) lim ; x0
( )n
x 2x2 3x 2
n+x
11) lim x 1 2x; 24) lim ;
x0
( )x
n n1
x+a x
12) lim ; 25) lim cosn .
x x a n n
3.18. i
1) lim x(ln(x + 1) ln x); 3) lim (sin ln(x + 1) sin ln x);
x+ x+
ln x ln a ln(x2 x + 1)
2) lim , a > 0; 4) lim ;
xa xa x+ ln(x10 + x + 1)
3.1 i i. i 67
( )
100 + x2 ln (1 + x + 3 x)
5) lim lg ; 7) lim ;
x 1( + 100x)2 x+ ln (1 + 3 x + 4 x)
ln 2 + e3x
6) lim ( );
x+ ln 3 + e2x
ln(x + h) + ln(x h) 2 ln x
9) lim , x > 0;
h0 ( )h2
ln tg 4 + ax ax+h + axh 2ax
10) lim ; 25) lim ,
x0 sin bx h0 h2
ln cos 2x a > 0;
11) lim ; (x + a)x+a (x + b)x+b
x0 ln cos bx
26) lim ;
nx + 1 n2 x2 x (x + a + b)2x+a+b
12) lim ln ;
x0 x + 1 x2 27) lim n ( n x 1) , x > 0;
( ) n

ln nx + 1 n2 x2 28) lim n2 ( n x n+1 x) , x > 0;
13) lim ( ) ;
x0 ln x + 1 x2 n
( )n
a 1
x a1+ nb
14) lim , a > 0; 29) lim ,
x0 x
n a
ax xa a > 0, b > 0;
15) lim a > 0; ( )n
xa x a
n
a+ nb
30) lim ,
xx aa n 2
16) lim , a > 0;
xa x a a > 0, b > 0;
1 ( x )1
17) lim (x + ex ) x ; a + bx + cx x
x0 31) lim ,
( x
) 12 x0 3
1+2 x x a > 0, b > 0, c > 0;
18) lim ; ( x+1 )1
x0 1 + 3x x
a + bx+1 + cx+1 x
( )ctg3 x 32) lim ,
1 + sin x cos x x0 a+b+c
19) lim ; a > 0, b > 0, c > 0;
x0 1 + sin x cos x
( 2 ) x1
sin (x ) 2
20) lim ( ) ; ax + bx
x1 sin x 33) lim ,
x0 ax + bx
sin2 ( 2x ) a > 0, b > 0;
21) lim ;
x1 ln(cos( 2x )) 2 2
( ) ax bx
1 34) lim 2 , a > 0, b > 0;
22) lim tgn + ; x0 (ax bx )
n 4 n x a
ex ex aa ax
23) lim ; 35) lim , a > 0;
xa ax xa
x0 sin x sin x
ln(1 + 3x )
ax ab 36) lim ;
24) lim , a > 0; x ln(1 + 2x )
xb x b
68 i 3. i. i i

ln(1 + 3x ) ln(x2 + ex )
37) lim ; 40) lim ;
x+ ln(1 + 2x ) x0 ln(x4 + e2x )
( )
38) lim ln(1 + 2x ) ln 1 +
3
; ln(x2 + ex )
41) lim ;
x+ x x+ ln(x4 + e2x )
39) lim (1 x) logx 2; ln (1 + x
x1 42) lim ( xe ) ) ;
x0 ln x + 1 + x2
43) lim ((x + 2) ln(x + 2) 2(x + 1) ln(x + 1) + x ln x) ;
x+
( ( ))
ln ax
44) lim ln(x ln a) ln , a > 1;
x0+ ln xa
( )
x + x2 + 1 2 x + 1
45) lim ln ln ;
x+ x + x2 1 x1
1 + x sin x 1 x4
46) lim ; 52) lim arctg ;
x0 x2
e 1 x2 (x 2)2
cos (xex ) cos (xex ) 1x
47) lim ; 53) lim arcsin ;
x0 x3 x 1+x
x
( x
) x2x+1 54) lim arcctg ;
48) lim 2e x+1 1 ; x
( 1 + x2 )
x0 x
49) lim (2 x)sec 2 ;
x 55) lim x arctg ;
x1
x
(4 x + 1 )
ln ch x x
50) lim ; 56) lim x arcsin ;
x0 ln cos x x+ 2 x2 + 1
( )
51) lim arccos x2 + x x ; 1 1
57) lim 100 e x2 .
x+
x0 x

3.19. i i

1) y = lim x2 + n12 ;
n
2) y = lim (x 1) arctg xn ;
n

3) y = lim n 1 + xn , x 0;
n
( 2 )n
x
4) y = lim n
1+x +n , x 0;
n 2
xn xn
5) y = lim , x = 0;
n xn + xn
ln (2n + xn )
6) y = lim , x 0.
n n
3.2. i i. i 69

3.20. i i i i f (x) = cos , x = 0,
x
i x0 = 0?
3.21. i i i x x0
sin x
1) f (x) = , x = 0, x0 = 0;
|x|

x + 1, x 2,
2) f (x) =
2x + 1, x > 2, x0 = 2;

x, x < 1,
3) f (x) =
2x, x 1, x0 = 1;

1

, x < 0,
x 2
4) f (x) = 1, x = 0,



0, x > 0, x = 0;0

x 1
3
5) f (x) = , x = 1, x0 = 1;
|x 1|

1 cos 2x
6) f (x) = , x = 0, x0 = 0;
x
x
7) f (x) = , x = 3, x0 = 3;
(x 3)3
2
8) f (x) = x + 1 , x = 2, x0 = 2;
1 + 2 2x
cos x
9) f (x) = 1 , x = 0, x0 = 0;
3 2 sin x
tg x
10) f (x) = 2 , x = 0, x0 = 0.
x 3x

3.2 i i. i
A R, x0 A, f : A R, g : A R.
i f i i g x x0 R,
L R > 0 x (A (x0 , x0 + )) \ {x0 } : |f (x)| L|g(x)|.
i f i i g x +,
L R C R x A (C, +) : |f (x)| L|g(x)|.
: f (x) = O(g(x)), x x0 , f = O(g), x x0 .
70 i 3. i. i i

i f ii i g x x0 R,
> 0 > 0 x (A (x0 , x0 + )) \ {x0 } : |f (x)| |g(x)|.
i f ii i g x +,
> 0 C R x A (C, +) : |f (x)| |g(x)|.
: f (x) = o(g(x)), x x0 , f = o(g), x x0 .
i f i g ii x x0 , f g = o(f ), x x0 .
: f (x) g(x), x x0 , f g, x x0 .
i i G = {f : A R} i
x x0 R, :
1) {f, g} G f = o(g), x x0 , g = o(f ), x x0 , f = g;
2) f G > 0 x A ((x0 , x0 ) (x0 , x0 + )) : f (x) = 0.
x0 = + 2) i :
2) f G C R x A (C, +) : f (x) = 0.
G i x x0 , f : A R.
L = 0 i g G i f g, x x0 , i L g
i f i G x x0 .
i i i,
i .
i
f (x) = L1 g1 (x) + L2 g2 (x) + . . . + Ln gn (x) + o(gn (x)), x x0 ,
Li = 0, gi G, i = 1, 2, . . . , n, gi+1 = o(gi ), x x0 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1,
i f i G -
i gn .
1.

cos x 3 cos x
lim .
x0 sin2 x
i i i
i G = {xn | n 0} x 0. ii
(1 + x) 1
lim = , R,
x0 x
i i ii, -
i
(1 + x) 1 x, x 0.
ii = 0 (1 + x) = 1 + x + o(x),
x 0. , ii = 0. i, i
ii
sin x
lim =1
x0 x
3.2. i i. i 71

, sin x x, x 0, i
sin2 x = x2 + o(x2 ), x 0,
x ( x )2 x2
1 cos x = 2 sin2 = 2 + o(x2 ) = + o(x2 ), x 0.
2 2 2
i, , cos x 1 x 0,
cos x = (1 (1 cos x)) =
x2
= 1 (1 cos x) + o(1 cos x) = 1 + o(x2 ), x 0.
2
i ( )
x2 x2
1 + o(x ) 1
2 2
+ o(x )
cos x 3 cos x 4 6 1
lim = lim = .
x0 2
sin x x0 2 2
x + o(x ) 12
3.22. i i ii
f (x)
1) i lim = p R, f = O(g), x x0 ;
xx0 g(x)

2) O(O(f )) = O(f ), x x0 ;
3) O1 (f ) + O2 (f ) = O(f ), x x0 ;
4) O(f1 )O(f2 ) = O(f1 f2 ), x x0 .
3.23. i i i
1) f = o(g), x x0 , f = O(g), x x0 ;
2) o(O(f )) = o(f ), x x0 ;
3) O(o(f )) = o(f ), x x0 ;
4) o1 (f ) + o2 (f ) = o(f ), x x0 ;
5) o(f1 )O(f2 ) = o(f1 f2 ), x x0 ;
6) f g = o(f ), x x0 f g = o(g), x x0 .
3.24. i i ii
f (x)
1) x A\{x0 } : g(x) = 0, f g, x x0 lim = 1;
xx0 g(x)
2) f f, x x0 ;
3) f g, x x0 , i g h, x x0 , f h, x x0 ;
4) fk gk , x x0 , k = 1, 2, f1 f2 g1 g2 , x x0 .
3.25. , 0 < n < m
O(xn ) + O(xm ) = O(xn ), x 0.
72 i 3. i. i i

3.26. ii
1 10) ln x = o(x ), x 0, > 0;
1) x sin = O(|x|), x 0;
x
1 11) ln x = o(x ), x +, > 0;
2) arctg = O(1), x 0;
x 12) x2 = o(ex ), x +;
3) 2x x2 = O(x), x 0; 13) x ln x = o(ex ), x +;
3
4) x sin x = O(x 2 ), x 0; 14) xln x = o(ex ), x +;
5) (1+x)n = 1+nx+o(x), x 0,
15) x = o(x2 ), x ;
n R;
16) ln x = O(o(ln x2 )), x +;
6) 2x3 3x2 + 1 = O(x3 ),
x +; 17) x + x + x 8 x, x 0;
( )
7)
x+1
= O
1
, x +;
2
x +1 x 18) x + x + x x,
8) x+x sin x = O(x2 ), x +;
2 x +;
( )
arctg x 1 19) x2 + x ln100 x x2 , x +.
9) 2
= O 2 , x ;
1+x x

3.27. ii
1) O(f (x)) + o(f (x)) = O(f (x)), x x0 ;
2) CO(xn ) = O(xn ), x 0, C = 0, n > 0;
3) O(xn )O(xm ) = O(xn+m ), x 0, n, m > 0.
3.28. g(x) +, x +, i f (x) = o(g(x)), x +. ,
ef (x) = o(eg(x) ), x +.
3.29. f (x) = o(g(x)), x 0. , i i h ,
f (x) = o(h(x)), x 0, i h(x) = o(g(x)), x 0.
3.30. i i f : R R, f (x) > 0, x = 0, , f (x) = o(xn ),
x 0, n N?
3.31. , f (x) = O(g(x)), x 0, i g(x) = O(f (x)), x 0, i
i, i


f (x) + g(x) , f (x) = 0, g(x) = 0,
h(x) = g(x) f (x)

0, f (x) = 0 g(x) = 0,
i i 0.
3.32. i f i i
{x | > 0} x 0

1) f (x) = 2x 3x3 + x5 ; 2) f (x) = 1 + x 1 x.
3.2. i i. i 73

3.33. i f (x) = x3 3x+2 i

i {(x 1) | > 0} x 1.
3.34.
{
} i f i i
x | > 0 x +
x+1
1) f (x) = 4 ; 3) f (x) = x + 22 x + 1+ x;

x +1 1
2) f (x) = x + 1 x; 4) f (x) = x sin .
x
3.35. i f i i
{(x 1) | 0} x 1
x2 x
1) f (x) = 2 ; 3) f (x) = ;
x 1
3
1 x2
1
4) f (x) = ;
sin x
1+x ln x
2) f (x) = ; 5) f (x) = .
1x (1 x)2
3.36. i i (x) = x x 0 i
x 6) f (x) = tg x sin x;
1) f (x) = ;
2 3
3
2) f (x) = sin x; 7) f (x) = tg x 3 x;
( )
3) f (x) = x + 4 2;
sin x
8) f (x) = ln 1 ;
1+x1
2

4) f (x) = ;
1+x 9) f (x) = 1 + 2x 1 x;
3
5) f (x) = x + sin x; 10) f (x) = 1 2x 3 1 3x.
3.37. i i (x) = x x + i

1) f (x) = x3 + 2x 3; 3) f (x) = 5 x3 x + x;
3x3 4) f (x) = ln(2
2
+ e3x );
2) f (x) = ;
1 2x + x2 5) f (x) = 3 + x.
3.38. i i (x) = x 1 x 1 i

1) f (x) = 3x2 + 5x 8; 3) f (x) = 1 x;
2) f (x) = ln(x2 + x 1); 4) f (x) = xx 1.
1
3.39. i i (x) = x 1 i
x 1
x2 sin x
1) f (x) = 4 ; 2) f (x) = ;
x 1
3
1 x2
74 i 3. i. i i

1+x 1
3) f (x) = ; 4) f (x) = ;
1x sin x
1
5) f (x) = ( ) .
exp cos x 2 1
...ex
3.40. gn (x) = ee (n ), x > 0, n 1. ,
{gn : n 1} i x +. i i f ,
n 1 : gn = o(f ), x + ?
3.41. i, i i i-
i

3 3
1 + x sin x 1
x+ 3 x+ 3x 3) lim ;
1) lim ; x0
2
ex 1
3
3
x+
x + 1
1 x x2 (1 + x) 4) lim x 2 ( x + 2 2 x + 1 + x).
x+
2) lim ;
x0 x

3.3 i i
A R, x0 A, x0 A.
f : A R. i f i x0 ,
lim f (x) = f (x0 ).
xx0
i f i A, i i
A. : f C(A).
i f i i x0 ,
lim = f (x0 ).
xx0
i f i x0 ,
lim = f (x0 ).
xx0 +
i i i i i x0
i
lim f (x), lim f (x) (3.1)
xx0 xx0 +
i ii
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (x0 ). (3.2)
xx0 xx0 +

i i
1) i i. i f : A R i g : A R
i i x0 A. i:
(a) c R i cf i x0 ;
(b) i f + g i x0 ;
3.3. i i 75

(c) i f g i x0 ;
f
(d) i g(x0 ) = 0 i
g
i x0 .
2) i i. i f : A R,
f (A) B, g : B R. , i f
i x0 A, i g i y0 = f (x0 ). i
i h = g(f ) : A R i x0 .
3) i. i f : (a, b) R
i (a, b). c := lim f (x),
xa+
d := lim f (x). i i i g = f 1 : (c, d) (a, b),
xb
i (c, d).
i f i x0 , , -
i i, x0 i f. ,
i i (3.1) i (ii), i
(3.2) , x0 -
, i i f . ,
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (x0 ). (3.1)
xx0 xx0 +
i (, i), x0 -
. Ii , i
i i x0 .
. f C([a, b]). i i f i
{x , x } [a, b] : f (x ) = inf f (x), f (x ) = sup f (x).
x[a,b] x[a,b]

i i . f C([a, b]). i
- L ii i f (a) i f (b) i
c [a, b] , f (c) = L.
i f : A R ii i A,

> 0 > 0 {x1 , x2 } A, |x1 x2 | < : |f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < .

. i f ii [a, b]. i f
ii [a, b].
1. i i i f (x) = sin(2x 3) R.
i x0 R : 2x 3 2x0 3, x x0 .
i 3.14 1): f (x) = sin(2x 3) sin(2x0 3) = f (x0 ), x x0 .
76 i 3. i. i i

, f C(R).
2. i i i
(x2 3) 2x + arctg x cos x
f (x) = .
(x2 + 3) sin3 x
i x 7 x2 3, x 7 2x , x 7 arctg x, x 7 cos x, x 7 x2 + 3,
x 7 sin x i R. i i i
x 7 (x2 3) 2x + arctg x cos x i x 7 (x2 + 3) sin3 x i
R. i f i R ,
i . , f C(R \ {n| n Z}).
3. i i i
2
x 1 , x = 1,
f (x) = x1

5, x = 1.
x = 1 i i f (x) = x + 1.
f C(R \ {1}). i , lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 2 = f (1).
x1 x1+
, x = 1 .
4. i i
i
e x1 , x = 0,
f (x) =
0, x = 0.
R \ {0} i i -
i i.
1 1
lim f (x) = lim e x = 0, lim f (x) = lim e x = +.
x0 x0 x0+ x0+
i lim f (x) = 0 = f (x), i i i x = 0.
x0
x = 0 .
5. i f (x) = a , x R, a > 1,
x

i i i.
i f R i f C(R).
lim ax = 0, lim ax = +.
x x+
i (0, +) i i f 1 , i
(0, +). i i
a i loga x := f 1 (x), x > 0.
3.42. i i i i ( i
), i i i x0 R.

1) f (x) = x2 , x0 i; 2) f (x) = x, x0 > 0;
3.3. i i 77

x+3 1
3) f (x) = , x0 = .
2 3x 2
ii.
3.43. i R i
x5 sin x2 ln(1 + x4 )
1) f (x) = 2
, x R; 3) f (x) = 2 , x R;
x +1 x +x+1
x5 + 3 4) f (x) = cos(ax + b), x R.
2) f (x) = 2 , x R;
x x+1
3.44. i i
i i i i -
i R i
1) f (x) = sin3 2x + e3x (x2 x 5), x R;
1
2) f (x) = 2 1+x2 , x R;
( )
x
3) f (x) = arctg cos , x R.
2
3.45. i i R i ii i

1) f (x) = |x|; x sin 1 , x = 0,
2 x
x 4 , x = 2, 7) f (x) =
0,
2) f (x) = x2 x = 0;

a, x = 2; e x12 , x = 0,
1
8) f (x) =
2
, x = 1, 0, x = 0;
3) f (x) = (1 + x)

a, x = 1; 1 1 , x = 1,
 
 sin x  9) f (x) =
  , x = 0,
1+e x1

4) f (x) =  x  a, x = 1;

1,
x = 0; x ln x2 , x = 0,

sin x 10) f (x) =
, x = 0, a,
5) f (x) = |x| x = 0;

1, x = 0; 11) f (x) = sign x;

sin 1 , x = 0, 12) f (x) = [x];
6) f (x) = x
a, x = 0; 13) f (x) = x [ x].
3.46. i i i
x 1+x
1) f (x) = ; 2) f (x) = ;
(1 + x)2 1 x2
78 i 3. i. i i

x2 1 cos x
3) f (x) = ; 9) f (x) = ;
x 3x + 2
2
cos x
1
1
1
4) f (x) = x 1 x+11 ; 10) f (x) = arctg ;
x1 x x
x 1
5) f (x) = ; 11) f (x) = x arctg ;
sin x x
1 cos x 1
12) f (x) = ex+ x ;
6) f (x) = ;
4x 2
1
2 1 13) f (x) = ;
7) f (x) = cos ; ln x
x
( )
1
8) f (x) = sign sin ; 14) f (x) = x .
x 1 e 1x
3.47. i i i

x2 , 0 x 1,
2
1) f (x) = x , x < 0,
2 x, 1 < x 2; 6) f (x) = 1, x = 0,



x, |x| 1, tg x + 1, x > 0.

2) f (x) = x
1, |x| > 1; cos , |x| 1,
7) f (x) = 2
1 , |x 1|, |x| > 1;
x+2 x [0, 1),
3) f (x) = ctg2 x, x Z,
x2 + 1, x 1;
8) f (x) =
x2 , x 1, 0, x Z;
4) f (x) =
x3 , x > 1; sin x, x Q,
9) f (x) =
0, x Q.

x, x 0,

5) f (x) = 1 x, 0 < x 1,




1
, x > 1;
1x
3.48. i i 0 , i i
i i

1+x1 5
1 + 2x 1
1) f (x) = ; 4) f (x) = ;
3
1+x1 sin x
tg 2x
2) f (x) = ;
x
ln(1 3x) 23x 1
3) f (x) = ; 5) f (x) = ;
x 3x
3.3. i i 79
( )
arcsin x 1 1
6) f (x) = ; 8) f (x) = exp ;
2 tg x x2 x2
9) f (x) = xx ;
1
7) f (x) = sin x sin ; 10) f (x) = x ln2 x.
x
3.49. i i x0 i f i g,
:
1) i f i x0 , i g i i;
2) i i i i x0 ?
iii .
3.50. i f, g : (a, b) R i ii (a, b). ,
i (x) = max{f (x), g(x)} (x) = min{f (x), g(x)}, x (a, b),
i (a, b).
3.51. i
1, x Q,
f (x) =
0, x R \ Q,
i ii. , i i x0 R -
i .
3.52. i f : R R R. i f
ii [x , x + ], x R, > 0,
(x, ) = sup {f (t) | t [x , x + ]} inf {f (t) | t [x , x + ]} .
,
1) (x, ) = sup{f (s) f (t) | t, s [x , x + ]};
2) (x, 1 ) (x, 2 ), 0 < 1 2 ;
3) i lim (x, ) =: (x) R;
0+
4) i f i x0 i i i, (x0 ) = 0;
5) R i f
(x) = f (x+) f (x), x R.
3.53. i i i
x(x 2), x Q,
f (x) =
0, x R \ Q.
3.54. i f i i -
i
[ ]
1) f (x) = ax , x R, 0 < a < 1;
2) f (x) = sin x, x , ;
2 2
80 i 3. i. i i

3) f (x) = cos x, x ([0, ]; ) 2x

8) f (x) = , x 1;
1 + x2
4) f (x) = tg x, x , ; 2x
2 2 9) f (x) = , 1 x 1;
5) f (x) = ctg x, x (0, ); 1 + x2
6) f (x) = x2 2x, x 1; 2x
10) f (x) = , x 1.
7) f (x) = x2 2x, x 1; 1 + x2

3.55. i i R i, i
x, y R : f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y).
3.56. i i R i, i
x, y R : f (x + y) = f (x)f (y).
3.57. i f : R R,
( ) i 0, i x R
x
ii f (x) + f = x.
2

3.58 . i f : (0, 1) R, i i-
i ii .
3.59. , R i i i
i R.
3.60. , P (x) = x4 x3 x2 + x, x R,
i i ii (1, 1).
3.61. i f : (a, b) R
1) f C((a, b)); 2) x (a, b) : f (x) = 0.
, i f i ii (a, b).
3.62. ii ii
1) (2x 1)(x 2)3 (x + 1)(x + 2)2 < 0; (x3 1)(x2 + 5x + 6)
3) < 0;
(x + 3)(x + 2)3 (x + 1)(x 2) (x3 + 8)(x 3)
2) > 0; 4) sin 2x sin 3x > 0;
x(x 3)(x 4) 4 2 2
5) 0, 5x 2x < 28x +9 .

3.63. , P (x) = x5 3x + 1, x R, i
ii (1, 2).
3.64. , i i-
ii i i i.
3.65. ( ) f C([0, 2]) i f (0) = f (2). ,
i x, y [0, 2] i, y x = 1, f (x) = f (y). -
ii.
3.66.
3.3. i i 81

1) , i f : [a, b] R i
i i, ii [a, b]
i i .
2) , i f : [a, b] R i
i i, ii [a, b]
i i ,
.
1
3.67. f (x) = , x = 0. i i i
x
i i i f i x0 > 0. -
ii i i f i x0 > 0. i
= (, x0 ) i ? i x0 ? i
f ii i (0, 1)?
3.68. , i f (x) = 5x 3, x R, ii
i .
3.69. , i f (x) = 2 cos(3x + 5), x R, ii -
R.
3.70. , ii i A i
ii i i i.
3.71. , ii -
i ii i.
3.72. i , i f : A R
ii i A. , i f
i A, ii i i, :
1 3) f (x) = x2 , x A = R;
1) f (x) = , x A = (0, 1);
x 4) f (x) = sin x2 , x A = R;

2) f (x) = sin , x A = (0, 1); 5) f (x) = ex , x A = R.
x
3.73. ii -
i i A i
x 3) y = x2 , A = (1, 1);
1) f (x) = , A = [1, 1];
4 x2 4) y = sin x2 , A = (2, 3).
sin x
2) f (x) = , A = (0, );
x
3.74. , i f (x) = x, x 0, ii
i .
3.75. i f : [a, +) R
1) f C([a, +)); 2) i lim f (x) = p R.
x+
, i f ii [a, +).
82 i 3. i. i i

3.76. A, B , i i f ii
.
1) f A B?
2) f ii A B, f
i i?
3) , f ii A B, A i B i
, A .
i. , i i
i R.
3.77. i f : (a, b) R
1) f (a, b);
2) f C((a, b));
3) f (a, b).
, i f ii (a, b).
 83

i 4
i
4.1 i.
A R i x0 A i, > 0 : (x0 , x0 +) A.
i f : A R.
i i f i x0 i
f (x) f (x0 )
lim ,
xx0 x x0
i.
i i i
df (x0 )
, f (x0 ), f(x0 ).
dx
f (x) f (x0 )
, f (x0 ) := lim .
xx0 x x0
x A i f (x), i A x 7 f (x) -
i i f i A. i i
i.
> 0 : (x0 , x0 ) A, f : A R. i

f (x) f (x0 )
lim ,
xx0 x x0
i, i i i f i x0 i -

f (x) f (x0 )
f (x0 ) := lim .
xx0 x x0
> 0 : (x0 , x0 + ) A, f : A R. i

f (x) f (x0 )
lim ,
xx0 + x x0
i, i i f i x0 i -

f (x) f (x0 )
f+ (x0 ) := lim .
xx0 + x x0
i ii i
84 i 4. i

i , i.
i i i [t0 , t] i s(t) s(t0 ).
i i i i
s(t) s(t0 )
i v = . , -
t t0
i t0 :
s(t) s(t0 )
v := lim .
tt0 + t t0
, v = s+ (t0 ).
i
1) i i. i f : A R i g : A R
i i x0 A. i:
(a) cR i cf i i x0 i
(cf ) (x0 ) = cf (x0 );
(b) i f + g i i x0 i
(f + g) (x0 ) = f (x0 ) + g (x0 );
(c) i f g i i x0 i
(f g) (x0 ) = f (x0 )g(x0 ) + f (x0 )g (x0 );
f
(d) i g(x0 ) = 0 i i
g
i x0 i ( )
f f (x0 )g(x0 ) f (x0 )g (x0 )
(x0 ) = .
g g 2 (x0 )
2) i i ( ). -
i f : A R, f (A) B, g : B R. ,
i f i i x0 A, i g i i
y0 = f (x0 ). i i h = g(f ) : A R i
i x0 i
h (x0 ) = (g(f )) (x0 ) = g (y0 ) f (x0 ) = g (f (x0 )) f (x0 ).
3) i i. i f : (a, b)R,
a < b +,
(a) f C((a, b));
(b) f (a, b);
(c) i x0 (a, b) i f i f (x0 ) = 0.
i (c, d)=f ((a, b)) i i g = f 1 : (c, d)(a, b),
i i y0 = f (x0 ) i
1 1
g (y0 ) = = .
f (x0 ) f (g(y0 ))
4.1. i. 85

4) i i, . i
: (a, b) R, : (a, b) R i (a, b).

i t0 (a, b)
i (t0 ) = 0, i
x = (t)
t (a, b),
y = (t),
i t0 i y = y(x), i
x0 = (t0 ) i
(t0 )
y (x0 ) = .
(t0 )
5) i
(a) f (x) = c, x R. f (x) = c = 0, x R.
(b) R : (x ) = x1 , x > 0;
n N : (xn ) = nxn1 , x R.
(c) a > 0 : (ax ) = ax ln a, x R;
(ex ) = ex , x R.
(d) (sin x) = cos x, (cos x) = sin x, x R.
1
(e) (tg x) = , x = + n, n Z;
cos2 x 2
1
(ctg x) = , x = n, n Z.
sin2 x
1
(f) a > 0, a = 1 : (loga x) = , x > 0;
x ln a
1
(ln x) = , x > 0.
x
1
(g) (arcsin x) = , x (1, 1);
1 x2
1
(arccos x) = , x (1, 1);
1 x2
1
(arctg x) = , x R;
1 + x2
1
(arcctg x) = , x R.
1 + x2

1. , i i f (x) = 5 x
i x0 = 1.
,
1
f (x) f (1) 5
x1 (1 + (x 1)) 5 1 1
f (1) = lim = lim = lim = .
x1 x1 x1 x1 x1 x1 5
86 i 4. i

2. , i f (x) = | sin x|, x R, i

i x0 = 0.
i
f (x) f (0) sin x
lim = lim = 1,
x0+ x0 x0+ x
f (x) f (0) sin x
lim = lim = 1,
x0 x0 x0 x
f (x) f (0)
lim i.
x0 x0
1
3. i i y = arcsin , |x| > 1.
x
i i
( )
1 1 1 1 1
y = arcsin = ( 1 )2 x2 = |x|x2 1 , |x| > 1.
x x
1 x

4. i f i i x0 , k N
i.(
(
) ( ) ( ) )
1 2 k
lim n f x0 + + f x0 + + . . . + f x0 + kf (x0 ) .
n n n n

( ( ) ( ) ( ) )
1 2 k
lim n f x0 + + f x0 + + . . . + f x0 + kf (x0 ) =
n n n n
( ) ( )
k
f x0 + ni f (x0 )
k
f x0 + ni f (x0 )
= lim i i
= i lim i
=
n n
i=1 n i=1 n

k
k(k + 1)
= if (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
i=1
2

5. i i f (x) = xx , x > 0.
i f i f (x) = ex ln x , x > 0.
i i
f (x) = ex ln x (x ln x) = xx (ln x + 1), x > 0.
I ii i i i-
i. i g , i i -
(ln g) . i
g
(ln g) = ,
g
4.1. i. 87

g = g (ln g) . i i f (x) = xx , x > 0,

f (x) = xx (x ln x) = xx (ln x + 1), x > 0.

6.
Pn (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + . . . + nxn1 , x R, n N.
x = 1 i
n(n + 1)
Pn (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n = , n N.
2
x = 1 i
xn+1 x
fn (x) = x + x2 + . . . + xn = , n N.
x1
,
((n + 1)xn 1)(x 1) (xn+1 x)
Pn (x) = fn (x) = =
(x 1)2
nxn+1 (n + 1)xn + 1
= , x = 1, n N.
(x 1)2

x3 sin 1 , x = 0,
7. , i f (x) = x i-
0, x = 0,
R. i i i i.
x = 0 i
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
f (x) = 3x2 sin + x3 cos 2 = x 3x sin cos .
x x x x x
i i 0
f (x) f (0) x3 sin x1 1
f (0) = lim = lim = lim x2 sin = 0.
x0
x 0 x0 x x0 x
x (3x sin 1 cos 1 ) , x = 0,
, f (x) = x x i f -
0, x = 0.
R \ {0} i. i
( )
1 1
lim f (x) = lim x 3x sin cos = 0 = f (0),
x0 x0 x x
f i 0 i f C(R).
8. i i, i
x = a cos t, y = a sin t, t (0, ).
y
yx = t yx = ctg t, t (0, ).
xt
88 i 4. i

9. yx , r = a (i i)
.
i i
,
x = r cos = a cos , y = r sin = a sin .
y
yx =
x
sin + cos
yx = .
cos sin
10. , i y 3 + 3y = x -
i y = y(x), x R, i i.
i x(y) = y 3 + 3y, y R, R i i x (y) =
= 3(y 2 + 1) > 0, y R. i i i
1
i i y (x) = .
3(y 2 + 1)
11. i y (x) i y(x), i-
y
arctg = ln x2 + y 2 .
x
y(x), x (a, b), i, i. i
i i
y(x)
arctg = ln x2 + (y(x))2 , x = 0.
x
i i
1 y x y 1 x + yy
2 2
= .
1 + y2 x x
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
i
x+y
y =
, x = y, x = 0.
xy
4.1. i i f i x0
1) f (x) = sin x, x R, x0 = 0; 3) f (x) = cos x, x R, x0 = 0;

2) f (x) = ln x, x > 0, x0 = 1; 4) f (x) = 3 x, x R, x0 = 1.
4.2. , i f i i x0 = 0.
i i i.
1) f (x) = e|x| , x R; 2) f (x) = (1 + |x|)2 , x R.
4.3. i i

1) f (x) = x, x > 0; 2) f (x) = arctg x, x R;
4.1. i. 89

3) f (x) = ex , x R;
4) f (x) = tg x, x = + n,
2
n Z.
4.4. i f
( i
( )i x0 . ,
)
1
lim n f x0 + f (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
n n
, i, i f i
i x0 .
4.5. i
( ( f
) i
( i) a. )
1 2 ( n)
lim n f a + 2 + f a + 2 + . . . + f a + 2 nf (a) .
n n n n
4.6. i f i i a, f (a) > 0. i
( ( ) )n ( ) 1
f a + n1 f (x) ln xln a
1) lim ; 2) lim .
n f (a) xa f (a)

4.7. f (x) = (x 1)(x 2)2 (x 3)3 . f (1), f (2), f (3).

4.8. i ii i
1) y = (5 + 2x)10 (3 4x)20 ; arcsin x 1 1x
14) y = + ln ;
2x 1 x2 2 1+x
2) y = ; 15) y = x arctg x 2 ln(1 + x2 )
1
1 x2
12 arctg2 x;
3) y = x + x + x; x
e cos x
4) y = cos 2x 2 sin x; 16) y = ;
sin x2
5) y = tg x 13 tg3 x + 15 tg5 x; 17) y = cos3 x3 ex tg x;
2

6) y = ex (x2 2x + 2); 18) y = exp(arctg x + 4)2 ;
x
7) y = e (sin x + cos x); 19) y = 1 + x2
8) y = ln(ln(ln x)); ln(x + 1 + x2 );
1 x2 1 xp (1 x)q
9) y = ln 2 ; 20) y = ;
4 x +1 1 + x
x
10) y = ln tg ; 1 + x3
21) y = 3 ;
2 1 x3
1 1
11) y = arccos ; 22) y = ;
x 1 + x (x + 1 + x2 )
2
12) y = x(sin(ln x) cos(ln x));
3 3
x 23) y = 1 + 1 + 3 x;
13) y = x arcsin +
1+x

+ arctg x x;
3 3
24) y = 4 ctg2 x + ctg8 x;
90 i 4. i
( x) x
25) y = ex 1 + ctg ; 36) y = arcsin ;
2 2
aa xa ax
26) y = x + a + a , a > 0; 1 2
37) y = arcctg ;
27) y = ln(ln2 (ln3 x)); 2 x
(x )
28) y = ln tg + ; 38) y = arcsin(sin x);
2 4
39) y = arccos(cos2 x);
29) y = ln(x + x2 + 1);
30) y = sin(cos2 x) cos(sin2 x); 40) y = arctg(tg2 x);
( )
31) y = ln(ex + 1 + e2x ); 1
41) y = ln arccos ;
x
32) y = x ln(x + 1 + x ) 2 ( )
1 + x2 ; 42) y = arctg x + 1 + x2 ;

33) y = x + 1 ln(1 + x + 1);
1
43) y = x x , x > 0;
1 ( )
34) y = ctg2 x + ln sin x; 44) y = ln cos2 x + 1 + cos4 x ;
2
x 1
35) y = ln tg cos x ln tg x; 45) y = ln(ch x) + .
2 2 ch2 x
4.9. ii, i i i


1 x,
x < 1,
1) y = (1 x)(2 x), 1 x 2,



x 2, x > 2;

x, x < 0,
2) y =
ln(1 + x), x 0;

x2 exp(x2 ), |x| 1,
3) y = 1
, |x| > 1.
e
4.10. i f, g i i A. i
i y,

1) y = f 2 (x) + g 2 (x);
f (x)
2) y = arctg ;
g(x)
1
3) y = (g(x)) f (x) , f (x) = 0, g(x) > 0, x A;
4) y = logf (x) g(x), f (x) > 0, f (x) = 1, g(x) > 0, x A.
4.1. i. 91

4.11. i u : A (0, +) i v : A R ii i
x0 . , i f (x) = u(x)v(x) , x A, i i x0
i.
i f : A (0, +) i i A. i i
i f i i i f
f (x)
(ln f (x)) = .
f (x)
4.12. i i i
1) f (x) = (x a1 )b1 (x a2 )b2 . . . (x an )bn ;

1x
2) y = x ;
1+x

3) y = (x + 1 + x2 )n .
4.13. ii i
1) y = xsin x ; (ln x)x
3) y = ln x ;
x
x
2) y = x + xx + xx ; 4) y = logx e.
4.14. i f, g : A (0, +), h : A R i i
h
x A. , i f g i i x i i.

