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Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Bioresource Technology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech

Novel recyclable adsorbent for the removal of copper(II) and lead(II)


from aqueous solution
Yaolan Niu a, Kan Li a,b, Diwen Ying a, Yalin Wang a, Jinping Jia a,
a
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
b
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s

 Novel recyclable fibrous adsorbent (CSTEC) was prepared and characterized.


 CSTEC was applied in the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from water.
 CSTEC is low-cost and easy to be recovered from water after using.
 CSTEC is suitable for the emergency treatment in the sudden pollution accidents.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Adsorbents synthesized with biopolymer have been widely used in the removal of toxic metal ions. Novel
Received 2 November 2016 high-efficiency, recyclable, and low-cost adsorbents have received more and more attention. Chitosan
Received in revised form 1 January 2017 and cellulose are the most abundant biopolymers in nature. Composite modified adsorbent (CSTEC)
Accepted 6 January 2017
was synthesized as novel fibrous materials for the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions from water in this
Available online 10 January 2017
study. The functional fiber was characterized to investigate the surface appearance, functional groups,
crystallinity, and thermal stability. The kinetics study revealed that adsorption processes of Cu2+ and
Keywords:
Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC followed the second-order kinetics model. CSTEC showed better performance
Cotton
Chitosan
(Cu2+, 95.24; Pb2+, 144.93 mg g1) than most of other adsorbents. The co-existing ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+)
Adsorption had no significant influence on the removal of target ions by the CSTEC. The excellent reusability indi-
Reusability cated that CSTEC had the promising application in the treatment of toxic metal pollution.
2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction generate a great number of metal-containing sediments, leading


to the secondary pollution. In recent years, adsorption method in
Contamination of toxic metal ions has been a serious environ- the treatment of heavy metal pollution has received more atten-
mental problem, which endangers the animals, plants, microorgan- tion, and has been one of the major research projects in the field
ism, health of human beings, and whole ecological environment of wastewater treatment. A variety of materials, such as activated
due to the non-biodegradability and bioaccumulation of heavy carbon (in granular or powder) (Ayranci and Duman, 2009), clay
metals (Sharma et al., 2014; Zou et al., 2016). Heavy metals are (sepiolite, bentonite, zeolite etc.) (Musso et al., 2014), fly ash
the important industrial resources, and widely used in metallurgy, (Febrianto et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2013), inorganic-organic
chemical engineering, medicine, fertilizer industry, and et al. Tech- nanocomposite (Duman et al., 2016), carbon nanotube (Tofighy
nologies for treating the pollution by heavy metals include physi- and Mohammadi, 2015), cellulose (Hokkanen et al., 2016), chitosan
cal, chemical and biological methods, like ion exchange, chemical (Zhang et al., 2016), graphite oxide (Luo et al., 2012), and the
precipitation, and adsorption, etc. (Repo et al., 2013; Vunain chelating fibers (Kagaya et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012) are widely
et al., 2016). However, most of methods are unsuitable and ineffi- used as adsorbing materials in the treatment of contaminated
cient under certain conditions. Ion exchange and membrane sepa- water by heavy metal ions. Although most of common adsorbents
ration method are high-cost, and chemical precipitation would have better adsorption performance, there are still many chal-
lenges in the practical application due to the high cost, difficult
recycle, and pollution of metal-bearing sludge (Nguyen et al.,
Corresponding author. 2013). In addition, metal-bearing sludge would cause the biological
E-mail address: jpjia@sjtu.edu.cn (J. Jia). poison and complicate the comprehensive utilization of sludge in

