JGSM Vol. 14 No.

1 November 2013 19

ROLE OF THE SYSTEM TUNJAMAN, horizontal Fault TRANSFORM AND PROLIFERATION

DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT BASIN IN INDONESIA
THE ROLE OF subduction SYSTEMS, AND faults tranform rifting
TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF sedimentary basins in INDONESIA
by:

S. Bachri

Geological Survey Center, Jl. Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122

Abstract

By age, sedimentary basins in Indonesia can be divided into pre-Tertiary basin, the basin being pre-Tertiary age - Tertiary and Tertiary basins.
Indonesian western part is dominated by Tertiary basin, while the eastern part of Indonesia is dominated by the basin that developed since the
pre-Tertiary Period until Tertiary. Both by age and by the pattern of distribution, where the basin - The basins merepresantasikan tectonic pattern of
development. In the western parts of Indonesia the distribution pattern of concentric semi patterned basin seemed to dominate the region, and is
controlled by tunjaman system evolution. Meanwhile in the eastern part of Indonesia only in the region of Banda arc basin is characterized by the
distribution of semi-concentric pattern, and the remainder generally random pattern, unless the affected areas in addition to the expansion and
tunjaman Banda arc. The distribution of the random pattern is mainly controlled by the presence of fault-fault flat transform which mediate transport of
microscopic continent originating from Australia.

Keywords: Tunjaman, faults transform, division, sedimentary basin

abstact

On the basis on the age, sedimentary basins in Indonesia can be classified into Tertiary, pre-Tertiary, and pre-Tertiary continues to Tertiary basins.
Western Indonesia is dominated by Tertiary basins, whilst the eastern Indonesian basins is occupied largely by the which have developed since the
pre-Tertiary time. Either based on the age or the distribution pattern, the occurrence of the basins represent tectonic evolution pattern. The western
Indonesia is dominated by the basins of the semi-concentric pattern roomates represent evolutions of the subduction system. Meanwhile, in the
eastern Indonesia only the Banda Arc the which is Characterized by the basins of the semi-concentric pattern, and the rest is largely occupied by
basins roomates are distributed randomly, excepted in the areas roomates are affected by rifting and subduction excluding the Banda Arc.

Key words: subduction, transform fault, rifting, sedimentary basin.

preliminary basin that developed since the pre-Tertiary and continued until
the Tertiary (Geology Agency, 2009). Tertiary basin dominates
Convergence plates Indies-Australia,
the western part of Indonesia, a pre-Tertiary basin is mainly found
Pacific and Eurasia has led to the creation in the Indonesian
in the northern part of Borneo, while the pre-Tertiary basin are
archipelago. The process of convergence between the plates
evolving constantly until Tertiary generally found in the area east
which continues until now influences the evolution of these arcs,
of Papua and Sulawesi (Figure 1). This paper will explore the
such as the rotation of the arc, the formation of regional
relationship between the main structure and tectonic activity on
structures, as well as the formation of sedimentary basins. In
the distribution of sedimentary basins in

Indonesia found 128 sedimentary basins, which

Indonesia,
by age can be divided into Tertiary basin, pre-Tertiary
based on the data distribution of sedimentary basins (Geology
basins, and
Agency, 2009), and the data on the presence of the main structure
and tectonic activity in Indonesia
Manuscript accepted: February 13, 2013 Last
based on research results earlier authors.
Revised : June 5 2013
20 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013

Figure 1. Map of the sedimentary basins of Indonesia (Geology Agency, 2009).

Sunda arc region and the Sunda Shelf Subduction activity towards Asia continues on the Late
Carboniferous - Early Permian, in the west or western Sumatra,
Sunda Arc region covers an archipelago that stretches from
which was accompanied by volcanic activity and rock placement
Sumatra, Java to islands in the east, to the island of Sumbawa,
granitan. At that time there were also subduction toward the
while the Sunda region covers an area of Borneo to the west
southwest at the edge of the continental north-east, which is
through the area Natuna to connect with the Malay Peninsula, in
indicated by the presence of gunugapi and granite rocks in the
the south including the Java Sea, north-section western Java and
eastern part of the Malay Peninsula and western Borneo (Katili,
the eastern part - northern Sumatra (Figure 2). The evolution of
1975). Tunjaman zone is slightly shifted toward the Indian Ocean
tectonic plates in the region during the Mesozoic - Cenozoic,
at the Permian - Early Triassic (Katili, 1989). The formation of
without being accompanied by the migration of rock material or
volcano-plutonic arc on the islands are known to contain lead in
part of a specific tectonic environment laterally, thus experiencing
Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula indicate that Benioff zone
a tectonic shift to the new environment. Tectonic development of
may be more shallow than the previous tunjaman (Katili, 1975).
this kind can be termed as a model otokton, ( autochtonous
model) for all lithologies is lithologies otokton ( in situ).