4.15. ii, i i i
1) y = |x|; 3) y = ln |x|.
2) y = x|x|;

x2 sin 1 , x = 0,
4.16. , i y = x i R. -
0, x = 0,
i i i i.
4.17. R i, i
a1 , a2 , . . . , an .
4.18. i f i i . , :
1) i f , i f ; 2) i f
, i f .
4.19. i f i g i i x0 , :
1) i f i i x0 , i g i i i;
2) i i i i x0 ?
4.20. i f i g i i x0 , :
1) i f i i x0 , i g i i i;
92 i 4. i

2) i i i i x0 ?
4.21. i i i R. , i
i i i.
4.22. i fij : A R, 1 i n, 1 j n, iy
i A. i n- :
   
 f11 (x) f12 (x) f1n (x)   f11 (x) f12 (x) f1n (x) 
   
 
  

d 
n  
  
 f (x) fk2 (x) fkn (x)  =  fk1 (x) fk2 (x) fkn (x) ,
dx  k1   
  k=1  
   
 f (x) f (x) f (x)   f (x) f (x) fnn (x) 
n1 n2 nn n1 n2
x A.
4.23. i , i
x2 , x Q,
f (x) =
0, x R \ Q,
i.
4.24. > 0 i
|x| , x = 0,
f (x) =
0, x = 0.
, > 1 i f (0) = 0, 0 < 1 i i
f i 0 i. ii.
4.25.
1) 1 + 2x + 3x2 + . . . + nxn1 ; n
4) kCnk ;
2) 12 + 22 x + 32 x2 + . . . + n2 xn1 ; k=1
n
3) x + 3x3 + 5x5 + . . . + (2n + 1)x2n+1 ; 5) k 2 Cnk .
k=1
4.26. i i i i,
i g
1) g(y) = y + ln y, y > 0; 2) g(y) = y + ey , y R.
4.27. 0 < 1. , i g(y) = y sin y, y R,
i. i i.
4.28. i, i i i . -
i i i ii.
1) y = 2x x2 ; 3) y = 2ex e2x .
x2
2) y = ;
1 + x2
4.2. i i 93

4.29. ii i,

1) x = 1 t, y = 1 3 t;
3

2) x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t;
( )
3) x = sin2 t, y = cos2 t, t 0, 2 ;
4) x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t), t R;
5) x = a cos t, y = b sin t, t (0, ).
4.30. i y = y(x), x A, i i A i -
ii x2 + 2xy y 2 = 2x. i y (x).
4.31. a > 0 i y = y(x), x (a, a),
ii (a, a) i ii
x2 y2
+ = 1.
a2 b2
, i y i ii (a, a) i i.
4.32. (r, ) i
Oxy, i
i i . i y = y(x), x A, i
i A, i i r = r(), . i
y (x), x A,
1) r = a (i i); 3) r = aem
2) r = a(1 + cos ) (i); (i i).

4.33. i ii i f i x0
1) f (x) = |x|, x0 = 0; 3) f (x) = | ln x|, x0 = 1;
2) f (x) = | sin x|, x0 = k, k Z; 4) f (x) = |x2 2x|, x0 {0, 2}.

4.2 i i
ii i
f : (a, b) R, x0 (a, b). ,
P0 = (x0 , f (x0 )) i P (x) = (x, f (x)), x (a, b) \ {x0 },
i.
( i P0 i
)
(x) , , ii i
2 2
i i.
94 i 4. i

y6
f



P (x) 
f (x) 
 6




 ""
 "
"
 "
 " f (x) f (x0 )
"
 "
"
 "
 " "
 "
P0 " "
f (x0 )  ?
" x x0 -
"
"
" 
"0AK  AKA (x) -
a 0 ""  x0 x b x
"" 

i
f (x) f (x0 ) ( ( ))
tg (x) = (x) , .
x x0 2 2
x x0 , i f P (x)
P0 i. , i
, i (x) 0 , x x0 .
, P0 i 0
i , i i
f i P0 . i (P0 ) i. i

i f 0 , i i i, i

2 2
f (x0 ),
tg 0 = f (x0 ).
( )

i i f i P0 0 = , 0 =
2 2
4.3. i, i 95

i i,
f (x) f (x0 )
+ (), x x0 .
x x0
ii i i i i
f (x0 ) = + ().
4.34. i i f (x) = x3 + 12 x2 x3, i
i i i 135 .
4.35. , i i f (x) = (x + 2)2 i g(x) = 2 x2
i i i , .
4.36. i i i y = ln x, x > 0, i ?

4.37. i i i
1
1) y = x i y = x2 ; 2) y = sin x i 3) y = i y = x?
y = cos x; x

(, i i, i , -
i .)
4.38. x0 i i ii i y = x2
i y = x3 x0 ?
4.39. i y = x2 i x1 = 1 i x2 = 3.
i i. i i i
i ii?
4.40. , i i x2 y 2 = a, a > 0, i xy = b,
b > 0, i, i i i i
i i .
4.41. , i i ii r = aem , -
a > 0 i m ii, i-
.

4.3 i, i
. i f : [a, b] R
1) f C([a, b]); 2) x (a, b) i f (x); 3) f (a) = f (b).

i c (a, b) : f (c) = 0.
. i f : [a, b] R
1) f C([a, b]); 2) x (a, b) i f (x).
i c (a, b) : f (b) f (a) = f (c)(b a).
i. i f, g : [a, b] R
96 i 4. i

1) f, g C([a, b]); 2) x (a, b) i f (x), g (x);

3) x (a, b) : g (x) = 0.
f (b) f (a) f (c)
i c (a, b) : = .
g(b) g(a) g (c)
1. i i f (x) =
= x3 + 3x2 + 6 ii [1, 2] i c.
i f C([1, 2]) i x (1, 2) i f (x) = 3x2 + 6x,
, i c, f (2) f (1) = f (c)(2 1). i
f (2) f (1) = 16, c i f (c) = 16, 3c2 + 6c
16 = 0. ii i i i
57
c = 1 + .
3
2. ii
a, b R : | arctg a arctg b| |a b|.
i, , a < b. i
f (x) = arctg x, x [a, b]. .
i i c (a, b),
1
| arctg a arctg b| = |a b| |a b|.
1 + c2
4.42. n i f C (n1) ([a0 , an ]),
n i ii (a0 , an ) i i ii f (a0 ) =
= f (a1 ) = . . . = f (an ), a0 < a1 < . . . < an . , i -
c (a0 , an ), f (n) (c) = 0.
4.43. , i x4 4x + 1 = 0
i i i. , ii i i
( i i i).
4.44. , i i i
P (x) = (x + 1)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
ii , i i, .
4.45. i
x + 1, x 0,
f (x) =
sin x, x > 0,
ii [1, 1]?
4.46. ii i
x + 2, x 1,
f (x) =
x4 , x > 1,
4.3. i, i 97

?
1
4.47. i f (x) = i-
x
i [a, b], ab < 0 ?
4.48. ii [1, 1] i

1) y = |x|;
3
2) y = x2 ?

ii.
4.49. i

x, x 1,
f (x) = 1
, x > 1,
x
ii [0, 4]?
4.50. i f (t) = t, t 0,
1
ii [x, x + 1], x 0. , x + 1 x = ,
2 x + (x)
( )
1 1 1 1
(x) , , lim (x) = , lim (x) = .
4 2 x0 4 x+ 2
4.51. i, i i -
ii i
i c
1) f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 6, x [1, 2];
2) f (x) = x2 , x [1, 1];
3) f (x) = 5x3 + 2x, x [0, 1];

4) f (x) = x, x [0, 1].
4.52. ii i f (x) = x3 i g(x) = x2 + 1
i ?
4.53. i, i f (x) ] x i g(x) = 1 + cos x
[ = sin

i ii 0, c.
2
4.54. ii
1) | sin x sin y| |x y|, x, y R;
2) | cos x cos y| |x y|, x, y R;
3) py p1 (x y) xp y p pxp1 (x y), 0 < y < x, p > 1;
ba b ba
4) < ln < , 0 < a < b.
b a a
98 i 4. i

4.4 ii i. i
A R, > 0 : (x0 , x0 + ) A.
i f : A R i i x0 ,
i L
f (x) = f (x0 ) + L (x x0 ) + o(x x0 ), x x0 ,
ii i
y = L (x x0 ), x R,
i i f i x0 .
: x x0 =: dx, L (x x0 ) = Ldx =: df (x0 ).
i i f i x0 (ii i
xx0 ) i f (x)f (x0 ) i i {(xx0 ) :
> 0}, x x0 .
i f i i x0 i i i, i
x0 i i f (x0 ). L = f (x0 ). ,
df (x0 ) = f (x0 ) dx.
Iii i , -
i i f : (a, b) (c, d) i g : (c, d) R i
i h = g(f ) ii i -
i i g :
dg(y) = g (y) dy, dh(x) = d(g(f ))(x) = g (f (x)) f (x) dx .
|{z} | {z }
y dy
x
1. i i f (x) = xe .
i i, df (x) = f (x) dx.
d(xex ) = (1 + x)ex dx.
u
2. i i y = arctg , u, v -
v
ii i .
iii i,
( u) 1 (u) 1 vdu udv
dy = d arctg = ( u )2 d = ( u )2 =
v 1+ v 1+ v2
v v
v du u dv
= .
u2 + v 2
3.i i i i, -
3 1, 02.
4.4. ii i. i 99

i y = 3 x. i i i i x = 1 i
y (1) = 13 . i x = 0, 02,
1 0, 02
1 + x 1 + x = 1 +
3 3
= 1, 0066 . . .
3 i f (x) = x2 , x R,
4.55. i 3 i
i x0 = 1. i
:
1) x = 1; 2) x = 0, 1; 3) x = 0, 01.
2
4.56. s = 5t i , t i ,
s . t = 2 i s i
i ds, :
1) t = 1 ; 2) t = 0, 1 ; 3) t = 0, 01 .
4.57. i f i i x0 i f (x0 ) = 0. ,
df (x0 ) f (x0 ), x 0.
4.58. i i y = sin x, x R, i
x 0?
4.59. ii i

1) f (x) = |x 1| i x = 1; 2) f (x) = 3 x 1 i x = 1.
4.60. i i
1 1 x
1) y = ; 3) y = arctg , a = 0;
x a a
x
2) y = ln(x + x2 + 1); 4) y = arcsin , a > 0.
a
4.61. i

( x) x cos x);
1) d(sin 6) d( x2 + a2 );
1
( x ));)
2
2) d 2 ; 7) d(ln(1
xx 1
3) d(xe
( ); ) 8) d arccos ;
( |x|
4) d
ln x  ( ))
; sin x 1  x 
( x ) 9) d + ln tg +  .
x 2 cos2 x 2 2 4
5) d ;
1 x2
4.62. u, v, w ii i A i. -
i i y
1) y = uvw; 2) y = uv .
100 i 4. i

4.63. i ii i. i i -
ii , i i?

1) y = 5 (x 1)2 ; x arctg 1 , x = 0,
2) y = |ln x|; 4) y = x
0, x = 0;
x sin 1 , x = 0,
3) y = x 5) y = 1 cos 2x;
0, x = 0; 1
6) y = arccos ;

x
7) y = arcsin 1 x2 .
4.64. i , ii i
x2 , x Q,
1) f (x) =
x2 , x R \ Q;

x sin 1 + x2 cos 1 , x = 0,
2) y = x x
0, x = 0.
4.65. , i

1 , 1 1
|x| < , n N,
f (x) = n n+1 n

0, x = 0,
i i 0, i
1, 1 1
|x| < , n N,
2
f (x) = n n + 1 n

0, x = 0,
i i 0.
4.66. i i i i s(x) i x
i x . ii.
4.67. i i i i i
1) arctg 1, 05; 2) sin 29 ; 3) cos 151 ; 4) lg 11.

4.5 i
( )
0
1 ( i ). , i
0
f : (a, b) R, g : (a, b) R
1) lim f (x) = 0, lim g(x) = 0;
xb xb
2) x (a, b) f (x), g (x);
4.5. i 101

3) x (a, b) : g (x) = 0;
f (x)
4) i lim = L R {, +}.
xb g (x)
f (x)
i i lim = L.
xb g(x)
1 i b = +, i -
i a R {}.
( )

2 ( i ). , i

f : (a, b) R, g : (a, b) R
1) lim g(x) = ; 2) x (a, b) f (x), g (x);
xb
3) x (a, b) : g (x) = 0;
f (x)
4) i lim = L R {, +}.
xb g (x)
f (x)
i i lim = L.
xb g(x)

2 i b = +, i -
i a R {}.
1. ( )
1 1
lim .
x1 ln x x1
i ( )
1 1 x 1 ln x
lim = lim ,
x1 ln x x1 x1 (x 1) ln x
( )
0
i . i i
0
i
(x 1 ln x) 1 x1 x1
lim
= lim = lim .
x1 ((x 1) ln x) x1 ln x + x1 x1 x ln x + x 1
( ) x
0
i i i -
0
i i
(x 1) 1 1
lim = lim = .
x1 (x ln x + x 1) x1 ln x + 2 2
ii 1, ( ,
)
1 1 1
lim = .
x1 ln x x1 2
102 i 4. i

4.68. i
( )
tg x x exp x12
1) lim ; 10) lim ;
x0 x sin x x0 x100
2) lim x ln x, > 0;
x+0 11) lim ln x ln(1 x);
x1
xn
3) lim ax , a > 0, n > 0;
x+ e
( ) 12) lim xx ;
x+0
1 1
4) lim x ; 13) lim x1/(1x) ;
x0 x e 1 x1
xln x ( )x
5) lim ; 1
x+ (ln x)x 14) lim ln ;
x+0 x
3 tg 4x 12 tg x
6) lim ; (1 + x)1/x e
x0 3 sin 4x 12 sin x
15) lim ;
3
tg x 1 x0 x
7) lim ; ( ) 2
x/4 2 sin x 1
2
tg x 1/x
ax asin x 16) lim ;
8) lim ; x0 x
x0 x3 ( )1/x
ln x (1 + x)1/x
9) lim , > 0; 17) lim .
x+ x x0 e

4.6 ii i i
, i f : (a, b) R i x (a, b) i f (x).
i i g : (a, b) R
g(x) = f (x), x (a, b).
i x0 (a, b) i i g (x0 ) i g, i -
i i f i x0 i
i i
d2 f (x0 )
f (x0 ), .
dx2
i n 2 i f i i -
i n 1, i. :
dn f
f (n) , .
dxn
, ( )
(n) (n1) d dn1 f
f (x0 ) := (f ) (x0 ) = (x0 ).
dx dxn1

1) a > 0. i n N x R : (ax )(n) = ax (ln a)n . ,
(ex )(n) = ex .
4.6. ii i i 103
( )
n
2) n N x R : (sin x)(n) = sin x + ,
( 2 )
n
(cos x)(n) = cos x + .
2
3) R n N x > 0 : (x )(n) = ( 1) . . . ( n + 1)xn ,
N n > x R : (x )(n) = 0.
(1)n1 (n 1)!
4) n N x > 0 : (ln x)(n) = .
xn
C (n) (A) i i, i -
n N i A, i i.

C (0) (A) := C(A), C () (A) := C (n) (A).
n=0
i. f, g C (n) ((a, b)) n N. i
f g C (n) ((a, b)) i

n
x (a, b) : (f g)(n) (x) = Cnk f (k) (x)g (nk) (x), f (0) := f, g (0) := g.
k=0

, i f : (a, b) R i f (x), x (a, b).

i i dx1 i i -
i df (x) = f (x) dx1 i i x (a, b). i i
d(df (x)) = d(f (x) dx1 ) = f (x) dx1 dx2 , dx1 , dx2 R,
i i i i x i -
d2 f (x, dx1 , dx2 ). i, i n
i i dn1 f (x, dx1 , . . . , dxn1 ), x (a, b).
i
dn f (x, dx1 , . . . , dxn ) = f (n) (x) dx1 . . . dxn , dx1 , . . . , dxn R.
dx1 = dx2 = . . . = dxn = dx, i
dn f (x) = f (n) (x) dxn , dx R.

1. i f ii .
y i y , y = f (x2 ).
i ii
y = 2xf (x2 );
y = (2xf (x2 )) = 2f (x2 ) + 4x2 f (x2 );
y = 2(f (x2 ) + 2x2 f (x2 )) = 4xf (x2 ) + 8xf (x2 ) + 8x3 f (x2 ) =
= 4x(3f (x2 ) + 2x2 f (x2 )).
2. y (n) , n 1, y = x2 e3x .
104 i 4. i

i

n
(x2 e3x )(n) = Cnk (x2 )(k) (e3x )(nk) =
k=0

= x2 (e3x )(n) + 2nx(e3x )(n1) + n(n 1)(e3x )(n2) =

= 3n x2 e3x + 2nx3n1 e3x + n(n 1)3n2 e3x =
= 3n2 e3x (9x2 + 6nx + n(n 1)), x R, n 1.
3. y = ln u, u = u(x) > 0. d3 y.
i
du
dy = ;
u
u d2 u (du)2
d2 y = ;
u2
u2 d(d2 u (du)2 ) 2u du(u2 d2 u (du)2 )
d3 y = =
u4
1
= 3 (u(du d2 u + u d3 u 2du d2 u) 2u du d2 u + 2(du)3 ) =
u
1
= 3 (u2 d3 u 3u du d2 u + 2(du)3 ).
u
4.69. ii i
1) y = (x2 + 1) arctg x; arcsin x
5) y = ;
2) y = x 1 + x ; 2 1 x2
2 6) y = x ln x;
3) y = ex ; x
4) y = tg x; 7) y = .
1 x2
4.70. u : A (0, +), v : A R ii ii i
A i. i i y = uv .
4.71. u : A R, v : A R ii ii i A
i, u(x)v(x) > 0, x A. i
u
i y = ln .
v
4.72.
( )
1) d2 ( 1 + x2 ); 2) d2
ln x
.
x
4.73. u : A R, v : A R ii ii i A
i, v(x) = 0, x A. i i
u u
1) y = ; 2) y = arctg .
v v
4.7. 105

dy d2 y d3 y
4.74. ii , , i,
dx dx2 dx3
1) x = a cos t, y = a sin t; 3) x = a(tsin t), y = a(1cos t).
2) x = 2t t2 , y = 3t t3 ;
4.75.
( )
1) d
3 1
; 2) d3 (xex ).
x
4.76. i n- i
1+x ex
1) y = ; 4) y = ;
1x x
1 5) y = sin2 x;
2) y = 2 ;
x 3x + 2 6) y = sin4 x + cos4 x;
x2 7) y = cos ax cos bx;
3) y = ;
1x 8) y = ex sin x.
4.77. dn y
ln x 2) y = xn ex , n N.
1) y = ;
x
4.78. f (n) (0)
1 3) f (x) = x2 aax ;
1) f (x) = ;
(1 2x)(1 + x)
x
2) f (x) = ; 4) eax cos bx.
1x
4.79. , i
exp ( 1 ) , x = 0,
f (x) = x2
0, x = 0.
i i i 0.
4.80. i n- i y = arctg x.

4.7
1. x0 (a, b), i f : (a, b) R n N
:
1) x (a, b) f (n1) (x); 2) f (n) (x0 ).
i i
n
f (k) (x0 )
f (x) = (x x0 )k + o((x x0 )n ), x x0 .
k!
k=0
106 i 4. i

rn (x) = o((x x0 )n ), x x0 ,
i .
2. x0 (a, b), i f : (a, b) R n N

x (a, b) f (n+1) (x).
i i

n
f (k) (x0 )
x (a, b) (0, 1) : f (x) = (x x0 )k + rn (x).
k!
k=0
f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 ))
rn (x) = (x x0 )n+1 -
(n + 1)!
i .
x0 = 0 .
-- i
x x2 xn xk n
1) ex = 1 + + + ... + + rn (x) = + rn (x);
1! 2! n! k!
k=0
3 5 2n+1
x x x
2) sin x = x + . . . + (1)n + ren (x) =
3! 5! (2n + 1)!

n
x2k+1
= (1)k + ren (x);
(2k + 1)!
k=0

x2 x4 x2n
3) cos x = 1 + . . . + (1)n +e
ren (x) =
2! 4! (2n)!

n
x2k
= (1)k +e ren (x);
(2k)!
k=0

x2 x3 xn
4) ln(1 + x) = x + . . . + (1)n1 + rn (x) =
2 3 n
n
xk
= (1)k1 + rn (x);
k
k=1

( 1) 2 ( 1)( 2) 3
5) (1 + x) = 1 + x + x + x + ... +
2! 3!
( 1) . . . ( n + 1) n n
+ x + rn (x) = Ck xk + rn (x),
n!
k=0
( 1) . . . ( k + 1)
0 k
C := 1, C := , k 1.
k!
4.7. 107

1. i
2x 3
f (x) = i i i x3 .
x+1
1
i g(x) = , x = 1, 5):
x+1
1
g(x) = = (1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + o(x3 ), x 0.
x+1

f (x) = (2x 3)g(x) = (2x 3)(1 x + x2 x3 + o(x3 )) =

= 3 + 5x 5x2 + 5x3 + o(x3 ), x 0.
2. i ch x,
sh x i i .
1):
x x2 xn
ex = 1 + + + ... + + o(xn ), x 0,
1! 2! n!
x x2 xn
ex =1 + . . . + (1)n + o(xn ), x 0.
1! 2! n!

ex + ex x2 x4 x2n
ch x = =1+ + + ... + + o(x2n+1 ), x 0,
2 2! 4! (2n)!
ex ex x3 x5 x2n1
sh x = =x+ + + ... + + o(x2n ), x 0.
2 3! 5! (2n 1)!
3. i
(( x) 1 6 )
lim x3 x2 + ex x + 1 .
x+ 2
1
i 0, x +, 1) i
x
( )2 ( )3 ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ex = 1 + + + +o , x +.
x 2! x 3! x x3
5),
( )
6
1 1
1+x =1 6 +o , x +.
2x x6

(( x) 1 6 )
lim x3 x2 + ex x + 1 =
x+ 2
108 i 4. i
(( )( )
1 1 1 1 1
= lim x 3
1 + 2 1+ + +
x+ x 2x x 2!x2 3!x3
( ) ( ))
1 1
1 6 +o =
2x x3
( ( ))
1 1 1
= lim x3 3
+o 3
= .
x+ 6x x 6
4.81. P (x) = 1 + 3x + 5x 2x i
2 3

i (x + 1).
4.82. i i i
1 + x + x2
f (x) =
1 x + x2
i i {xn : n 0} x 0. i f (4) (0)?
4.83. i i
i x3 i
1 2x 3
1) f (x) = ; 4) f (x) = ;
1 2x x+1
2) f (x) = sin(sin
( x);x ) 5) f (x) = x sin2 2x;
3) f (x) = cos 2 + ; x2
2 6) f (x) = 2 .
3x 4
4.84. i i
i
(x )
1) f (x) = exp +2 ; 5) f (x) = ex ln(1 + x), n = 4;
2 5
1 6) f (x) = 2 ;
2) f (x) = ; x + x 12
2x + 3 7) f (x) = e x cos x
;
3) f (x) = (x 1)e2x ; 2
3+x 8) f (x) = cos x.
4) f (x) = ln ;
5+x
4.85. i i x0 i -
i
1 x1
1) f (x) = , x0 = 2; 5) f (x) = 2 , x0 = 1;
x x 2x + 5
2) f (x) = sin(2x 3), x0 = 1; x2
1 6) f (x) = , x0 = 2.
3) f (x) = ln(2x + 1), x0 = ; 3
x 4x + 5
2
2
4 x2
4) f (x) = ln , x0 = 3;
5x
4.7. 109

4.86.
i i
i f (x) = x, x 0, i x0 = 1.
4.87. i -

x3 x5
sin x x + , |x| 1.
3! 5!
4.88.

1) e i 109 ; 2) 5 i 104 .
4.89.
3
1) lim x 2 ( x + 1 + x 1 2 x);
x+
(( x) 1 6 )
2) lim x3 x2 + ex x + 1 ;
x+( ) 2
1 1 1 + 2 tg x ex + x2
3) lim ;
x0 x sin x 4) lim ;
x0 arcsin x sin x
x3
ln(x + 1 + x2 ) x +
5) lim 6 ;
x0 x sin1x ( ) 12
( )
2 tg x 1cos x x sin x x
6) lim ; 7) lim ;
x0 x + sin x x0 2 ch x 2

sin(sin x) x 3 1 x2
8) lim .
x0 x5

4.90 .
1) f C (2) ((1, 1)), f (0) = 0 i x (1, 1)
(x) ,
f (x) f (0) = f ()x,
i i 0 x.
(x)
lim .
x0 x

2) n N i f C (n+1) ((1, 1)), f (n+1) (0) = 0

i x (1, 1) (x)
,
f (n1) (0) n1 f (n) () n
f (x) = f (0) + f (0)x + . . . + x + x ,
(n 1)! n!
i i 0 x.
(x)
lim .
x0 x
110 i 4. i

4.91 . f, g C (2) ([0, 1]), g (x) = 0 i x (0, 1) i

f (0)g (0) = f (0)g (0). x (0, 1) (x)
(0, 1), i i
f (x) f (0) f ()
= .
g(x) g(0) g ()
,
(x) 1
lim = .
x0 x 2

4.8 i i i
i i i i i.
i i
a < b +, f : (a, b) R. , i f
i (a, b).
i i. f ( ) (a, b)
x (a, b) : f (x) 0 (f (x) 0).
i i. f () (a, b)
1) x (a, b) : f (x) 0 (f (x) 0);
2) (, ) (a, b) x (, ) : f (x) = 0.
i
A R, A = , f : A R.
1. x0 A
( ii ) i f,
1) > 0 : (x0 , x0 + ) A;
2) x (x0 , x0 + ) : f (x) f (x0 ) (f (x) f (x0 )).
1) x0
( ii ) i f,
x (x0 , x0 + ) \ {x0 } : f (x) < f (x0 ) (f (x) > f (x0 )).
iii i i
i.
(ii ).
x0 A . i x0 i f
i, f (x0 ) = 0.
4.8. i i i 111

, i i ,
i i.
, i f i i i x0 ,
> 0 x (x0 , x0 ) A : f (x) > 0,
> 0 x (x0 , x0 ) A : f (x) < 0.
i i "i f i -
i x0 ".
1 (i ). i
f : A R
1) > 0 x (x0 , x0 + ) A i f (x), f (x0 ) = 0 i
i f i i i i x0 ;
2) f C(A) i > 0 : (x0 , x0 + ) A i x (x0 , x0 + ) \ {x0 }
i f (x), i f i i i i
x0 .
i i i i x0 ii,
, i x0
.
2 (i ). i
f : A R, m N, m 2, x0 A. , i
1) > 0 x (x0 , x0 + ) A f (m1) (x);
2) f (m) (x0 );
3) f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = . . . = f (m1) (x0 ) = 0, f (m) (x0 ) = 0.
i m = 2k, k N, x0
f (m) (x0 ) < 0 i ii
f (m) (x0 ) > 0. m = 2k + 1, k N, x0
.
i
a < b +, f : (a, b) R.
2. i f ( )
(a, b),
x1 , x2 (a, b) [0, 1] : f (x1 + (1 )x2 ) f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 )
( x1 , x2 (a, b), x1 = x2 , (0, 1) :
f (x1 + (1 )x2 ) < f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 )).
i f ( ) (a, b),
i (f ) ( ).
112 i 4. i

i i i i. ,
i x (a, b) i i f (x). i f (
) (a, b) f ( ) (a, b).
i i i i. , i
x (a, b) i i f (x).
i f (a, b) x (a, b) : f (x) 0.
i f (a, b)

1) x (a, b) : f (x) 0;
2) (, ) (a, b) x (, ) : f (x) = 0.
ii . i f (a, b). i

n
n 2 {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } (a, b) {1 , 2 , . . . , n } [0, 1], k = 1 :
k=1
f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + . . . + n xn ) 1 f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ) + . . . + n f (xn ).

A R, x0 A.
3. x0 i i
f : A R, f i x0 i > 0 ,
(x0 , x0 + ) A i ii (x0 , x0 ) i (x0 , x0 + )
i f , i ii.
(ii ). x0
i i f, i i i i.
i f (x0 ), f (x0 ) = 0.
(i ). f : A R, x0 A

1) > 0 x (x0 , x0 + ) A f (x);
2) f (x0 ) = 0;
3) f i i i i x0 .
i f i i i x0 ii,
, i x0
.

A R, f : A R, a A, a R
{, +}.
4. x = a i
4.8. i i i 113

i f, i i ii
lim f (x) = + (, ), lim f (x) = + (, ).
xa xa+
+ () A.
5. y = kx + l i i
f x + (),
lim (f (x) (kx + l)) = 0.
x+ ()
, y = kx + l, x R, i
i f x + (), i i
f (x)
lim = k, lim (f (x) kx) = l.
x+ () x x+ ()

i i
i i .
1) i. i.
2) i i, i, ii i.
3) i ;
i.
4) i i .
5) i i, i i.
6) i i i, .
7) i ii i i i.
8) i.
1. , i f (x) = x + arcctg x R.
i
1
f (x) = (x + arcctg x) = 1 0, x R,
1 + x2
ii i x = 0, i
i i f R.
2. i . , i
x i ii
x 1 + ln x.
i > 0 i f (x) = x 1 ln x, x > 0.
i

f (x) = x1 = (x 1), x > 0,
x x
i (0, 1) i (1, +). i i
i f (0, 1) i (1, +). i f
114 i 4. i

i x = 1, i i .

x > 0 : f (x) f (1) = 0.

3.
i i i -
x
i y = .
x+1
i y i

1
(x + 1) x x + 1
2 x
y (x) = = , x > 0.
(x + 1)2 2 x(x + 1)2
i i i ii i i
.
x (0, 1) 1 (1, +)
y >0 0 <0
y 1
2
1
y(1) = i i i y.
2
4. i i i i
x2
y = e 2 .
i y i
x2
y (x) = e 2 (x 1)(x + 1).
i i ii i i
.
x (, 1) 1 (1, 1) 1 (1, +)

y >0 0 <0 0 >0
1 1
y e 2 e 2
i x = 1 i i i i
, x = 1 .
5. i i y = ln(x2 1).
i i ii x2 1 > 0,
D(y) = (, 1) (1, +). i , i -
i x = 0 i x D(y) : y(x) = y(x).
i i ii . i i -
i x2 1 = 1 x = 2. i

i
,
(, 2) ( 2, +) i i
( 2, 1) (1, 2). i lim y(x) = lim y(x) = , i
x1 x1+
4.8. i i i 115

x = 1 x = 1 i i. i
ln(x2 1)
lim y(x)
x = lim x = 0 lim (y(x) 0 x) = lim ln(x2 1) =
x x x x
+, i i x i. i -
2x
i i i. y (x) = 2 , x D(y). -
x 1

y (x) < 0, x (, 1), y (x) > 0, x (1, +). i -
, i (, 1) i (1, +).
i i i.
2(x2 + 1)
y (x) = 2 < 0, x D(y). i -
(x 1)2
ii (, 1), (1, +).
i i i. . . 4.1.

y
6

-
2 1 0 1 2 x

. 4.1: i i y = ln(x2 1)

3x + |x2 4|
6. i i y = .
|x 2|
i D(y) = R\{2}. i, i
116 i 4. i

i
2

x + 3x 4

, x 2,

2 2x
x 3x 4
y(x) = , 2 < x < 2,

x2

x + 3x 4
2

, x > 2.
x2
i i i y(x) = 0 3x + |x2 4| = 0,
x D(y) x {4, 1}. i i -
, i (, 4), (1, 2), (2, +) i i-
2
(4, 1). i lim y(x) = lim x 3x4
x2 = +, lim y(x) =
x2 x2 x2+
2
= lim x +3x4
x2 = +, x = 2 -
x2+
i i. i
y(x) x2 + 3x 4
lim = lim = 1,
x x x (2 x)x
( 2 )
x + 3x 4
lim (y(x) (1)x) = lim + x = 5,
x x 2x
y = x 5 i i x . i
y(x) x2 + 3x 4
lim = lim = 1,
x+ x x+ (x 2)x
( 2 )
x + 3x 4
lim (y(x) 1 x) = lim x = 5,
x+ x+ x2
y = x + 5 i i x +. i
i i i i i


x2 + 4x + 2

, x < 2,

(2 x)2
2
x 4x + 10
y (x) = , 2 < x < 2,

(x 2)2



x 4x 2
2
, x > 2.
(x 2)2
5 11
i x = 2 i i, i y (2) = = = y+ (2).
8 8
i i.

x (, 2) 2 (2, 2) (2, 2 + 6) 2+ 6 (2 + 6, +)
y <0 >0 <0 0 >0

y 32 7+2 6
4.8. i i i 117

x = 2 x = 2 + 6 i i ii, i
i i i ii i
i. i i i i
i .

12

, x < 2,

(2

12
x)3
y (x) = , 2 < x < 2,

(2 x)3

12

, x > 2.
(x 2)3
i y (x) > 0, x D(y), i
ii (, 2), (2, 2), (2, +). i i
i x = 2 i i i i i i ,
i i i (, 2).
i i i. . . 4.2.
4.92. i i -
i y = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 3. i i
i ii [0, 4].
4.93. , i y = arctg x x R.
4.94. a i
1) f (x) = sin x + ax; 2) f (x) = x3 ax
R?
4.95. i i i i
1) f (x) = 2 + x x2 ; 6) f (x) = xn ex , n > 0, x 0.
2) f (x) = 3x x3 ; 7) f (x) = (x + 1)e2x ;
x 1
3) f (x) = ; 8) f (x) = ;
x + 100
1 2x
4) f (x) = x + sin x; 9) f (x) = (1 x)(x 2)2 ;
3

5) f (x) = 2x x2 ; 10) f (x) = ch x + cos x.

4.96. ii
x2 x3
1) x = 0 : cos x > 1 ; 4) x > 0 : x < sin x < x;
2 6
( )
2) x R : ex 1 + x; x3
5) x 0, : tg x > x + .
x2 2 6
3) x 0 : ex 1 + x + ; 6) a > 0 x > 0 :
2
xa 1 + a ln x.
118 i 4. i

4.97. i i f (x) = (x 3)3 e|x|

ii [1, 4].
4.98. i R i
f (x) = sin3 x + cos3 x.
4.99. i
n
f (x) = (x ak )2 , x R,
k=1
a1 , a2 , . . . , an ii ii .
1
4.100. i i i y = + x2 ,
x
x (0, 4]?
4.101. , i i
( )
x4 2 + sin 1 , x = 0,
f (x) = x
0, x = 0,
i i , i i i 0,
ii i f.
4.102. , i
x sin , x = 0,
f (x) = x
0, x = 0,
i i iii ii [0, 1].
4.103. i ,
i i R.
4.104. f , i R i, f (0) = 0.
, 0
{ i i.
}
n
4.105. i ii : n1 .
n + 20
4.106. f, g : [0, +) [0, +), i g ,
f (x) f (x)
i f , lim = 0. i
x+ g(x) g(x)
(x0 , +) x0 > 0?
4.107. f C([0, 1]).
1) f ii [0, 1] i
i?
2) f ii [0, 1] i
i, i?
4.108. i f C([a, b]) [a, b] i n -
i. , n 1, n n + 1 ii.
4.8. i i i 119

4.109 . , i -
i i i i i.
4.110. i i i i
1) y = x + sin x; 1
4) y = 2
;
2 1 + x

2) y = ex ; 3
5) y = x + x;

3) y = 3x x ;
2 3
6) y = 1 + x2 .
4.111. i f i g i (a, b). , i
i , i f + g (a, b).
4.112. i f (a, b). , f C((a, b)).
4.113. i f i (a, b). ,
i f 1 f ((a, b)).
4.114. i f i g i (a, b), i f ,
i g (a, b). , i
n 2 i {x1 , x2 , . (
. . , xn } (a,
) b) (
i ii
)
n n
g 1 g(xk ) f 1 f (xk ) .
k=1 k=1

4.115. ii {an : n 1} , i
f : [0, +) [0, +) , f (0) = 0. , ii
{f (an ) : n 1} .
4.116. i i i
1) y = 3x x3 ; x x2
8) y = + ;
x2 1 | x 2| | x|
2) y = + ; 9) y = x + | 1 x2 |;
2 x
x + 3x2 + 1
3
10) y = cos3 x + sin3 x;
3) y = ;
2x 1
2
11) y =
2x
+ ln
1+x
;
1 1 1 x 2 1x
4) y = 3 ;
x x 12) y = x 2 2 ln x;
1 4x 13) y = log| x| 2;
5) y = 2 ;
x 2x + 2
x4 + 2 14) y = x + ex ;
6) y = 2 ;
2x + 1
15) y = e2x sin2 x;
7) y = 3 (x + 1)2 + 3 (x 1)2 ; 16) y = arcsin x x 1 x2 .
120 i 4. i

y
6

7+2 6
y =x+5

2
y = x 5
-
5 4 2 1 0 2 2+ 6 x
32

3x + |x2 4|
. 4.2: i i y =
|x 2|
 121

i 5
i
5.1 i . ii.
i i
a, b R i a < b. i J i
i R:
[a, b], [a, b), (a, b], (a, b), [a, +), (a, +), (, b], (, b), (, +).
1. f : J R. i F : J R i
i f J, x J i F (x) i F (x) = f (x).
2 ( i). f : J R.
i F : J R i i f J, :
1) F C(J);
2) x J \ A i F (x) i F (x) = f (x), A i i
i, n N A [n, n] i.
( i). i F -
i i f J. i i C R i F (x) + C,
x J, i i f J. F i G ii i f
J, C R i ii F (x) G(x) = C, x J.
3. i f i J. i
i i f J F (x) + C, x r J, F i, C
i
r . i f (x) dx, x J,
f (x) dx = F (x) + C, x J.
i i i
i f, g : J R ii J. i:
d r
1) f (x) dx = f (x), x J.
rdx
2) f (x) dx = f (x) + C, x J.
r r
3) a R, a = 0 : (af (x)) dx = a f (x) dx, x J.
r r r
4) (f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx, x J.
r
5) f (x) dx = F (x) + C, x J i a, b R, a = 0,
r 1
f (ax + b) dx = F (ax + b) + C, x J1 , J1 = {x| ax + b J}.
a
ii
122 i 5. i

i i ii i i,
i ii i.
r x+1
1) x dx = + C, = 1.
+1
w dx
2) = ln |x| + C.
x
r ax r
3) ax dx = + C, a > 0, a = 1. , ex dx = ex + C.
r ln a
4) sin x dx = cos x + C.
r
5) cos x dx = sin x + C.
w dx
6) = tg x + C.
cos2 x
w dx
7) 2 = ctg x + C.
r sin x
8) sh x dx = ch x + C.
r
9) ch x dx = sh x + C.
w dx
10) = th x + C.
ch2 x
w dx
11) = cth x + C.
sh2 x
w dx 1 x
12) = arctg + C, a = 0.
x2 + a2 a  a 
w dx 1 x a
13) = ln   + C, a = 0.
x a
2 2
2a x + a
w
14) dx x
= arcsin + C, a > 0.
a2 x2 a
w dx
15) = ln |x + x2 a2 | + C, a = 0.
x2 a2
1. i f : R R i i F R.
, i F .
i g(x) = F (x) F (x), x R. i g (x) =
= f (x) + f (x) = 0, x R. , g(x) = C, x R. i g(0) = 0,
C = 0 i F (x) F (x) = 0, x R. , i F .