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.007
0960-8524/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
64 Y. Niu et al. / Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368

the subsequent processing. Therefore, based on the practicability the solution to the flask drop by drop. The flask was shaken for 4 h
and economy, the development of low-cost and environmental- at 50 C. Finally, the mixture in the flask was precipitated by etha-
friendly adsorbents has attracted extensive interest of researchers nol, washed with methanol and ethanol, and dried to obtain the
all over the world. The biopolymers have attracted more interest carboxymethyl chitosan (OCS). The degree of substitution of the
from the researchers and are applied in the treatment of water pol- OCS was determined by elemental analysis (Baran et al., 2015;
lution by toxic metals. Of particular concern in the biopolymers is Sang et al., 2015) to be 0.68.
the chitosan, which has excellent metal ligands to form stable
complexes with metal ions (Sargin et al., 2015). 2.3. Preparation of CSTEC
Compared with granular or powdered adsorbents, the fibrous
adsorbents have lots of advantages, such as high efficiency, conve- 3 g cotton fiber was added to 100 mL 2.5 M NaOH solution for
nience for separation from water, diversity of application forms, 60 min, then the fiber was filtrated, washed, and dried at 50 C in
et al. The fibrous adsorbents receive more and more attention, vacuum. Pretreated cotton was immersed into 50 mL 50%
which are developed for the removal of heavy metals relying lar- epichlorohydrin solution with 10% NaOH at room temperature
gely on the functional groups (Monier et al., 2014; with stirring for 12 h to obtain the epoxy cotton. The epoxy cotton
Vandenbossche et al., 2013). The amine groups are considered to was immersed into 100 mL ethanol/water (1:1, v/v) solution, then
be the most effective functional groups for the removal of toxic 20 mL triethylenetetramine was added. The mixture was stirred for
metal ions (Liu et al., 2006). Therefore, various compounds con- 12 h at 60 C. The obtained product was immersed into 100 mL 1%
taining amine groups, such as triethylenetetramine (TETA), glutaraldehyde (GA) with 3% carboxymethyl chitosan and stirred
tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), chitosan for 60 min at 20 C.
and its derivatives have gained great attention in recent years. In
particular, chitosan and its derivatives are usually applied in the
2.4. Characterization of materials
control of heavy metal pollution due to the non-toxic and high-
efficient properties (Baran and Mentes, 2016; Baran et al., 2015;
Elemental analysis (C, H, and N) was determined by an elemen-
Vakili et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016). Immobilizing the compound
tal analyzer (Vario Macro Cube, Germany). The morphology of
containing amine groups on the fibrous substrates is a great way to
adsorbents and elements on the surface were investigated by the
develop a novel adsorbent. In the previous study, functional PET
scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi 4800, Japan) and
fiber was prepared and applied in the treatment of Cu(II) ions with
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Infrared
the maximum capacity of 68.97 mg g1 (Niu et al., 2016). However,
spectra of samples were investigated using an Attenuated Total
due to the chemically inertness and hydrophobicity of PET fiber,
Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR, Nicolet
there are difficulties and challenges in the plasma treatment for
6700, US). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were carried out on
improving the surface properties of PET fibers in the large-scale
X-ray polycrystalline diffractometer (D8 ADVANCE, Bruker, Ger-
application at present. Therefore, cotton fiber was used as the sub-
many). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed with a
strate material in this study. It is well known that cellulose is the
thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler Toledo, Netzsch Instrument
most abundant and cheapest resource in nature. Also, cellulose is
Co. Ltd., Germany). About 10 mg of sample was heated from 25
hydrophilic, biodegradable, reproducible, and eco-friendly.
to 700 C under the nitrogen atmosphere at a rate of 10 C min1.
In this study, cotton fiber as the substrate was functionalized
with triethylenetetramine (TETA) and carboxymethyl chitosan to
obtain the composite adsorbent (CSTEC). Each TETA has four 2.5. Adsorption experiments
amines. Carboxymethyl chitosan has large number of functional
groups and is the excellent biosorbent for the treatment of heavy Adsorption experiments were performed in the 50 mL flask
metal ions (Baran and Mentes, 2015). The adsorption performance with 25 mL of copper or lead ions solution. After adding 50 mg of
was investigated through adsorption kinetics and isotherm of Cu2+ adsorbents, the flask was placed on a thermostatic oscillator and
and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC. Besides, the desorption experiment shaken at 200 rpm and 30 C. For the adsorption kinetic study, it
was carried out in order to evaluate the stability of adsorbents. was carried out with different initial concentration (100, 200,
and 300 mg L1) and at pH 5.0. For the adsorption equilibrium
study, experiments were performed with the initial concentrations
2. Experimental of metal ions from 30 to 1000 mg L1. The effect of co-existing ions
was investigated with the concentration of target metal of
2.1. Materials 200 mg L1. In order to investigate the reusability of the CSTEC,
the desorption was investigated by using the same adsorbent for
Cotton fiber was obtained from Hualuweicai. Co. Ltd., China. six times. The fibers adsorbed metal ions were immersed into
Chitosan (CS, with the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 0.1 M EDTA solution for 30 min each time. The contents of Cu2+
214 kDa), chloroacetic acid, epichlorohydrin (ECH), triethylenete- and Pb2+ ions were measured by atomic absorption spectropho-
tramine (TETA), glutaraldehyde (GA), copper nitrate (CuNO3), lead tometer (Control AA 700, Analytik Jena AG, Germany).
nitrate (PbNO3), and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic were pur-
chased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai,
3. Results and discussion
China). Hydrochloric acid and other chemicals were of reagent
grade in this study.
3.1. Characterizations of CSTEC