rifting the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana causing happening in

India apart from Gondwana (Katili,
1989). In the Late Cretaceous - Early Eocene (70 Mya),
tunjaman zone in the south-west and north-east is becoming
As explained by Katili (1975), the history of the Archipelago in
more widespread, because each move to the Indian Ocean and
western Indonesia started in the early Paleozoic, when there are
into the South China Sea. Data paleomagnetik of DRR Daly
two systems trough - arc opposite, separated by one
(1986) indicate a rotation that causes the closing of the palace
microcontinent, as indicated by the presence of (1) the zone
Sunda South China Sea. Meanwhile tunjaman oceanic crust
tunjaman east of Peninsular Malaya produce volcano-plutonic arc
under Borneo continues, while volcanism and granite placement
in the central part of the area, and (2) their tunjaman toward the
occurs along the edge of the court, including Natuna and
Asian continent in the western part of Sumatra.
Anambas.
 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013 21

Figure 2. Map of the tectonic settings Indonesia (Simanjuntak and Barber, 1996).

At 50-45 Mya or Middle Eocene collision between India and
Eurasia (Katili, 1989). Furthermore, on 40 Mya (Late Eocene)
occurs extruding Burma and Thailand (Tapponier DRR., 1982). At
around 40 Mya The change direction of movement of the Pacific
plate, from NNW to WNW (Ben-Avraham and Uyeda, 1973). The
occurrence of Borneo clockwise rotation causes an opening in
This significant otokton called with the model, and accompanied
by the formation of the basin that follows the development of the
tunjaman system, ie semi-concentric pattern (Figure 4).
Cekungancekungan meerupakan basin sediment formed trench ( trench),
advance arc basin, the basin between the mountains and the
back arc basin.

the South China Sea (Daly DRR., 1986). In the Late Eocene (40
Mya) also occurs a significant event is the occurrence of Late
Eocene tunjaman zone trending east-west to the south of Java
and Sumatra. In the Late Oligocene (30 Mya), tunjaman in
southern Sumatra and Java, resulting in volcanism that produced
the Old Andesite Formation in the Sunda Arc. The tunjaman
zones in the Pliocene shifted south into position SumateraJawa
masakini trench. However, based on the distribution of volcanic
rocks, it can be concluded that the Late Cenozoic volcanism up to
the Holocene experienced migration in the opposite direction,
allegedly due to the slope of the Benioff zone is much more
gentle than at the time of the mid-Tertiary (Katili, 1975). The
evolution of the western Indonesian tunjaman zone since Late
Carboniferous - Early Permian to masakini presented in Figure 3.
Evolution of tectonic without lateral shift of the material

Figure 3. Evolution tunjaman system in western Indonesia (Katili,

1989).
22 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013

Figure 4. Distribution of sedimentary basins in western Indonesia form a pattern of concentric semi.

Banda arc and Sulawesi region (1997), Guntoro (1999), and Puspita DRR. (2005) despite the
opening mechanism is still kotroversi until now. The extension or
About 5 JTL, when Australia was still moving north, Papua
expansion phase
rotated to the left, as a result there was bowing to the northwest
has caused
in the Banda arc original east-west trending (Figure 5). As a
the formation of the North Makassar Basin and South Makassar
result of the sedimentary basins in the region of Banda patterned
Basin (Figure 6). While since the Miocene strait has undergone
semi-concentric arc (see Figure
compression phase (Chamber and Dalley, 1995; Bergman DRR.,
1996), ie at the start of the clash between the edge of the Sunda
1). While the movement of the fault-fault transform
Kranton (Borneo) in the west, with Sula Exposure to the east.
has led some microcontinent, such as Buton, Sula and others,
Although the compression phase is still going on until now (Bahri,
colliding with the bow of Sulawesi and Halmahera facing east
2012) but has yet to cause the lock back in the Makassar Strait.
(Katili, 1989).
In the region of arc Banda and Sulawesi, only sedimentary basins
around the arc Banda are patterned semi-concentric, while in the
The collision between several microcontinent to Sulawesi and north arm of north Sulawesi where sedimentary basins are
Halmahera arc resulted terobdaksi ultramafic rocks in the eastern controlled by the system tunjaman North Sulawesi, west Sulawesi
arm and forearm southeast. Tectonic style westward through controlled by system expansion, while in other parts of Sulawesi
Fault Fault zone Matano Sorong and Sulawesi resulted in
increasingly impelled towards Kalimantan and Sulawesi sea
primordial cause the lock. This leads to complex obdaksi
tunjaman Meratus and Sea Island the Cretaceous - early Tertiary,
as well as the occurrence of Meratus (Katili, 1978).