( ) 2. i i f (x) = min{sin x, cos x},

x 0, .
2

5.1 . ii. i i 123

sin x, 0<x ,
f (x) = 4
cos x,
<x< .
( ) ( )4 2

i f i 0, i , i F,
4 4 2
cos x + C1 , 0 < x < ,
F (x) = 4
sin x + C2 ,
<x< .

4 2
ii i ( ) C1 i C2 i

i ii 0, :
2 ( ) ( )

F =F + .
4 4

1 1
+ C1 = + C2 , C2 = C1 2.
2 2
,
cos x + C,
0<x ,
4
sin x 2 + C, < x < ,
F (x) =
4 2
i, , ( )

F (x) = f (x), x 0, .
( ) { } 2

x 0, \ i,
2 4

x = i : oi i i
4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

i i F + =f , F =f , i -
( )
4 ( ) 4 ( )4 ( )4

i ii F+ =f i F =f . , i i
( ) ( ) 4 4 4 4

F =f .
4 4
ii:
cos x + C,
0<x ,
4
sin x 2 + C, < x < .
F (x) =

4 2
3. i
w (2x 3
3x
)2
dx.
x2
124 i 5. i

w (2x 3
)2 w (2
)
3x
dx = 2 2 3x
3 7
6
3
+ 9x 4
3 dx =
x2 x
1 1
= 2 ln |x| + 12 2 3x 6 3 9x 3 + C.
3 3

4. i f (x) = sign(x2 5x + 6), x R,
i ii , i
.
i

1,
x < 2,



1, 2 < x < 3,
f (x) = sign(x2 5x + 6) =




1, x > 3,


0, x = 2, 3,
i i


x + C1 , x < 2,

F (x) = x + C2 , 2 x < 3,



x + C3 , x 3.
i i F R ii i
C1 , C2 , C3 :
C2 = C1 + 4, C3 = C2 6 = C1 2.
F (0) = 0 C1 = 0.
ii:


x, x < 2,
F (x) = x + 4, 2 x < 3,



x 2, x 3.

5. i i
w dx
.
x 5x + 3
2
w w
dx dx
= =
x2 5x + 3 (x 2, 5)2 3, 25

= ln |x 2, 5 + x2 5x + 3| + C.
r 5
6. i cos x dx.

5.1 . ii. i i 125

r r
cos5 x dx = cos4 x d sin x =
r r
= (1 sin2 x)2 d sin x = (1 2 sin2 x + sin4 x) d sin x =
2 1
= sin x sin3 x + sin5 x + C.
3 5
5.1. i
1
f (x) = , x R,
1 + x2
i, i (1, ).
5.2. i
1
f (x) = , x (1, 1),
1 x2
i F (x), x (1, 1), F ( 12 ) = 1.
5.3. i
1
f (x) = , x R,
1 + x2
i F (x), x R, F (1) + F (1) = 2.
5.4. i f : (a, b) R g : (a, b) R ii ii
(a, b). , :
1) f g i i f g + f g (a, b);
f f g f g
2) i i (a, b), g(x) = 0, x (a, b).
g g2
5.5. i f : R R i i F R. ,
i F F (0) .
5.6 . x0 (a, b) i i f C((a, b) \ {x0 })
i x0 . , i i ii (a, b).
5.7. i i
r w x2
1) (x2 + 1)2 dx; 6) dx;
w (a ) x2 + 1
w x2 + 1 x2 1

b c
2) + + 3 dx;
x x2 x 7) dx;
w( 1
)
x4 1
3) 1 2
x
x x dx; w x2 + 1 + 1 x2
8) dx;
w ( 1 x )2 1 x4
4) dx; w x2 + 3
x
9) dx;
w x 2 3 2
x +1
x2 1
5) dx; r 2
4
x 10) (2x + 3x ) dx;
126 i 5. i

w e3x + 1 r
11) dx; 13) ctg2 x dx;
ex + 1 r
w 2x+1 5x1 14) tg2 x dx;
r
12) dx; 15) (a sin x + b cos x) dx.
10x
5.8. i R
r r
1) |x| dx; 5) e|x| dx;
r r
2) x|x| dx; 6) min(1, x2 ) dx;
r 2 r
3) (x + |x|) dx; 7) max(1, x2 ) dx;
r r
4) (|x + 1| |x 1|) dx; 8) sin |x| dx;
5.9. ii ii i
1) f (x) = sign x, x R; 6) f (x) = [x3 ], x (0, 2);
2) f (x) = [x], x (1, 3); 7) f (x) = {x}, x (0, 3),
{x} := x [x]
3) f (x) = sign(x2 3x+2), x R;
i x;
4) f (x) = [3x],
x (0, 2);
8) f (x) = sign cos x, x R.
e ,
x
x 0,

5) f (x) = x,
0 < x 1,


sin x, x > 1;
r
5.10 . [x]| sin x| dx.
1
5.11 . i f C (1) ((0, +)), f (x2 ) =
, x > 0.
x

5.12 . i f C ([1, 1]) i ii
(1)

f (sin2 x) = cos2 x, x R?

5.13. i
r w dx
1) 3
1 3x dx; 6) ;
w dx 3x2 2
2) ; w dx
(5x 2)5 7) ;
2
w dx sin (2x + 4 )
3) ; w
2 7x dx
8) ;
w dx 1 + cos x
4) ; r
2 3x2 9) cos2 x dx;
w dx w dx
5) ; 10) ;
2 + 3x2 ex + ex
5.1 . ii. i i 127
w dx w ex
11) ; 26) dx;
sin x 2 + ex
w cos x dx w sin x
12) ; 27) dx;
2 + cos 2x cos 3x
w 2x 3x r
13) dx; 28) tg x dx;
9x 4x r
w 29) sin2 x dx;
dx r
14) ; 30) cos4 x dx;
2
r x x +10 1 w arctg x
15) x(1 x) dx; 31) dx;
w x 1 + x2
16) dx; w dx
(x 1)100 32) ;
w dx 1 x arcsin2 x
2
17) ; w x4
x+1+ x1 33) dx;
w x dx (x5 + 1)4
18) ; w x2
3
1 3x 34) dx;
w dx x+1
19) ; w dx
1 + ex 35) ;
w x3 dx (x 1)(x + 3)
20) ; w
r (x x 2 2x )
8 dx
36) ;
21) e +e dx; (x2 1)(x2 + 3)
w w dx
dx 37) ;
22) ; (x + 4)(x2 + 9)
2
1 cos x r
w x dx 38) cos 2x cos 3x dx;
23) ; r
(1 + x2 )2 39) sin3 x dx;
w x dx w
24) ; dx
(x2 1)3 40) 2 2
;
r r sin x cos x
25) x exp(x2 ) dx; 41) ch x sh x dx.

5.14. i i i
w dx w dx
1) 2
; 5) ;
w 4x +dx4x + 5
w
x(1 + x)
2) ; dx
5 12x 9x 2 6) 2+x2
;
w dx w x
3) ; 7)
dx
.
x2 3x + 2
w dx 7 6x x2
4) ;
x2 2x + 5
128 i 5. i

5.2 I i

r
i i. f (x) dx = F (x) + C, x J, i
: J J i J. i
r r
f ((u)) d(u) = f ((u)) (u) du = F ((u)) + C, u J.

i . i u : J R, v : J R
ii J, i uv i J. i i u v
i J ii
r r
u (x)v(x) dx = u(x)v(x) u(x)v (x) dx, x J.
r r
i v du = uv u dv.
w x dx
1. i , a = 0.
a2 + x 4
w x dx 1w dx2 1 x2
2 4
= 2 2 2
= arctg + C.
a +x 2 a + (x ) 2a a
w ln2 x
2. i dx.
x
w ln2 x w 1
dx = ln2 x d ln x = ln3 x + C.
x r 3
3. i x2 + a2 dx, a > 0.
 i i 
w  
 x = a sh t, t R, dx = a ch t dt 
x + a dx = 
2 2 =
 t = ln(x + x2 + a2 ) 
w w a 2 w
= a2 (1 + sh2 t)a ch t dt = a2 ch2 t dt = (ch 2t + 1) dt =
( ) 2
a2 sh 2t a2
= + t + C = (sh t ch t + t) + C =
2 2 2
x a2
= a2 + x 2 + ln(x + x2 + a2 ) + C.
2 2 r
4. i arcsin x dx.
i
r r
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x x d(arcsin x) =
w x
= x arcsin x dx = x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C.
1 xr2
5. i x2 ex dx.
5.2. I i 129

ii r r ir r
x2 ex dx = x2 dex = x2 ex 2 xex dx = x2 ex 2 x dex =
r
= x2 ex 2xex +r2 ex dx = (x2 2x + 2)ex + C.
6. i a x dx, a > 0.
2 2

I , i i i
r w x2 a2 + a2
a2 x2 dx = x a2 x2 + dx =
a2 x 2
r x
= x a2 x2 a2 x2 dx + a2 arcsin + C.
a
i
r x 2 a2 x
a2 x2 dx = a x2 + arcsin + C.
2 2 a
5.15. i i
w w ( )
dx dx 1
1) (x + 1 = t2 ); 2) x= .
1+ x+1 x x2 1 t
5.16. ii i i
w w
x5 dx
1) dx; 7) 2 ;
r 15 x sin (ln x)
x 2
w ex arctg ex
2) cos x sin x dx;
w sin x cos3 x 8) dx;
w 1 + e2x
3) dx; dx
1 + cos2 x 9) ;
w sin2 x x ln x ln(ln x)
4) 6
dx; w 2
x dx
w cosdxx 10) ;
5) x ; (x2 + a2 )
e +1 w
w arctg x dx 11)
a+x
dx.
6) ; ax
x 1+x
5.17. ii i -
i ( i)
w dx r
1) ; 3) (a2 + x2 )3/2 dx;
(1 x2 )3 w dx
r 4) dx.
2) a x dx;
2 2
(x + a2 )3
2

5.18. i i
w dx w dx
1) ; 3) , a = b.
r (x + a)(x + b) (x a)(b x)
2) x2 + 3x 2 dx;
130 i 5. i

5.19. i
r w
1) x2 3 1 x dx; x2 dx
3) ;
w ln x dx x2 2
2) ; r
x 1 + ln x 4) (x + a)(x + b) dx.
w dx
5.20. i
x2 + x + 1
1) i ;

2) i x2 + x + 1 = 1 + tx.
i i iii. r
5.21. i sin x cos x dx
1) i sin x = t;
2) i cos x = t;
3) ii
1
sin x cos x = sin 2x.
2
, i.
w x3
5.22. i dx.
r (x 1)12
5.23. i x3 1 x2 dx.
I i
5.24.
r r
1) r ln x dx; 6) arctg x dx;
2) r xn ln x dx, n = 1; w x ln(x + 1 + x2 )
7) dx;
3) r x sin x dx; 1 + x2
r
4) x2 arccos x dx; 8) x2 + a2 dx;
w arcsin x r
5) dx; 9) x2 a2 dx.
x 2

5.25.
w x arcsin x w 1 + x2
1) dx; 4) dx;
r 2 1x
2
w x cos
x2
x
2) x arctg 4x dx; 5) dx;
w x2 arctg x 3
w sin x
arcsin x
3) dx;
1 + x2 6) dx.
(1 x2 )3
5.26.
r r
1) (x2 + x + 1)ex dx; 2) (x2 x + 1) sin x dx;
5.3. I i i 131
r r
3) eax sin bx dx; 5) (arcsin x)2 dx;
r w xearctg x dx
4) eax cos bx dx;
6) .
(1 + x2 )3
5.27.
r r
1) x ln2 x dx; 7) r xsin2 x dx;
r
2) x2 e2x dx; 8) w e x dx;
r x
3) x cos x dx; 9) dx;
r cos 2x
4) arctg x dx; w x1
r 10) x ln dx;
5) x arctg x dx;
r w xexx + 1
6) x arctg2 x dx; 11) dx.
(x + 1)2

5.3 I i i

A
, a R, A R, m N, (5.1)
Bx + D (x a)m
, {B, D, p, q} R, m N, p 4q < 0,2
(5.2)
(x2 + px + q)m
.
. P, Q i ii, Q
i i
Q(x) = (x a1 )m1 (x a2 )m2 . . . (x ak )mk
(x2 + p1 x + q1 )n1 (x2 + p2 x + q2 )n2 . . . (x2 + ps x + qs )ns ,
a1 , . . . , ak , p1 , . . . , ps , q1 , . . . , qs R, m1 , . . . , mk , n1 , . . . , ls N; x R.
P
i i i i -
Q
i i
(1) (1) (1)
P (x) A1 A2 Am1
= + + . . . + + ...+
Q(x) x a1 (x a1 )2 (x a1 )m1
(k) (k) (k)
A1 A2 Amk
+ + + ... + + ...+
x ak (x ak )2 (x ak )mk
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
B 1 x + D1 B x + D2 Bn x + Dn1
+ + 22 + ... + 2 1 + ...+
x2 + p1 x + q1 (x + p1 x + q1 )2 (x + p1 x + q1 )n1
(s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
B 1 x + D1 B x + D2 Bn x + Dns
+ 2
+ 22 2
+ ... + 2 s .
x + ps x + qs (x + ps x + qs ) (x + ps x + qs )ns
(5.3)
132 i 5. i

(1) (1) (k) (1) (1) (s) (s)

i ii A1 , A2 , . . . , Amk , B1 , D1 , . . . , Bns , Dns
i ii .
iii:
ii (5.3) i i i
i ii x .
, i i i i i-
i i.
1. I i (5.1).
m = 1
w A
dx = A ln |x a| + C
xa
ii (, a), (a, ).
m 2
w A A
dx = +C
(x a)m (m 1)(x a)m1
ii (, a), (a, ).
2. I i (5.2).
w  
Bx + D  p 
dx = x + = t, dx = dt=
(x2 + px + q)m 2
w t dt ( p )w dt
=B 2 2 m
+ D B ,
(t + a ) 2 (t + a2 )m
2

p2
a2 = q > 0.
4
ii
w t dt 1
= ln(t2 + a2 ) + C
t2 + a 2 2
m = 1 i
w tdt 1
= +C
2
(t + a )2 m 2(m 1)(t2 + a2 )m1
m 2.
I
w dt
Km = , m1
(t2 + a2 )m
:
1 t
K1 = arctg + C,
a a( )
1 t
Km+1 = + (2m 1)K m , m 1.
2ma2 (t2 + a2 )m
5.3. I i i 133

3. i
w 4x4 x3 + 7x2 + 2
dx.
(x 1)(x2 + 1)2
ii i
i
4x4 x3 + 7x2 + 2 A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 + 2 .
(x 1)(x2 + 1)2 x1 x +1 (x + 1)2
i ii i , i-
i i
4x4 x3 + 7x2 + 2 = A(x2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C)(x2 + 1)(x 1) + (Dx + E)(x 1).
i ii x i
ii i i iii A, B, C, D, E


4 = A + B,



1 = B + C,
7 = 2A + B C + D,



0 = B + C D + E,


2 = A C E.
i A = 3, B = 1, E = 1, D = C = 0. ,
w 4x4 x3 + 7x2 + 2 w 3 w x w 1
dx = dx + dx + dx =
(x 1)(x2 + 1)2 x1 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
( )
1 1 x
= 3 ln |x 1| + ln(x2 + 1) + + arctg x + C.
2 2 x2 + 1
5.28. i i i
w x dx w dx
1) ; 8) ;
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) (x4 1)
w dx w dx
2) ; 9) ;
(x + 1)(x + 2)2 w x 3+1
w x4 dx 2x + 3
3) ; 10) dx;
4 2 (x 2)(x + 5)
w x + 5x + 4dx w 4
x dx
4) ; 11) ;
(x 4x + 4)(x 4x + 5)
2 2 x 2 +x2
w w 2
x +1
dx
5) ; 12) dx;
2
x(x + 1)(x + 1) (x 1)(x + 1)2
w dx w dx
6) ; 13) ;
x4 + 1 (x2 + 1)(x + 1)
w x4 + 2x2 + x w dx
7) dx; 14) .
(x 1)(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 (x + 1)
134 i 5. i

5.29. i, ii

w x4 3 wx3
1) dx; 5) dx;
x(x8 + 3x4 + 2) x8 + 3
w w 11
x4 dx x dx
2) ; 6) ;
(x 10)2
10 x + 3x4 + 2
8
w x2n1 w x9 dx
3) dx; 7) ;
xn + 1 (x10 + 2x5 + 2)2
w x4 + 1 w dx
4) dx; 8) 10
dx.
x6 + 1 x(x + 2)

5.4 I ii i

i i i P : R2 R

P (x, y) = a00 + a10 x + a01 y + a20 x2 + a11 xy + a02 y 2 + . . . +

+ an0 xn + an1,1 xn1 y + . . . + aon y n , (x, y) R2

{a00 , a10 , . . . , a0n } R. i i i -

i i i.
{a, b, c, d} R, n N, R i i i i
R2 . i ad = bc i
( )
w ax + b
n
R x, dx
cx + d

i i i i i
ax + b
t= n .
cx + d
1. i
w
3
x1+ 3x+1 dx
.
3
(x 1) + (x + 1) (x 1) 3 (x + 1)2
2 3 2
5.4. I ii i 135

w
3
x1+ 3x+1 dx
=
3
(x 1) + (x + 1) (x 1) 3 (x + 1)2
2 3 2

w 1 + 3 x1 x+1
dx
= ( )2 ( )2 =
1+ 3 x+1
x1 (x 1) 2 3 x+1
x1
 
 t + 1 
3
 t = 3 x + 1, x= 3 ,
 x1 t 1  =
=  2 
 dx = 6t dt 
 (t 1)
3 2 

w 1 + 3 x1 x+1
dx
= ( )2 ( )2 =
1+ 3 x+1
x1 (x 1) 2 3 x+1
x1
( )
3 w t2 (1 + t) 3w t+1
= dt = t + 1 dt =
4 1 + t2 4 t2 + 1
( )
3 1 2 1 x+1
= t + t ln(t2 + 1) arctg t + C, t = 3 .
4 2 2 x1

2. i
w (2x + 3) dx
.
x2 x + 1

w (2x + 3) dx w d(x2 x + 1) w dx
= + 4 ( )2 =
x x+1
2 x x+1
2
x 12 + 34
 
 1 2 
= 2 x x + 1 + 4 ln x + x x + 1 + C.
2 
2

3. i
w x2 1
dx.
(x + 1) x4 + 3x2 + 1
2

136 i 5. i

w x2 1 w (1 x2 ) dx
dx = =
(x2 + 1) x4 + 3x2 + 1 (x + x1 ) (x + x1 )2 + 1
 
  w w |t| dt1
 t = x + x1  dt
=  = = =
 dt = 1 x2  t t2 + 1 t 1 + t2
|t|
= ln |t1 + 1 + t2 | + C, t = x + x1 .
t
5.30. i
w x + 1 dx w dx
1) ; 5) ;
x (x + 1) 2 1 + x
w w dx
dx 6) ;
2) ; x(1 + 2 x + 3 x)
(x 1) (x + 1) (x 1)
4 3
w 1 x+1
w dx
3) ; 7) dx;
2 (x 1)4 1+ 3x+1
3
(x + 1) w
w x 3
2+x 8)
dx
,
4) dx; n
(x a) n+1 (x b)n1
x+ 32+x a = b.

5.31. i i ii
w x+1 w dx
1) dx; 4) ;
2
x +x+1 + x2
w 2 w x3x +1
x
2) dx; 5) dx;
2
w x +xxdx+ 1
2
w x +dxx + 1
3) ; 6) .
1 2x x2 1 3x2 2x4

5.32. i, ii
w dx w 1 x + x2
1) ; 4) dx;
x +1 x 1
2 2
1 + x x 2
w (x2 1) dx w x+1
2) ; 5) dx;
(x2 + 1) x4 + 1 (x + x + 1) x2 + x + 1
2
w (x2 + 1) dx w dx
3) ; 6) .
4 2 x x4 + 2x2 1
x x +x +1
5.33.
i

1) ax2 + bx + c = ax + t, a > 0,

2) ax2 + bx + c = xt c, c > 0,
5.5. I i 137

3) a(x x1 )(x x2 ) = t(x x1 ), x1 , x2 ii i -
, i
w dx w x x2 + 3x + 2
1) ; 3) dx.
2
w x + x dx+ x + 1 x + x2 + 3x + 2
2) ;
1 + 1 2x x2

I i i
r m i
x (a + bxn )p dx,
m, n, p ii , i i
i ( o):
1. p Z. i x = tN , N i
i m i n.
m+1
2. Z. i a + bxn = tN ,
n
N p.
m+1
3. + p Z. i axn + b = tN ,
n
N p.
5.34. i
w
x dx w 4
1 + x3
1) ; 3) dx.
3 2
1+ x x2 x
8
w x5 dx
2) ;
1 x2

5.5 I i
I i i i -
, -
i.
r
I R(sin x, cos x) dx, R i i
i, i i i i i
x
i i t = tg .
2

R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) R(sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x),
iii ii i
t = cos x t = sin x ii.
R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x),
138 i 5. i

iii ii i-
t = tg x.
r
1. i (cos4 x + sin4 x) dx.
r r
(cos4 x + sin4 x) dx = ((cos2 x + sin2 x)2 2 sin2 x cos2 x) dx =
w ( ) w( )
1 1
= 1 sin 2x dx =
2
1 (1 cos 4x) dx =
2 4
3 sin 4x
= x+ + C.
4 16 r
2. i cos ax cos bx dx, |a| = |b|.
r 1r
cos ax cos bx dx = (cos(a + b)x + cos(a b)x) dx =
2( )
1 sin(a + b)x sin(a b)x
= + + C.
2 a+b ab
w dx
3. i dx.
5 + 4 cos x
 
w  t = tg x 2 dt  w dt
dx  dx = 1+t 2 
dx =  2
2  = 2 =
5 + 4 cos x  cos x = 1t2  t2 + 9
1+t
2 t x
= arctg + C, t = tg .
3 3 2
w cos2 x sin x
4. i dx.
sin x + cos x
w   w
cos2 x sin x   t
dx =  tg x = t dx = 1+t dt
2  = dt =
sin x + cos x (1 + t)(1 + t2 )2
w( 1 1 1 t+1 1 t+1
)
= + 2 + dt =
4 t + 1 4 t + 1 2 (t2 + 1)2
1 1 1 t
= ln |t + 1| + ln(t2 + 1) (t2 + 1)1 + 2
+ C,
4 8 4 4(t + 1)
t = tg x.
5.35. i
r r
1) cos2 x dx; 4) sin2 x cos5 x dx;
r w sin3 x
2) sin2 x cos4 x dx;
w dx 5) 4
dx;
3) ; w cos xdx
sin x 6) ;
sin4 x cos2 x
5.6. ii i 139
r w cos2 x
7) sin 5x cos x dx;
r 16) dx;
8) sin2 2x cos2 3x dx; r sin4 x
w dx 17) sin 3x cos 2x dx;
9) , w dx
sin(x + a) sin(x + b) 18) ;
sin(a b) = 0; (1 + cos x) sin x
w w dx
dx 19) ;
10) ; 3 + 5 cos x
sin x cos x + 5
w 2sin w sin2 x + cos3 x
x cos x 20) sin x dx;
11) dx; 2 x + sin4 x
w sin x + cos x r 3 cos
4
dx 21) sin x cos5 x dx;
12) 4 ; w dx
sin x + cos4 x
w sin 22) ;
x cos x 3
sin x cos5 x
13) dx; w sin4 x
r 1 + sin4 x 23) dx;
3
14) cos2 x sin3 x dx; r cos26 x
w sin3 x 24) cos ax cos2 bx dx, |a| = |b|;
15) dx; w sin2 x
cos2 x 25) dx.
1 + sin2 x
5.36. i
r
In = sinn x dx, n 0.
r
i i sin4 x dx.
5.37. ii
w dx w dx
1) In = , n > 2; 2) K n = , n > 2.
sinn x cosn x
i ii
w dx w dx
5 i .
sin x cos4 x

5.6 ii i
1 sin x cos x
i , , i -
ln x x x
. i, i i i. i
1 sin x
i ii (0, 1), (1, +), i
ln x x
cos x
ii ii (, 0), (0, +). -
x
, , i ii i i -
i. i i ii i ,
i ii
140 i 5. i

w dx
i li x : = ;
w sin xln x
i si x : = dx;
w xcos x
i ci x : = dx.
x
w ex
1. dx.
x
w ex  
 dy  w dy
dx =  x = ln y dx = = = li y = li(ex ) + C.
x y  ln y
w sin x
2. dx.
x2
I ( )
w sin x w 1 sin x w cos x
dx = sin x d = + dx =
x2 x x x
sin x
= + ci x + C.
x
5.38. i
r r
1) x2 e2x dx; 14) x arctg x ln(1 + x2 ) dx;
r 2 r
2) r x7 ex dx; 15) x2 sin
r 2 x
5x dx;
ax 2 16) x e dx;
3) r e cos bx dx; r
4) x2 ex cos x dx; 17) xex sin x dx;
w r
dx 18) cos2 x dx;
5) ; w 1 + exp(2x)
1 + ex + 3 ex + 6 ex
w ex 1 19) 2 dx;
6) dx; r (1 + exp x)
) 1 dx;
ex + )1 20) (e2x + 4e x
w( 2
2 w 1
7) 1 ex dx; 21) 1 ex dx;
r n x x
8) ln (x dx, n N; w xex
w ln (x + a)x+a (x + b)x+b ) 22) 2
dx;
9) dx; r (x + 1)
(x+ a)(x + b) 23) x arctg(x + 1) dx;
r r
10) r ln2 (x + 1 + x2 ) dx; 24) w arcsin x dx;
11) x arcsin(1 x) dx; x arccos x
w 25) dx;
1
r (1 x )3
2
12) x arccos dx;
w arccos x 26) sh2 x ch2 x dx.
x
13) dx;
(1 x2 )3
 141

i 6
I i
6.1 i i.
i ii.
ii [a, b] i
= ([a, b]) = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn }
, a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn1 < xn = b.
ii (i)
|| := max{xk | 0 k n 1},
xk = xk+1 xk , k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
f : [a, b] R ii [a, b] i.
k {0, 1, . . . , n 1}
mk = mk (f ) := inf{f (x)| x [xk , xk+1 ]},
Mk = Mk (f ) := sup{f (x)| x [xk , xk+1 ]}.
ii [a, b] i f i
([a, b])

n1
L(f, ) = mk xk .
k=0
ii [a, b] i f i
([a, b])

n1
U (f, ) = Mk xk .
k=0
i
{k |} := {0 , 1 , . . . , n1 | k [xk , xk+1 ], 0 k n 1, }
i , ii . I-
i f, = ([a, b]) i i
{k |}

n1
S(f, ) = S(f ; , {k |} := f (k )xk .
k=0
i i i i f ii [a, b]
rb
f (x) dx := sup{L(f, )| }.
a
i i i i f ii [a, b]
142 i 6. I i

rb
f (x) dx := inf{U (f, )| }.
a
ii i i
, ii i ii [a, b].
i f i i ii [a, b],
rb rb
f (x) dx = f (x) dx.
a a
i ii
i i ( i) i i f ii [a, b]
i
rb
f (x)dx.
a
R([a, b]) i i, i i
ii [a, b].
Ki ii.
f R([a, b]) > 0 = ([a, b]) : U (f, ) L(f, ) < .
[a, b] R i i f : [a, b] R. i f
ii [a, b]
[a,b] (f ) := sup{|f (s) f (t)| | s, t [a, b]}.
i ii i .

n1
f R([a, b]) > 0 = ([a, b]) : k (f )xk < ,
k=0
k (f ) i f ii [xk , xk+1 ], 0 k n 1.
Ii i. ii i i-
i ii.
Ii i. ii i i-
i ii, C([a, b]) R([a, b]).
Ii i i i . -
i f : [a, b] R [a, b], zi [a, b], 1 i m i
f C([a, b] \ {z1 , z2 , . . . , zm }). i f R([a, b]).
I R i S(f ; , {i |})
|| 0,
> 0 > 0 , || < , {i |} : |S(f ; , {i |}) I| < .
: I = lim S(f, ).
||0
. i f R([a, b]) i i i, i
6.1 . i ii. 143

i .
rb
lim S(f, ) = f (x) dx.
||0 a

1. i
ii [a, b] i.
f ii [a, b] i. i i
= [a, b] = {a = x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn = b}

mk = inf{f (x)| x [xk , xk+1 ]} = f (xk ),

Mk = sup{f (x)| x [xk , xk+1 ]} = f (xk+1 ), 0 k n 1.

n1
n1
L(f, ) = f (xk )xk , U (f, ) = f (xk+1 )xk .
k=0 k=0
2. i f : [a, b] R ii [a, b] i
i F ii. ,
rb
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a).
a
i = {a = x0 , x1 , . . . , xn = b} ii [a, b]

n1
F (b) F (a) = (F (xk+1 ) F (xk )).
k=0
, ii [xk , xk+1 ], 0 k n 1,
i k (xk , xk+1 ) ,
F (xk+1 ) F (xk ) = F (k )xk = f (k )xk .
i i f ii [a, b], f (k ) f (xk ),
0 k n 1. ,

n1
n1
F (b) F (a) = (F (xk+1 ) F (xk )) = f (k )xk
k=0 k=0
(6.1)

n1
f (xk )xk = L(f, ).
k=0
m = {a = x0 , x1 , . . . , xn(m) = b}, m 1, ii i
ii [a, b], |m | 0, m . i

n(m)1
0 F (b) F (a) L(f, m ) = (f (k ) f (xk ))xk
k=0
(6.2)

n(m)1
|m | (f (xk+1 ) f (xk )) = (f (b) f (a))|m |,
k=0
144 i 6. I i

i L(f, m ) F (b) F (a), m . I ii (6.1), (6.2)

,
sup{L(f, )| } = F (b) F (a),
i ii [a, b]. -
i, i ii.
3. i f R([a, b]), i : R R -
i R. , (f ) R([a, b]).
I i ii i ii.

M R x [a, b] : |f (x)| M.
i, C([M, M ]) i
M1 R y [M, M ] : | (y)| M1 .
i ii ,

n1

> 0 = {a = x0 , x1 , . . . , xn = b} : k (f )xk < .
k=0 M1+1
i k {0, 1, . . . , n 1}, i
i,
k ((f )) = sup |(f (s)) (f (t))| =
s,t[xk ,xk+1 ]

= sup | ()||f (s) f (t)| M1 k (f ),

s,t[xk ,xk+1 ]

ii i f (s), f (t). ,

n1
k ((f ))xk
k=0
i i ii ii
i i (f ) ii [a, b].
4. , i ex , x R, i i
r1
ii [0, 1]. ex dx i .
0
i ex , x R, i i i ii
[0, 1]. i i
r1
lim S(f ; , {i |}) = ex dx.
||0 0
i i ii ii -
i ii [0, 1] { }
1 2 n1
n = 0, , , . . . , , 1 , n 1,
n n n
6.1 . i ii. 145

i iii { i
[
] }
i i i+1
i = , | 0 i n 1 , n 1.
n n n
i
i 1
n1
e1 1 r1
(f ; n , {i | n }) = en = 1 e 1 = ex dx, n .
i=0
n en 1 n 0
5. ii ii

n1
n
an = , n 1,
n2 + k 2
k=0
i i ii i.
an , i i i
n2
n1
1
n1
1 1
an = 2 2
= ( k )2 .
n +k n n
k=0 k=0 1 + n
1
i f (x) = , x [0, 1], ii [0, 1],
1 + x2
i i ii. , an i
i f, iip
{ }
1 2 n1
n = 0, , , . . . , ,1
n n n
[ ]
k k k+1
i k = . , 0 k n 1:
n n n
an = S(f ; n , {k |n }), n 1.
,
r1 w1 dx
an f (x) dx = , n .
0 1 + x2
0

6.1. i i i ii
i
1x 2) f (x) = x2 , x [0, 1].
1) f (x) = , x [1, 1];
2
6.2. i f : [a, b] R ii [a, b] i i
F ii. ,
rb
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a).
a
146 i 6. I i

6.3. i f : [a, b] R ii [a, b] i i

F ii. , i f i i
ii [a, b] i
rb
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a).
a
i. 2 i 6.2.
6.4. f : [a, b] R [a, b] i. ,
rb rb
(f (x)) dx = f (x) dx.
a a
6.5. i f : [a, b] R ii [a, b] i i-
F ii. , i f i i
ii [a, b] i
rb
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
a
i. 6.3, 6.4.
6.6. i i i { i i
x, x [0, 1] Q,
f (x) =
0, x [0, 1] \ Q.
i i i ii [0, 1]?
6.7. f R([a, b]). , |f | R([a, b]). ,
, i , .
6.8. i ii , i
i i i i.
6.9. , i i i i i.
i. i 6.8 i
1( )
f g = (f + g)2 (f g)2 .
4
6.10. f R([a, b]). , i f 2 , sin f, cos f, arctg f,
ln(1 + f 2 ) ii i ii [a, b].
i. 3.
6.11 . C(R), f R([a, b]). , (f ) R([a, b]).
. i i i i , i
, i i i. (., , [6], .60).
6.12 . i f : [a, b] R i ii {zn : n 1} [a, b]
i, :
1) i f ii [a, b];
2) f C ([a, b] \ {zn : n 1}) ;
6.1 . i ii. 147

3) ii {zn : n 1} i.
, f R([a, b]).
6.13. ii i
( )
sign sin 1 , x (0, 1],
f (x) = x
0, x = 0,
ii [0, 1].
6.14. i f R ([0, 1]) . , i g(x) = f (|x|),
x [1, 1], i i ii [1, 1].
6.15. i f, g : [a, b] R i ii i i-
lim S(f, ) lim S(g, ). ,
||0 ||0
lim S(f + g, ) = lim S(f, ) + lim S(g, ).
||0 ||0 ||0

6.16. i f : [a, b] R i i i
lim S(f, ). , c R :
||0
lim S(cf, ) = c lim S(f, ).
||0 ||0

6.17. i f : [a, b] R, [a, b], > 0

n1
lim f (k )x1+
k .
||0 k=0

6.18. i i i i

tg x, 0 x < ,
y= 2
0, x= ?

2
6.19. , i{ ii
1, x [0, 1] Q,
f (x) =
0, x [0, 1] \ Q,
i i.
6.20. f : [a, b] R. , i i i
i f ii [a, b] i i
i ii ii i .
6.21. , i
[ ]
1) f (x) = x2 , x [0, 1];
2) f (x) = sin x, x 0, ;
2
148 i 6. I i

1 1
3) f (x) = , x [0, 1]; 6) f (x) = , x [1, 2];
1 + x2 x
4) f (x) = ex , x [0, 1]; 7) f (x) = |x|, x [1, 1];
1
5) f (x) = 2 , x [1, 4];
x
ii i ii ii. i
i i i ai i .
6.22. ii ii {an : n 1}
i i ii i i
1) an = +
1 1
+ ... +
1
; 1 n1 n
n n+1 2n 11) a n = 2
k ek ;
n k=0
1 1 1
2) an = + + ... + ;
2n1
n n + 1
3n 12) an = 1 ;
1 + 2 + ... + n n2 + k 2
3) an = , k=0
n +1
1 n
> 0; 13) an = 4 k 2 3 k 3 + n3 ;
1 k
n n k=1
1
n
4) an = ; 1
n k=1 n + k 14) an = ;
v n cos 2 k
un1 ( ) k=0 4n
u 1 1
5) an = t
k
n
1+ ; 15) an = sin + sin + ... +
n n n+1
k=1 1
1 n1 2 + sin ;
6) an = 2 n k ; 2 2n
n k=1 1 n (2n)!
16) an =
1 k2
n ;
7) an = ; n n!
1
n
n k=1 n2 + k 2 k j
17) an = 2 cos cos ;
1 n n n
n
k k,j=1
8) an = sin ; n
n k=1 n k
18) an = sin 2 ;
n
n n
9) an = ; v
k=1
(n + k) 2 un1 ( )
u k
19) an = t
k=1
n
2n f ,
n n
10) an = ; k=0
k=0
n2 + k 2 f C([0, 1]), f (x) > 0.
6.23 . i i ii [a, b] i f

n1
n1
1) lim f (k ) sin xk ; 3) lim (1 + f (k )xk ) .
||0 k=0 ||0 k=0

n1
2) lim ln (1 + f (k )xk ) ;
||0 k=0
6.2. i i 149

6.24 . , i i ii [a, b] i f i g

n1 rb
lim f (k )g(k )xk = f (x)g(x)dx,
||0 k=0 a
k , k [xk , xk+1 ], 0 k n 1.
6.25 . , i ii [a, b] i f
i i
rb rb
lim L(f, ) = f (x) dx, lim U (f, ) = f (x) dx.
||0 ||0 a
a

6.2 i i

iii. f, g R([a, b]). i , R : f + g R([a, b]) i
rb rb rb
(f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx.
a a a
i. f R([a, b]) i a < c < b, f R([a, c]), f R([c, b])
i ii
rb rc rb
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
a a c
, f R([a, c]) i f R([c, b]), f R([a, b]).
i. i f
1) f R([a, b]); 2) f i [a, b].
i i i F i f [a, b] ii
rb
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
a
i i i i i.
rx
f R([a, b]) i x (a, b] : (x) = f (u) du. , (a) := 0,
a
ra rb
f (u) du = f (u) du.
b a
1 . f R([a, b]), C([a, b]).
2 . f C([a, b]), C (1) ([a, b]),
x [a, b] : (x) = f (x).