2.2. Preparation of carboxymethyl chitosan The synthesis route of CSTEC was shown in Fig. S1. Cotton fiber
was firstly crosslinked with the epichlorohydrin to obtain the
Carboxymethyl chitosan was synthesized according to the pre- epoxy cotton, followed by the preliminary modification with TETA,
vious method (Mohamed and Sabaa, 2014) with a minor modifica- finally modified with carboxymethyl chitosan with the presence of
tion. Briefly, 10 g of chitosan was dispersed in the flask with 12 g of glutaraldehyde. According to the staining method, the amounts of
NaOH and 100 mL isopropanol for 1 h at room temperature. Chlor- amine and carboxyl groups were determined with a spectropho-
oacetic acid (0.1 M) was dissolved in the isopropanol, then adding tometer by using the acidic and basic dye, respectively (Hu et al.,
Y. Niu et al. / Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368 65

2002). The amounts of amine and carboxyl groups were the raw cotton, the thermogravimetric curve of CSTEC was similar
1.02 mmol g1 and 0.24 mmol g1, respectively. with that of the raw cotton. The maximum decomposition temper-
The surface morphology of the sample was analyzed by scan- ature for the CSTEC decreased from 330 C to 320 C, respectively.
ning electron microscopy (SEM) in Fig. S2(ac). Compared to the Results indicated that the modification of cotton fiber slightly
raw cotton, the surface roughness of the CSTEC increased, which reduced the thermal stability.
was favorable for the effective adsorption of metal ions. From
SEM micrograph of CSTEC adsorbed with Pb(II), glossy and bright 3.2. Adsorption study
spots were presented on the surface of CSTEC, indicating the Pb
(II) ions appeared on the CSTEC through reaction with adsorption 3.2.1. Effect of pH on the adsorption
sites. EDS spectra of raw cotton and CSTEC were recorded during Adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC were
the SEM investigation. The elements in the raw cotton and CSTEC investigated at different pH values (25). In order to avoid the for-
from the EDX analysis were illustrated in Table 1. Compared with mation of hydroxide precipitation, the pH value in the solution was
the raw cotton, nitrogen atom appeared on the surface of CSTEC chosen in the range from 2.0 to 5.0. As shown in the Fig. 1a, results
along with the other elements like carbon and oxygen. It was indi- indicated that adsorption capacity significantly depended on ion
cated the successful functionalization with TETA and car- pH values in the solution, and there were similar trends for the
boxymethyl chitosan on the cotton fiber. Besides, the photo of removal of two kinds of metal ions by CSTEC. Adsorption capacities
CSTEC adsorbed with Cu(II) showed the dark blue (Fig. S2d), generally increased with increasing pH value, and there had been
whereas the color of CSTEC was pale yellow. almost no adsorption at pH 2.0. At lower pH in the solution, large
Fig. S3a showed the ATR-FTIR spectra of chitosan, OCS, raw cot- numbers of hydrogen ions would compete with Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions
ton, and CSTEC. For the chitosan, the characteristic peaks appeared for the adsorption sites, leading to the lower adsorption amount.
at 3440, 1644, 1384, 1152, and 1072 cm1, which were assigned to However, the deprotonated functional groups would chelate with
the vibration of AOH and ANH (stretching), AC@O (stretching) and Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions under higher pH conditions. Moreover, the car-
ANH (bending), ACAH (deformation), ACN (stretching), and ACAO boxylate anions (ACOO) on the CSTEC were available under the
(stretching) (Yan et al., 2011), respectively. Compared with the chi- high pH condition and showed a strong electrostatic attraction
tosan, the new peak appeared at 1421 cm1 in the spectra of OCS, with metal ions in the solution. Therefore, the optimum pH value