Other sedimentary basin spreading irregularly,

Celebes Sea south, now called the Makassar Strait, through a
phase of openings since the Middle Eocene (Situmorang (1982),
Hall (1996), Moss DRR.
controlled by the presence of fault-fault flat transform. Fault-fault
flat
transform Sulawesi and surrounding areas are presented in Figure 7A.
 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013 23

Figure 5. Map of the Banda arc tectonic settings followed by the distribution of sedimentary basins semi-concentric pattern (see Figure 1).

Figure 6. Distribution of sedimentary basins in the Makassar Strait controlled by tectonic openings as shown semblance west boundary
West Sulawesi with the eastern boundary Exposure Paternoster. DEM image taken from Becker and Sandwell (2004).
24 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013

Papua and the surrounding region

A
The breakup of Gondwana has resulted in a major expansion
axis in the Indian Ocean, followed by adjustment tunjaman
patterns in Indonesia. As Australia moves north, Papua
approached and mashing archipelagoes Sepik at about 30 Mya
(Downey, 1986, in Katili,

1989).

At about 20 Mya, a trench system - bow east-west trending

formed and extending from the western tip of Sumatra to the
Buru, and even further east to bow Melanesia, through Java,
Bali, Sumba, Timor, Tanimbarese, Kai and Seram (Katili ,

1989).

Australian continent before moving north up on the edge of the

continental volcanic arc Southeast Asia Sulawesi - Mindanao
trending north-south encountered approximately 800 km east of
Kalimantan (Katili, 1978). To the southeast, Archipelago Sepik
trending east-west blend with Papua and separating between
Australia and the Pacific (Katili, 1989).

About 20 JTL, Guinea and Sepik are now fused into a larger
microcontinent, to the edge
Southeast Asia plates and collide with the Melanesian arc
facing south (Daly DRR., 1986). This causes the interaction
between the Australian plate moving north and the Pacific plate is
moving toward the west-southwest, which consequently resulted
in many known types of structures. Several major fault trending
east-west horizontal form, such as Sorong Fault Fault-Aiduna
Tarera (Figure 7A-B). As a result of the movement of the fault-the
fault basin formed pull apart, eg Salawati Basin and Basin Taliabu.