3 . I i. ii i i
ii.
4 . i. f : R R i i
ii i i R; i a, b : R R -
ii R. i
150 i 6. I i

r
d b(x)
f (u) du = f (b(x))b (x) f (a(x))a (x), x R.
dx a(x)
ii.
1 . f, g R([a, b]) i x [a, b] : f (x) g(x). i
rb rb
f (x) dx g(x) dx.
a a
2 . f R([a, b]). i |f |
 R([a, b]) i
rb  rb
 
 f (x) dx |f (x)| dx.
a  a
. f C([a, b]). i
rb
[a, b] : f (x) dx = f ()(b a).
a
i i.
1) f C((A, B)); 2) u C (1) ([, ]); 3) u([, ]) (A, B).
i i
r r
u()
f (u(t))u (t) dt = f (x) dx.
u()
i . u, v C (1) ([a, b]). i
rb rb
u(x)v (x) dx = u(b)v(b) u(a)v(a) u (x)v(x) dx.
a a
1. i i ii
i
{(x, y)| 0 y f (x), 0 x + 1},
{
| cos x|, x [0, ],
f (x) =
+ 1 x, x (, + 1],
i .
ii i.
y
16
@
@
@ -
0 /2 +1 x

i i i,
6.2. i i 151

r
+1 r
/2 r r
+1
S= f (x) dx = cos x dx + ( cos x)dx + ( + 1 x) dx =
0 0 /2
+1
/2  x2  5
= sin x 0 sin x /2 + ( + 1)( + 1 ) = .
2  2
2.
w
0,001
x exp(x4 )
I= dx ?
100 + sin x
0,001
i i i
w0 x exp(x4 ) w x exp(x4 )
0,001
I= dx + dx.
100 + sin x 100 + sin x
0,001 0
ii, i i ii,
i i
w0 x exp(x4 )  
 
dx =  x = t, dx = dt  =
100 + sin x
0,001

w0 t exp(t4 ) w t exp(t4 )
0,001
= dt = dt.
100 sin t 100 sin t
0,001 0

w (
0,001
x exp(x4 ) x exp(x4 )
)
I= dx dx =
100 sin x 100 + sin x
0
w
0,001
x exp(x4 ) sin x
= 2 dx < 0.
0
10000 sin2 x
wx e|t|
3. i i f (x) = dt, x R.
0
1 + |t|
i f . i, x R :
  x
  w e|t| wx e|t|
 t = u, 
f (x) =  = dt = dt = f (x).
 dt = du  1 + |t| 1 + |t|
0 0
i f R :
|x| |t|
w |x|
w
e
x R : |f (x)| = f (|x|) = dt < et dt < 1.
1 + |t|
0 0
152 i 6. I i

e|x|
i, x R : f (x) = > 0 i i f R.
1 + |x|
i f i R, i
lim f (x) = c (0, 1).
x+
, i i f i y = c
x + i y = c x . i 0 i i f i;
2+x 2x
x > 0 : f (x) = ex < 0, x < 0 : f (x) = ex > 0.
(1 + x)2 (1 x)2
i f ii (, 0), (0, +).
i 0 i , , f (0) = 0.
y
16
c
-
0 x
c
1
r1
4. x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) dx.
0
I
 
r1  u = ln(x + 1 + x2 ) dv = x dx 
 
x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) dx =  =
0  du = dx 2 v = 12 x2 
1+x
1
 1 w x2 + 1 1
1
1 2 
= x ln(x + 1 + x )
2 dx =
2 0 2 1 + x2
0
1
1 1 r1 1 
= ln(1 + 2) 1 + x dx + ln(x + 1 + x ) =
2 2
2 20 2 0

3 2
= ln(1 + 2) .
4 4
5. f C(R). , i f i
rx
i i, x R : f (u) du = 0.
x
ii. i f . i i
i
rx r0 rx
x R : f (u) du = f (u) du + f (u) du.
x x 0
6.2. i i 153

i
r0   r0 rx
 
f (u) du =  u = s du = ds  = f (s) ds = f (s) ds.
x x 0
rx
, f (u) du = 0, x R.
x
i.
rx
x R : f (u) du = 0.
x
i ii i
f (x) + f (x) = 0, x R,
, f (x) = f (x), x R i, , i f .
6.26. i i i iii -
i, i i i i i
i

1) {(x, y)| 0 y x, 0 x 4};
2) {(x, y)| 0 y sin x, 0 x };
{ }
1 1
3) (x, y)| 0 y , x 3 ;
1 + x2 3
{ }
1
4) (x, y)| 0 y , sh 1 x sh 2 ;
1 + x2
5) {(x, y)| 0 y |1 x|, 0 x 2};
6) {(x, y)| 0 {y f (x), 2 x 1};
|x + 1|, 2 x 0;
f (x) =
1 x, 0 < x 1.
6.27. i
r8 r2 2
1) 3
x dx; 5) |x 1| dx;
1 2

3 r
2
w 2
dx 6) | sin x| dx;
2) ; 0
1 x2 r3
23 7) x[x] dx;
w5
ch
dx 0
3) ; r4
x2 1 8) [x2 ] dx.
ch 3 0
r3
4) |x| dx;
1
154 i 6. I i

[x] i i x.
6.28. i i

we
3 w1 x3
dx
1) ; 4)
x8+1
dx;
1 x 1 ln2 x 0

w cos3 x
2
w2
ex
5) dx;
2) 3
dx; 1 ex
sin x 1
w 1 + cos 2x

4
we sin(ln x) 6) dx.
3) dx; 2
x 0
1

6.29. i i
w1 dx 1
1 
= = 2?
x2 x 1
1

6.30. i
rx rx
(arctg u)2 du cos u2 du
1) lim 0
; 3) lim 0
;
x+ x2 + 1 x0 x
(x )2 r x
r sin
exp(u2 ) du tg u du
2) lim 0
; 4) lim 0 x .
x+ rx r
x0+ tg
2
exp(2u ) du sin u du
0 0

6.31. ,
rx 1
exp(u2 ) du exp(x2 ), x +.
0 2x
6.32. ii i

rx rx
1) F (x) = ln t dt, x > 0; 2) F (x) = cos t2 dt, x > 0.
1
x1

6.33. ii
r2
1) e4 exp(x2 ) dx e1 ;
1

1 ( 4 ) r2 1 ( 4 )
2) e + e1 exp(x2 ) dx e + e1 .
4 1 2
6.2. i i 155

r1 r1
6.34. ii i: exp(x) dx exp(x2 ) dx? ?
0 0
6.35. ii

1 w 1 2x
< dx < 1.
2 0 1 + x13

6.36. i i
w1 w1 x6 w
/2
1) exp(x ) dx; 2
2) dx; 3) 1 + 0, 5 sin2 x dx.
0 0
1+x
0

6.37.
w
0,1
sin x cos x4
I= dx.
2100 + x
0,1

6.38. ii
( ) w1
1 w
1
2x 1
1) < dx < 1; 3) exp xx dx 1.
2 0
1 + x13 e 0
w18 x + 1 19
2) 9 < dx < ;
8
x+2 2

6.39. ii
1 w dx
k+1
1
k, n N, n 2 :
< < ,
k+1 x k
k
1 1 1 w
n
dx 1 1
+ + ... + < < 1 + + ... + .
2 3 n x 2 n1
1

xn w1
6.40. ii dx, n 1.
0
1 + x13
6.41. i i i [0, +) i,
rx
f (x) = f (u) du, x 0.
0

6.42. i i
rx
1) f (x) = exp(u2 ) du, x R;
0
156 i 6. I i

wx sin u
2) f (x) = du, x R
0
u
wx sin u
( ii lim du = ).
x+
0
u 2
6.43. i f : [a, b] [0, +) ii [a, b] i
rb
f (x) dx = 0. , x [a, b] : f (x) = 0.
a
i ?
6.44. i f, g R([a, b]) ii i
rb rb rb
|f (x)g(x)| dx f 2 (x) dx g 2 (x) dx.
a a a
i i ii ?
6.45. f R([a, b]). ,
r rb
[a, b] : f (u) du = f (u) du.
a
i ii.
6.46 . i i ii [a, b] i,
i ii.
6.47 . i f : [a, b] R, i ii
[a, b], i i ii.
rb
6.48 . i i f C([a, b]), f (x)p(x) dx = 0
a
- p.
6.49. i
r 2 x
ln re
1) xe dx; 6) | ln x| dx;
0 1
e
r
2
r2
2) x2 cos x dx; 7) (3x + 2) ln x dx;
0 1

r3 r1
3) x arctg x dx; 8) x ln(1 + x2 ) dx;
0 0
r
r2 9) x3 sin x dx;
4) x cos x dx; 0
0
w2
r1 ln x
5) arcsin x dx; 10) dx.
x5
0 1
6.2. i i 157

6.50. i
r
/2
In = sinn x dx, n 0,
0
i . i
( )2
1 (2n)!!
lim = .
n 2n (2n 1)!! 2
6.51. i i
r1 x dx ra
1) ; 5) x2 a2 x2 dx;
1 5 4x 0
lnr2
2) ex 1 dx;
r2
0 dx
6) ;
r2 2 + cos x
dx
0
3) 2
;
1 x 1+x

r1 ex r2 dx
4) x x
dx; 7) .
0 e + e 0 1 + a2
sin2 x
r3
6.52. ii x 3 1 x2 dx x = sin t? ? -
0
i.
6.53. i f C([0, 1]). , :

r2 r2
1) f (sin x) dx = f (cos x) dx;
0 0
r r
2) xf (sin x) dx =
f (sin x) dx.
0 20
6.54. i f C(R). , i f i i
i,
rx rx
x R : f (u) du = 2 f (u) du.
x 0
.
6.55. i f C(R). , i f i i-
T > 0 i i i,
r
x+T rT
x R : f (u) du = f (u) du.
x 0
ii.
6.56. i
158 i 6. I i

r1
In = (1 x2 )n dx, n 1,
0
i .
6.57. f C (2) ([a, b]). ,
rb
xf (x) dx = (bf (b) f (b)) (af (a) f (a)).
a

3 2 r1
6.58. , i i t = x ii dx
1
.
6.59. , i i i
, i i i .
6.60. , i R i i T -
i i i T i i i i,
rT
f (x) dx = 0.
0

6.61 . i f C([1, 1]). ii
r1 1 r1 2
f (x)f (x) dx f (x) dx.
0 2 1
6.62 . i f C([1, 1]) i x [1, 1] : f (x) > 0.
w1 f (x)
dx.
f (x) + f (x)
1

6.63 . i f C(R) ,
p, q R, p + q = 0, x R : pf (x) + qf (x) = 1.
ra
f (x) dx, a > 0.
a
6.64 . i f C([a, a]) . ii
wa f (x) wa
dx = f (x) dx.
a
1 + ex
0

6.3 i i
. f, g C([a, b]) i x [a, b] :
f (x) g(x). ii i
F = {(x, y)| g(x) y f (x), x [a, b]}
,
6.3. i i 159

rb
S(F ) = (f (x) g(x)) dx.
a
. r C([, ]). ii
F, r = r(), [, ], i = ,
= , ,
1 r 2
S(F ) = r () d.
2
. f C (1) ([a, b]).
= {(x, y)| y = f (x), x [a, b]} ,

rb
l() = 1 + (f (x))2 dx.
a

, . , C (1) ([a, b]).

= {(x, y)| x = (t), y = (t), t [a, b]} ,

rb
l() = ( (t))2 + ( (t))2 dt.
a

. r C (1) ([, ]). -

= {(r, )| r = r(), [, ]} ,

rb
l() = (r())2 + (r ())2 d.
a
i i p i. i F
i S = S(x), x [a, b], S C([a, b]), i i -
, i i x,

rb
V (F ) = S(x) dx.
a
i . f C([a, b]). i,
i ii i {(x, y)| 0 y |f (x)|, x [a, b]},
,
rb
V = f 2 (x)dx.
a

i i . f C (1) ([a, b]), P ,

i = {(x, y)| y = f (x),
x [a, b]}. i P ,
160 i 6. I i

rb
S(P ) = 2 f (x) 1 + (f (x))2 dx.
a
i ii i.
f C([a, b]) i F = {(x, y)| 0 y f (x), x [a, b]} i ii
i S(F ) > 0. i

1 rb 1 rb 2
x0 = xf (x) dx; y0 = f (x) dx.
S(F ) a 2S(F ) a
i. i i
i, i i i , i i
i i , i.
i . f C (1) ([a, b]) i
= {(x, y)| y = f (x), x [a, b]} i l() > 0.
i
1 rb 1 rb
x0 = x 1 + (f (x))2 dx; y0 = f (x) 1 + (f (x))2 dx.
l() a l() a
i. i -
i, i i i , i
i , .
1. i,
y = 1 x2 , y = x2 1.
i .
y
16

-
1 0 1x

1
1
r1 ( ) x3  4
S= 1 x + 1 x dx = + 2 2
2 2
 = + .
1 2 3 0 2 3
2. r = e , [0, 2].
r
2 2
r ( )
l= e2 + e2 d = 2 e d = 2 e2 1 .
0 0
3. i ii,
S1 , S2 , i H.
S(x) i ii , ,
6.3. i i 161

ii xi ( .
) i ii
H S1 x S1 S2
S(x) = , 0 x H.
H

rH 1 rH ( ( ))2
V = S(x) dx = 2 H S1 x S1 S2 dx.
0 H 0
i ii i i ii:
H( )
V = S1 + S1 S2 + S2 .
3
4. i i ,
x2 + (y b)2 = a2 , 0 < a b, i .
i {(x, y)| x2 + (y b)2 a2 } i
i {(x, y)| x2 + (y b)2 = a2 } i
i (0, b). -
i: a2 , , i
i i 2b, i
V = 2b a2 = 2 2 a2 b.
2a i, i, i
i
S = 2b 2a = 4 2 ab.
5.
{ i} i
x2 y2
(x, y)| 2 + 2 1, x 0, y 0 .
a b
i i, i i i, i

{ ii i }
x2
(x, y)| 0 f (x) = b 1 2 , x [0, a] ,
a
ab
S = .
4
1w
a
x2 4
x0 = xb 1 2 dx = a;
S a 3
0
( )
1 w 2 1 w 2
a a
x2 4
y0 = f (x) dx = b 1 2 dx = b.
2S
0
2S
0
a 3
6.65. i i, i -
i i
1) ax = y 2 , ay = x2 , a > 0; 3) y = 2x , y = 2, x = 0;
2) y = 2x x2 , x + y = 0; 4) y 2 = x2 (a2 x2 );
162 i 6. I i

5) y = x2 + 1, x + y = 3; x2 y2
8) 2
2 = 1, x = 2a, a > 0;
6) y 2 = 2x + 1, x y = 1; a b
x2 y2 9) y = sin3 x, y = cos3 x,
7) 2 + 2 = 1;
a b 0x .
4
6.66. i, y = x2 2x + 2,
i M (3; 5) i i .
6.67. i i, i i
1) r2 = a2 cos 2 (i);
2) r = a sin 3, a > 0 ();
3) r = a(1 + cos ), a > 0 (i);
4) r = a sin 2;
5) r = 2a cos 3, r a.
6.68. ,
i,
1) x4 + y 4 = a2 (x2 + y 2 );
2) (x2 + y 2 )2 = 2a2 xy (i).
6.69.
1) y = ch x, 0 x b;
2) y = x3/2 , i x = 1;
x2
3) y = 1, i i ;
2
4) y 2 = (x + 1)3 , i x = 4;

5) y = ln sin x, x ;
3 2
6) x = cos4 t, y = sin4 t;
7) x = et (cos t + sin t), y = et (cos t sin t), t [0, 1];
2 2 2
8) x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ();
9) r = a, 0 2 (i i);
10) r = a(1 + cos ) (i);
1
11) r = 1, 2 (ii i).
2
6.70. i, ii x2 = (y + 1)3 i y = 4.
rx
6.71. y = sin u du, 0 x .
0
6.72 . i i,
1) x3 + y 3 = 3axy, a > 0 ( );
6.3. i i 163

2) x4 + y 4 = ax2 y, a > 0.
6.73 . , lim l( ) = sup l( ).
||0
6.74. i , i i a1 , b1
a2 , b2 ii, i h.
6.75. , i S,
i H.
6.76. i,
x2 y2 z2
1) 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 (i);
a b c
2) x2 + y 2 = a2 , y 2 + z 2 = a2 ;
3) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , x2 + y 2 = ax;
4) x + y + z 2 = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
x2 y2 c
5) 2 + 2 = 1, z = x, z = 0,
a b a
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0.
6.77. i f C([a, b]) i. , i,
o i ii i {(x, y)|
0 y f (x), a x b}, i
rb
V = 2 xf (x) dx.
a
6.78. i, i, ii
1) y = 2x x2 , y = 0 : a) i ; ) i ;
2) xy = 4, x = 1, y = 0 i ;
3) y 2 = (x + 4)3 , x = 0 i ;
4) (y 3)2 + 3x = 0, x = 3 i ;
5) y = ex , x = 0, x = 2, y = 0 : ) i Ox; ) i Oy.
6.79. i, i i,
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t.
6.80. i, i i,
x = a sin t, y = b sin 2t.
6.81. 0 , r C([, ]; [0, +)). ,
i, i ii
{(r, )| 0 r r(), } i
2 r 3
V = r () sin d.
3
6.82. i, i i
164 i 6. I i

1) i ii i r = a, 0 ;
2) i r = a(1 + cos ).
6.83.
i ,
x
1) y = x , 0 x a, i ;
a
2 2 2
2) x 3 + y 3 = a 3 i ;
3) y 2 = 4x, 0 x 1, Ox Oy;
4) y 2 = 4 + x i x = 2, i ;
x
5) y = cos , a x a, i ;
2a
6) r = a(1 + cos ) i.
6.84. x = a cos ,
y = a sin , || , a > 0, 0 < i.
6.85. i,
ax = y 2 , ay = x2 , a > 0 .
6.86. x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t).
6.87. i
1) i = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 = a2 , y 0};
2) i F = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 a2 , y 0}.
6.88.
{(x, y)| x = a cos , y = a sin , || }, a > 0, 0 < .
6.89.
{(x, y)| x = r cos , y = r sin , 0 r a, || }, a > 0, 0 < .
 165

i 7
i

7.1 i
ii i {an : n 1}
n
i {an : n 1} i {sn : n 1}, sn = ak , n 1.
k=1
an i sn ii n- i n-
.


a1 + a2 + . . . + an + . . . = an . (7.1)
n=1
sn s R, n , (7.1) i, s -
. i (7.1) i.
m 0

an . (7.2)
n=m+1
(7.1). - i
i. , - i, i-
. (7.2) rm . s = sn + rn ,
n 1, i rm 0, m . i ii (7.1)
:
1) an 0, n ;

2n
2) s2n sn = ak 0, n .
k=n+1
i i i



1) an i bn i A i B ii. i
n=1 n=1


i c i c (c an + c bn ) i i
n=1
i c A + c B.
2) i i. ii (7.1) i ,
> 0 N = N () n N p N :
|sn+p sn | = |an+1 + an+2 + . . . + an+p | < .
1.
1 + 1 + ... + 1 + ...
166 i 7. i

i, i sn = n +, n . ,
an = 1 0, n , i
ii .
2.
1 1 + . . . + (1)n+1 + . . .
i, i s2n1 = 1, s2n = 0, n 1. i
an = (1)n+1 0, n .
3. ( ) q R
1 + q + q2 + . . . + qn + . . .
. n- i

n, q = 1,
sn = 1 q n n 1.
, q = 1,
1q
1
|q| < 1 i , |q| 1
1q
i i.
4.
1 1 1 1
+ + + ... + + ...
12 23 34 n (n + 1)
i
1 1 1 1
sn = + + + ... + =
12 23 34 n (n + 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ... + =
2 2 3 3 4 n n+1
1
=1 , n 1,
n+1
i i s = 1.
5. (i )
1 1 1
1 + + + ... + + ...
2 3 n
i. i n 1
1 1 1 1 1
s2n sn = + + ... + n = ,
n+1 n+2 2n 2n 2
i ii . i
i. i, sn ln n, n (. 2.64).
6. ( i ) R
1 1 1
1 + + + ... + + ...
2 3 n
7.1. i 167

i .
n- sn (). i 1
n 1 : sn () sn (1), sn (1) +, n ,
i i 1. > 1 -
ii {sn () : n 1} . i ,
i
wn dx ( )
1 1 1 1
n 2 : = 1
n x 1 (n 1)1 n
n1
i ii
( )
1 1
n 2 : sn () 1 + 1 1 < .
1 n 1
i lim sn () = s() R. ,
n
i i > 1.
7.
sin 1 sin 2 sin 3 sin n
+ + + ... + n + ...
2 4 8 2
i i i i. i, i
n N p N : |sn+p sn | =
 
 sin (n + 1) sin (n + 2) sin (n + p) 
=  + + . . . +
2n+1 2n+2 2n+p 
1 1 1 1
+ + ... + , <
2n+1 2n+2 2n2n+p
i > 0 i i
N () = log2 .
7.1. i , ii, i

1 1 1 1
1) 1 + + + + . . . + n1 + . . . ;
4 16 64 4
1 1 1 (1)n1
2) 1 + + ... + n1
+ ...;
( 2 )4 (8 ) 2 ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
3) + + + 2 + ... + + n + ...;
2 3 22 3 2n 3
1 1 1
4) + + ... + + ...;
14 47 (3n 2)(3n + 1)
3 5 2n + 1
5) + + ... + 2 + ...;
14 49 n (n + 1)2
168 i 7. i

2 3 n+1
6) + 2 2 + ... + 2 + ...;
12 32 2 4 n (n + 2)2
2 2 2
7) + + ... + + ...;
123 234 n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 1
8) + + ... + + ...;
147 258 n(n + 3)(n + 6)
( ) ( )
9) 32 2+1 + 4 2 3 + 2 + ...+
( )
+ n + 2 2 n + 1 + n + ...;
1 2 3 n
10) + 2 + 3 + . . . + n + . . . ;
2 2 2 2
1 3 5 2n 1
11) + 2 + 3 + . . . + + ...;
2 2 2 2n
1 22 32 n2
12) + 2 + 3 + . . . + n + . . . .
2 2 2 2
7.2. i ii i

1) 0, 001 + 0, 001 + 3 0, 001 + . . . ;
1 1 1 1
2) 1 + + + + . . . + + ....
3 5 7 2n 1
1 2 3 n
3) + + + ... + + ...;
23 34 45 (n + 1) (n + 2)
1 1 1 1
4) + + + ... + + ....
1001 2001 3001 1000n + 1
1 1 1 1
5) + + + ... + + ...;
12 23 34 n (n + 1)
1 1 1
6) 1 + 2 + 2 + . . . + + ....
3 5 (2n 1)2
7.3. i ii i i i
arctg 1 arctg 2 arctg 3 arctg n
1) + 2
+ 3
+ ... + + ...;
10 10 10 10n
1 21 1 13 1 n+11
2) + . . . + (1) n+1
+ ...;
2 22 2n
cos x cos 2x cos 2x cos 3x cos nx cos(n + 1)x
3) + + ... + + ...;
1 2 n
1 1 1
4) sin 1 + sin + sin + . . . + sin + . . . .
2 4 n
7.2. i 169

7.4. an i i. ,
n=1


i > 1 a
n i. , ,
n=1
i.



7.5. an cn bn , n 1, i (A) an , (B) bn i-
n=1 n=1


. , i (C) cn i.
n=1
ii (C), (A) i (B) i?
iii .


7.6. i an i bn i.
n=1 n=1
ii i



1) min{an , bn }; 3) (an bn );
n=1 n=1

2) max{an , bn }; 4) (an + bn ) ?
n=1 n=1



7.7. a2n i b2n i. ii i
n=1 n=1



|an |
1) |an bn |; 2) (an + bn )2 ; 3) .
n=1 n=1 n=1 n

7.2 i



an , (7.3)
n=1


bn . (7.4)
n=1

i
1 . 0 an bn , n 1. i i ii (7.4)
ii (7.3) ( ii (7.3) ii
(7.4)).
2 . an > 0, bn > 0, n 1, i i i

an
lim = C [0, +].
n bn
170 i 7. i

i C < + i ii (7.4) ii (7.3),

C > 0 ii (7.4) ii (7.3).
an+1 bn+1
3 . an > 0, bn > 0 , n 1. i i ii -
an bn
(7.4) ii (7.3).

. (7.3) :
1) n 1 : an > 0;
an+1
2) , 0 < 1, N N n N : .
an
i (7.3) i. i 1)
an+1
N N n N : 1,
an
(7.3) i.
i 1) i
an+1
lim = r [0, +],
n an
r < 1 (7.3) i, r > 1 (7.3) i.
i. (7.3) :
1) n 1 : an 0;

2) , 0 < 1, N N n N : n an .
i (7.3) i. i 1) i

i n ii n an 1, (7.3) i.
i 1) i

lim n an = r [0, +],
n
r < 1 (7.3) i, r > 1 (7.3) i.
i . (7.3) :
1) n 1 : an > 0;
( )
an
2) i lim n ln = r [, +].
n an+1
i r > 1 (7.3) i, r < 1 (7.3) i.
. (7.3) :
1) n 1 : an > 0;
( )
an
2) i lim n 1 = r [, +].
n an+1
i r > 1 (7.3) i, r < 1 (7.3) i.
. (7.3) :
7.2. i 171

1) n 1 : an > 0;
2) > 0 i ii {xn : n 1}
an xn
= + + 1+ , n 1.
an+1 n n

i (7.3) i i :
1) > 1, i; 2) = 1, > 1.
I i. i f : [1, +) R
:
1) x 1 : f (x) 0; 2) f [1, +).
an = f (n), n 1, (7.3) i i i, i
i
rx
lim f (t) dt.
x+ 1

1
1. i i-
n=1 n2 arctg n
, i
1 4
n 1 : an = = bn
n2 arctg n n2


i bn i i = 2 > 1.
n=1

n + ln2 (n + 1)
2. i -
n=1
3n3 2n + 1
i, i
n + ln2 (n + 1) 1
2 , n ,
3n 2n + 1
3 3n
1
i i 2
i.
n=1 3n
3. > 1.

nn
n=1
en n!
i i. i, n 1
( )n 1
an+1 (n + 1)n+1 en n! 1 n+1 (n+1) bn+1
= n n+1 = < 1 = ,
an n e (n + 1)! e n n
bn
1
bn = . i bn i.
n n=1
172 i 7. i

n
7 (n!)2
4. i . i,
n=1
n2n
( )2n
an+1 7n+1 ((n + 1)!)2 n2n n 7
= 2(n+1)
n 2
=7 2 < 1, n .
an (n + 1) 7 (n!) n+1 e
( ) (n1)(n+1)
n
5. i i.
n=1
n + 1
i,
( )n n1
n
n
an = e1 < 1, n .
n+1
6.

2n nn2
n=1
en (2n 1)!!
i i , i
an 2n nn2 en+1 (2n + 1)!!
n ln = n ln n =
an+1 e (2n 1)!! 2n+1 (n + 1)n1
( ( )( )n2 )
1 n
= n ln e 1 =
2(n + 1) n+1
( ( ) ( ))
1 1
= n 1 + ln 1 (n 2) ln 1 + =
2(n + 1) n
( ( ))
1 1 2 1
=n 1 1+ + +o 2 > 1, n .
2(n + 1) 2n n n

1
7. i i .
n=2
n ln2 n
1
i, i f (x) = , x 2,
x ln2 x
1 rx
[2, +), 2 = f (n) i lim f (t) dt = ln1 2.
n ln n x+ 2

7.8. i i ii i

1 2n + 1 n
1) ; 3) ; 5) ;
n=1
4n 2 n=1
2
n (n + 1) 2
n=1
4
n +1

n 5n 1 + n2
2) ; 4) ; 6) ln ;
n=1
n2 + 1 n=1
2n (2n 1) n=1
n2
7.2. i 173

ln n sin2 n 1
7) ; 12) ; 17) arcsin ;
n=1
n2 n=1
n3 n=1
n2

1 1 1 1
8) sin ; 13) ; 18) arctg ;
n=1
n n n=1
n 5 n1 1 + n2
n=1

( )p
1 1
9) ; 14) tg ; 19) 2sin n 1 ;
2 n 4n
n=1

n=1
( ) n=1
1 ln 1 + n1
( )p
10) ; 15) ; 20) n
n1 .
n+1 n+1
( )
n=1 n=1 n=1

1 n
11) 1 cos 2 ; 16) tg ;
n=1
n n=1
1 + n2

7.9. i, i ii i

1000n n5
1) ; 10) ;
n=1
n! n=1
2n + 3n
( n+1 )n
n
2) n
; 11) n tg n+1 ;
n=1
3 n=1
2

n

n! 2
3) ; 12) ;
n=1
n n
n=1
n2
n ( )n
2 n!
n4 5 + (1)n
4) ; 13) ;
n=1
nn 4n
n=1
n

3 n! 2 5 8 . . . (3n 1)
5) ; 14) ;
n=1
nn
n=1
1 5 9 . . . (4n 3)


(n!)2 1 4 7 . . . (3n 2)
6) ; 15) ;
n=1
2n2 n=1
(2n 1)!!


n2 n!
7) ( )n ; 16) ;
n=1
2 + n1 n=1
n n

( )n

n+1 (n!)2
8) ; 17) ;
n=1
2n 1 n=1
3n2


1 (n!)2
9) arcsinn ; 18) ;
n=1
n n=1
(2n)!
174 i 7. i

( )n2
( )n
1 n+1
19) 3 1 n
; 21) n 2n ;
n n=1
3n + 1
n=1
( )n
n 1 n 2n
20) n 3 sin ; 22) .
n=1
n n=1
(arctg n)n

7.10. i i, i
ii i



1 1
1) ; 4) ;
n=1
n n+1 n=2
np (ln n)q

ln n 1
2) ; 5) .
n=2
n2 n(ln n)p (ln ln n)q
n=3

1
3) ;
n=2
n lnp n

7.11. , i , i
ii i
( )p
(2n 1)!! n! np
1) ; 3) (q > 0).
n=1
(2n)!! n=1
q(q + 1) . . . (q + n)

n! en
2) ;
n=1
nn+p

7.12. , - i i
i {rn : n 1} i i i i
{rn : n 1}, rn = o(rn ), n .
7.13. i i. ii i {an : n 1}

. , an i i i,
n=1


n
i 2 a2n .
n=1

n

7.14. an > 0, sn = ak , rn = ak , n 1. :
k=1 k=n

a
n
1) an i,
i > 1 i
n=1 s
n=1 n
i 1.
7.3. i 175

a
n
2) an i,
i < 1 i
n=1 r
n=1 n
i 1.

7.3 i

a1 + a2 + . . . + an + . . . = an (7.5)
n=1
i, i


|a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |an | + . . . = |an |. (7.6)
n=1
i i. i (7.5)
i, (7.6) i.
i. ii {an : n 1} :
1) n 1 : an an+1 0; 2) an 0, n .
i


a1 a2 + a3 a4 + . . . = (1)n+1 an
n=1
i i s i ii 0 s a1 .
ii. ii {an : n 1}, {bn : n 1} -
:
1) ii {an : n 1} ;
2) an 0, n ;
 n 
 
3) C > 0 n 1 :  bk  C.
k=1


i an bn i.
n=1

. ii {an : n 1}, {bn : n 1} -

:
1) ii {an : n 1} ;

2) bn i.
n=1


i an bn i.
n=1
176 i 7. i

1. ( i)

(1)n+1
. (7.7)
n=1
n

sn (7.7) i
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
s2n = 1 + + ... + =
2 3 4 2n 1 2n
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 ... , n 1,
2 3 4 5 2(n 1) 2n 1 2n
, i n 1
s2n s2(n+1) 1.
i s = lim s2n = s R. i -
n
i, , i
sn = 1 + 21 + 13 + . . . + n1 ii n = sn ln n, n 1, i

lim n = , = 0, 577 . . .
n

i
( )
1 1 1
s2n = s2n 2 + + ... + = s2n sn =
2 4 2n
= ln(2n) + 2n ln n n = ln 2 2n n , n 1,

2n+1 ln 2, n .
1
s = lim s2n = ln 2. i , s2n+1 = s2n +
n

1
sn ln 2, n . i i i,
n=1 n
i (7.7) i .
2. ( ii)

sin n
. (7.8)
n=1
n

1
ii ii. an = , bn = sin n,
n
n 1. ii {an : n 1} 1), 2) ii.
7.3. i 177

ii  n{bn : n n1} 
 n 3)  i
    1  
n 1 :  bk  =  sin k  =  2 sin 1 sin k  =
1  2 
k=1 k=1 2 sin 2 k=1
 )
n (
1  2k 1 2k + 1 
=  cos cos =
2 sin 12 k=1 2 2 
 
1  1 2n + 1  1
= 1 cos 2 cos  = : C.
2 sin 2 2 sin 12
(7.8) i . i,
1 cos 2n
n 1 : | sin n| sin2 n = .
2

1
cos 2n
i i, i
n=1 n n=1 n

| sin n|
ii, i i.
n=1 n
, (7.8) i .
(1)n+1
3. arctg n i .
n=1 n
i, ii an = arctg n, n 1, i ,
(1)n+1
bn = i ( i). i
n=1 n=1 n
arctg n arctg n
, i , n , i i
n 2n n=1 n
i.
7.15. , i i i , i

(1)n+1 2n + 1
1)
3
; 6) (1)n+1 ;
n=1
n n n=1
n(n + 1)

n+2 ln n
2) (1)n+1 ; 7) (1)n ;
n=1
n n=2
n

(1)n+1 n
cos n
3) ; 8) (1) ;
n=1
(2n 1)3 n=1
n

(1)n sin n
4)
4
; 9) (1) n
;
n=1
n n=1
n

(1)n 1 4 7 . . . (3n 2)
5) ; 10) (1)n+1 ;
n=1
n
n n=1
7 9 11 . . . (2n + 5)
178 i 7. i

(2n + 1)!!
11) (1)n+1 .
n=1
2 5 8 . . . (3n 1)

7.16. , i
i. i i ?
1 1 1 1
1) + + ...+
21 2+1 31 3+1
1 1
+ + ...;
n1 n+1
1 1 1 1
2) 2/3 2/3 + 2/3 2/3 + ...+
2 1 2 +1 3 1 3 +1
1 1
+ 2/3 + ....
n 1 n2/3 + 1
7.17. i ii i

(1)n+1 n
n+1 2 cos
2n
x
1) p
; 6) (1) ;
n=1
n n=1
n
( )q
sin n (1)n 1 1
2) 12
; 7) 1 + + + ;
ln n n=1
np 2 n
n=2



(1)n (1)n
3) ; 8) p;
x + n n=2
(n + (1)n )
n=1
( )
(1)n
1 n2 9) ln 1 + ;
4) 2 cos ; n=2
np
ln n n+1
n=2 n
sin

n1 1 10) 4
5) (1)n ; p
n .
n + 1 100 2
n +1 n=1 n + sin
n=1 4
7.18. ii i x (0, )

sin nx cos nx
1) ; 2) .
n=1
n n=1
n

7.19. (x, p), x (0, ), i

sin nx cos nx
1) p
; 2) .
n=1
n n=1
np


7.20. an i. i ii
n=1
7.4. i i i. i 179

a3n ? iii .
n=1
7.21. i. ii,
N -i N i ? -
?
7.22. ii {an : n 1} i i p N.

a
n
ii i ii .
n=1 n
7.23 . . ii {an : n 1}

i an +, n , xn i. ,
n=1
n
a1
n ak xk 0, n .
k=1

7.4 i i i. i

an . (7.9)
n=1
ii {mn : n 1}

b1 = a1 + a2 + . . . + am1 , b2 = am1 +1 + am1 +2 + . . . + am2 , . . .

bn (7.10)
n=1
(7.9) i i , -
. (7.9) i, (7.10) i-
i , (7.9).
: N N ii.

a(n)
n=1
i (7.9). i i -
i i, i -
i i i, i
.
i i



an , bn (7.11)
n=0 n=0
180 i 7. i

( )


n
ak bnk . (7.12)
n=0 k=0
(7.11) i, i i-
, (7.12) i i i ii
( n )




an bn = ak bnk .
n=0 n=0 n=0 k=0
7.24.
( ) ( )
1 (1)n 1 (1)n+1
1) + + + ;
n=1
3n n3 n=1
3n+1 n3
( )
1 (1)n
2) + .
n=1
2n 3n
7.25. i,
1) i, i i;
2) i?
7.26. i

1 (1)n (1)n (1)n
1) ; 3) ;
n=0
n! n=0 n! n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0 (2n)!
n n
( )2
x y (1)n
2) , {x, y} R; 4) .
n=0
n! n=0 n! n=0
(2n)!
7.27. i i, ii
( )2
n

q = (n + 1) q n , |q| < 1.
n=0 n=0

(1)n+1
7.28. , ii i i
n=1
n
i .

(1)n+1
7.29. i ,
n=1
n
: ) i; ) i( +. )

(1)n+1
7.30. , i i = ln 2 ,
n=1
n
i
1 1 1 1 1
1) 1 + + + + . . . ;
3 2 5 7 4
7.4. i i i. i 181

1 1 1 1 1
2) 1 + + ...;
2 4 3 6 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
3) 1 + + + . . . + ... +
3 5 2p 1 2 4 2q
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +. . .+ . . . + ....
2p + 1 2p + 3 4p 1 2q + 2 2q + 4 4q


7.31. {an : n 1} (0, +), an 0 i an i-
n=1
. , i s i ii n {1, 1},


n 1, n an = s.
n=1
7.32. ii :


1) an i ;
n=1


2) {n : n {1, 1}, n 1} : n an i;
n=1


3) {n : n {0, 1}, n 1} : n an i.
n=1
7.33. , i , i -
, , i.