which was assigned to the stretching vibration of carboxy group was 5.0 for CSTEC in the subsequent experiments.
(ACOO), indicating that the introduction of the carboxymethyl
groups on the chitosan. After the formation of O- 3.2.2. Adsorption kinetics studies
carboxymethylation modification, the band of C6OH for chitosan Fig. 2 showed the relationship between adsorption capacities
at 1029 cm1 disappeared; this also demonstrated that car- and contact time for the removal of metal ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+).
boxymethylation mainly occurred via C6OH of chitosan (Baran From the curves of adsorption kinetics, there were similar trends
and Mentes, 2016). Compared with the raw cotton, the intensity for the removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions by the CSTEC, and the adsorp-
of the peak in the band range from 3000 to 3500 cm1 was obvi- tion capacities increased with the contact time and initial concen-
ously strengthened and the adsorption peak was broadened on trations. The fast-increasing rates were observed at the beginning
the CSTEC. It was due to the stretching vibration of amine groups stage, attributing to the more available adsorption sites of adsor-
(ANH2) grafted on the CSTEC. Moreover, the new peak at bents at this stage. There were a large number of functional groups
1413 cm1 (ACOO) appeared on the CSTEC, indicating that car- (AOH, ACOOH, and ANH2) for binding with metal ions by com-
boxymethyl chitosan were grafted on the cotton fiber. The XRD plexation reaction, ion exchange or electrostatic attraction. More
patterns of raw cotton and CSTEC were shown in Fig. S3b. In the and more available adsorption sites were utilized by metal ions
pattern of raw cotton, three obvious diffraction peaks appeared later, and fewer and fewer sites could be combined with metal
at 2h = 14.3, 16.8, and 22.7, corresponding to (1 1 0), (1 1 0) and ions. Thus, metal ions were difficult to approach the surface of
(2 0 0) crystallographic planes of cellulose, respectively (Isogai CSTEC due to the repulsive forces. The adsorption process for
et al., 1989). For the CSTEC, the diffraction peaks became weaker, Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC reached equilibrium after
indicating that the crystallinity of fibers decreased. This phe- 60 min. In addition, the equilibrium time increased slightly with
nomenon may be explained by the fact that the modification reac- the higher concentration of metal ions, which was due to the com-
tion has destroyed the orderliness of the structure for the fibers. petition of more metal ions for binding with the functional groups
The thermal stability of the fabricated samples was also investi- on the CSTEC. Moreover, nonporous adsorbents usually have high
gated by thermogravimetric analysis. As shown in Fig. S3c, the adsorption rate because the adsorption occurs on the surface of
thermogravimetric curves of raw cotton in the mass loss exhibited adsorbents. Therefore, CSTEC could be used for the quick control
three stages between 25 and 700 C. The first stage during the tem- of accidental pollution by toxic metals. In addition, the adsorption
perature range from 25 to 200 C was mainly due to the loss of kinetic mechanism is investigated by using Lagrange kinetic mod-
moisture with the mass loss of about 5%. After that, the mass loss els (Ho and Mckay, 1998). The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-
rate increased at the range from 200 to 400 C, there was a major second-order model are the most common model. The pseudo-
loss of 72.8%, which was due to serious degradation and carboniza- first-order model is generally expressed as follows:
tion in the amorphous region. The maximum decomposition tem-
k1
perature was 330 C. At the third stage from 400 to 700 C, the logqe  qt log qe  t 1
2:303
thermal decomposition showed higher stability. Compared with

Table 1
Elements in the samples from EDX analysis.