Around 10 Mya, formed a tunjaman to the south through the

north of Papua, and is still active today (Daly DRR., 1986).
Tunjaman is not accompanied by volcano activity in Papua. The
existence of this tunjaman system accompanied by the formation
of sedimentary basins, among others Basin North Biak, Biak
Basin -Yapen, Mamberamo Basin, and others. When the
sediment basin to the north of Papua more controlled by the B
collision zone between the Pacific Plate to the continent of
Australia, then in the southern part is more influenced by the
expansion system on Exposure Northwest Australia.
Figure 7. Map struktut Sulawesi and Papua describe
distribution of the main horizontal fault followed sebarn cekungansedimen
random pattern (see Figure 1).
 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013
Discussion
Sumperimposed in Sunda Arc Basin
From the distribution pattern of sedimentary basins in central
Sumatra - west, connecting to the northern part of Java,
Kalimantan, Java Sea to the southwest, it appears the system
tunjaman developed since the Late Cretaceous - Early Permian
to Cretaceous - Early Tertiary. However, the Pre-Tertiary
sedimentary basins are found in this region is only about 6 pieces
and are relatively small compared to the Tertiary. While the
Tertiary sedimentary basins and together dominate the
Pre-Tertiary basin spring pattern forming concentric with the long
direction tunjaman basin follow the direction of the system.
Although in this region dominated by Tertiary basin, even in the
western part of Java Sea basin is not found Pre-Tesier, but the
estimated number of Pre-Tertiary basin is actually more or less
similar to the Tertiary basins. In the rows are skipped tunjaman
system supposedly formed the Pre-Tertiary basin since the Age
of Pre-Tertiary and developing steadily until Tertiary. However,
the Pre-Tertiary basin here covered ( superimposed) by the
Tertiary basins mapped to the Tertiary basin only.
On the other bagain of Sunda arc region, which is in south
Sumatra to Java's southern encountered tunjaman linear system,
which is a system tunjaman Tertiary and Risen. At that time, 40
Mya (Late Eocene) changes direction tunjaman, of which are
semi-concentric become linear trending nearly east - west (Katili,
1989). Cekungancekungan formed associated with Tertiary
tunjaman system is believed to be purely a Tertiary ceungan, no
Pre-Tertiary basins are covered.
Another case in North Kalimantan, there is a Pre-Tertiary
sedimentary basins and a relatively large Tertiary basins (Figure
1), which berproros long north - south. See the shape and
direction of the length of the basin, there is the possibility of this
basin is formed associated with the system tunjaman in east
Kalimantan, but it is not known with certainty.
25
Redistricting, tunjaman and transform faults in eastern
Indonesia
In the eastern part of Indonesia, there are three main structures that
control the appearance of sedimentary basins, namely: (1) the
structure of the division ( rifting), ( 2) tunjaman system, and (3) the
fault-fault large horizontal ( transform). (1). Redistricting (rifting)
Makassar Makassar Basin of North and South (Figure 6) is a
Tertiary basin because of the expansion process Makassar Strait
in the Middle Eocene (Situmorang, 1982); Hall, 1996; Moss
DRR., 1997; Guntoro, 1999); and Puspita DRR., 2005). Because
the expansion occurred in the Middle Eocene, the basins is
believed not to rest on the Pre-Tertiary basin.
(2). system tunjaman
Formed sedimentary basins associated with the system
tunjaman in eastern Indonesia, all of which are of Tertiary basin.
Basin - the basin which is located on the north and south arms
north of Sulawesi, in association with Tunjaman North Sulawesi,
basins - depressions in the arc Banda pattern that forms a
semi-concentric (Figure 5), associated with tunjaman in the
Timor Sea to the Banda Sea to the north and basin - basin in the
north of Papua related to subduction of the Australian plate to the
Pacific Ocean.
(3). Fault Landscape (transform)
These puddles are PraTersier basin and basin PraTersier -
Tertiary, the shape and direction of the shaft length is very
diverse because of alleged influence of different rotations during
transport through the horizontal cesarean media. Basins - basin
is initially formed in Australia, so the original form is unknown.
At about 30 jt ago (Miocene) Gondwana broke characterized by
the formation of the division axis in the Indian Ocean, followed by
the movement of the Australian plate to the north (Katili,
1989). Subsequently followed at all times by the occurrence of
several transform faults that cause some fraction of the Australia
plate moves toward Sulawesi. Therefore, the basin - The basins
begin to be in Indonesia on Tertiary, although most of
Pre-Tertiary age.
26 JGSM Vol. 14 No. 1 November 2013

Alokton sedimentary basins and paraotokton Conclusion

In eastern Indonesia encountered basin and basin praTersier
praTersier - Tertiary. Cekungancekungan pre-Tertiary comes
from Australia which carried over into the territory of Indonesia,
so it can be referred to as alokton basin. However, as it also
found a basin that developed since the pre-Tertiary to Tertiary.
During the pre-Tertiary to Early Tertiary, basin is still in Australia,
then after 30 Mya (Miocene) entered Indonesia, and
sedimentation continues. Therefore, this basin can be
categorized as paraotokton basin, or a combination of alokton
and otokton.
The existence tunjaman system, fault transform
as well as the expansion of events has affected the distribution
pattern of sedimentary basins in Indonesia.
Basin - semikonsentris patterned Tertiary basin in the west of the
Sunda arc until it covers the southwestern Borneo is believed to
be a basin that tertindihkan above praTersier basin, and both are
otokton basin. While the basin - Tertiary basin in the south of
Sumatra - Java, Makassar Strait, around the northern arm of
Sulawesi and some in Papua believed to be formed in the
Tertiary, not preceded by the formation of pre-Tertiary basins.
Basin praTersier in

Indonesia east is
alokton basins that comes from slab
Australia, while the pre-Tertiary basins - Tertiary originally formed
in Australia, and continued during Tertiary depositional after
entering Indonesian territory.

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