7.34. an :
n=1
1) an 0, n ;
2) ii {pn :
n 1}, sup(pn+1 pn ) < , i
n1

1
pn+1
An , An = ai .
n=1 i=pn




, an i i an = An .
n=1 n=1 n=1


7.35. an i . , i , ,
n=1
+, i : N N, i-

n
i sen = a(k) , n 1, -
k=1
ii
lim sen = , lim sen = .
n n
182 i 7. i

7.5 ii

ii i {an : n 1} i -
i {an : n 1} i {pn : n 1},

n
pn = ak , n 1. an i pn ii n- i
k=1
n- . i


a1 a2 . . . an . . . = an . (7.13)
n=1
pn p R\{0}, n , (7.13) i,
p . i (7.13) -
i. ii
an > 0, n 1. i ii (7.13) ii
an 1, n .
1. an > 0, n N. (7.13) i p
i i, i

ln an = s R. (7.14)
n=1
p = es .
(7.13) i, (7.14) i-
.


2. un 0, n N. (1 + un ) i i
n=1


i, i un .
n=1



3. un i. (1 + un ) i
n=1 n=1


i i, i u2n .
n=1

(1)n+1
1. a > 0. i ii a n .
n=1
i

n (1)k+1

n
(1)k+1 k
pn = a k = ak=1 = asn , n 1,
k=1
sn n- i (7.7). i sn ln 2, n ,
7.5. ii 183

pn aln 2 , n . , i i i

(1)n+1
a n = aln 2 .
n=1



2. a > 0 i ii n
ln(n + a) ln n.
n=1
i ln ln(1 + x) ln x, x 0+,
1 ( a) 1 a ln n
ln n ln(n + a) ln n = ln ln 1 + ln , n .
n n n n n

ln n
ii i 1 ii i-
n=1
n
.
(
n
)
x
3. i ii i 1+ p .
n=1
n
xn
|x| > 1, p R |x| = 1, p 0 : 1 + p 1, n ,
n
i ii . |x| < 1, p R
|x| = 1, p > 1
( )
xn
ln 1 + p (7.15)
n=1
n
i i 2 , 1 -

1
i i . x = 1, p 1 p
-
n=1
n
i, 2 i . x = 1, 0 < p 1

(1)n
i. 3 i i-
np
( )2
n=1

(1)n 1
i i, i p
= 2p
,
n=1
n n=1
n
1
< p 1. (7.15) i ,
2
i i i .
7.36. i i ii
(
)
1 1 2
1) 1 2 = ; 3) cos n+1 = ;
n 2 2
n=2
( ( ) n)
n=1


1
2 n 4
2
1
2) 1+ = 2; 4) 21
= ;
2 n=3
n 4
n=0
184 i 7. i

(
)
n3 1 2 n 1
5) = ; 8) 1 + x2 = , |x| < 1;
n=2
n3 +1 3 n=0
1x
( )
2 1 x sin x
6) 1 = ; 9) cos = .
n=2
n(n + 1) 3 2n x
( ) n=1
1
7) 1+ = 2;
n=1
n(n + 2)



7.37. i ii i pn i qn ii i


n=1 n=1
1) (pn + qn ) ; 3) p n qn ;
n=1 n=1


pn
2) p2n ; 4) ?
n=1 n=1 qn
7.38. i ii i i

(n + 1)2 n2 + an + b
1) ; 8) ;
n=1
n(n + 2) n=n0
n2 + cn + d
( )
1

2) 1+ p ; n
n=1
n 9) ;
2
( n
) n=1
n +1
x
3) 1+ n ;

2 n 1
n=1 10) 1+ ;
( ) n
x x n=1
4) 1+ e n;
n (
)
n=1 x x
11) 1 e n , c > 0;
c + n
5) (1 xn ) ; n=1
n=1 (
)
( ) sin nx p
1 12) ;
6) 1 ; x
n
n=2
n n=1

( 2 )p (
)
n 1 xn xn
7) 2
; 13) 1 + p
cos q , |x| 1, q > 0.
n=2
n +1 n=1
n n


7.39. a2n i. , i i i
n=1


cos an .
n=1
( )
7.40. ii {an : n 1} , an
4 4 n=1
7.5. ii 185

i . , i i i

( )
tg + an .
n=1 4
7.41. i i ii i
(
)
(1)n+1 n n
1) 1+ p
; 3) n
; 5) n(1) ;
n n + (1)
( )
n=1 n=2 n=1



n
(1) n
n (1)n
2) n; 4) 1+ ; 6) n .
n=1 n=2
n ln n n=1

7.42. {an : n 1} (0, +) i ln an i .
n=1


, an i i.
n=1
7.43. {an : n 1} (0, +) i
1 1
= O(1), n .
an+1 an


, (1 + an ) i.
n=1
7.44. ii

n! 2n nn en , n .
i. i i i i i-
,
i.
186

i 8
ii
8.1 ii ii
i i
A R. ii i fn : A R, n 1,
i i f : A R, x A : fn (x) f (x),
n . ii i fn : A R, n 1, ii
i i f : A R,
> 0 N N n N x A : |fn (x) f (x)| < .
ii ii fn f, n . i
A
i ii ii i, i-

def
fn f, n dn : = sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0, n .
A xA
, ii ii i ii -
i A ii.
i i. fn f, n
A
> 0 N N n N m N x A : |fn (x) fm (x)| < .
8.1. ii {fn (x) = xn , 0 < x < 1 : n 1} i i
x (0, 1) N = N (, x),
i i ii i x i i -
= 0.001, 1) x = 10 1
; 2) x = 110 ; 3) x = m110 , m N.
i ii i ii ii (0, 1)?
8.2. i ii {fn : n 1} i i f i
ii {xn : n 1} A, fn (xn ) f (xn ) 0, n .
, i ii {fn : n 1} i
i f ii i A.
8.3. , i ii {fn (x), x [0, ] : n 1}
i ii [0, ] , i ii

1) fn (x) = n sin x; 4) fn (x) = n g(x),
sin x
n
2) fn (x) = x sin x; , x (0, ],
n g(x) = x
3) fn (x) = g (x);
1, x = 0.
8.1. ii ii i i 187

8.4. i ii ii ii i
{fn (x), x A : n 1} i A
1 6) fn (x) = en(x1)
1) fn (x) = , A = (0, +); ( , A = (0, 1); )
n +n x 1
2) fn (x) = sin x, A = [0, ]; 7) fn (x) = n x+ x ,
3) fn (x) = xn xn+1 , A = [0, 1]; n
4) fn (x) = xn x2n , A = [0, 1]; A = (0, +);

nx 8) fn (x) = n 1 + xn , A = [0, 2].
5) fn (x) = , A = [0, 1];
1+n+x
8.5. i ii ii ii i
{fn (x), x Ai : n 1} i i Ai
xn
1) fn (x) = ,
1 + xn
A1 = [0, 1 ], A2 = [1 , 1 + ], A3 = [1 + , +), (0, 1);
2nx
2) fn (x) = , A1 = [0, 1], A2 = (1, +);
1 + n2 x 2
2
3) fn (x) = e(xn) , A1 = (l, l), l > 0, A2 = R;
( x )n
4) fn (x) = 1 + , A1 = (a, b), A2 = R.
n
8.6. i ii ii ii i
{fn (x), x R : n 1} i A = R

1 4) fn (x) = arctg nx;
1) fn (x) = x2 + 2 ;
n
sin nx 5) fn (x) = x arctg nx;
2) fn (x) = ;
n
x 6) fn (x) = {x}n , {x}
3) fn (x) = sin ; x.
n
8.7. i ii i {sinn x cos x, x R : n 1}
ii R?
8.8. ii i
{fn (x) = n sin 4 2 n2 + x2 , x R : n 1}.
i ii ii [0, a], a > 0? R?
8.9. , ii R ii i -
. ii .
8.10. ii ii fn f [a, b] ,
xfn (x) xf (x) [a, b]? i ?
8.11. ii i
{fn (x) = n xenx , x [0, +) : n 1} i [0, +) ii-
i i f (x) = 0, x [0, +)?
188 i 8. ii

8.2 ii i i
ii i an : A R, n 1, ii -
i


an (x) (8.1)
n=1
{ }


B := x A| an (x) i .
n=1
i (8.1) ii i i
C B, ii i ii
i i,
   
   

n
  
sup  ak (x) ak (x) = sup  ak (x) 0, n .
xC k=1 k=1 xC  k=n+1 
. ii i an : A R,
n 1, i ii {cn : n 1},

1) n 1 x A : |an (x)| cn ; 2) cn i.
n=1


i an (x) i ii (i ) i A.
n=1

ii. ii i an : A R, bn : A R,
n 1, :
1) x A : {an (x) : n 1} ii;
2) sup |an (x)| 0, n ;
xA
 n 
 
3) C n 1 x A :   bk (x) C.

k=1
i an (x)bn (x) i ii i A.
n=1

. ii i an : A R, bn : A R,
n 1, :
1) x A : {an (x) : n 1} ii;
2) C n 1 x A : |an (x)| C;


3) bn (x) i ii i A.


n=1
i an (x)bn (x) i ii i A.
n=1
8.2. ii i i 189

1. ii
( )n
(2n 1)!! x
. (8.2)
n=1
(2n)!! 2x 1
i
( )2
(2n 1)!! 13 35 (2n 3)(2n 1) 2n 1 1 1
= ... < ,
(2n)!! 22 44 (2n 2)(2n 2) 2n 2n 2n
( )2
(2n 1)!! 1 33 55 (2n 1)(2n 1) 1 1
= ... , n 1,
(2n)!! 2 24 46 (2n 2)(2n) 2n
 4n 
 x 
i ii (8.2) ii   1
2x 1 
x (, 31 ] [1, +). x (, 13 ) (1, +), (8.2) i
i , x = 13
i i, x = 1 i
i i .
2. i ii ii

x
n=1
((n 1)x + 1) (nx + 1)
i A = (0, +).

n
x
sn (x) = =
((k 1)x + 1) (kx + 1)
k=1
n ( )
1 1 1
= =1 , x > 0, n 1.
(k 1)x + 1 kx + 1 nx + 1
k=1
sn (x) 1, n , x > 0.
1
dn = sup |1 sn (x)| = sup = 1 0, n .
x>0 nx + 1
x>0
, i A = (0, +), i i-
i i i.

2
3. i ii ii x4 enx R.
n=1
i t := nx2 [0, +). i i f (t) = t2 et
[0, +) i f (t) 0, t +, i f
ii ii C.
2
n 1 x R : 0 an (x) := x4 enx Cn2 =: bn .
i ii R.
190 i 8. ii

4. ii ii cos n R.
n=1
n + |x|
1
ii an (x) = i bn (x) = cos n, n 1, x R, -
n + |x|
ii. i 3 i i
i ii (7.8).
8.12. ii ( ) i-
i

( )n

n x xn
1) ; 9) , y 0.
n=1
n + 1 2x + 1 n=1
n + yn


xn n
2) ; 10) ;
n=1
1 xn n=1
xn

( )n
xn x(x + n)
3) ; 11) ;
n=1
1 + x2n n=1
n



2n+1 x2n
4) x n ex ; 12) ;
n=1 n=1
1 + x2n+1

xn
5) sin(xn ); 13) ;
n=1 n=1
(1 + x)(1 + x2 ) . . . (1 + xn )

(1)n
6) ln(1 + xn ); 14) ;
n=1 n=1
(x + n)p

(n + x)n xn y n
7) ; 15) , x > 0, y > 0;
n=1
nn+x n=1
x + yn
n

np sin nx
|x|n2 + |y|n2 .
n
8) , q > 0; 0 < x < ; 16)
n=1
1 + nq n=1

8.13. x (0, 1] i
x + x(1 x) + x(1 x)2 + . . . + x(1 x)n1 + . . .
[ ]
1
i , i i ii ii , 1 . -
[ ] 2
1
i n i x , 1 ii
2
|rn (x)| < 0, 01?
8.2. ii i i 191

8.14. , i
1 1 1
+ + ... + + ...
(x + 1)(x + 3) (x + 3)(x + 5) (x + 2n 1)(x + 2n + 1)
1
ii i i i [0, +).
2(x + 1)
i n i x [0, +) i-
i |rn (x)| < 0, 01?
8.15. i ii ii i
i A

n
x
1) xn , A = (q, q), q < 1; 6) , A = (0, +);
n=1 n!

n=1
2) xn , A = (1, 1);

7) (1 x)xn , A = [0, 1];
n=1

xn ( ) n=1
xn+1
3) , nx
n n + 1 8) ,
n=1 (1 + x)(1 + 2x) . . . (1 + nx)
A = [1, 1]; n=1
A = [0, ], > 0;
1
4) , nx
n=1
(x + n)(x + n + 1) 9) ,
n=1
(1 + x)(1 + 2x) . . . (1 + nx)
A = (0, +).
n A = [, +), > 0.
x
5) , A = [1, 1];
n=1
n2


8.16. an (x), x A, i ii i A.
n=1
, :
1) sup |an (x)| 0, n ;
xA
 
 
 2n 
2) sup  ak (x) 0, n .

xA k=n+1 

(1)n1
8.17. ii ii i [0, +).
n=1
x+ n
i n i x [0, +) -
ii |rn (x)| < 0, 01?
8.18. ii ii R



(1)n+1 (1)n
1) 2
; 2) .
n=1
n+x n=1
n + cos x
192 i 8. ii

8.19. i ii ii i .
ii i {an (x), x A : n 1}
1) x A n 1 : an (x) 0;
2) x A n 1 : an (x) an+1 (x);
3) sup |an (x)| 0, n .
xA


, (1)n an (x) i ii A.
n=1
8.20. ii ii i A
x
rn

1) sin t2 dt, A = [3, 4];

n=1 x
n 2) en|x| sin(x2 n), A = R.
n=1

8.21. i ii ii ii (0, 1)

r
(n+1)x
dt
r
1
(n+1)x+ n
2
1) ; 2) et dt.
n=1 nx 1 + t2005 n=1 1
nx n

xn + 2n
8.22. ii . i-
n=1
nx + x2n
ii i i?
8.23. i ii {an : n 1} ii i-

0 A, |an (x) + an+1 (x)| ii i A.
n=1


, an (x) ii i A.
n=1
8.24. i ii ii i A

sin nx x
1) 2 2
, A = R; 5) , A = [0, +);
n=1
n + x n=1
1 + n4 x2

n2 + x2 x3n
2) ln , 6) , A = R;
n=1
n2 n=1
1 + n3 x2
A = [c, c], c > 0; A = R;

2x
1x 2n 7) arctg 2 , A = R;
3) , A = [1, 1]; n=1
x + n3
n
n=1
2

1
nx 2 8) 2n sin n , A = (0, +);
4) , A = [0, c]; n=1
3 x
3 3
n=1
n + x
8.2. ii i i 193

[ ]

n2 1 1
9) (xn xn ), A = ,1 ; 12) 2
, A = R;
n=1
n! 2 n=1
x + n2

(1)n
10) x2 enx , A = [0, +); 13) , A = (2, +);
x + 2n
n=1
( )2n1 n=1
[ ]
1 x1 n2 n n 1
11) , 14) (x +x ), A = , 2 .
n=1
2n 1 x + 1 n=1
n! 2
A = [a, b], 0 < a < b;


8.25. fn (x), i i-
n=1
i [a, b], i i ii. ,
i ii [a, b].
8.26. ii i {an (x), x A : n 1} i {bn (x), x A : n 1}

1) n 1 x A : |an (x)| bn (x);

2) bn (x) i ii A.
n=1


, an (x) i ii A.
n=1

sin nx
8.27. i ii ii ii i Ai
n=1
n

1) A1 = [, 2 ], (0, ); 2) A2 = [0, 2].

8.28. i ii ii i A

(1)n (1)n
1) , A = (0, +); 5) , A = [0, 2];
n=1
x+n n=2
n + sin x

sin x sin nx (1)
n(n1)

2
2) , A = [0, +); 6)
3 2 , A = [1, 1];
n=1
x + n n + ex
n=1

cos 2nx2 cos 2n
3) , A = [0, +); 7) 3 , A = R.
n=1
n n + 1 n 2 + x2
n=1

xn
4) (1)n+1 , A = [0, 1];
n=1
n

8.29. ii ii i A

arctg(nx)
1) (1)n+1 , A = R;
n=1
n + x2
194 i 8. ii

enx
2) (1)n+1 , A = [0, +).
n=1
n + x2



8.30. an i. , an enx
n=1 n=1
ii i i [0, +).

an
8.31. an i. , ii x
n=1 n=1 n
i ii [0, +).


8.32. fn (x) i ii [a, b].
n=1


|fn (x)| i ii [a, b]?
n=1
8.33. ii {an (x), x A : n 1} i {bn (x), x A : n 1}


1) |an+1 (x) an (x)| i ii A;
n=1
2) sup |an (x)| 0, n ;
xA

n
3) C > 0 n 1 x A : | bk (x)| C.
k=1


, an (x)bn (x) i ii A.
n=1
ii ii ii.
8.34. ii {an (x), x A : n 1} i {bn (x), x A : n 1}
:
1) i a1 A;

2) |an+1 (x) an (x)| i A,
n=1


sup |an+1 (x) an (x)| < +;
xA n=1


3) bn (x) i ii A.
n=1


, an (x)bn (x) i ii A.
n=1
ii ii.
8.35 . ii. fn : [a, b] [0, +), fn C([a, b]), n 1.


, fn (x) = f (x), x [a, b], i
n=1
8.3. i i 195

[a, b], f C([a, b]). , fn (x) i ii-
n=1
[a, b].

8.3 i i
i. x0
A R, i ii {an : A R : n 1}
1) n 1 lim an (x) R;
xx0


2) an (x) i ii A.
n=1


i i ( lim an (x)) i
n=1 xx0



lim an (x) = ( lim an (x)).
xx0 n=1 n=1 xx0
i i . A R
i i ii {an : A R : n 1}
1) n 1 : an C(A);


2) an i ii A.
n=1


i s(x) := an (x), x A, i A.
n=1
i. i ii
{an : [a, b] R : n 1}
1) n 1 : an R([a, b]);


2) an i ii [a, b].
n=1


i s(x) = an (x), x [a, b], i ii [a, b] i
n=1
i ii
rb rb

s(x) dx = an (x) dx.
a n=1 a

i. i i-
i {an : [a, b] R : n 1}
1) n 1 x [a, b] : an (x);


2) x0 [a, b] : an (x0 ) i;
n=1
196 i 8. ii

3) an i ii [a, b].
n=1


i an i ii [a, b] i i ii
n=1
( )


an (x) = an (x), x [a, b].
n=1 n=1

xn
1. , ln(1 + x) = (1)n+1 , x (1, 1].
n=1
n
i,
1

x (1, 1) : (ln(1 + x)) = = (1)n xn .
1 + x n=0
ii i ii [a, b] (1, 1) -
. i i-
i. i
( )
rx xn+1
x (1, 1) : ln(1 + x) = n n
(1) t dt = (1)n .
0 n=0 n=0
n+1
i i i ii [0, 1] .
i i i ii,
. i f (x) = ln(1 + x) [0, 1]. i
, ii

xn
ln(1 + x) = (1)n+1
n=1
n
i x (1, 1]. , x = 1
i

(1)n+1
= ln 2.
n=1
n
8.36. i i i ii

sin nx
1) f (x) = , x R;
n=1
n(n + 1)
( )
1 n
2) f (x) = x+ , A = (1, 1);
n=1
n

1
3) f (x) = n nx
, A = R.
n=1
2
8.3. i i 197

8.37. i i i
i

n

x + n(1) 1 x
1) f (x) = 2 2
; 2) f (x) = .
n=1
x +n n=1
(1 + x2 )n


8.38. lim (xn xn+1 ).
x1 n=1
i i ?
(
)
8.39. , nxenx (n 1)xe(n1)x i i-
n=1
i ii [0, 1], ii.
(
)
1 1
8.40. i x 2n+1 x 2n1 ii [0, 1]?
n=1

8.41. i i-
ii

1
= (n + 1)xn , x (1, 1).
(1 x)2 n=0

8.42. i ii i


sin nx (1)n x
1) f (x) = , A = R; 2) f (x) = ,
n=1
n3 n+x
n=1
A = R \ {n| n N}.

+ 2
8.43. , -i (x) = en x
i i-
n=
i x > 0.

sin nx
8.44 . x R.
n=1
n

cos nx
8.45. i 0,
n=1
n2

1
.
n=1
n2
8.46 . i i-


r1 1
, ii xx dx = n
.
0 n=1
n
198 i 8. ii

2
8.47. , e(xn) ii i ii [0, 1]
n=1
i i i.

sin(2n x)
8.48 . , ii i R. ,
n=1
2n
i i.

enx
8.49. f (x) = , x 0. , f C([0, +)),
n=0
1 + n2
f C () ((0, +)) i f (0) i.
1
8.50. , ii fn (x) = arctg xn , n 1, i
( n )
ii ii (, +), lim fn (1) = lim fn (1).
n ( n )
1
2
8.51. , ii fn (x) = x + sin nx + , n 1,
( ) n 2
i ii R, lim fn (x) = lim fn (x), x = k, k Z.
n n
nx2
8.52. , ii fn (x) = nxe , n 1, i
r1 ( ) r1
ii [0, 1], lim fn (x) dx = lim fn (x) dx.
0 n n 0
8.53. i i i i
w1 nx
lim dx?
n
0
1 + n2 x 4
8.54 . ii
n
n1 1 x2
(1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) . . . (1 + x2 )= , |x| = 1,
1x

n1
x 2x2 4x4 2n1 x2
sn (x) = + 2
+ 4
+ ... + n1 .
1+x 1+x 1+x 1 + x2
n1 2n1
2 x
i ii 2n1
.
n=1 1 + x

8.4 i
{an : n 1} i ii, x0 R. i-



an (x x0 )n , x R, (8.3)
n=0
8.4. i 199

. (8.3)
x0 = 0,


an xn , x R. (8.4)
n=0

: = lim n
|an | [0, +) {+},
n


0, = +,

1
r := , (0, +),




+, = 0.
i
1) r = 0 (8.4) i i x = 0.
2) r (0, +) (8.4) i ii (r, r) i
i R \ [r, r].
3) r = + (8.4) i R.
r i ii (8.4).
.
  ii {an : n 1} R \ {0} i -
 an 
lim   [0, +) {+}. i i 2.33 i
n an+1 
ii (8.4)
 
 an 

r = lim  .
n an+1 

1
1. nn xn i ii r = = 0.
n=1 lim n |nn |
n
i x = 0.

xn (n + 1)!
2. i ii r = lim = +.
n=1 n! n n!
i R.


3. ) xn i ii r = 1. x = 1
n=1
i ii . i
x (1, 1) i i x R \ (1, 1).

xn
) i ii r = 1. x = 1 i
n=1 n
, i. x = 1 i, i
200 i 8. ii

. i x (1, 1), i-
x = 1 i i x R \ [1, 1).


xn
) 2
i ii r = 1. x = 1 i
n=1 n
i . i i
x [1, 1] i i x R \ (1, 1).


8.55. , an xn i ii r.
n=1
1) , i ii i



an n

nan xn ; (n2 + 1)an xn ; x ; n an xn , R,
n=1 n=1 n=1
n +3 n=1
i r.
2) r (0, +). i ii i

an n an n n n
n
x ; x ; 2 a n x ; nn an xn .
n=1
2 n=1
n! n=1 n=1
8.56. i ii , i ii, -
i ii i i ii
n n
x (3 + (1)n ) n
1) ; 7) x ;
n=1
np n=1
n
( ) 2 n2
1 n n x
2) 1+ x ; 8) ;
n=1
n n=1
2n
2
(n!)2 n 9) an xn , 0 < a < 1;
3) x ; n=1
(2n)!
n=1

xn
3n + (2)n 10) , a > 0, b > 0;
4) (x + 1)n ; n=1
an + bn
n
n=1

(2n)!!
xn 11) xn ;
5) , a > 0; (2n + 1)!!
n=1
a n n=1

(

1 1 1
) 12) 2n x2n ;
6) 1 + + + ... + xn ; n=1
2 3 n 2
n=1 13) 2n xn .
n=1

8.57. ii
( )n
1 1x 1
1) ; 2) n
sin n ;
n=1
2n + 1 1 + x n=1
x 2
8.4. i 201

(
)n2 3n

1 3 (n!)2
3) 1+ enx ; 4) tgn x.
n=1
n n=1
(3n)!
8.58. ii A i i-
i B . i ii i C?
n n [ )
x 2 1 1
1) , C = [1, 0]; 3) (3x 1)n , C = , ;
n=1
n n=1
n 6 3
( )
1 x+1 n 2n(1x)
2) , C = A; 4) (1)n+1 , C = A.
n=1
n x n=1
n
8.59. i ii , i ii, -
i ii i i ii
( )p ( ) ( )
1 3 5 . . . (2n 1) x1 n (1)n n n n
1) ; 2) x .
n=1
2 4 6 . . . (2n) 2 n=1
n! e
8.60. i, i
x3 x5 1 13 2 135 3
1) x + + + ...; 4) 1 + x + x + x + ....
3 5 2 24 246
x3 x5 i. i
2) x + ...;
3 5 (1 x).
x2 x4
3) 1 + + + ...;
2! 4!
8.61. i, i
1) x + 2x2 + 3x3 + . . . ;
2) 1 2x + 2 3x2 + 3 4x3 + . . . ;
3) x 4x2 + 9x3 16x4 + . . . .
8.62. i i , ii i R.


8.63. an 0, n 0, an xn = a(x) i ii
n=0


(r, r), r > 0, i lim a(x). ii an rn .
xr n=0


8.64. ( ) an i.
n=0


s(x) = an xn , x (1, 1).
n=0


, lim s(x) = an .
x1 n=0
202 i 8. ii
( )




n
8.65. an , bn , ak bnk i ii
n=0 n=0 n=0 k=0
A, B, C. , AB = C.

8.5
x0 R, r (0, +], f C () ((x0 r, x0 + r)).

f (n) (x0 )
(x x0 )n , x (x0 r, x0 + r), (8.5)
n=0
n!
i f i x0 . x0 = 0
(8.5) .
. x0 R, r (0, +], i f C () ((x0 r, x0 + r))

C > 0 n 1 x (x0 r, x0 + r) : |f (n) (x)| C n .
i

f (n) (x0 )
x (x0 r, x0 + r) : f (x) = (x x0 )n ,
n=0
n!
r < + i ii (x0 r, x0 + r),
r = + i ii - ii.
i i i
n
x x2 xn x
1) ex = 1 + + + ... + + ... = , x R;
1! 2! n! n=0
n!
x3 x5 x2n+1
2) sin x = x + . . . + (1)n + ... =
3! 5! (2n + 1)!

x2n+1
= (1)n , x R;
n=0
(2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x2n
3) cos x = 1 + . . . + (1)n + ... =
2! 4! (2n)!

x2n
= (1)n , x R;
n=0
(2n)!
x2 x3 xn+1
4) ln(1 + x) = x + . . . + (1)n + ... =
2 3 n+1

xn+1
= (1)n , x (1, 1];
n=0
n+1
8.5. 203

( 1) 2 ( 1)( 2) 3
5) (1 + x) = 1 + x + x + x + ... +
2! 3!

( 1) . . . ( n + 1) n
+ x + ... = Cn xn , x (1, 1),
n! n=0
( 1) . . . ( n + 1)
0
C := 1, C := n
, n 1.
n!
1. i x i
1+x
f (x) = ln .
1x
4),
1 1+x 1
f (x) = ln = (ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)) =
2 1x 2
( n
)
1 (1) n1 n
x x 1 xn
= + = ((1)n1 + 1) =
2 n=1 n n=1
n 2 n=1 n

x2n1
= , x (1, 1).
n=1
2n 1
8.66. ,
i x i
2
1) ex ; x
8) 2 ;
2
2) cos x; x 5x + 6
x
3) sin2 2x; 9) ;
1 + x 2x2
4) sin3 x; x
1 10) ;
5) ; (1 x)(1 x2 )
(1 x) 2 1
11) , i-
6) ln(1 + x + x2 + x3 ); 1 + x + x2 + x3
x + ln(1 x) 1000- i -
7)
x2 i i 0;
( i x0 = 0 i - x
12) .
i); 1 2x
8.67. ii, i
i

1) f (x) = arcsin x;
(1)n+1
;
2
2) f (x) = ln(x + 1 + x ); n=1
2n 1
3) f (x) = arctg x, 2x
4) f (x) = arctg ;
2 x2
204 i 8. ii
1 1+x 1
5) f (x) = x arctg x ln 1 + x2 ; 7) f (x) = ln + arctg x;
6) f (x) = arccos(1 2x2 ); 4 1 x 2
8) f (x) = x arcsin x + 1 x2 .

8.68. i f (x) = ln x i
x1
.
x+1
x
8.69. i f (x) = i -
1+x
x
.
1+x
8.70. i 1 i
1) (x 1)ex ; 2) x(ln x 1).
1
8.71. i f (x) = i i-
1x
i x.
8.72. i i ,
i
1) f (x) = ln2 (1 x); rx 2
6) f (x) = et dt;
ln(1 + x) 0
2) f (x) = ; wx
1+x dt
7) f (x) = ;
3) f (x) = (1 + x2 ) arctg x;
0
1 t4
4) f (x) = (arctg x)2 ; wx t dt
w arctg t
x 8) f (x) =
ln(1 + t)
5) f (x) = dt; 0
0
t ( ).
8.73. i i ,
i 1 i
ln x wx et e
1) f (x) = , x > 0; 2) f (x) = dt.
x t1

1
8.74. f (x) = an xn , x (r, r), r > 0.
n=0
f (x)
i F (x) = , x = 1.
1x
8.75. ii i
i 0, 001 i
r4 1 w1 arctg x
1) e x dx; 2) dx;
2
0
x
8.6. i i i 205

w2 sin x r1
3) dx; 4) cos x2 dx.
x 0
0

8.6 i i i
{cn = an + ibn : n 0} C, z0 = x0 + iy0 C, i2 = 1,
{x0 , y0 , an , bn : n 0} R. i i i


cn (z z0 )n , z C, (8.6)
n=0
i


|cn |tn , t R. (8.7)
n=0
, (8.7) i ii r [0, +) {+}.
i
1) r = 0 (8.6) i i z0 .
2) r (0, +) (8.6) i i
{z C| |z z0 | < r} i i i {z C| |z z0 | > r}.
3) r = + (8.6) i C.
i i
n
z
ez := ,
n=0
n!
i C. i
ei + ei ei ei
ei = cos + i sin , cos = , sin = , R.
2 2i
8.76. i i ii i

(z 1 i)n n! z n
1) n
; 4) ;
n=1
n2 n=1
(1 + i)(1 + 2i) . . . (1 + ni)


(z 3 + i)n (1 + i)n z n
2) ; 5) ;
n=1
n n=1
(n + 1)(n + 2)

zn (z ei )n
3) ; 6) .
n=1
n +i
n=1
n(1 ei )n
8.77. i i,
i x i i
1) (1 + x + x2 )1 ; 3)
x sin
, R.
2) e x cos
cos(x sin ), R; 1 2x cos + x2
206 i 8. ii

8.78. i ii i i i



1) (i 1)n ; 3) (( 2 1) + ( 3)i)n .
n=1 n=1

2in
2) e ;
n=1

8.79. P i i i, P (0) = 0. ,
1
i i i
P
R = min{|z| | P (z) = 0}.
1
8.80. i i i
1 + z2
1) i 0; 2) i a, a R, a > 0.
 207

i 9
i ii.
I i
9.1 i ii
f : [a, b] R. f (a) := f (a), f (b+) := f (b).
x0 [a, b] i f, x0
i f. f (x0 +) f (x0 ) = 0 -
i f i x0 .
. i -
, i i i.
i f : [a, b] R i
= ([a, b]) = {a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn = b}

n1
(f, ) : = |f (xk+1 f (xk )|.
k=0
ii i f : [a, b] R
V (f, [a, b]) : = sup (f, ) [0, +) {+},

i i ii [a, b].
V (f, [a, b]) < + i f i ii (
i i) [a, b]. i i
ii [a, b] BV ([a, b]).
i ii i ii
1) f : [a, b] R , f BV ([a, b]) i V (f, [a, b]) =
= |f (b) f (a)|.
2) f BV ([a, b]), V (f, [a, b]) 0.
3) f BV ([a, b]), f i.
4) {f, g} BV ([a, b]), c R : {cf, f + g, f g} BV ([a, b]);
1
> 0 x [a, b] : |g(x)| , BV ([a, b]).
g
5) i ii. f : [a, b] R, a < c < b,
f BV ([a, b]) i i i, f BV ([a, c]) i f BV ([c, b]).
V (f, [a, b]) = V (f, [a, c]) + V (f, [c, b]).
. i f BV ([a, b]) i i i, i-
i i [a, b] i g i h, f = g h.
208 i 9. i ii. I i

i g i h : g(a) : = 0,
g(x) := V (f, [a, x]), x (a, b], h(x) : = g(x) f (x), x [a, b].
ii. V (f, [a, b]) i i
, i P i Oy, P
i i f i (a, f (a)) (b, f (b)),
iii, (x0 , f (x0 )) (x0 , f (x0 )), -
(x0 , f (x0 )) (x0 , f (x0 +)), x0 f, .

1. i
0, x [1, 1]\{0},
f (x) =
2, x = 0,
V (f, [1, 1]).
i i.
y
26r

- -
1 0 1 x

I i. i i f,
ii, , V (f, [1, 1]) = 4. i i-
i ii. , i
i, , : ) ii
[1, 1] ii (f, ) 4; ) i 0 ,
(f, 0 ) = 4.
) = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } i i ii [1, 1].
0/ , |f (xk+1 )f (xk )| = |00| = 0, 0 k n1, (f, ) = 0 4.
0 , xj = 0 j, 1 j n 1, i

0, k {0, . . . , n 1}\{j 1, j},
|f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| = .
2, k {j 1, j}
(f, ) = 4 4. , (f, ) 4 i .
) 0 = {1, 0, 1}. i
(f, 0 ) = |f (0) f (1)| + |f (1) f (0)| = 4.
.. ) i ) , V (f, [1, 1]) = sup (f, ) = 4.

9.1. i ii 209

II i. i i f iii [1, 0] i
[0, 1], V (f, [1, 0]) = |f (0) f (1)| = 2, V (f, [0, 1]) = |f (1) f (0)| = 2.
i i ii ,
V (f, [1, 1]) = V (f, [1, 0]) + V (f, [0, 1]) = 4.

2. i
f (x) = cos x, x [0, 100],
V (f, [0, 100]).
i i.
y
16

-
0 2 x
1

i f iii [k, + k], 0 k 99,

V (f, [k, + k]) = |f ((k + 1)) f (k)| = |(1)k+1 (1)k | = 2.
i ii,

99
V (f, [0, 100]) = V (f, [k, + k]) = 2 100 = 200.
k=0

3. i

|x 1| 1, x [0, 2]\{1},
f (x) =
0, x = 1,
V (f, [0, 2]).

y
6 1r 2-
0@ x
@
@
@
@
1 R
@

i i f, ii, -
, V (f, [0, 2]) = 4. i [0, 2] ii,
210 i 9. i ii. I i

i f , -
ii V (f, [0, 2]) = 4 ii. ,
i i, , : ) -
ii [0, 2] ii (f, ) 4; ) i
ii i {n : n 1} , (f, n ) 4, n .
) , i , (f, ) (f, ) (
i ii |ab| |ac|+|cb|, {a, b, c} R). ,
i,
= {x0 , x1 , ..., xn }, i i i i i ii (0, 1),
(1, 2) i 1. i xj = 1 j, 1 < j < n 1. ,
f [0, 1) i (1, 2],

j2
(f, ) = |f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| + |f (xj ) f (xj1 )|+
k=0

n1
+ |f (xj+1 ) f (xj )| + |f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| =
k=j+1

= |f (xj1 ) f (x0 )| + |f (xj ) f (xj1 )|+

+ |f (xj+1 ) f (xj )| + |f (xn ) f (xj+1 )| <
< 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4.
{ }
1 1
) n = 0, 1 , 1, 1 + , 2 , n 1. i
n n
 ( )   ( )
 1   1 
(f, n ) = f 1 f (0) + f (1) f 1 +
 ( n )   (
n
)
 1   1 
+ f 1 + f (1) + f (2) f 1 + =
n n
( )
1
= 1 4 4, n .
n
.. ) i ) , V (f, [0, 2]) = sup (f, ) = 4.

4. i

1 , x (0, 1],
f (x) = x2
0, x = 0,

[0, 1]. i 3) f
/ BV ([0, 1]).
9.1. i ii 211

5. i
1, x Q,
f (x) =
0, x R\Q,
i ii [0, 1], i i n 1
n = {0 = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < x2n = 1}, x2k Q,
x2k+1 R\Q, k = 0, . . . , n 1,

2n1
(f, n ) = |f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| = 2n.
k=0

6. i
x sin , x (0, 1],
f (x) = x
0, x = 0,
i
{ ii. i, i n 1 i
}
1 1 1 1
n = 0 < 1 < 1 < 1 < ... < 1 <1
2 + 2n 2 + (2n 1) 2 + (2n 2) 2 +1
( )
1
2n
1 1 2
(f, n ) = 1 + + 1 + .
2 + (k 1)
1
2 + 2n k=2 2 +k 3
(f, n ) +, n , i i .
. i f C([0, 1]) \ BV ([0, 1]).
7. i f (x) = |x|, x [1, 1], i ii
[1, 1] i.
- i f, i 1),5), i
ii. i i i i
[1, 1] i g i h, f (x) = g(x) h(x), x [1, 1]. -
, i i . ,
g(1) : = 0, g(x) : = V (f, [1, x]) = 1 + x,
h(x) = 1 + x |x|, x [1, 1].
y g y
26 1
6 h


y f

16 1
-
@ 1
0 1 x
@

@ - -
1
1 0 1 x 1 0 1 x
212 i 9. i ii. I i

. i
g i h i, :
0, x [1, 0], x, x [1, 0],
g(x) : = h(x) : =
x, x (0, 1], 0, x (0, 1].

