Level Voltage Selection Design

Power Evacuation from Generating Station with Fault Level

Calculation & Single Line Diagram.
The power evacuation studies for Central power plant (capacity assessed in last blog)has been
done for each option available for power evacuation. The optimum voltage level is to be
chosen from different alternatives available considering n-1 contingency as well in order to make
the system more reliable and healthy. From the best path for power evacuation fault level is to
be calculated and switch yard layout is also proposed.

Central Power Plant

The total generation capacity of this plant is 192MW peak in wet season (8 months) and 66MW
peak in dry season (4 months), with annual generation of 10992.47GWh in wet season and
1871.28GWh in dry season. There are total 3 units considered for this plant where 2 units are of
70MW each and 1 unit is of size 50MW. There are four sub-stations available for power
evacuation in which there is existing transmission line between each of the two sub-stations. The
one-line diagram for this system is given below:

Voltage Level Selection

A transmission line transmits electrical energy in bulk from generating station to
distributing station. The amount of power that has to be transmitted through transmission line is
very large, if this power is transmitted at 11KV or 33KV, the line current and power loss would
be large. Therefore this voltage is stepped up to higher value by using step-up transformers.
The transmission voltages in Nepal are 66KV, 132KV which are in operation whereas 220KV
and 400KV are still in construction phase. While selecting the transmission voltage the present
and future expectable voltage of other lines in vicinity of the line under design are taken into
account. Different criteria for voltages selection is given below:

First Criteria

Second Criteria

Empirical formula for voltage selection is also given by,

Where,
VL = Transmission Line voltage in KV.
L = Length of line in kms.
P = Power to be transmitted.
Nc = No. of circuits
Nc = 1(for single circuit)
Nc = 2(for single circuit)

The probable voltage level of transmission line under existing constraints is given below such as
depending upon depending upon the length of line and power to be transmitted. Here, power
evacuation through only one S/S in considered which seems not feasible with existing available
alternatives for transmission voltage. The several schemes for power evacuation are considered
below in order to choose the best alternative which must also satisfy n-1 contingency.:

Analysis

Input to the spreadsheet program are line length (km), power factor, voltage level (kV)
and power (MW) to be transmitted from generation source to distribution substation. The
program will carry out transmission line design analysis using selected four different conductors
from a given list. The result is the outcome of technical and financial analysis. For technical
analysis the program will give, voltage regulation, efficiency of line and line loss. Changing
conductor size or voltage level, the result can be made within required voltage regulation and
efficiency. Financial analysis is based on transmission line cost with selected conductor only. For
more than
one conductor satisfying both criteria i.e. voltage regulation and efficiency the best conductor
is selected for minimum KTotal.

Power Evacuation

The power generated from central power plant is 192MW whereas from central power plant it
is 717MW. The power from central power plant could be evacuated through one of the S/S
whereas power is to be evacuated from eastern power plant via two of the S/S.

The power from central power plant could be evacuated from S/S Bh1 having line length
of 85Km through double circuit transmission line. The parameters obtained from the analysis
are shown in table given below:
Fault Level Calculation

The infinite bus is considered at nearest sub-station. It is considered that three of the
generators are in parallel and tied to LV bus, from where again four transformers are connected
in parallel whose HV side is tied together to HV bus which is shown in Figure below.
The percentage impedance of three generators is considered to be 6%, three transformers to
be 10% and transmission line be 5%
Hence,
The total impedance will be, Zt = (6/3 + 10/3 + 5/2) = 7.83
Considering Base MVA 11MVA, Hence Short Circuit MVA = [(Chosen Base in
MVA)*100]/(Chosen Reactance up to the point)
= (11*100)/ (7.83) = 140.48MVA
Hence Total Symmetrical short circuit current is given by
Symmetrical MVA/3 V
= 3.68KA
Hence from the above calculation, we found the fault level of the ROR substation
as 140.48MVA. Though we have given the Breaker fault level as 25KA and we got the fault
current of our new design system as 3.68KA which is less than the critical value. Hence, the
calculated fault level for the ROR can be recommended.

Single Line Diagram

I hope this blog would help you to proceed step by step about power evacuation from any
generating station.

Some of the factors that effect the selection of nominal voltage levels for the service systems are:

1. Type and size of the load to be served

2. Distance to which power is to be transmitted
3. Future Load Growth
4. Equipment availability for fault isolation
5. Permissible voltage regulations
6. Cost of utilization and service system equipment

Factors effect Selection of Voltage Levels:

Nominal voltage supplied to the system depends on the type and rating of the loads to be
supplied.In industres, generally below 200kW all motors are supplied with 415V supply
and motor rated above 200kW are supplied with 6.6kV voltage level. Motors above 200kW
can also supply with 415V supply however this results in increase in the cost of the motor
and size of the motor which is not economical.
Power transfer capability of a line depends on the nominal operating voltage at which
power is transmitting in the system. For eg: 220kV transmission line can evacuate power
about 200 to 250MW with temperature rise in permissible limits for a distance of about
150 to 200 KMs. 400kV transmission line can able to evacuate power about 500MW. In
order to transmit high power for long distances higher operating voltage is chosen
Short Circuit capability of the switching equipment increases with increase voltage rating.
The short circuit capability generally determines the amount of the load that can be
connected to the bus. Selection of the voltage levels depends on the total load and system
fault levels. Therefore, auxiliary systems with large loads and high fault current levels tend
to have high voltages systems with multiple medium voltage buses
System voltage regulation and short circuit capability both contradict with each other.
Short circuit current in the system is limited by the impedance present in the system.
Cables and transformers are the impedances present in the power system. In order to
reduce the short circuit transformer with high percentage impedance can be chosen.
However, because of the high impedance high voltage drop exist during normal operation
results in poor regulation. If short circuit constraint and voltage regulation doesnot satisfy
for a particular voltage level, the short circuit capability of the switchgear shall be increased
by selecting a higher nominal system voltage. The increase in the short circuit capability
will permit the use of lower impedance transformer, thereby improving voltage regulation
While chosing the voltage for a system, future load addition to the system should also be
considered. Addition of new load will increase the voltage drop in the system and also
increases the short circuit level of the system

Read more: http://electricalquestionsguide.blogspot.com/2013/02/voltage-level-selection-service-

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