Samples Elements (at.%)


C O N Total
Raw cotton 62.75 37.25 100
CSTEC 46.98 40.34 12.68 100
66 Y. Niu et al. / Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368

Fig. 1. (a) Effect of pH on the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC, (b) adsorption isotherm for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC, effect of co-existing ions on the
adsorption of (c) Cu2+ and (d) Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC.

Fig. 2. Effect of contact time on the adsorption of (a) Cu2+ and (b) Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC.

where qe and qt represent the amounts of adsorbed metal ions at mechanism of metal ions on the CSTEC. Adsorption rates of metal
equilibrium and at any time t (min), respectively. The k1 (min1) ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) in the solution by the CSTEC were mainly con-
is the rate equilibrium constant of the first-order model. The trolled by the coordination and complexation (Mahfouz et al.,
pseudo-second-order kinetic equation is expressed as follows: 2015).

t 1 t
2
qt k2 q2e qe 3.2.3. Adsorption isotherm studies
Fig. 1b showed the relationships between adsorption capacity
where k2 (g mg1 min1) is the rate equilibrium constant of second- and equilibrium concentration of metal ions in the solution. It
order model. Table 2 presented the kinetic parameters for the was shown from the Fig. 1b that, the adsorption capacities
adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by the CSTEC. By comparing the correl- increased with the equilibrium concentrations of metal ions. In
ative coefficient (R2) of kinetics model, it was revealed that the addition, adsorption amounts of Pb2+ ions were higher than those
second-order model was more suitable for describing adsorption of Cu2+ ions on the CSTEC. In general, Langmuir isotherm and
Y. Niu et al. / Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368 67

Table 2
Kinetic parameters for the removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions by the CSTEC.

Metals C0 (mg L1) qe,exp (mg g1) Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order


1 1
k1 (min ) qe,cal (mg g ) R2
k2 (g mg1 min1) qe (mg g1) R2
Cu(II) 100 40.30 0.0783 46.30 0.9889 2.32 44.64 0.9965
200 62.19 0.0820 80.37 0.7986 0.92 72.46 0.9921
300 73.94 0.0737 105.85 0.9663 0.76 86.21 0.9946
Pb 100 35.89 0.0456 30.80 0.9707 1.73 40.82 0.9978
200 73.78 0.0829 120.61 0.9234 0.85 84.75 0.9938
300 86.39 0.0755 124.71 0.9103 0.78 98.04 0.9959