8. i f C([a, b]) i f [a, b] -

i i f R([a, b]). , f BV ([a, b])
rb
i V (f, [a, b]) = |f (x)| dx.
a
1) = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } i [a, b]. ,
rb
(f, ) |f (x)| dx. i, ,
a
i , i f .
i, i i i ii ,

n1 xk+1
n1
r rb
(f, ) = |f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| |f (x)| dx = |f (x)| dx.
k=0 k=0 xk a

2) k {0, . . . , n 1} i -
k [xk , xk+1 ], |f (xk+1 ) f (xk )| = |f (k )|(xk+1 xk ).


n1
rb
(f, ) = |f (k )|xk |f (x)| dx, || 0.
k=0 a

i .. 1), 2).
9.1. V (f, [a, b]),
1) f (x) = sin x, x [a, b] = [0, 2];
2) f (x) = | cos x|, x [a, b] = [0, 4];
3) f (x) = |1 x2 |, x [a, b] = [2, 2];

0, x = 0,
4) f (x) = [a, b] = [1, 1];
1, x [1, 1] \ {0},

|x + 1|, x [2, 0),
5) f (x) = [a, b] = [2, 2];
x + 3, x [0, 2],

x x2 , x [1, 0),
6) f (x) = [a, b] = [1, 2];
x 2, x [0, 2],
9.1. i ii 213

x x2 , x [1, 0],
7) f (x) = [a, b] = [1, 2];
x 2, x (0, 2],



0, x = 0,
8) f (x) = 1 x, x (0, 1), [a, b] = [0, 1];



2, x = 1,


3
x [2, 0),
x ,
9) f (x) = 2, x = 0, [a, b] = [2, 1];


2
x , x (0, 1],
10) f (x) = [2x], x [a, b] = [1, 3].
9.2. , f / BV ([0, 1])

0, x = 0,
1) f (x) = 1
, x (0, 1];
x
0, x = 0,
2) f (x) =
sin , x (0, 1];
( x ) ( )
1 1 1
3) f (0) = f = 0, f = , k N, f ii
2k
[ 1 ] 2k 2k
1 1
iii , , k N;
k+1 k

0, x = 0,
4) f (x) =
sign sin , x (0, 1];
x
0, x = 0,
5) f (x) =
x sign sin , x (0, 1].
x
9.3. i f BV ([a, b]) i ii i
1) f (x) = x2 , x [1, 1]; 5) f (x) = x2 x, x [1, 1];
2) f (x) = sin x, x [0, 2]; 6) f (x) = x2 |x|, x [1, 1];
3) f (x) = | sin x|, x [0, 2]; 7) f (x) = x3 |x|, x [1, 1];
4) f (x) = cos x, x [0, 2]; 8) f (x) = xex , x [0, 3].
214 i 9. i ii. I i

9.4. > 0,
0, x = 0,
f (x) =
x sin 1 , x (0, 1].
x
, V (f, [0, 1]) < + > i V (f, [0, 1]) = + .
9.5. , V (f, [a, b]) = 0 x [a, b] : f (x) = f (a).
9.6. , i ii
i i i i .
9.7. f, g BV ([a, b]). ,
1) A, B R : Af + B BV ([a, b]), V (Af + B, [a, b]) = |A| V (f, [a, b]);
2) |f | BV ([a, b]), V (|f |, [a, b]) V (f, [a, b]);
3) f + g BV ([a, b]), V (f + g, [a, b]) V (f, [a, b]) + V (g, [a, b]);
4) f g BV ([a, b]),
V (f g, [a, b]) V (f, [a, b]) sup |g(x)| + V (g, [a, b]) sup |f (x)|;
x[a,b] x[a,b]
f
5) > 0 x [a, b] : |g(x)| , BV ([a, b]),
( ) g
f 1
V , [a, b] 2 (V (f, [a, b]) sup |g(x)|+V (g, [a, b]) sup |f (x)|).
g x[a,b] x[a,b]
9.8. {f, g} BV ([a, b]),
h(x) = min{f (x), g(x)}, H(x) = max{f (x), g(x)}, x [a, b].
, {h, H} BV ([a, b]).
9.9. , V (f, [a, b]) = f (b) f (a) i i, f -
[a, b].
9.10. f C([a, b]), |f | BV ([a, b]). , f BV ([a, b]).
9.11. f BV ([a, b]), : [, ] [a, b], C([, ]), -
i () = a, () = b. , f () BV ([, ]) i
V (f, [a, b]) = V (f (), [, ]).
9.12 . , i i ii
i ii.
9.13. , :
1) Lip1 ([a, b]) BV ([a, b]); 3) BV ([a, b]) R([a, b]),
2) C (1) ([a, b]) BV ([a, b]);
i i.
. > 0 Lip ([a, b]) := {f : [a, b] R|
L = L(f ) R {x, y} [a, b] : |f (x) f (y)| L|x y| }.
9.14. f : [0, 1] R. ,
9.2. I i 215

1) i i f [0, 1] , f BV ([0, 1]).

2) i f C([0, 1]) BV ([0, 1]) f Lip ([0, 1])
(0, 1).
d
9.15. f C (1) ([a, b]). , V (f, [a, x]) = |f (x)|, x [a, b].
dx
rb
9.16. , f BV ([a, b]) i V (f, [a, b]) = |(u)| du,
a
rx
f (x) = (u) du, x [a, b], : 1) C([a, b]); 2) R([a, b]).
a ( [ ])

1 1
9.17. f BV ([0, 1]). , V f, , < +.
n=1 n+1 n
9.18. 1) , i f BV ([a, b]) i g,
g(a) = 0, g(x) = V (f, [a, x]), x (a, b], i.
2) , i f BV ([a, b]) C([a, b])
i ii i [a, b] i.
9.19. f BV ([0, 1]). ,
( )
r1 1
n
k 
 f (x) dx f  1 V (f, [0, 1]), n 1.
 n n  n
0 k=1
1 rx
9.20. f BV ([a, b]), g(a) := 0, g(x) := f (u) du, x (a, b].
xaa
, g BV ([a, b]).
9.21. f : [a, +) R i b > a : f BV ([a, b]).
V (f, [a, +)) : = lim V (f, [a, b]) +. , ii
b+
V (f, [a, +)) < + i i i lim f (x),
x+
.
9.22. A = {xn | n 1} (a, b) i i i ,


ii {hn | n 1} (0, +) , hn < +.
n=1
i f : [a, b] R, i A,
i f i xn i hn i n N.
A i f [a, b]?

9.2 I i
i f : [a, b] R , : [a, b] R i.
= ([a, b]) = {a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b} ii [a, b]

xk : = xk+1 xk , 0 k n 1, || : = max xk ,
0kn1
216 i 9. i ii. I i

mk : = inf f (x), Mk : = sup f (x), 0 k n 1.

x[xk ,xk+1 ] x[xk ,xk+1 ]

n1
L(f, ; ) : = mk ((xk+1 ) (xk )),
k=0

n1
U (f, ; ) : = Mk ((xk+1 ) (xk ))
k=0

ii i
i f i i , ii .
{k [xk , xk+1 ]| 0 k n 1}

n1
S(f, ; , {k |}) : = S(f, ; ) : = f (k )((xk+1 ) (xk ))
k=0
i i f i i ,
ii i i {k }.
rb rb
f d = f (x) d(x) : = sup L(f, ; ),
a a

r
b
r b
f d = f (x) d(x) : = inf U (f, ; )
a a
ii i i i i (
i i) i i f i i ii [a, b].
rb rb
f d = f d, i f i i i
a a
rb rb rb
ii [a, b], f d : = f (x) d(x) = f d i-
a a a
i ( i i) i i f i i
ii [a, b]. i i, i i [a, b],
RS(, [a, b]).
i i i i ii i
1) i ,
L(f, ; ) L(f, ; ), U (f, ; ) U (f, ; ).
2) L(f, ; ) U (f, ; ) i i i .
rb rb
3) f d f d.
a a
i ii
9.2. I i 217

f RS(, [a, b]) > 0 : U (f, ; ) L(f, ; ) < .

i i i
1) {f, g} RS(, [a, b]), {c1 , c2 } R, c1 f + c2 g RS(, [a, b])
rb rb rb
i (c1 f + c2 g) d = c1 f d + c2 g d.
a a a
2) a < c < b, f RS(, [a, b]) f RS(, [a, c]) i
rb rc rb
f RS(, [c, b]), f d = f d + f d.
a a c
rb rb
3) f, g RS(, [a, b]), f (x) g(x), x [a, b], f d gd.
a a
rb rb
4) f RS(, [a, b]), |f | RS(, [a, b]) i | f d| |f |d.
a a
5) i [a, b] i i f RS(i , [a, b]), i = 1, 2,
rb rb rb
f RS(1 + 2 , [a, b]) i f d(1 + 2 ) = f d1 + f d2 .
a a a
I R i i f i-
i [a, b],
> 0 > 0 , || < {k |} : |S(f, ; , {k |}) I| < .
: I : = lim S(f, ; , {k |}).
||0

1 ( i i). : [a, b] R
i. i:
1) C([a, b]) RS(, [a, b]);
2) C([a, b]) i f i [a, b], f RS(, [a, b]).
i i i f i i
rb
[a, b], lim S(f, ; , {k |}) = f d.
||0 a

1) f C([a, b]), BV ([a, b]);
2) f BV ([a, b]), BV ([a, b]) C([a, b]),
i i i i f i i ii
rb rb rb rb
f d = f (x) d(x) := f d f d,
a a a a
(x) = (x)(x), x [a, b], , i [a, b] i ( 2)
, , C([a, b]), . 18 .1)).
218 i 9. i ii. I i

i i i i.
rb
i f d i i i .
a

2. f R([a, b]), C([a, b]), i [a, b]

rb rb
i i R([a, b]). i f d = f (x) (x) dx.
a a

3. f C([a, b]); C([a, b] \ {z1 , . . . , zm }), a z1 <

z2 <
< . . . < zm b ; i
rb rb
i , R([a, b]). i f d = f (x) (x) dx+
a a

m
+ f (zk )((zk +) (zk )) ( a = z1 , (z1 ) = (a) := (a),
k=1
b = zm , (zm +) = (b+) := (b)).
i ( i). f C([a, b]), i {n :
n 1} i [a, b] i. , n (x) (x),
n , i x [a, b], i , i
rb rb
n (a) (a), n (b) (b), n . i lim f dn = f d.
n a a

i i i i. ii [a, b] -
i m0 i ii C([a, b]) ( (x)
(x + t) (x)
ii [a, x], i lim = (x) = (x),
t0 t
rx
(b) = m0 , (x) = (u) du). , z1 , . . . , zn i-
a
i [a, b] i i m1 , . . . , mn ii.
(a) := 0, (x) ii [a, x], a < x b. i:
rb rb
n
1) ii [a, b] i d(x) = (x) dx + mk ;
a a k=1

2) ii [a, b] i i
rb rb
n
xd(x) = x(x) dx + zk mk ;
a a k=1

3) ii ii [a, b] i i
rb 2 rb n
x d(x) = x2 (x) dx + zk2 mk .
a a k=1
9.2. I i 219

r2
1. i f d(x),
0

1, x [0, 1), 1, x [0, 1],
f (x) = (x) =
x + 1, x [1, 2], x, x (1, 2],
: 1) ; 2) i ;
3) i i.
i i f i .
y f y
6 6
3 3

2 2

-
1 1

- -
0 1 2 x 0 1 2 x
1) = {0 = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = 2} i
ii [0, 2]. i 1) i i
i, i, , 1 . i xj = 1
j {1, . . . , n 1}. i i f , mk =
= inf f (x) = f (xk ), 0 k n 1. i , (xk+1 ) (xk ) = 0,
x[xk ,xk+1 ]
0 k j 1, (xk+1 ) (xk ) = xk+1 xk = xk , j k n 1.

j1
n1
L(f, ; ) = f (xk )((xk+1 ) (xk )) + f (xk )((xk+1 ) (xk )) =
k=0 k=j

n1
= (xk + 1)xk = L(x + 1, ),
k=j
L(x + 1, ) i g(x) = x + 1, x [1, 2],
ii = {1 = xj < . . . < xn = 2} ii [1, 2]. i
,
r2 r2
f d = sup L(f, ; ) = sup L(x + 1, ) = (x + 1) dx.
0 1
, g C([1, 2]) R([1, 2]), i

220 i 9. i ii. I i
2
r2 r2 r2 
(x + 1)2  5
f d = (x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx =  = .
0 1 1 2  2
1

r r2
5
2
i , f d = (x + 1) dx = . ,
0 1 2
r2 r2 5 r
2
5
f d = f d = . f RS(, [0, 2]) i f d = .
0 0 2 0 2
2) i f i i i, C([0, 2]), -
1 f RS(, [0, 2])
r2
f d = lim S(f, ; , {k |}).
0 ||0

i i i, -
ii lim S(f, ; n , {k |n }), ii iii -
n
{{
n : n 1} | }n | 0, n , i ii .
k k
n := : 0 k 2n , k := , 0 k 2n 1, n 1. i
n n

2n1
S(f, ; n , {k |n }) = f (k )((xk+1 ) (xk )) =
k=0
( )
k
2n1
1
1 2n1
= +1 = 2 (n + k) =
k=n n n n k=n
1 1 5
= 2 (n + n + n + 2n 1) n , n .
n 2 2
r2 5
, f d = .
0 2
3) 2. i f , f R([0, 2]).
i , C([0, 2]), (x) = 0, x [0; 1), (x) = 1, x (1; 2]. -
i i 1 i , R([0, 2]).
2, i i i, -
i i ii i ii i
,
r2 r2 r1 r2 5
f d = f (x) (x) dx = 1 0 dx + (x + 1) dx = .
0 0 0 1 2
2. i
9.2. I i 221

1
r2 r r3 1
1) x d(arcsin x); 2) cos x d(sign(sin x)); 3) d(x),
1 0 x+1
2


x, x [0, 1],

x2 + 1, x (1, 2],
(x) =



2, x (2, 3].
[ ]
1 1
1) f (x) = x, (x) = arcsin x, x , . i
2 2
, i i
[ ] 3 i.
1 1 1
i (x) = , x , , 2
1 x2 2 2
1 1
r2 r2
x d(arcsin x) = x dx = 0.
1 1
1 x2
2 2


x {, 0, },
0,
2) f (x) = cos x, (x) = sign(sin x) = 1,
x (0, ), i


1, x (, 0).
: z1 = , z2 = 0, z3 = . i (x) = 0,
x (, 0) (0, ), 3
r r
cos x d(x) = cos x (x) dx + cos() ((+) ())+

+ cos 0 ((0+) (0)) + cos (() ()) =

r
= 0 dx + (1) (1 0) + 1 (1 (1)) + (1) (0 1) = 4.

1
3) f (x) = . i i : z1 = 1, z2 = 2.
1+x
i

x [0, 1),
1,

(x) = 2x, x (1, 2),



0, x (2, 3],
3
r3 r3
f d = f (x) (x) dx + f (1) ((1+) (1))+
0 0
+ f (2) ((2+) (2)) =
222 i 9. i ii. I i

r1 1 r1 2x r1 1 1
= dx + dx + 0 dx + (2 1) + (2 5) =
0 1+x 0 1+x 0 2 3
1 3
= ln 2 + 2(1 ln 2) + 1 = ln 2.
2 2
3. ii i ii
[0, 2], i , x = 0 i x = 1 ii i .
(0) = 0, (x) , ii [0, x], 0 < x 2.
1) i ; 2) (x1 , x2 ], [x1 , x2 ],
r2 r2
[x1 , x2 ), (x1 , x2 ), 0 x1 < x2 2; 3) i d(x), x d(x).
0 0
1) ii ii i (x) = c,
1
x [0, 2]. i ii c (2 0) = 1, c = .
2

0, x = 0,

x
(x) = 1 + , x (0, 1),

2

2 + x , x [1, 2].
2
2) A [0, 2] m(A). i
m((x1 , x2 ]) = m([0, x2 ]) m([0, x1 ]) = (x2 ) (x1 ), x1 > 0,
m((0, x2 ]) = (x2 ) (0+) = (x2 ) 1;
m([x1 , x2 ]) = (x2 ) (x1 ), x1 > 0,
m([0, x2 ]) = (x2 );
m([x1 , x2 )) = (x2 ) (x1 ), x1 > 0,
m([0, x2 )) = (x2 );
m((x1 , x2 )) = (x2 ) (x1 ), x1 > 0,
m((0, x2 )) = (x2 ) (0+) = (x2 ) 1.
1
3) i z1 = 0, z2 = 1 i (x) = ,
2
x (0, 1) (1, 2]. 3
r2 r2 1
d(x) = dx+1((0+)(0))+1((1+)(1)) = 1+1+1 = 3,
0 0 2
r2 r2 x
x d(x) = dx + 0 ((0+) (0)) + 1 ((1+) (1)) = 1 + 1 = 2.
0 0 2
r2
, ii d(x) = 3 i, i
0
i ii [0, 2].
9.2. I i 223

4. f, g RS(, [a, b]). , f + g RS(, [a, b])

rb rb rb
i (f + g) d = f d + g d.
a a a
= {a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b} i [a, b].
i
inf f (x) + inf g(x) inf (f (x) + g(x))
x[xk ,xk+1 ] x[xk ,xk+1 ] x[xk ,xk+1 ]

sup (f (x) + g(x))

x[xk ,xk+1 ]

sup f (x) + sup g(x), 0 k n 1,

x[xk ,xk+1 ] x[xk ,xk+1 ]
, ((xk+1 ) (xk )) 0 i i i i-
i k,
L(f, ) + L(g, ) L(f + g, ) U (f + g, ) U (f, ) + U (g, ).
> 0 i i .
rb rb
i 1 : U (f, 1 ) < f d + , 2 : U (g, 2 ) < g d + . ,
a 4 a 4
i 1 i , = 1 2
rb rb
U (f + g, ) U (f, ) + U (g, ) U (f, 1 ) + U (g, 2 ) < f d + g d + ,
a a 2
i
rb rb rb
(f + g) d f d + g d + .
a a a 2
i
rb rb rb
(f + g) d f d + g d .
a a a
2
rb rb rb rb
i i i f d = f d, g d = g d, -
a a a a
rb rb
, (f + g) d (f + g) d . i > 0 i,
a a
f + g RS(, [a, b]). , i i
i ii ii.

0, 1 x 0, 0, 1 x < 0,
9.23. f1 (x) = f2 (x) = (x) =
1, 0 < x 1, 1, 0 x 1.
1) i i f1 , f2 , .
224 i 9. i ii. I i

2) i i i i fi ,
i = 1, 2, i i ;
3) i i i i i fi i-
i i , fi RS(, [1, 1]), i = 1, 2;
4) i i i f1 i i
[1, 1]?
5) i i i lim S(f1 , ; ) [1, 0]
||0
i [0, 1]?
9.24. i i i i i f i-
i i , f RS(, [a, b]), :

1, x [1, 0], 0, x [1, 0],
1) f (x) = (x) = [a, b] = [1, 1];
1, x (0, 1], 1, x (0, 1],

1, x [a, b] Q,
2) f (x) =
0, x [a, b] \ Q;
3) f (x) = x, (x) = x2 , x [a, b] = [0, 1].
9.25. i f : [a, b] R , : [a, b] R
i. ,
1) i i lim S(f1 , ; ) =: I [a, b],
rb
f RS(, [a, b]), I = f d.
a
2) , . 1), i , .
9.26. i i i


r1 2 1, x = 0,
1) x d(x), (x) = 2, 0 < x < 1,


0
3, x = 1;
r1
2) x d(x2 );
0


r3

x, 0 x 1, 1, 0 x 1,

3) f (x) d(x), f (x) = 1, 1 < x < 2, (x) = x, 1 < x < 2,



0
x, 2 x 3, 2, 2 x 3.
i i i.
9.2. I i 225

9.27. i
r1 ra
1) x d(arctg x); 2) x2 d(ln(1 + x)), a > 0;
1 0

r1 0, 1 x 0,
3) 2x d(x), (x) =
1 1, 0 < x 1;
r
2
4) 2x d(sign(cos x));
0


x [0, 1],
r3 1 x,
5) d(x), (x) = x + 1, x (1, 2],
2
0 1+x
2


1, x (2, 3];



r
2 0, x = 0,
6) cos x d(x), (x) = 1 x, x (0, ),


0
2, x [, 2];
r
2
7) (x) d(cos x), (x) i .6);
0

r1 2 1, x [1, 0],
8) (x + 1) d(x), (x) = 1
1 arctg , x (0, 1];
x
r1
9) (x) d(x2 + 1), i .8);
1
rn r2
10) x d([x] + 1), n N; 12) x d(x[x2 ]).
1 0
rn
11) x d((1) ), n N;
2 [x]
0

9.28. x1 < x2 < . . . < xn i

i m1 , m2 , . . . , mn ii, (x1 ) = 0, (x) ii
[x1 , x], x1 < x xn . i i . i
rn
x rn 2
x
1) d(x); 3) x d(x);
x1 x1
xrn rn
x
2) x d(x); 4) f (x) d(x), f C([x1 , xn ]).
x1 x1
226 i 9. i ii. I i

9.29. ii [0, 2] i i ii 2x. i ,

i x = 1 . (0) = 0, (x)
ii [0, x], 0 < x 2. i i .
r1 r2
1) ex d(x); 3) ex d(x);
0 0
r2 r2
2) ex d(x); 4) cos x d(x).
1 0

9.30. f C([a, b]), C([a, b]) i [a, b].

rx
F (x) := f (u) d(u), x [a, b]. , F C([a, b])
a
BV ([a, b]). , F C([a, b]) BV ([a, b])
/ C([a, b])?
9.31. f C([a, b]) i [a, b] i. ,
rb
[a, b] : f d = f ()((b) (a)).
a

9.32. [0, 2] i ,
r2
f C([0, 2]) : f d = f (1).
0
(0), x [0, 1),
, (2) (0) = 1 i (x) =
(2), x (1, 2].
9.33. i f C([a, b]) , i [a, b]
rb
i ii f d = (b) (a). f.
a
r1
9.34. [0, 1] i , f C([0, 1]) : f d =
0

x = 0,
(0),
= f (0) + 2f (1). , (x) = (0) + 1, 0 < x < 1,



(0) + 3, x = 1.
r2
9.35. i [0, 2] i (2x x2 ) d(x) = (2) (0).
0
(0), 0 x < 1,
, (x) =
(2), 1 < x 2.
9.2. I i 227

9.36. [a, b] i, {fn : n 1} C([a, b]) i

rb rb
fn f, n . , lim fn d = f d.
[a,b] n a a
9.37. [0, 1] i.
r1 r1
1) lim xn d(x); 2) lim 2nx d(x).
n 0 n 0

9.38. [a, b] i i
rb rb n
1) f C([a, b]) : f d = 0; 3) n N : x d(x) = 0,
a a
rb [a, b] = [0, 1].
2) n N {0} : xn d(x) = 0;
9.39. i , i = 1,a 2, i [a, b] i. ,
1 RS(2 , [a, b]) 2 RS(1 , [a, b]).

9.40. f : [a, b] R , : [a, b] R i,

a < c < b. I, I1 , I2 i i i f
i i ii [a, b], [a, c], [c, b] ii. :
1) i I, i I1 I2 , I = I1 + I2 ;
2) , . 1), i i i,
f i x = c.
9.41. i . f C([a, b]) BV ([a, b]),
rb rb
BV ([a, b]). , f d = f (b)(b) f (a)(a) df.
a a
9.42. : 1)f C([a, b]), BV ([a, b]); 2)f
BV ([a, b]), C([a, b]) BV ([a, b]). v(a) := 0,
v(x) := V (, [a,x]), a < x b. ,
rb  rb
 
 f d |f | dv sup |f (x)| V (, [a, b]).
a  a x[a,b]
9.43. f, C([a, b]), (x) 0, x [a, b], i [a, b]
rx
i. (x) := (u) d(u), x [a, b]. , -
a
rb rb
[a, b] i f d = f d.
a a
n1
9.44. xn = n1 , n 1, i mn = (n1)!

e ,
> 0 i . (0) = 0, (x) , i
[0, x], 0 < x 1. i

r1
1) d(x);
0
228 i 9. i ii. I i

r1
2) x d(x).
0
 229

iii
i 1. . ii
1.1. 1) x 0; 2) x 0; 3) x < 0; 4) x ; 5) x R; 6) x 0.
1.2. 1) A i i ;
2) A i ; 3) A i i-
i ; 4) A = [0, +); 5) A = (, 0] [1, +);
6) A = [1, 1]; 7) A (, 3) (0, +); 8) A (, 1) (1, +).
1.4. 1) . , x = 0. 2) i. , a = 12 . 3) .
, r1 = 1, r2 = n 1; 4) . , a = 12 . 1.5.
1) x, y A : x = y; 2) n N a A : a > n. 1.6. 1) A B = R,
A B = (1, 0) (1, 7), A \ B = (1, ) \ A = (, 1][ [7,
( 0], B ) +),
A = (, 1][7, +); 2) AB = 32 , 2 (4, 5], AB = 1, 32 , B\A =
( ) [ )
= 23 , 1 , A\B = (32 , 2 (4, ]5], A = (,( 1)[2,) 4][5, +); 3) AB =
= (, 1), AB = 1, 12 , A\B = 12 , 1 , B\A = (, 1], A =
= (, 1] [1, +); 4) A B = (4, 0); A B = (3, 2); A \ B =
= (4, 3]; B \ A = [2, 0); A = (, 4] [2, +). 1.8. 1) Bm =
= (m, +), Cm = (m, m + 1), m Z; 2) (0, +), . 1.9. 1) A0 n ;
2) An1 n ; 3) ; 4) R2 ; 5) A0 1 ; 6) R2 . 1.10. 1) At = [0, +), At =
tT tT
= ; 2) At = [2m, 2m+], At = ; 3) At = R2 , At =
tT mZ tT tT tT

= {(0, 0)}; 4) At = {(x, y) | x = 0, y > 0} {(0, 0)}, At = {(0, 0)}.

tT tT
1.11. 1) i i , -
; 2) , i i x = y, x = y i
i i . 1.17. 1) i. : A = {1}, B = {1, 2}, C = ;
2) i. : A = B = C = {1}. 1.18. 1) . 2) i. :
A = B = C = {1}; A (B \ C) (A B) \ C. 3) . 1.21. :
A = C = , B = . 1.22. 1) A (B (C D)); 2) (A B) (C D).

1.24. lim An = Ak . 1.25. lim An = Ak . 1.26. A1 = ,
n n=1 k=n n n=1 k=n
A2 = R, A2n = (0, 2), A2n1 = (1, 3), n 2. 1.28. ({0}) = {2},
(( f))
f ({1}) = {0}, f ({1, 2}) = {0}, f ((0, 1)) = (0, 2), f 1, 23 = ( 14 , 0),

f ((1, 2)) = ( 41 , 0), f 1 ({1}) = { 32 5 , 3+2 5 }, f 1 ({4, 3}) = ,
f 1 ((5, 6]) = [1, 4], f 1 ((,( 0]) = )[1, 2]. 1.29. f ({1}) = {1},
f ({1, 1}) = {1}, f ((2, 0)) = 21 , + , f ([1, +)) = (0, 1], f 1 ({1}) =
= {1, 1}, f 1 ({1}) = , f 1 ((0, 1)) = f 1 ((1, 1)) = (, 1)(1, +).
({ }) (( ])
1.30. f ({0, }) = {1}, f 6 , 4 , 2 = { 32 , 2+2 2 , 2
3
}, f 0, 3
2 = [0, 2],
230 iii
{ } (( ])
f 1 ({0}) = 2 + 2k | k Z , f 1 12 , 2 = ( 6 , 5
6 ),
(( 1 )) kZ
1
f 2 , + = ( 6 , 6 ). 1.31. ; {2; 1}; Z \ {1; 0}; {1; 0}.
5
kZ
1.32. 1) ii; 2) ii, i; 3) ii; 4)
ii, i; 5) ii. 1.33. 1) ii; 2) ii,
i, f 1 (A) = [0, 1] R; 3) ii; 4) ii, i,
f 1 (A) = (, 0] {0}. 1.35. 1) , 2) : f (x) = x2 , A = [2, 1],

B = [1, 2]. 1.40. . 1.41. 1) x = y, y [0, 1]; 2) x = y, y [0, 1].
1.42. xk = arcsin(y) + 2k, y [1, 1], k Z. 1.43. 1) f (x) = esin x , x R;
2) f (x) = |x|, x R; 3) f (x) = x, x 0; 4) f (x) = x ln 2, x R.
1.44. 1) f (x) = g(h(k(x))), g(x) = x3 , h(x) = sin x, k(x) = ex ;
2) f (x) = = g(h(k(l(x)))), g(x) = cos x, h(x) = 3x 1, k(x) = ex ,
2
l(x) = 2x. 1.45. 1) D(f ) = [0, 4 ] [( 3 2 7
2 + 2k) , ( 2 + 2k) ];
2
n0
0
2) (n 1, n). 1.46. f (x) = x, x (1, 1) [2, 6]. 1.47. x 3.
n=
1.48. 1) 1)(, 2) (2, +); 2) (2, +). 1.49. 1) (2n, 2n + );
( ) nZ
2) (1, 10). 1.50. f (1) = 2, f ( 4 ) = 12 , f 2 = 1 + 2 , f (0) = 1, f (3)
( )
i. 1.51. f (1) = 1, f ( 21 ) = sin 21 , f (0) = 0, f 4 = 12 , f (4) = 35 .
2
1.52. S = a 4R2 a2 , 0 < a < 2R.( 1.53. )V = r3 (R R2 r2 ),
0 < r < R. 1.54. 1) (0, +); 2) , 45 ; 3) (, 1) (3, +);
( ) [ ]
4) (, 3) (3, 2] [4, +); 5) 10 2 +2n , 10 2 +2n ; 6) 1, 53 .
nZ
1.55. f (x) = sin1 x . 1.56. D(f ) = [1, 2], R(f ) = [0, 32 ]. 1.57. ii.
i f i g. 1.58. 1) n > 0, n :
(, 0], [0, +); n > 0, n : R; n = 0 : ;
n < 0, n : (, 0), (0, +); n < 0, n -
: (, 0) i (0, +); 2) n > 0, n : [0, +);
n > 0, n : R; n < 0, n : (0, +);
n < 0, n : (, 0) i (0, +); 3) a > 1 :
R; 0 < a < 1 : R; 4) a [> 1 : (0,] +); 0 < a < 1 :
[ (0, +); ] 5) 2 + 2k, 2 + 2k , k Z;
( )

2 + 2k, 3
2 + 2k , k Z; 6) [1, 1]; 7) 2, 2 ;
8) R; 9) (0, ); 10) R; 11)
[n, n+1), n Z; 12) (, 0], [0, +). 1.59. 1) ,
2), 3), 4) . 1.60. 1) ; 2) (, 2),
(2, +). 1.61. 1),3),5),7),10) i, 8) , 2),4),6),9) i i, i
i. 1.62. 1) y = sin x + x tg x, 2 < x 0; 2) y = x lg(x), x < 0;
iii 231

3) y = x3 + |x| + lg(x), 2 < x 1; y = x4 + 3x2 +2x , 1 < x 0.

1.63. 1) y = sin2 x cos4 x, x < 0; 2) y = lg(x + x2 + 1), x 0;
3) y = x3 1, 3 < x 2; y = x4 1, 2 < x < 0. 1.64. f (0) = 0.
1.66. 1) T = 2; 2) T = 2
3 ; 3) T = 5 ; 4) T = 2; 5) T = 2; 6) T = 4;
7) T = 2; 8) T = 2 . 1.68. y = 0, + 2k x < 2k; y = sin x,
1
( ) (7 ) ( 23 )
2k x < + 2k, k Z; y 23 2 = 1, y 3 = 2 , y 2 = 0.
3

1.69. 1) f , R; 2) f : [0, +) R, f (x) = sin x.