Freundlich isotherm models are usually used for the description of Table 4
the adsorption properties of adsorbents (Wang et al., 2012). The Comparison of adsorption capacities of various adsorbents for the removal of Cu2+ and
Pb2+ ions from the aqueous solution.
Langmuir model can be expressed in the following equation:
Materials Adsorption capacity (mg g1)
Ce 1 Ce
3 Pb(II) Cu(II) References
qe K L qmax qmax
Activated carbon 46.58 Krishnan et al. (2003)
Chitosan-cellulose beads 53.2 Li and Bai (2005)
where Ce (mg L1) and qe (mg g1) are the equilibrium concentra- Carboxymethylated 130.23 Yan et al. (2011)
tions and adsorption amount, qmax (mg g1) is the maximum chitosan
amount. KL (L mg1) is a constant of the Langmuir model. The Crosslinked chitosan with 34.1 35.46 Chen et al. (2008)
ECH
Freundlich isotherm model can be represented as follows:
Glycidyl methacrylate- 84.87 70.4 Hokkanen et al. (2016)
cellulose
1 Chitosan/magnetite 63.33 Tran et al. (2010)
log qe log C e log K F 4
n Aliquat-chitosan 143.30 Cui et al. (2013)
Chitosan-coated sand 12.32 8.18 Wan et al. (2010)
where KF and n are Freundlich isotherm constants. The correspond- Chitosan-tripolyphosphate 57.33 26.06 Ngah and Fatinathan
ing parameters of two types of isotherm model for Cu2+ and Pb2+ (2010)
Polyaniline grafted chitosan 13.23 Karthik and Meenakshi
ions adsorption on the CSTEC were shown in Table 3. It was (2014)
observed that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the Langmuir iso- CSTEC fiber 144.93 95.24 This study
therm were all higher than those of Freundlich model. Therefore,
adsorption process for both Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the CSTEC can
be interpreted by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum 3.2.4. Effect of co-existing ions
amounts of Cu2+ and Pb2+ on the CSTEC were 95.24 and In the natural environment, common ions (K+, Na+, and Mg2+)
144.93 mg g1, respectively. In addition, the Langmuir constant may influence the adsorption of target ions on the adsorbents.
(KL) often describes the affinity of binding sites with metal ions. Experiments were carried out using KCl, NaCl, and MgCl2 as the
The values of KL for Cu2+ ions were greater than those for Pb2+ ions interferents. Fig. 1(c and d) showed the effect of co-existing ions
on the CSTEC. It indicates that CSTEC has better affinity for Cu2+ ions on the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ on the CSTEC. Results showed
than Pb2+ ions. Moreover, assuming that the adsorption capacity that the increasing concentrations of co-existing cations resulted
was obtained as the millimole per gram instead of milligram per in the lower capacities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ on the CSTEC. It can be
gram, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+ ions on the adsor- explained by the reason that the co-existing ions have similarities
bents was higher than that of Pb2+ ions, indicating that the adsorp- with divalent ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) in physical and chemical prop-
tion sites of fibers were more favorable for combining with Cu2+ erties, which would compete with M2+ for binding the adsorption
ions. sites on the adsorbents. However, the influence of co-existing ions
Table 4 compared the adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ was not significant at the limited concentrations.
ions on the CSTEC with various adsorbents. The maximum adsorp-
tion capacities of CSTEC were higher than most other adsorbents. 3.3. Reusability and stability
Better adsorption performance of CSTE for the removal of Cu2+
and Pb2+ ions from the aqueous solution was due to more active Generally, the desorption of metal ions from used adsorbents
sites of adsorbents. Moreover, the large part of CSTEC is made up was carried out using acidic solutions (HCl and HNO3) and EDTA
of cotton fiber, so the adsorbents are less expensive than most of salts. As the strong chelating property of EDTA reported in the pre-
other adsorbents. vious research, 100 mM Na2EDTA was used to regenerate the used
CSTEC with desorption time of 30 min each time. It was clear from
Table 3
the Fig. 3 that, the adsorption capacities of Cu2+ and Pb2+ decreased
Adsorption isotherm parameters for Cu2+ and Pb2+ on the CSTEC. slightly after each use. CSTEC showed excellent reusability in the
treatment of contaminated water by Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions.
Isotherm model CSTEC
Cu(II) Pb(II)
4. Conclusions
1
Experimental qm (mg g ) 92.28 137.30
Langmuir qmax (mg g1) 95.24 144.93 Novel functional cotton fibers were synthesized, characterized,
KL (L mg1) 0.0341 0.0170 and applied in the removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the aqueous solu-
R2 0.9980 0.9924
tion. The adsorption kinetics could be well expressed by the
Freundlich KF 14.38 10.37 second-order kinetics model. Compared with most of reported
1/n 0.3035 0.4200
adsorbents, CSTEC has the higher adsorption capacity. CSTEC could
R2 0.9691 0.9660
be reused six times with the slight decrease of adsorption capacity.
68 Y. Niu et al. / Bioresource Technology 229 (2017) 6368

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