1.81. y = a2 + b2 sin(x + x0 ), sin x0 = 2b 2 , cos x0 = 2a 2 .
a +b
a +b
1+ 1y 2 1 1y 2
1.83. 1) x = , y [1, 0); 2) x = , y [1, 1];
y

y

1+ 1y 2
3) x = y , y (0, 1]. 1.84. 1) y = 1 + 1 x; 2) y = 1 1 x.
1.85. 202. 1.86. 0, a (, 41 ); 2, a { 41 } (2, +); 3, a = 2; 4,
a ( 14 , 2). 1.87. 1) x 2, 70; x 0, 34; x 2, 21; 2) x 1, 93; 3) x
0, 74; 4) x 1, 50. 1.88. 4) . ; 5) . . 1.89.
2) . ; 9) . ; 10) . . 1.90. 1) . -
; 4) . ; 5) . ; 6) . ; 7) . ;
8) . . 1.94. 1) inf A = 1, sup A = +; 2)inf A = 1, sup A =
= 0; 3) inf A = 2, sup A = 7; 4) inf A = 4 2R, sup A = 2R;
2 2
5) inf A = 2R , sup A = R ; 6) inf A = 2, sup A = 2; 7) inf A = 1,
sup A = 2. 1.95. 1) inf A = 13 , sup A = 12 ; 2) inf A = 0, sup A = 12 ;
3) inf A = 0, sup A = +; 4) inf A = 0, sup A = +. 1.96. 1) 1; 2) 1;
3) 0; 4) 1; 5) 1; 6) 6+ 2
. 1.97. 1) inf A = 1, sup A = 2; 2) inf A = 14 ,
sup A = 3; 3) inf A = 13 , sup A = 12 ; 4) inf A = 0; sup A = 2. 1.100. A =
= [0, 1). 1.101. . 1.103. 1) inf A = sup B, sup A =
= inf B; 2) sup B = sup A + a, inf B = inf A + a; 3) a 0 : sup B =
= a sup A, inf B = a inf A; a < 0 : sup B = a inf A, inf B = a sup A;
4) sup B = max{(sup A)2 , (inf A)2 }; 5) sup B = (sup A)3 , inf
B = (inf A) 3
.
1.105.
i. 1.106. i. 1.107. 0.(8) 1.108. 0, (7). 1.114. ( 2+1) i 2. 1.115. 2
i 2. 1.117. 1), 4), 5), 6), 8), 9) , 2), 3), 7), 10) .
( )2 ( )2
1.120. ( 2)1 = 1, 4; 2 ( 2)1 = 0, 04; ( 2)1 = 1, 5; ( 2)1 2 =
( )2 ( )2
= 0, 25; ( 2)2 = 1, 41; 2 ( 2)2 = 0, 0119; ( 2)2 = 1, 42; ( 2)2
( )2
2 = 0, 0164; ( 2)3 = 1, 414; 2 ( 2)3 = 0, 000604; ( 2)3 = 1, 415;
( )2
( 2)3 2 = 0, 002225. 1.121. x0 = 11 ; 2 x0 0, 4142; x1 = 32 ; x1

2 0, 0858; x2 = 75 ; 2 x2 0, 0142; x3 = 17 12 ; x3 2 0, 0025;

x4 = 29 ; 2x4 0, 0004. 1.124. 1) inf A = 2, 13; sup A = 2, 14; 2) inf A =
41

0; sup A = 0, (120). 1.130. ., N = A {pn | n N},

p2, p
232 iii

A = N\ {pn | n N}. 1.131. y = tg x. 1.132. ii

p2, p
f : (0, 1) [0, 1] i f ( 21 ) = 0, f ( n1 ) = n2
1
, n 3, i
{1 }
f (x) = x, x (0, 1) \ n | n 2 . 1.135. f (x) = a + x(b a), x [0, 1].
i 2. ii
2.2. i. 2.3. 1) 0; 2) 0; 3) 0; 4) 12 ; 5) 21 ; 6) 1; 7) 13 ; 8) 43 ; 9) 3.
2.5. 1) 0, 01n2 ; 2) 2n ; 3) n!. 2.11. 1) ; 2) ; 3) i; 4) ; 5) ;
6) i. 2.12. 1) ii ; 2) ii i
ii; 3) ii ; 4) ii ;
5) ii i ii; 6) ii i-
a; 7) ii . 2.15. i. an = n1 i,

an = sin n i. 2.16. 1) 1a 1b
; 2) ab00 r = s, 0 r < s,
r > s. 2.17. 1) 1; 2) 27 1
3) 1; 4) 0; 5) 1; 6) 12 ; 7) 13 ; 8) 12 ;
9) 1; 10) b , b = 0; +, a > 0, b = 0; , a < 0, b = 0; 12 , a = b = 0;
a

11) 45 ; 12) 0; 13) 0; 14) 1. 2.18. 1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 1; 4) 5 2 1;
5) 12 ; 6) 1. 2.19. 1) 0; 2) 0. 2.20. 1) 12 ; 2) 12 ; 3) 2; 4) +;
5) 1; 6) 32 ; 7) (ab)4 ; 8) +, a < 1; , a > 1; 0, a = 1; 9) 31 ;
10) +. 2.21. 1) +; 2) . 2.22. 1) 5; 2) 1; 3) 1; 4) 1; 5) 1;
6) 1; 7) 1; 8) 1. 2.23. 1) a2 + a + 31 ; 2) 12 ; 3) 12 ; 4) 31 ; 5) 1.
2.24. 1) 0, a < 1, 12 , a = 1, 1, a > 1; 2) 0, |a| < 1; 1, |a| > 1; 12 , a = 1.
2.25. 1) 0, a = 1; 12 , a = 1; 2) 0; 3) 1, a > 1; 1, 0 < a < 1; 0, a = 1;
4) 51 , a > b; 37 , b > a; 13 , a = b. 2.26. - i-
[0, +) +. 2.27. i (a2n = b2n1 = 0,
a2n1 = b2n = 1, n 1), i i (an = bn = n, n 1). 2.28. i-
i {an bn : n 1} i, an 0, n , i i i
. ii {an + bn : n 1} i. 2.29.
i. i i an = n1 , bn = (1)n , n 1, i -
i i an = n1 , bn = n, n 1. 2.30. i. :
an = 1 + (1)n , bn = 1 (1)n , n 1. 2.31. an = (1)n , n 1. 2.34. e.
1 a
2.35. k+1 . 2.36. ab. 2.37. 1q . 2.38. a. 2.39. 1) 0; 2) 0. 2.40. 1) 23 ; 2) 2.
1
2.41. 1) a1 ; 2) 2k . 2.43. 1) n0 = 5; 0; 2) n0 = 6; 0; 3) n0 = 1; 0;
3
1
4) n0 = 24; +; 5) n0 = 1; +. 2.45. 1) a8 = 41 ; 2) a6 = 39720 ;

3) a4k+1 = 1, k 0. 2.48. +. 2.49. 2. 2.52. 13+1
2 . 2.61. 1) 1; 2) ln 2;
3) ln 2. 2.62. +. 2.63. 2. 2.64. 1) ii ii-
i, i a; 2) ii,
, i a, ii iii, i a;
3) ii iii, i a. 2.65. 1) A = {0},
iii 233

lim xn = lim xn = 0; 2) A = {2, 2}, lim xn = 2, lim xn = 2;

n n n n
3) A = {0, 1}, lim xn = 0, lim xn = 1; 4) A = {0, 1, 2}, lim xn = 0;
n n n
lim xn = 2; 5) A = {, 1, +}, lim xn = , lim xn = +;
n n n
6) A = { 12 , 1}, lim xn = 12 , lim xn = 1; 7) A = {1, 5}, lim xn = 1,
n n n
lim xn = 5; 8) A = {0, 1}, lim xn = 0, lim xn = 1; 9) A = {4, 0, 2, 6},
n n ( n)
lim xn = 4, lim xn = 6; 10) A = { 12 , 1 }, lim xn = 12 , lim xn =
n n n n
= 1; 11) A = {, +}, lim xn = , lim xn = +; 12) A = {},
n n
lim xn = lim xn = ; 13) A = {0, +}, lim xn = 0, lim xn = +;
n { n } n n

14) A = 2 e, 2 e, e, 1 + e, 1 + e , lim xn = 2 e, lim xn =

1 1 1
n
( ) n
= e + 1; 15) A = {0, 2 , 1 }, lim xn = 0, lim xn = 1; 16) A = {1, 2},
1
n n
lim xn = 1, lim xn = 2; 17) A = {0, 1}, lim xn = 0, lim xn = 1.
n n n n
n
2.66. A = [0, 1]. 2.75. 1) an = (1)2 +3 , bn = 1 (1)n ; 2) an = 1
n n
(1)n , bn = (1)2 +3 . 2.76. 1) an = (1)2 +3 , bn = 2 (1)n ; 2) an =
n
= 2 (1)n , bn = (1)2 +3 . 2.77. an = sin n 4 , m(k) = 2k 1, k 1.
2.80. i +.
i 3. i. i i
3.7. 3) i, ., x0 = 0, f (x) = 0, x < 0, f (x) = 1, x > 0. 4) i, .,
x0 = 0, f (x) = 1, x = n 1n2 , n 1, f (x) = 0 i . 3.11. 1) 1;
( )30
2) 23 ; 3) 21 . 3.12. 1) 6; 2) 55 ; 3) 32 ; 4) 1; 5) 12 ; 6) 23 ; 7) 2;
( )10
8) 34 ; 9) 12 ; 10) 12 ; 11) 12 ; 12) 1; 13) 41 ; 14) 13 ; 15) 32 ; 16) 2 24 1
;
n(n1) n2
17) 2 a ; 18) 2 ; 19) 3 ; 20) 2; 21) 2a ; 22) 16 ; 23) 144 ;
mn 4 1 1 1

24) 41 ; 25) 12 5 ; 26) 2; 27) 14 ; 28) 27 2

; 29) 32 ; 30) 112
27 ; 31) 36 7
;
32) 2 . 3.13. 1) a1 = 1, b1 = 2 ; 2) a2 = 1, b2 = 2 . 3.15. 1) 5;
1 1 1

2) (1)mn m n ; 3) 2 ; 4) 3 ; 5) 2; 6) 4; 7) 2 ; 8) 5 ; 9) cos a; 10) sin a;

1 1 1 2

11) sec2 a, a = (2k + 1) 2 , kZ; 12) sin12 a , a = k, kZ; 13) cos sin a
2 a,
a = (2k + 1) 2 , kZ; 14) sin2 a , a = k, kZ; 15) sin a; 16) cos a;
cos a

17) 2cos 3 a , a = (2k + 1) 2 , kZ; 3 a , a = k, kZ;

sin a
18) 2sin
cos a
19) 32 sin 2a;
20) 3; 21) 14; 22) 3 ; 23) 24; 24) cos4 a , a = (2k + 1) 2 , kZ;
1 cos 2a

25) 34 ; 26) 14 ; 27) 43 ; 28) 12
1
; 29) 2; 30) 0; 31) 3; 32) 0. 3.17. 1) 12 ;
234 iii

2) 2
3; 3) 1; 4) 0; 5) 0; 6) 0; 7) 0; 8) 1; 9) e3 ; 10) 1; 11) e2 ;
b1 b2
12) e2a ; 13) 0 a1 < a2 , + a1 > a2 , e a1 a1 = a2 ; 14) e;
3
15) 1; 16) e1 ; 17) e; 18) ectg a , a = k, kZ; 19) e 2 ; 20) e2 ;
x2
21) e2 ; 22) e; 23) 1 ;
x
24) ex+1 ; 25) e
. 3.18. 1) 1; 2) a1 ; 3) 0;
2
( a )2
4) 51 ; 5) 2; 6) 32 ; 7) 32 ; 9) x12 ; 10) 2a
b ; 11) b ; 12) 0; 13) n;
2 2
14) ln a; 15) aa ln ae ; 16) aa ln ea; 17) e2 ; 18) 23 ; 19) e ; 20) ;
21) 2; 22) e2 ; 23) 1; 24) ab ln a; 25) ax ln2 a; 26) e(a+b) ; 27) ln x;
( ) 1
28) ln x; 29) a b; 30) ab; 31) 3 abc; 32) aa bb cc a+b+c ; 33) 1ab ;
( )1 a
34) ln ab ; 35) aa ln a; 36) 0; 37) ln ln 2 ; 38) ln 8; 39) ln 2; 40) 2 ;
3 1
2
41) 2 ; 42) 1; 43) 0; 44) ln a ; 45) 8 ; 46) 2 ; 47) 2; 48) e ; 49) e ;
1 2 1 1 2

50) 1; 51) 3 ; 52) 2 ; 53) 2 ; 54) 3 1

4 ; 55) 2 ; 56) 1; 57) 0. 3.21.
1) f (0) = 1, f (0+) = 1; 2) f (2) = 3, f (2+) = 3; 3) f (1) = 1,
f (1+) = 2; 4) f (0) = 21 , f (0+) = 0; 5) f (1) = 3, f (1+) = 3;

6) f (0) = 2, f (0+) = 2; 7) f (3) = , f (3+) = +; 8) f (2) =
= 2, f (2+) = 4; 9) f (0) = 31 , f (0+) = 0; 10) f (0) = 13 , f (0+) = 13 .
12
3.30. e x , x = 0. 3.32. 1) 2x; 3(x 1)2 . 3.34. 1) x3 ;
2) x. 3.33.

2) 21 x ; 3) 4x1x ; 4) 1x . 3.35. 1) 2(x1)
1
; 2) 1x2
; 3) ( 3 2(1 x))1 ;
1
4) (1x) ; 5) (x 1)1 . 3.36. 1) 1; 2) 13 ; 3) 1; 4) 1; 5) 13 ; 6) 3; 7) 49 ;
8) 1; 9) 1; 10) 2. 3.37. 1) 3; 2) 1; 3) 53 ; 4) 2; 5) 14 . 3.38. 1) 1; 2) 1;
3) 21 ; 4) 1. 3.39. 1) 1; 2) 13 ; 3) 12 ; 4) 1; 5) 1. 3.41. 1) 1; 2) 32 ; 3) 13 ;
4) 41 . 3.45. 1) ; 2) a = 4 i a = 4
i x = 2; 3) i x = 1; 4) ; 5)
i x = 0; 6) i x = 0; 7) ; 8) ;
9) i x = 0; 10) a = 0 i i
x = 0 a = 0; 11) i x = 0; 12)
x = k, k Z; 13) [0, +) \ {k 2 | k N}. 3.46. 1) x = 1
i ; 2) x = 1 , x = 1
i ; 3) x = 2 i ,
x = 1 ; 4) x = 0 i x = 1
, x = 1 i ; 5) x = 0
, x = k, k = 1, 2, . . . i ; 6) i
(2, 2), i ii i lim f (x), lim f (x);
x2+ x2
7) x = 0 ; 8) x = k1 , k = 1, 2, . . .
iii 235

, x = 0 ; 9) x = 0 i
x = 2k+12
, k Z ; 10) x = 0
; 11) x = 0 ; 12) x = 0
; 13) x = 0 , x = 1
i ; 14) x = 0 i ;
x = 1 . 3.47. 1) i R;
2) x = 1 ; 3) x = 1
; 4) i R; 5) x = 0 ,
x = 1 ; 6) x = 0
; 7) x = 1 ; 8) Z i
; 9) R \ Z . 3.48. 1) 23 ; 2) 2; 3) 3;
4) 25 ; 5) ln 2; 6) 12 ; 7) 0; 8) 0; 9) 1; 10) 0. 3.49. 1) ,
, i ; 2) i
, i . 3.53.
0 i 2. 3.54. 1) f 1 (x) = loga x, x > 0; 2) f 1 (x) = arcsin x, x [1, 1];
3) f 1 (x) = arccos x, x [1, 1]; 4) 1
f (x) = arctg x, x1 R; 5) f 1
(x) =
1
= arcctg x, x R; 6) f (x) = 1 1 + x, x 1; 7) f (x) = 1+ 1 + x,
x 1; 8) f 1 (x) = x1 (1 + 1 x2 ), x [1, 0); 9) f 1 (x) = x1 (1

1 x2 ), x [1, 0) (0, 1], f 1 (0) = 0; 10) f 1 (x) = x1 (1 + 1 x2 ),
x (0, 1]. 3.55. f (x) = f (1)x, x R. 3.56. f (x) = f (1)x , x R.
3.57. f (x) = 23 x, x R. 3.58. . [6] .2, .15. 3.62. 1) (, 2)
(2, 1) ( 21 , 2); 2) (3, 2) (1, 0) (2, 3) (4, +); 3) (, 3)

(1, 3); 4) ((arccos 1+4 5 + 2n, arccos 14 5 + 2n) ((2n + 1),
nZ
arccos 14 5 + 2(n + 1)) ( arccos 1+4 5 + 2n, 2n)); 5) (, 3)
(1, 1) (3, +). 3.67. ; f ii .
3.76. 1) i; 2) i.
i 4. i
4.1. 1) 0; 2) 1; 3) 0; 4) 13 . 4.3. 1) 2 2 , x R;
1 1
x
, x > 0; 2) 1+x
3) e , x R; 4) cos2 x , x =
x 1
2 + n, n Z. 4.4. f (x) = 1, x 0,

( ) ( )
1
f (x) = 0, x < 0, x0 = 0. 4.5. 2 f (a). 4.6. 1) exp ff (a)
(a)
; 2) exp a ff (a)
(a)
.
2
2(1+x)
4.7. 8; 0; 0. 4.8. 1) 20(17+12x)(5+2x)9 (34x)19 ; 2) (1x 2 )2 , |x| = 1;

1+2 x+4 x x+ x
3) ; 4) 2 cos x(1 + 2 sin x); 5) 1 + tg6 x, x = 2 + k,
8 x x+ x x+ x+ x
k Z; 6) x2 ex ; 7) 2ex sin x; 8) x ln x1ln ln x , x > e; 9) x4x1 , |x| = 1;
10) sin1 x , 2k < x < (2k+1), k Z; 11) 1 2 , |x| > 1; 12) 2 sin(ln x),
|x| x 1
236 iii

x2
x > 0; 13) arcsin x
1+x , x > 0; 14) x arcsin x
(1x2 )3/2
, |x| < 1; 15) 1+x2
arctg x;
ex
16) sin2 x2
(cos x sin x 2x cos x cos x ), 2
|x| = k, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ;
2
17) 9x sin x cos x
2 3 2 3
ex x sin 2x1
, x =
+ k, k Z;
cos2 x 2
18) exp(arctg x + 4)2 arctg x+ 4 (x+5)1x+4 , x > 4; 19) x1 2 ;
p1 q1 2

1+x
x (1x) 3 1+x3
20) (1+x)2
(p (q + 1)x (p + q 1)x2 ), x = 1; 21) 2x
1x6 1x3
,
|x| = 1; 22) (1+x2 )3/2 ; 23) 1
2
( 1
3 )2 , x {8, 1, 0};
x (1+ 3 x) 3 1+ 3 1+
3 2
27 x
ex (sin xcos x)
3 ctg x , x = k, k Z;
24) 3 sin4 x8 2 sin2 x
, x = 2k, k Z;
25)
2
a aa 1 xa +1 a1 ax +x 2
26) a x +a x ln a+a ln a; 27) x ln x ln(ln3 x) , x > e; 28) cos1 x ,
6

2 + 2k < x < 2 + 2k, k Z; 29) 12 ; 30) sin 2x cos(cos 2x);

x x +1
31) e 2x ; 32) ln(x + 1 + x2 ); 33) 2(1+ 1
x+1)
, x > 1; 34) ctg2 x,
1+e
2k < x < (2k + 1), k Z; 35) 0, 2k < x < 2 + 2k, k Z;
36) 1 2 , |x| < 2; 37) x21+2 , x = 0; 38) sign cos x, x = 2 + k, k Z;
4x
39) sin 2x4 , x = k, k Z; 40) sin 2x
sin4 x+cos4 x
, x =
2 + k, k Z;
1cos x

1+x2
, x > 1; 42)
1
; 43) x x 2 (1 ln x),
1 x+
41)
2x x1 arccos 1 1+x2 (1+(x+ 1+x2 )2 )
x
x > 0; 44) sin 2x4 ; 45) th3 x. 4.9. 1) y = 1, x < 1, y = 2x 3,
1+cos x
1 x 2, y = 1, x > 2; 2) y = 1, x < 0, y = 1
1+x , x 0; 3) y =
f (x)f (x)+g(x)g (x)

=2x exp(x2 )(1x2 ), |x| 1, y = 0, |x| > 1. 4.10. 1) y = ,
f 2 (x)+g 2 (x)

f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 0; 2) y = f (x)g(x)f (x)g (x)
f 2 (x)+g 2 (x)
, f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 0; 3) y =
1 (
)
1 g (x) f (x) g (x) f (x) ln g(x)
g(x) f 2 (x) ln g(x) ; 4) y = g(x) ln f (x) f (x) ln2 f (x) .
1
= (g(x)) f (x) f (x)
(
)
4.11. f (x0 ) = u(x0 )v(x0 ) v (x0 ) ln u(x0 )+v(x0 ) uu(x (x0 )
0)
. 4.12. 1) (ln f (x)) =
2
= b1
xa1 + b2 bn
+ . . . + xa
xa2 n
; 2) (ln y) = 1xx
x(1x2 )
; 3) (ln y) = n 2 .
( ) 1+x
4.13. 1) y = xsin x cos x ln x + sinx x , x > 0; 2) y = 1 + xx (1 + ln x)+
x( ) x)x1
+xx xx x1 +ln x+ln2 x , x > 0; 3) y = (ln xln x+1
(x2 2 ln2 x + x ln x ln ln x),
h(x)
x > 1; 4) y = x1 (logx e)2)
, x > 0, x = 1. 4.14. f (x)g(x) g(x)h(x) (h (x)

ln g(x) + g (x)
g(x) h(x) + f (x)
f (x) . 4.15. 1) y = sign x, x = 0; 2) y = 2|x|;
3) y = x1 , x = 0. 4.16. y = 2x sin x1 cos x1 , x = 0; y = 0, x = 0. x = 0

iii 237

. 4.17. f (x) = |x a1 | + |x a2 | + . . . + |x an |.
4.19. 1) i; 2) (., x0 = 0, f (x) = |x|, g(x) = |x|);
(., x0 = 0, f (x) = g(x) = |x|). 4.20. 1) -
(., x0 = 0, f (x) = 0, g(x) = |x|, (., x0 = 0,
f (x) = 1, g(x) = |x|; 2) (., x0 = 0, f (x) = g(x) =
= |x|); (., x0 = 0, f (x) = g(x) = |x|). 4.23. {0}.
1(n+1)xn +nxn+1
4.25. 1) (1x)2
, x = 1; 2)
1
(1x)3
(1 + x (n + 1)2 xn + (2n2 +
3 2n+3
+(2n+1)x2n+5
+2n 1)xn+1 n2 xn+2 ), x = 1; 3) x+x (2n+3)x (1x2 )2
, |x| = 1;
y
4) n2n1
; 5) n(n+1)2 n2
. 4.26. 1) yx = 1+y ; 2) yx = 1+ey . 4.27. 11cos y .
1

4.28. 1) x1 = 1 1 y, y 1; x2 = 1 + 1 y, y 1; xi = 2(1x) 1
,

x = 1, i = 1, 2. 2) x1 = 1y y
, y [0, 1); x2 = 1y , y [0, 1);
y

x3
xi = , i = 1, 2; 3) x1 = ln(1 +
1 y), y 1; x2 = ln(1 1 y),
2y 2
4
0 < y 1; xi = e2x
1
y
, i = 1, 2. 4.29. 1) 6 (1 t)
3 3 , t > 0, t = 1; 2) tg t,
t(1 t)

t =
2 + k, k Z; 3) 1, 0 < x < 1; 4) ctg 2t , t = 2k, k Z; 5) ab ctg t,
b2 x
0 < |t| < . 4.30. y =
xy . 4.31. y = a2 y . 4.32. 1) yx = cos sin ,
1xy sin + sin

{t|at cos t A}; 2) yx = cos sin 2+sin , {t|a(1 + cos t) cos t A};
2+cos

3) yx = m cos sin , {t|ae

m sin +cos mt
cos t A}. 4.33. 1) f
(x0 ) = 1,

f+ (x0 ) = 1; 2) f (x0 ) = 1, f+ (x0 ) = 1; 3) f (x0 ) = 1, f+ (x0 ) = 1;

4) f (0) = 2, f+ (0) = 2; f (2) = 2, f+ (2) = 2. 4.34. 31 ; 0. 4.36. 45 .

4.37. 1) arctg 2 arctg 12 ; 2) arctg 2 2; 3) arctg 12 + 3 4 . 4.38. 0; 3 .
2

4.39. (2, 4). 4.44. i i (1, 1); (1, 2); (2, 3). 4.45. i.
4.46. [c, c], 0 < c 1. 4.47. i. 4.48. 1) i. 2) i. 4.49. i.
4.51. 1) 1 + 357 ; 2) 0. 3) 13 ; 4) 14 . 4.52. [a, b], ab 0. 4.53. 4 .
4.55. 1) f (1) = 2x + (x)2 , df (1) = 2x, f (1) = 3, df (1) = 2;
2) f (1) = 0, 21, df (1) = 0, 2; 3) f (1) = 0, 0201, df (1) = 0, 02.
4.56. 1) s(2) = 20t + (t)2 , ds(2) = 20t; s(2) = 25 , ds(2) = 20 ;
2) s(2) = 2, 05 , ds(2) = 2 ; 3) s(2) = 0, 020005 , ds(2) =
= 0, 02 . 4.58. x = 2 + k, k Z. 4.60. 1) xdx2 , x = 0; 2) dx 2
;
x +1
3) dx
x2 +a2
; 4) dx
, |x| < a. 4.61. 1) x sin x dx; 2) 2xdx
3 , x = 0;
a2 x2
3) (1 + x)ex dx; 4) 2ln
x dx, x >
2x x
0; 5)
dx
, |x| < 1; 6) x2dx 2 ;
(1x2 ) 1x2 x +a
7) 1x 2 , |x| < 1;
2x dx
8) dx2 , |x| > dx
1; 9) cos3 x , x =
2 + k, k Z.
x x 1
238 iii
( )
4.62. 1) dy = vw du + uw dv + uv dw; 2) uv ln u dv + v du u , u > 0. 4.63.

1) i R \ {1}, y (1) = , y+ (1) = +; 2) -

i (0, +) \ {1}, y (1) = 1, y+ (1) = 1; 3) i
R \ {0}, i ii ; 4) i R \ {0},

y (0) = 2 , y+ (1) = 2 ; 5) i R \ {k|k Z}, y (k) =


= 2, y+ (k) = 2, k Z; 6) i R \ [1, 1], y (1) =

= y+ (1) = +; 7) i (1, 1), y+ (1) = +, y (1) =
= . 4.64. 1) {0}; 2) R \ {0}. 4.66. s(x) = 2xx + (x) , ds(x) =2

= 2x dx, dx = x. 4.67. 1) 0, 8104; 2) 0, 4849; 3) 0, 8747; 4) 1, 043.

4.68. 1) 2; 2) 0; 3) 0; 4) 0, 5; 5) 0; 6) 2;7) 31 ; 8) 16 ln a; 9) 0; 10) 0;
11) 0; 12) 1; 13) 1e ; 14) 1; 15) 2e ; 16) 3 e; 17) 1e . 4.69. 1) 1+x 2x
2+
x(3+2x2 ) 2
+2 arctg x; 2) ; 3) 2ex (2x2 1); 4) 2 sin x
, x =
2 +k, k Z;
(1+x2 ) 1+x2 cos3 x
(1+2x2 ) arcsin x
5) 3x
+ , |x| < 1; 6) x1 , x > 0; 7) 3x
, |x| < 1.
(1x2 )2 2 2 2 (1x2 )2) 1x2
(( (1x ) 1x)
2
4.70. uv v uu + v ln u + uv2 (uu u2 ) + 2uuv + v ln u . 4.71.
2
dx
1
u2
(uu u2 ) v12 (vv v 2 ). 4.72. 1) ; 2) 2 lnxx3
3 dx2 , x > 0.
(1+x2 ) 1+x2
4.73. 1) v12 ((v d2 u u d2 v) 2 dv(v du u dv)), v = 0; 2) (2uv du2 +
2 2
+2(u v ) du dv + 2uv dv + (u + v )(v d u u d v))(u + v ) , u +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

+v 2 > 0. 4.74. 1) yx = ctg t, yxx

= a sint
3 t , yxxx = a2 sin5 t , t = k,
3 cos t

k Z; 2) yx = 2 (1 + t), yxx = 4(1t) , yxxx = 8(1t)3 , t = 1; 3) yx =

3 3 3

cos(t/2)
= sin t
1cos t , yxx = 4a sin14 (t/2) , yxxx = 4a2 sin7 (t/2)
, t = 2k, k Z.
(2n3)!!
(4n1x)
4.75. 1) 8x15
3
3 x dx ; 2) ex (3 + x)dx3 . 4.76. 1) (1x)
2n

n 1x ;
( )
2) (1)n n! (x2) 1
n+1 (x1)n+1
1
; 3) y = (1x) 1
2 1, y
(n)
= (1x)n!
n+1 ,
( )
n ( )
n 2; 4) ex x1 + (1)k n(n1)...(nk+1)
xk+1 ; 5) (2) n1
cos 2x + n
2 ;
( )
k=1
(ab)n ( ) (a+b)n
6) 4n1 cos 4x + n 2 ; 7) 2 cos (a b)x ( + n2 + 2) cos ((a + b)x+
) ( ) (1) n
n!
n
+ n
2 ; 8) 2
n/2
sin x + n 2 . 4.77. 1) xn+1 ln x 1 n
k dx ; 2) e (x +
x n

2 2
) k=1
+n2 xn1 + n (n1) 2! xn2 + . . . + n! dxn . 4.78. 1) n! 3 (2
n+1
+ (1)n );
n
2) (2n1)!!
2n
2n
2n1 ; 3) a
n2
n(n 1); 4) Cnk ank bk cos k n
2 . 4.80. (1) (n
k=0
iii 239
( )
sin n arcsin 1
x2 +1
1)! (x2 +1)n/2
, x R, n N. 4.81. P (x) = 5 13(x + 1) + 11(x+
+1) 2(x+1) . 4.82. f (x) = 1+2x+2x2 2x4 +o(x4 ), x 0; f (4) (0) = 48.
2 3

4.83. 1) 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + o(x3 ), x 0; 2) x 13 x3 + o(x3 ), x 0;

3) cos 2 sin2 2 x cos8 2 x2 + sin
48 x + o(x ), x 0;
2 3 3
4) 3 + 5x 5x2 +
2
+5x3 + o(x3 ), x 0; 5) 4x3 + o(x3 ), x 0; 6) x4 + o(x3 ), x 0.
n
xk
n
2k
4.84. 1) e2 k
2 k!
+ o(x n
), x 0; 2) (1)k 3k+1 xk + o(xn ), x 0;
n
k=0 k=0
n ( )
(k2)2k1 k (1)k1
3) k! x + o(xn
), x 0; 4) ln 3
5 + k 3
1
k 5
1
k xk +
k=0 k=1
x2

n1
(1)k
+o(x ), x 0; 5) x +
n
+ ... + 2 + o(xn ), x 0;
(k+1)(nk1)! x
n
k=0

n ( )
n (k1)
1+k cos
5
6) 7 (1) (3)k+1 4k+1 !x +o(xn ), x 0; 7) 1+
k 1 1 k
k!
2
xk +
k=0 k=1

n
2k1 cos k
n
(1)k
+o(x ), x 0; 8) 1+
n
k!
2
x +o(x ), x 0. 4.85. 1)
k n
2k+1
(x
k=1 k=0

n 2k sin( k
2 1)
2) + o((x 2) ), x 2; 2)
k n
k! (x 1) + o((x 1)n ),
k
x 1;
k=0

n
(1)k1 ( )
1 k
(( ) )
1 n

n
3) ln 2+ k x 2 +o x 2 , x 12 ; 4) 1
(2k+1)22k+2
(x
k=1 k=0

n
(1)k1
3)2k+1 + o((x 3)2n+1 ), x 3; 5) 4k
(x 1)2k1 + o((x 1)2n ),
k=1
k
k
(1)
n1 (3i2)
x 1; 6) (x 2) + i=1
3k k!
(x 2)2k+1 + o((x 2)2n ), x 2.
k=1

n
(1)k1 (2k3)!! (2n1)!! n 1
4.86. 1+ (2k)!! (1 + (x 1))
(x1)k +(1)n (2(n+1))!! 2 (x
k=1  
 3 5 
1)n+1 , x > 0, n N, (0, 1). 4.87. sin x (x x3! + x5! ) 0, 005.
4.88. 1) 2, 718281828; 2) 2, 2361. 4.89. 1) 14 ; 2) 16 ; 3) 0; 4) 2;
5 1
5) 0; 6) e 6 ; 7) e 4 ; 8) 19 . 4.90. 1) 12 . 2) n+1
1
. 4.92.
(, 2), (3, +), (2, 3). i 2,
ii i 3. max y(x) = y(4) = 35, min y(x) = y(0) = 3.
[0,4] [0,4]
4.94. 1) a 1; 2) a 0. 4.95. 1) (, 12 ), ( 12 , +).
i 12 . 2) (1, 1), (, 1),
(1, +). i 1, ii i 1.
3) (0, 100), (100, +). i
240 iii

100. 4) (, +). 5) (0, ln22 ), (, 0),

( ln22 , +). i ln22 , ii i
0. 6) (0, n), (n, +). i
n. 7) (, 23 ), ( 32 , +). ii
i 32 . 8) (, 12 ) i ( 12 , +). 9) (, 0),
(2, +), (0, 2). i 0, i-
i i 2. 10) (, 0), (0, +).
ii i 0. 4.97. min f (x) = f (1) = 64e, max f (x) = f (4) = e4 .
[1,4] [1,4]
( n )2

n
4.98. max f (x) = 1, min f (x) = 1. 4.99. min f (x) = 1
n ai a k .
R
(R ) R k=1 i=1
1
4.100. min y(x) = y 3 = 32+ 1
3 , max y(x) i. 4.103.
R

5
, 4R
5
.
(0,4] 2 4 (0,4]

n 20
4.105. max n+20 = 40 . 4.106. i, ., f (x) = sin x, g(x) = x, x > 0.
n1
4.107. 1) , ., f (x) = x sin x1 , x (0, 1], f (0) = 0. 2) ,
., g(x) = |f (x)|, x [0, 1], f .1). 4.110. 1)
(2k, (2k + 1)), ((2k (+ 1), 2(k)+ 1)),
x = k, k Z; 2) 12 , 12 ,
( ) ( )
, 12 , 12 , + , 12 , 12 ; 3)
(,
( 1),
) ( ) (1, +),
( 1; ) 4)
, 3 ,
1 1
3
, + , 3 , 3 , -
1 1

13 , 13 ; 5) (, 0), (0, +),

0; 6) (, +). 4.116. 1) D(y) = R, -
, y = 0 x {0, 3}, ii y(1) = 2,
y(1) = 2, x = 0; 2) D(y) = R \ {0}, y = 0
x = 3 2, ii y(1) = 32 ,
{
} x = 3
2,
x = 0; 3) D(y) = R \ 12 , ii-
y(2) = 3, y(0) = 1, y = x2 + 43
x , i x = 12 ; 4) D(y) = R \ {0}, ,

y = 0 x = 1, ii y( 3) = 127 13 , -

y( 3) = 127 + 13 , x = 6, y = 0
x ; 5) D(y) = R, y = 0 x = 14 , y( 32 ) = 28 5 ,
ii y(1) = 3, y = 0 x ; 6) D(y) = R, -
, ii y(1) = 1, y(0) = 2; 7) D(y) = R,
, , ii y(1) = 3 4, y(0) = 2;
iii 241

8) D(y) = R \ {0, 2}, y = 0 x = 1, i x = 0, x = 2,

y = 2 x , y = 2 x +, i -
i (1, 0), i (, 0), (2, +),
(0, 2); 9) D(y) = R, y = 0 x = 12 , ii y(1) = 1,

y( 12 ) = 2, ii y(1) = 1, y = 0
x , y = 2x x +; 10) D(y) = R, i ( i
) 2,
y = 0 x = 4 +k, (k Z,
) y(2k) = y 2 + 2k = 1, k Z,
y 5 + 2k = 1 , k Z, ii y((2k + 1)) =
( ) 4 2 ( )
y 3 2 + 2k = 1, k Z, ii y 4 + 2k = 12 , k Z;
11) D(y) = (1, 1), , y = 0 x = 0, i
x = 1, ; 12) D(y) = (0, +), ii y(2) = 2 ln 2,
x = 0; 13) D(y) = R \ {1, 0}, , i
x = 1; 14) D(y) = R, i , (, 0),
(0, +), ii y(0) = 1, y = x x +; 15) D(y) = R,
i i, ii y = 0 x = k, k Z, i
y( 4 + k) = 12 exp( 2 2k), k Z, y = 0 x +;
16) D(y) = [1, 1], y(0) = 0, i .
i 5. i
ii i i
i C 5
4 . 5.2. arcsin x + 1 6 . 5.3. ln(x + 1 + x ) + 1. 5.7. 1) 5 +
5.1. arctg x + 3 2 x
1/4
+ 3 x + x; 2) a ln |x| x 2x2 ; 3) 7 x
2 3 b c 4 7/4
+ 4x ; 4) x x 2 ln |x|;
1

5) 5 x 17 x
4 5/4 24 17/12
+ 3 x ; 6) x arctg x; 7) ln |x + x2 1| ln |x +
4 3/4
4x
+ x2 + 1|; 8) arcsin x + ln |x + x2 + 1|; 9) x + 2 ln | x1 x+1 |; 10) ln 4 +
6x 9x 1 2x 5x
+2 ln 6 + ln 9 ; 11) 12 e2x ex + x; 12) 5 ln 2 2 ln ln 5 ; 13) ctg x x;
x2 |x|
14) x + tg x; 15) a cos x + b sin x. 5.8. 1) x|x|
2 ; 2) 3) 23 x2 (x + |x|);
2 ;
x
4) (x+1)|x+1|
2 (x1)|x1|
2 ; 5) ex , x < 0, e + 2, x 0; 6) x + 23 ,
x3 x3
x < 1, 3 23 , 1 x 1, x 23 , x > 1; 7) 3 23 , x < 1, x,
x3
|x| 1, + 3 x > 1. 8) cos x 2, x 0, cos x, x > 0. 5.9. 1) |x|;
2
3,
2) x, 1 < x < 2, 2x 2, 2 x < 3; 3) x, x 1, x + 2, 1 < x 2,
x 2, x > 2; 4) 0, 0 < x < 13 , x 13 , 13 x < 23 , 2x 1, 23 x < 1,
3x 2, 1 x < 34 , 4x 10
3 , 3 x < 3 , 5x 5, 3 x < 2; 5) e , x 0,
4 5 5 x

x2
+ 1, 0 < x 1, 1 cos x + 32 1 , x > 1; 6) 0, 0 < x < 1, nx + Cn ,
2
3
n x < 3 n + 1, 1 n 7, C1 = 1, Cn = 1 3 2 . . . 3 n,
x2 (x1)2 (x2)2
1 < n 7; 7) 2 , 0 < x < 1, 2 + 12 , 1 x < 2, 2 + 1,
242 iii

2 x < 3; 8) (1)n x + (1)n1 n, 2 + n x < 2 + n, n Z.

(1)n1 n 2
5.10. cos x + n , n x < n + 1, n Z. 5.11. 2 x + C.

2
5.12. x x2 +C. 5.13. 1) 14 (13x)4/3 ; 2) 15 2
(5x2)3/2 ; 3) 72 2 7x;
( ) ( )  

1 ln x + 2 2  ;
4) 13 arcsin 3
2 x ; 5)
1 arctg
6
3
2 x ; 6) 3
x 3
7) 21 ctg(2x + 4 ); 8) tg x2 ; 9) x2 + 14 sin 2x; 10) arctg ex ; 11)  ln | tg x2|;
 x x 
 3 2  1+ x2 +1 
12) 12 arcsin( 23 sin x); 13) 2(ln 3ln1
2) ln  3x +2x  ; 14) ln  x ;
11 98 99
(1x)12
15) (1x)
11 + 12 ; 16) (x1)
98 (x1)
99 ; 17) 13 ((x + 1)3/2 

 x4 2
(x1)3/2 ); 18) 1+2x
10 (13x) 2/3
; 19) xln(e x
+1); 20) 1

8 2
ln  4
x + 2
;
2
21) ex 21 e2x ; 22) ctg x2 ; 23) 2(x21+1) ; 24) 1
; 25) (2ex )1 ;
x2 1
26) ln(2 + ex ); 27) cos2
x
; 28) ln | cos x|; 29) x2 14 sin 2x; 30) 38 x +
x2
+ 41 sin 2x+ 32
1
sin 4x; 31) 12 arctg2 x; 32) arcsin
1
x ; 33) 15(x2 +1)3 ; 34) 2
1

   
 x1   
x+ln |x+1|; 35) 4 ln  x+3  ;
1
36) 1
8 ln  x1
x+1  4 3 arctg
1 x

3
; 37) 1
10 arctg x2
1
15 arctg x3 ; 38) 1
sin 5x; 39) cos x + 13 cos x; 40) tg x
2 sin x + 10
1 3

 3x+5 
2 ; 2) 18 ln  3x1  ; 3) ln |x 2 +
ctg x; 41) 41 ch 2x. 5.14. 1) 14 arctg 2x+1 1 3

+ x2  3x+ 2|; 4) ln |x 1 + x 2x(
2 + 5|; 5) ln |(x + 12 ) + x(1 + x)|;
  )
6) 15 ln  x2
x+3  ; 7) arcsin 4 . 5.15. 1) 2
x+3
x + 1 ln(1 + x + 1) ;
2) arcsin |x|
1
. 5.16. 1) t1/2 + 23 t3/2 15 t5/2 , t = 1 x2 ; 2) 23 (sin x)3/2
2 3
47 (sin x)7/2 + 11
2
(sin x)11/2 ; 3) cos2 x + 12 ln(1+cos2 x); 4) xtg x+ tg3 x ;
3/2
5) x 2 ln(1 + 1 + ex ); 6) (arctg x)2 ; 7) ctg(ln x); 8) 23 (arctg ex ) ;
2
9) ln | ln(ln x)|; 10) x2 x2 + a2 a2 ln(x + x2 + a2 ); 11) a arcsin xa
2
a2 x2 . 5.17. 1) x 2 ; 2) x2 a2 x2 + a2 arcsin xa ; 3) 38 a4 t +
1x

+ a16 sh 4t a4 sh 2t, sh t = xa ; 4) 2 x2 2 . 5.18. 1) ln x + a+b
4 4
2 +

a x +a

+ (x + a)(x + b) ; 2) x3/2
2 x2 + 3x 2 + 18 arcsin(2x 3);

3) arcsin 2xab 3
2|ab| . 5.19. 1) 140 (9+12x+14x )(1x)
2 4/3
; 2) 32 1 + ln x(ln x
  2
2); 3)
x x2 2  + x2 2 ; 4) 2x+a+b (x + a)(x + b) (ab)
( 2 + ln x ) 4  4
ln x + a + x + b . 5.20. 1) ln x + 12 + x2 + x + 1 ;
iii 243
 
 x2 +x+1+x1 

2) ln  2  . 5.21. 1) 0, 5 sin2 x; 2
2) cos2 x ; 3) 0, 25 cos 2x.
x +x+1x1 
5.22. 81 t8 13 t9 10
3 10
t 1 11
11 t , (t = x 1. 5.23.
) 15
1
(1 x2 )3/2 (2 +
n+1
+ x2 ). 5.24. 1) x ln x 1; 2) xn+1 ln x n+1 1
; 3) sin x x cos x;
 
 x+ 1x2 
3 2
ln   ; 6) x+(1+x) arctg x;
9 ; 5)
4) x3 arccos x 2+x arcsin x
x x 
( ) 2
7) 1 + x ln x + 1 + x x; 8) 2 x + a2 + a2 ln(x + x2 + a2 );
2 2 x 2
2
9) x2 x2 + a2 a2 ln(x + x2 + a2 ). 5.25. 1) x 1 x2 arcsin x;
3 2 ( )
2) x3 arctg 4x x24 + 384
1
ln x2 + 16 1
; 3) x arctg x 12 ln(1+x2 ) 12 arctg2 x;
( )
1+x2
4) x + ln(x + x2 + 1); 5) 12 sinx2 x + ctg x ; 6) x 2 arcsin x +
1x
+ 12 ln(1 x2 ). 5.26. 1) (x2 x + 2)ex ; 2) (x2 + x + 1) cos x + (2x 1) sin x;

3) a sin bxb cos bx ax
a2 +b2
e ; 4) a cos abx+b e ; 5) x(arcsin x)2 + 2 1 x2
sin bx ax
2 +b2
(1+x)earctg x
arcsin x2x; 6) . 5.27. 1) 32 x3/2 (ln2 x 43 ln x+ 89 ); 2) 12 e2x
2 1+x2

(x2 + x + 0, 5); 3) x sin x + cos x; 4) x arctg x 1

2 ln(x2 + 1); 5) x2 +
2 2 2
+ x 2+1 arctg x; 6) x 2+1 arctg2 xx arctg x+ 12 ln(x2 +1); 7) x4 x4 sin 2x

18 cos 2x; 8) 2( x1)e x ; 9) x tg x+ln | cos x|; 10) 21 ln(x2 1) ln x1
x+1 x;
   
x  (x+2)4   x+1 
11) (x + 1)e . 5.28. 1) 2 ln  (x+1)(x+3)3  ; 2) ln  x+2  + x+2 ; 3) x +
1 1

3 arctg x 3 arctg 2 ; 4) x2 arctg(x 2); 5) ln |x| 2 ln |x + 1|

1 8 x 1 1
+

 +x2+1 
2
14 ln(x2 + 1) 12 arctg x; 6) 4 1
ln  xx2 x  + 2 1 x 2
arctg 1x 2 ; 7) ln |x
( ) 2   2+1 2
  1 (x+1)2
1| + 21 x2x+1 + arctg x ; 8) 14 ln  x1 x+1  2 arctg x; 9) 6 ln x2 x+1 +
1

3 2
; 10) ln |(x 2)(x + 5)|; 11) x x + 3x + 1 ln |x 1|
+ 13 arctg 2x1 3 3 2 3
(x+1)2
3 ln |x+2|; 12) x+1 + 2 ln |x 1|; 13) 2 arctg x+ 4 ln x2 +1 ; 14) 41 ln |x+
16 1 1 2 1 1

x4 x4
+1|ln(x2 +1)+ 12 arctg x+ 14 xx+1 2 +1 . 5.29. 1) 8 ln x4 +2 ln x4 +1 ; 2) 100
5 1
( 5  5 )
 
x10x10 + 2110 ln  xx5 10  ; 3) 1 (xn ln |xn + 1|) (n = 0); 4) arctg x +
+ 10 n
4 4 4 (
+ 3 arctg x ; 5) 43 arctg 3 ; 6) 4 + 14 ln (xx4 +2) 4 ; 7) 10 arctg(x + 1)+
1 3 1 x x +1 1 5
)
|x+1|
5
x10
+ x10x+2x+2
5 +2 ; 8) 201
ln x10 +2
. 5.30. 1) 2 x+1 x
; 2) 2 4 x1 x+1
x+1 ;
( )2
3) 34 3 x+1
x1 ; 4) 34 t4 32 t2 34 ln |t1|+ 15 2 27

8 ln(t +t+2) 8 7 arctg
2t+1
,
7

t= 3
2 + x; 5) 2 x2 ln(1+ x); 6) 34 x4/3 (1 + 6 x)2 (1 6 x + 2 3 x)3
244 iii

6
2 3
arctg 4 7x1 ; 7) 6t3t2 2t3 + 32 t4 + 65 t5 67 t7 +3 ln(1+t2 )6 arctg t,
7

t = 6 1 + x; 8) ab n n xb
xa , a = b. 5.31. 1) x2 + x + 1 + 21 ln |x +
 
+ 12 + x2 + x + 1|; 2) 12 (x + 12 ) x2 + x + 1 18 ln x + 12 + x2 + x + 1 ;

3) arcsin x+1 ; 4) ln |x + 1 + x2 + x|; 5) 3 x2 + x + 1 ln |x + 21 +
2
2
2 (
+ x2 + x + 1|; 6) 2 1
arcsin 4x17 +3
. 5.32. 1) 14 x( x2 + 1 + x2 1)+
 ) 2

 x+ x2 +1 
x2 (2x2 +1+2 x4 +x2 +1)
+ ln  2  ; 2) xx2 +1 2
; 3) 12 ln ; 4) 41 (1 2x)
x+ x 1 x2 +2+2 x4 +x2 +1
2
1 + x x2 11 8 arcsin
12x
;
5
5) 2(x1) ; 6) 21 arcsin xx2 1
2
. 5.33.
3 x2 +x+1
 
+ 1 ln t 3 , t = x + x2 + x + 1; 2) ln  t1  2 arctg t,
4
3
1) 2(2t+1)
2 (2t+1) t
1+ 12xx2
t = ; 3) 18(t+1)5
6(t+1)
1
2 + 4 ln |t 1| 108 ln |t + 1|,
3 17
x

x2 +3x+2
. 5.34. 1) 35 z 5 2z 3 +3z, z = 1 + x2 ; 2) z+ 23 z 3 15 z 5 ,
3
t=

x+1
z = 1 x2 ; 3) 89 z 3 , z = x3/4 + 1. 5.35. 1) x2 + 14 sin 2x;
 
sin644x + sin482x ; 3) ln tg x2  ; 4) sin3 x 25 sin5 x+ 17 sin7 x; 5) 3 cos1 3 x
3 3
x
2) 16
( ) ( )
cos1 x ; 6) 13 tg3 x tg13 x + 3 tg x tg1x ; 7) cos6x cos84x ; 8) x4
  12
 sin(x+b)  3 tg x +1
sin164x + sin246x sin8010x sin162x ; 9) sin(ab)
1
ln  sin(x+a)  ; 10) 15 arctg 25 ;
 ( x ) ( )
11) 21 (sin x cos x) 2 1
ln tg + ; 12) 1 arctg tg 2x ;
2 2 8 2 2
13) 12 arctg(sin2 x); 14) 35 cos5/3 x + 113
cos11/3 x; 15) xcos
1
 x 1+ cos x;
16) 3 ctg
1 3
x; 17) 1 1
( cos 5x + cos x); 18) 1
ln tg  + tg 2 x
 x  2 5 2 2 4 4;
 tg 2 +2 
19) 4 ln  tg x 2  ; 20) 4 ln(cos + cos x + 1) + 4 ln(cos x cos x + 1) +
1 3 2 1 2
( 2 )
+ 63 arctg 2 cos x1 arctg 2 cos x+1 ; 21) 15 sin5 x 27 sin7 x + 91 sin9 x;
3 3

4 tg x + 2 tg x 2 tg2 x + 3 ln | tg x|; 23) 5 tg x; 24) 4 +

1 4 3 2 1 1 5 x sin 2ax
22) 8a +
sin 2(ab) 2 sin 2(a+b)x
+ sin8b2bx + 16(ab) + 16(a+b) ; 25) x 12 arctg( 2 tg x). 5.36. I0 = x,
n1
cos x sin3 x
I1 = cos x, In = cos x sin n
x
+ n1n In2 , n 2; I4 = 4
83 cos x sin x + 38 x + C. 5.37. 1) I1 = ln | tg x2 | + C, I2 = ctg x + C,
In = (n1)cos x
sinn1 x
n2
+ n1 In2 , n 3; I5 = 4 cos x
sin4 x
83sin 2 x + 8 ln | tg 2 |+C;
cos x 3 x

2) K1 = ln | tg( x2 + 4 )|, K2 = tg x, Kn = (n1)sin x

cosn1 x n1 Kn2 , n 3;
+ n2
2
K4 = 3 cos3 x + 3 tg x + C. 5.38. 1) 2 x e 2 xe + 4 e ; 2) 12 ex (x6 +
sin x 2 1 2 2x 1 2x 1 2x
( )
1
+3x4 +6x2 +6); 3) eax 2a + a cos2(a
2bx+2b sin 2bx
2 +4b2 ) ; 4) 12 ex (x2 (sin x+cos x)
iii 245

2x sin x+(sin xcos x)); 5) x3 ln(1+ex/6 ) 32 ln(1+ex/3 )3 arctg ex/6 ;

( )
6) ln(ex + e2x 1) arcsin(ex ); 7) ex 1 x4 ; 8) I1 = x ln x x,

In = x lnn x nIn1 , n 2; 9) ln(x + a) ln(x + b); 10) x ln2 (x + 1 + x2 )
2
2 1 + x2 ln(x + 1 + x2 ) + 2x; 11) 3+x 2x x2 + 2x 43 arcsin(1 x);
4
12) |x|
2
x x2 1 + x2 arccos x1 ; 13) x
arccos x
2
ln 1 x2 ; 14) x arctg x +
( 2
) 1x

+ 1+x2 arctg x 2 (ln(1+x )1); 15) 5 x cos 5x+ 25 x sin 5x+ 125 cos 5x;
x 2 1 2 2 2

16) 2et (t5 5t4 + 20t3 60t2 +120t 120), t = x; 17) 12 ex (x sin x
x cos x + cos x); 18) 2 + 2 x sin 2 x + 41 cos 2 x; 19) x + 1+exp(
x 1 8
x);
( x ) x
1
4
20) e + 4e 1 + 2 ln e + 2 + e + 4e 1 arcsin ex 5 ;
2x x 2x x 2e
x
21) ex li(ex ); 22) x+1e
; 23) x2 + 12 ln(x2 + 2x + 2) + 12 x2 arctg(x + 1);
 
x + 12 ln  x1
24) 12 x x2 + (x 12 ) arcsin x; 25) arccos x+1 
 ; 26) x8 + sh324x .
2 1x

i 6. I i

n1
1xk+1
n1
1xk
n1
6.1. 1) L(f, ) = 2 , U (f, ) = 2 ; 2) L(f, ) = x2k ,
k=0 k=0 k=0

n1
U (f, ) = x2k+1 . 6.6. 12 , 0; f R([0, 1]). 6.17. 0. 6.18. i. 6.21. 1) 13 ;
k=0

r2 r3 dx r1
2) 2; 3) 4) e1; 5) 34 ; 6) ln 2; 7) 1. 6.22. 1) dx
4; x ; 2) x ; 3) x dx;
( ) 1 1 0
r1 x dx r1 r1 r1 x2
4) 1+x ; 5) exp ln(1 + x) dx ; 6) 1 x2 dx; 7) 1+x 2 dx;
0 0 0 0
r1 r1 r2 r1 r2
8) sin x dx; 9) 1
dx; 10) dx
; 11) x
xe dx; 12) 1
dx;
(1+x)2 1+x2 1+x2
0 0 0 0 0
r1 r1 r1 r2 dx
13) x2 3 x3 + 1 dx; 14) cosdx2 x ; 15) 16) ln(1 + x) dx;
x ;
0 0 4 0 1
(1 )2
r r1 r1 r1
17) cos x dx ; 18) x dx; 19) ln f (x) dx. 6.23. 1) f (x) dx;
0 ( 10 ) 0 0
r1 r
2) f (x) dx; 3) exp f (x)dx . 6.26. 1) 3 ; 2) 2; 3) 6 ; 4) 1; 5) 1;
16
0 0
6) 32 ; 6.27. 1) 45 2 ; 8) 5 2 3.
2
4 ; 2) 3 (; 3) 2;4) 5; 5) 4; 6) 4; 7) 13
)
6.28. 1) arcsin 13 ; 2) 32
3
12 7 3 4 ; 3) 1cos 1; 4) 16
; 5) ln(e+1); 6) 2.
2 cos
x
6.29. Hi. 6.30. 1) 4 ; 2) 0; 3) 1; 4) 1. 6.32. 1) ln x; 2) 2 x
+ x12 cos x12 .
246 iii

r1 r1
6.34. exp(x2 ) dx > exp(x) dx. 6.36. 1) 1e < I < 1; 2) 7 1
2
< I < 17 ;
0 0

3) 2 < I < 2 32 . 6.37. I < 0. 6.40. 0. 6.41. f (x) = 0, x 0. 6.43. .

6.44. 1 , 2 , |1 |+|2 | = 0 : 1 f (x)+2 g(x) = 0, x [a, b]. 6.46. f (0) = 1,
f (x)= 2x sin x1 cos x1 , x (0, 1], [a, b] = [0, 1]. 6.47. f (0) = 0, f (x) =
= 32 x sin x1 1x cos x1 . x (0, 1], [a, b] = [0, 1]. 6.48. f (x) = 0, x [a, b].
( )
2 ; 2) 4; 3) 3 2 ; 4) 2 1; 5) 2 1; 6) 2 1 e ;
3
6.49. 1) 1ln 2 2 1

7) 10 ln 2 17 4 ; 8) ln 2 2 ; 9) 6; 10) 256 64 . 6.50. I2n =

1 3 15 ln 2

2(1+ 2)
= (2n1)!! (2(n1))!!
(2n)!! 2 , I2n1 = (2n1)!! , n 1. 6.51. 1) 6 ; 2) 2 2 ; 3) ln 1+ 5 ;
1

2 4
e+ e +1
4) ln 1+2 ; 5) a

16 ; 6) 3 3 ; 7)
. 6.52. i. 45 8 . 6.56. In =
2 a +12
(2n)!! a2
2n+1 In1 , n 1, I0 =
2n 2a
= (2n+1)!! . 6.62. 1. 6.63. p+q . 6.65. 1) 3 ;
1; In =
( )
2) 9 1 4 2
5) 92 ; 6) 34 2; 7) ab; 8) ab 2 3 ln(2
2 ; 3) 2 ln 2 ; 4) 3 a ; ( + 3)) ;
2 2
a2

3 2
5 2 3
9) 3 2 3 . 6.66. 9. 6.67.1) a2 ; 2) a4 ; 3) 3a 2 ; 4) 4 ; 5) a
2
.
( )
6.68. 1) a2 2; 2) a2 . 6.69. 1) sh b; 2) 26 27 1316
; 3) 6 + ln 2 + 3 ;

ln(1+ 2)
4) 27 ; 5) 2 ln 3; 6) 1 + 2 ; 7) 2(e 1); 8) 6a; 9) a 1 + 4 2 +
670 1
( )
+ a2 ln 2 + 1 + 4 2 ; 10) 8a; 11) 25 + ln 3+2 5 . 6.70. 670 27 + 10 5.
2
6.71. 2. 6.72. 1) 32 a2 ; 2) 8a . 6.74. h ((2a1 + a2 )b2 + (a1 + 2a2 )b1 ) .
2 6 ( )
6.75. 21 SH. 6.76. 1) 43 abc; 2) 16 3 a 3
; 3) 2 3
3a 43 ; 4) 15
4
; 5) 23 abc.
6.78. 1) ) 15 ; ) 3 ; 2) 12; 3) 35 ; 4) 72; 5) ) 2 (e 1); )
16 8 2048 4

( 105 a . 6.80. 15)ab . 6.82. 1) 3 ( 6 )a ; 2)

32 16 2 8
4e2 . 6.79. 3 2 4 2 3 3
3 a . 6.83.
2
1) 4a 21 13 + 2 ln 3+2 13 ; 2) 12 5 a ; 3) 3 (2 2 1); (3 2 ln(1 +
2 8
243

2 2 2
+ 2)); 4) 62 ; 5) 2 2 + 4a2 + 8a ln + +4a ; 6) 32 a2 . 6.84. x =
3 2a 5 0
= a sin , y0 = 0. 6.85. x0 = 20 9 9
a, y0 = 20 a. 6.86. x0 = a, y0 = 43 a.
6.87. 1) x0 = 0, y0 = 2a 4a sin
. 2) x0 = 0, y0 = 3 . 6.88. x0 = a , y0 = 0.
2a sin
6.89. x0 = 3 , y0 = 0.
i 7. i ( )
(1)n
3 (1 4n ), 2
4 1
7.1. 1) sn = s = 43 , rn = 1
34n1
; 2) sn = 1
3 2n1
, s = 23 ,
n
(1)
rn = ; 3) sn = 3
2n 23n ,
1 1
s = 32 , rn = 1 1
2n + 23n ; 4) sn = 1
(1
)n1
32 2 3
3n+1
1
, s = 1
3,
rn = 1
3(3n+1) ; 5) sn = 1 1
(n+1)2
, s = 1, rn = 1
(n+1)2
;
( ) ( )
6) sn = 41 54 (n+1)
1
2
1
(n+2)2
, s = 5
16 , rn = 1
4
1
(n+1)2
+ 1
(n+2)2
;
iii 247
( (
7) sn = 1
n+1
1 1
+ n+2 , s = 12 , rn = n+1
1
n+2
1 1
; 8) sn = 18 73
1
n+1 +
2
)) ( 60
1
+ n+2 1
+ n+3 n+4
1
1 1 , s = 73 , rn = 1 1
+ 1 + n+3 1

) n+5 n+6 1080 18 n+1 n+2
n+4 n+5 n+6 ; 9) sn = 1 2+ n + 2 n + 1, s = 1 2, rn =
1 1 1

= n + 1 n + 2; 10) sn = 2 2n1 1
2nn , s = 2, rn = 2n11
+ 2nn ;
2n , s = 3, rn = 2n ; 12) sn = 3 2n2 2n , s = 3, rn =
11) sn = 3 2n+3 2n+3 1 2n1
1 2n1
= 2n2 + 2n . 7.2. 1) i; 2) i; 3) i;
4) i; 5) i; 6) i. 7.3. 1) i; 2) i-

1

1
; 3) i; 4) i. 7.4. n i, i n
n=1 n=1
i. 7.5. (C) i (an = n1 , bn = n1 , cn = 0),
i (an = bn = cn = n1 ). 7.6. 1) i (an = bn = 1),
i (a2n = b2n1 = 1, a2n1 = b2n = 0); 2) i;
3) i (an = 2, bn = 1), i (an = bn = 1);
4) i. 7.8. 1) i; 2) i; 3) i;
4) i; 5) i; 6) i; 7) i; 8) i;
9) i; 10) i; 11) i; 12) i; 13) i-
; 14) i; 15) i; 16) i; 17) i;
18) i; 19) i p > 1, i p 1; 20) i-
p > 1, i p 1. 7.9. 1) i; 2) i-
; 3) i; 4) i; 5) i; 6) i;
7) i; 8) i; 9) i; 10) i; 11) i-
; 12) i; 13) i; 14) i; 15) i;
16) i; 17) i; 18) i; 19) i; 20) i-
; 21) i; 22) i. 7.10. 1) i; 2) i;
3) i p > 1; 4) i p > 1 p = 1, q > 1;
5) i p > 1 p = 1, q > 1. 7.11. 1) i -
p > 2; 2) i p > 32 ; 3) i
p + q > 1. 7.15. 1) i ; 2) i; 3) i-
; 4) i ; 5) i; 6) i
; 7) i ; 8) i ; 9) i -
; 10) i; 11) i . 7.16. 1) i-
; 2) i. 7.17. 1) i p > 1,
0 < p 1, i p 0; 2) i ; 3) i
x {n| n N}; 4) i ( ; 5) i
) -
; 6) i x 4 + n, 3 4 + n ,
nZ ( )
x = 4 + 2 , n Z, i x 4 + n, 4 + n ; 7) i-
n
nZ
248 iii

(p, q) ((1, +) R) ({1} (, 1)) ,

(p, q) ({1} [1, +)) ((0, 1) R) ({0} (, 0)) , i
(p, q) ({0} [0, +)) ((, 0) R) ; 8) i
p > 1, 0 < p 1, i p 0; 9) i
p > 1, 12 < p 1, i p 21 ;
10) i p > 1, 21 < p 1, i
p 21 . 7.19. 1) i p > 1, i
0p 1, i p 0; 2) i p > 1,
i 0p 1, i p 0. 7.20. .
7.21. ii i . 7.22. a1 + a2 + . . . + ap = 0. 7.24. 1) 23 ;
2) 43 . 7.25. 1) i; 2) i (an = 1, bn = 1), -


(x+y)n
(1)n 22n
i (an = bn = 1). 7.26. 1) 1; 2) n! ; 3) (2n+1)! ;
n=0 n=0


(1)n 22n1 3 1 p
4) 1+ (2n)! . 7.30. 1) 2 ln 2; 2) 2 ln 2; 3) ln 2+ 12 ln q. 7.37. 1) ;
n=1
2) i; 3) ; 4) . 7.38. 1) i; 2) i p > 1, -
i p 1; 3) i |x| < 2, i
x 2; 4) i x = n, n N, i
x = n, n N; 5) i |x| < 1; 6) i-
; 7) i p R; 8) i a = c, i
a = c; 9) i; 10) i; 11) i -
x R; 12) i - x = 0 i p R; 13) i -
|x| < 1, x = 1, p > 1, q > 21 ; i
x = 1, 12 < p 1, q > 12 ; i p 12 , q 12 . 7.41.
1) i p > 1, i 12 < p 1, i-
p 21 ; 2) i ; 3) i; 4) i;
5) i; 6) i .
i 8. ii
8.1. i ii. 8.4. 1) i ii i
f (x) = 0, x (0, +); 2) i i f (x) = 0,
x = /2, f (x) = 1, x = /2; ii i; 3) i i-
i i f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]; 4) i i
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]; ii i; 5) i
i f (x) = 0, x [0, 1), f (1) = 1; ii i; 6) i-
i f (x) = 0, x (0, 1); ii i;
1
7) i i f (x) = , x (0, +); ii
2 x
i; 8) i ii i f (x) = max{1, x}, x [0, 2].
iii 249

8.5. 1) i i f (x) = 0, 0 x < 1, f (1) = 12 ,

f (x) = 1, x > 1; ii i A1 i A3 , i
ii i A2 . 2) i i f (x) = 0,
x 0; i ii i A1 , i ii
i A2 . 3) i i f (x) = 0, x R; i-
ii i A1 , i ii i A2 .
4) i i f (x) = ex , x R; i ii
i A1 , i ii i A2 . 8.6. 1) i
ii f (x) = |x|; 2) i ii f (x) = 0; 3) i-
f (x) = 0, i ii; 4) i
f (x) = 2 sign x, i ii; 5) i i-
i f (x) = 2 |x|; 6) i f (x) = 0, i
ii. 8.7. i ii f (x) = 0. 8.8. 8.10. . -
i, . i 8.6 5),4) [0, 1]. 8.11. < 1.
8.12. 1) i (, 1) ( 13 , +); 2) i -
|x| < 1; 3) i |x| = 1; 4) i
(, 1) (1, 1); 5) i |x| < 1
x Z, 6) i |x| < 1; 7) i
x > 1; 8) i q > p + 1, i
p < q p + 1; 9) i |x| < 1, y 0 |x| < y,
i x = 1, 0 y 1; 10) i
x (, 1) (1, +); 11) i x (1, 1); 12) i-
x (1; 1); 13) i x = 1;
14) p > 1 i x > 1, 0 < p 1 i
x > 1, p 0 i; 15) i -
|x| < 1 |y| < 1; 16) i |x| < 1 i |y| < 1.
8.13. s = 1, rn = (1x)n . n 7. 8.14. n 25. 8.15. 1) i i-
i; 2) i , i ii; 3) i
ii; 4) i ii; 5) i ii; 6) i-
, i ii; 7) i ,
i ii; 8) i , i ii;
9) i ii. 8.17. n 10000. 8.21. 1) i ii-
; 2) i ii. 8.22. ( 2, +), i ii.
8.24. 1) i ii; 2) i ii; 3) i
ii; 4) i ii; 5) i ii; 6) i-
ii; 7) i ii; 8) i ii;
9) i ii; 10) i ii; 11) i i-
i; 12) i ii; 13) i ii; 14) i-
ii. 8.27. 1) i ii; 2) i i-
250 iii

i. 8.28. 1) i ii; 2) i ii; 3)

i ii; 4) i ii; 5) i ii;
6) i ii; 7) i ii. 8.32. ,
fn (x) = (1)n (xn xn+1 ), x [0, 1]. 8.36. 1) ; 2) -
; 3) . 8.37. 1) f C(R); 2) x R, f C(R \ {0}).
8.38. 1, . 8.40. . 8.42. 1) i; 2) i-
2
2 , x (2k, 2(k + 1)); 0, x = 2k, k Z. 8.45. 6 . 8.53. i.
. 8.44. x
n 2n n
2 1
8.54. |x| = 1 sn (x) = 1x x
1x
2 x
2n , x = 1 sn (x) = 2 ; i-
|x| < 1 1x . 8.55. 2) 2r; +; 2 ; 0. 8.56. 1) r = 1; (1, 1);
x r

1 p 0 i; 0 < p 1 i 1 i
, i 1 i; 1 p > 1 i ;
2) r = e1 ; (e1 , e1 ); e1 i; 3) r = 4; (4, 4);
4 i; 4) r = 31 ; ( 43 , 23 ); i 43 i ,
i 23 i; 5) r = 1; (1, 1); 1 0 < a 1 i-
, a > 1 i ; 6) r = 1; (1, 1); 1 -
i; 7) 41 ; ( 14 , 14 ); 14 i; 8) r = 1; (1, 1);
x = 1 i ; 9) r = +; (, +); 10) r = max{a, b};
(r, r); x = r i; 11) r = 1; (1, 1); i 1 i-
, i 1 i; 12) r = 12 ; ( 12 , 12 );
12 i; 13) r = 1; (1, 1); 1 i. 8.57.
1) x > 0; 2) |x| < 12 ; 3) x > 1; 4) |x k| < 4 , k Z. 8.58.
1) A = [1, 1), B = (1, 1), i ii C; 2) A = (, 12 ];
B = (, 21 ), i ii C; 3) A = [ 16 , 12 ), B = ( 16 , 12 ),
i ii C; 4) A = [1, +), B = (1, +), i
ii C. 8.59. 1) r = 2, (1, 3), 0 < p 2 i 1
i , i 3 i; p > 2 i 1 i-
, i 3 i; 2) r = 1, (1, 1),  i 1
 1+x 
i, i 1 i . 8.60. 1) 21 ln  1x  , |x| < 1;
2) arctg x, |x| 1; 3) ch x, x R; 4) 1 , 1 x < 1. 8.61.
1x
x
1) (1x) 2 , |x| < 1;
2x
2) (1x) 3 , |x| < 1; 3) x(1x)
(1+x)3
, |x| < 1. 8.62. -


(1)n x2n
(1)n 22n1 2n
. 8.66. 1) n! , x R; 2) 1 + (2n)! x , x R;
n=0 n=1

4n1
32n 1 2n+1
3) (1)n+1 2(2n)! x2n , x R; 4) 34 (1)n+1 (2n+1)! x , x R;
n=1 n=1

5) (n + 1)xn , x (1, 1); 6) an xn , x (1, 1), an = n1 , n = 4k,
n=0 n=1
iii 251

(
)
xn2
a4k = 4k
3
, k N; 7) n , x [1, 1); 8) 1
2n 1
3n xn ,
n=2 n=0

( )
x (2, 2); 9) 1
3 (1+(2)n+1 )xn , x 12 , 12 ; 10) 1
4 (1+(1)n+1 +
n=0 n=0


+ 2n)xn , x (1, 1); 11) an xn , x (1, 1), a4k = 1, a4k+1 = 1,
n=0


(2n1)!! n+1
a4k+2 = a4k+3 = 0, k 0; f (1000) (0) = 1000!; 12) x + n! x ,
n=1
[ )

(2n1)!!
x 12 , 12 . 8.67. 1) x + (2n+1)(2n)!! x
2n+1
x (1, 1); 2) x +
n=1


(2n1)!!

(1)n 2n+1
+ (1) n
(2n+1)(2n)!! x
2n+1
, x (1, 1); 3) 2n+1 x x [1, 1];
4;
n=1 n=0

n 2n+1

x2n
4) (1)[ 2 ] 2nx(2n+1) , x ( 2, 2); 5) (1)n+1 2n(2n1) , x [1, 1];
n=0 ( ) n=1
(2n1)!! 2n
x4n+1

6) 2|x| 1 + (2n+1)(2n)!! x , x [1, 0], x [0, 1]; 7) 4n+1 , x
n=1 n=0
x2


(2n1)!!
(1, 1); 8) 1 + + 2 (2n+1)(2n+2)!! x
2n+2
, x [1, 1]. 8.68. 2 2n1
1

( )2n1 n=1

( )n+1 n=1
(2n1)!!
x+1
x1
, x > 0. 8.69. x
1+x + (2n)!!
x
1+x , x > 12 .
n=1



(1)n
8.70. 1) e 1
n! (x 1) n+1
, x R; 2) 1 + (n1)n (x 1)n , x (0, 2].
n=0 n=2


( )
8.71. x(n+1) , |x| > 1. 8.72. 1) 2 1
n+1 1+ 1
2 + 1
3 + ... + 1
n xn+1 ,
n=0 n=1

( )
x [1, 1); 2) (1)n1 1 + 1
2 + 1
3 + ... + 1
n xn , x (1, 1); 3) x +


n=1

( )
(1)n+1 2n+1 (1)n1
+2 4n2 1
x , x [1, 1]; 4) n 1+ 13 + 15 +. . .+ 2n1
1
x2n ,
n=1 n=1


(1) n

(1)n
x [1, 1]; 5) (2n+1)2
x2n+1 , x [1, 1]; 6) n!(2n+1) x
2n+1
, x R;
n=0 n=0


(2n1)!! 2 3 4
7) x+ (4n+1)(2n)!! x
4n+1
, x [1, 1]; 8) x+ x4 x36 + x96 . . . , x (1, 1).
n=1

( )
8.73. 1) (1)n1 1+ 21 +. . . + n1 (x 1)n , x (0, 2); 2) e nn! (x
1
n=1 ( n ) n=1


1)n , x R. 8.74. ak xn , |x| < min{1, r}. 8.75. 1) 2, 835;
n=0 k=0
2) 0, 916; 3) 1, 605; 4) 0, 905. 8.76. 1) r = 2, |z (1 + i)| < 2; 2) r = 1,
|z (3 i)| < 1; 3) r = 1, |z| < 1; 4) r = 1, |z| < 1; 5) r = 12 , |z| < 12 ;
252 iii

 

6) r = 2 sin 2  , |z ei | < 4 sin2 2 . 8.77. 1) 2
3
sin 2(n+1)
3 xn ,
n=0



x (1, 1); 2) cos n n
n! x , x R; 3) sin n xn , x (1, 1).
n=0 n=0


8.78. 1) i; 2) i; 3) i. 8.80. 1) (1)n z 2n ,
n=0

n+1
(ai)n+1
|z| < 1; r = 1; 2) 1
2i (1)n (a+i)(a2 +1)n+1 (z a)n , |z a| < a2 + 1;
n=0
r = a2 + 1.
i 9. i ii. I i

9.1. 1) 4; 2) 8; 3) 8; 4) 2; 5) 6; 6) 4,5; 7) 4,5; 8) 4; 9) 13; 10) 4.

9.3. 1) g(x) = 1 x2 , x [1, 0], g(x) = 1 + x2 , x [ (0, 1], ] h(x) = 1 2x ,
2

x ([1, 0],] h(x) = 1, x (0, 1]; 2)(g(x) =]sin x, x 0, 2 [, g(x)] = 2sin x,

x 2 , 3 2 , g(x) =(4 + sin ] x, x 2 , 2 , h(x)

3
( 3 = 0,] x 0, 2 , h(x) =

=2 [ 2 sin] x, x 2 , 2 , h(x) (= 4,3 ]x 2 , 2 ;

3
3) g(x) = sin x,]
( 3
x 0, 2 , g(x) [ ] = 2 sin x, x ,
2 2 , g(x) = 4 +
( 3 ] sin x, x 2 , 2 ,
h(x)(= 0, x ] 0, 2 , h(x) = 2sin x| sin x|, x 2 , 2 , h(x) = 4+2 sin x,
x 3 2 , 2 ; 4) g(x) = 1 cos x, x [0, ], g(x) = 3 + cos x, x (, 2],
h(x)[ = 1 ] 2 cos x, x [0, ], h(x) (= 3, ]x (, 2]; 5) g(x) = 1 +[ x x]2 ,
x 1, 21 , g(x) ( 1 =] 2 + x x, x 22 , 1 , h(x)[ = 1 +12x
3 2 1
] 2x , x 1 1,
2 1
2 ,
h(x)(= 2 , x] 2 , 1 ; 6) g(x) = x
3
( x, x
] 1, 2 , g(x) = 2 + x 2
( 1 ]x,
+
x 12 , 0 , g(x) = 12 [ x2 + ]x, x 0, 12 , g(x) =
( 1 ] 1 + x2
x, x 2, 1 ,
h(x)(= 2x ]
2
2x, x 1, 1
(1 2 ], h(x) = 1
2 , x 2 , 0 , h(x) = 1
2 2x 2
+2x,
x (0, 2 , ]h(x) = 1, x 2 , 1 ; 7) g(x) (= x +] x, x [1, 0], g(x) = 0,
1 3

x 0, 13 , g(x) = x3 x + 3 2
, x 13 , 1 , h(x) = 0, x [1, 0],
( ] 3 ( ]
h(x) = x x3 , x 0, 13 , h(x) = 3 2
, x 1 , 1 ; 8) g(x) = xex ,
3 3
x
x [0, 1], g(x) = 1e , x (1, 3], h(x) = 0, x [0, 1],
h(x) = xe + e ,
1

x (1, 3]. 9.12. f (g), f (x) = x, x [0, 1], g(x) = 0,

x = 0, g(x) = x2 sin2 x , x (0, 1]. 9.14. 1) : f (x) = 0, x = 0,
f (x) = x2 sin x12 x (0, 1]. 2) : f (x) = 0 x = 0, f (x) = (ln xe )1 ,

x (0, 1]. 9.21. : f (x) = | sinx x| , x 1. 9.22. f (x) := hn ,
nA(x)
A(x) : = {n N| xn < x} = , f (x) : = 0 A(x) = , x [a, b]. f
, ii (, ) [a, b]
A. 9.23. 2) L(f1 , ; ) = 0, U (f1 , ; ) = 1, 0 , U (f1 , , ) = 0, 0 ;
iii 253

r1 r1 r1
L(f2 , ; ) = 0, U (f2 , , ) = 1; 3) f1 d = f1 d = f1 d = 0,
1 1 1

r1 r1
f1 RS(, [1, 1]); f2 d = 0, f2 d = 1, f2 RS(, [1, 1]); 4)
1 1
r1
i; 5) lim S(f1 , ; ) = 0 [1, 0] i [0, 1]. 9.24. 1) f d = 1,
||0
1
r1 rb rb
f d = 1, f RS(, [1, 1]); 2) f d = 0, f d = (b) (a),
1 a a
r1 r1
f RS([a, b]) (x) = const, x [a, b]; 3) f d = f d = 2
3,
0 0
f RS(, [0, 1]). 9.25. 2) . 9.23. 9.26. 1) 1; 2) 2
3; 3) 1.
a2 3
9.27. 1) 0; 2) 2 a + ln(1 + a); 3) 1; 4) 2(2 2 2 ); 5) ln
2 5
2+ 4

0, 3;
(n+2)(n1) n
6) ; 7) 2 + ; 8)
2 2; 9) 0; 10) 2 ; 11) 2 (1)k k 2 ;
k=1

n
n
n
n
12) 13. 9.28. 1) mk ; 2) xk mk ; 3) x2k mk ; 4) f (xk )mk . 9.29.
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
1) e + 2; 2) 2e ; 3) 2e2 + e + 2; 4) 4 sin 2 + 2 cos 2 + cos 1 2. 9.30. i.
2

f (x) = 1, x [a, b], (x) = 0, x [a, a+b 2 ), (x) = 1, x [ 2 , b].

a+b

9.33. f (x) = 1, x [a, b]. 9.37. 1) (1) (1); 2) (0+) (0).

9.38. 1) (x) = (a), x [a, b]; 2) (x) = (a), x [a, b]; 3) (x) = (1),
x (0, 1]. 9.44. 1) 1; 2) 1 (1 e ).
254

i i

0 -
2 4

-
1
2

i i = ii i =

i i 255

0 1-

i =
+1

0 -

0 2a-

i
= a(1 + cos ), a > 0 = a sin(3), a > 0
256
6y

-x
2 0 2

x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t), a > 0

y
y 6
6
a 1

0 -x
0 a
-x

3
i
x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 , a > 0 x = 2 sin t sin 2t, y = 2 cos t cos 2t

0 a-

i i 2 = a2 cos 2, a > 0
i i 257
6
y

-x
0

1 1
x = t + , y = t + 2
t t

6
y

0 -x

i x3 3xy + y 3 = 0