‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-1 Triaxial Tests on Sand In this tutorial, RS? will be used to model the behavior of sand in triaxial loading conditions. considering both drained and undrained behavior. Loose sands. while shearing in drained triaxial test, show a hardening behavior and decrease in volume (compaction). In undrained triaxial test, (very) loose sands will undergo static liquefaction. The deviatoric mechanism (shear yield surface) of the Softening /Hardening model in RS? 1s adequate for simulating such behavior. Note that this model in its simplest form has one additional model parameter than that of the elasto-perfect-plastic Mohr Coulomb model. Topies covered + Determining material properties from experimental data + Drained triaxial tests on sand Dp= 162% VOLUMETRIC STRAIN (82 STRESS RATIO 0,/a, AXIAL STRAIN (x2 Figure 1: Drained triaxial tests Results on loose Karlsruhe sand (after Kolymbas and Wu 1990) Rs2v9.0 Tutorial ManvalProblem ‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-2 Material Properties ‘The aim of this tutorial is to provide the reader with instructions for modeling triaxial tests on sand in RS?. Triaxial tests are the most common element tests performed on geomaterials in order to analyze their mechanical behavior. This tutorial will begin by explaining the procedure for using the experimental data to identify the material properties and evaluate the constitutive model parameters. Following this. the process of building the model in RS*_as well as incorporating the loading conditions of the triaxial test will be described. Kolymbas and Wu [1] performed a series of triawial tests on a variety of, samples of granular materials: this included drained triaxial tests on loose Karlsruhe sand. In “Fundamentals of Plasticity in Geomechanics [2]. Pietruszczak presents the experimental results of undrained triaxial tests on several different sands. including samples of very loose Banding sand. Both references provide a good collection of experimental data on the mechanical behavior of loose. medium and dense sand samples in triaxial tests. This tutorial will provide the reader with instructions to identify the material properties and constitutive model parameters from the experimental data and applying them in numerical modelling of their mechanical behavior in RS? ‘The material properties for the sands used in the triaxial tests were not provided in [1] and [3]. However. the experimental data can be used to derive the key parameters. In the Softening/Hardening model in RS? these parameters are the cohesion. friction angle. dilation angle and the hardening parameter. The process involves plotting a failure line (in p-a plane). using the failure states obtained from experimental data. to calculate the friction angle and cohesion. and plotting the increasing mobilized friction angle against the deviatoric stress to approximate the hardening parameter A. The dilation angel or the zero dilation angle can also be evaluated form the variation of volumetric strain versus the mobilized friction angle. Drained Triaxial Tests ‘The following section of tutorial will describe the process used to derive the key material properties for the loose Karlsruhe sand from the experimental data given in [1] Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-3 The Elastic Properties (Blastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio) ‘The elastic modulus of geomaterials is usually dependent on the level of stress. This option is available through nonlinear elastic models in RS? however for simplicity. we are using a constant elastic modulus for loose Karlsruhe sand, which is averaged over the stress range in the experiments in Figure 1. The elastic modulus can be identified form the variation of q with c, at the initial stages of the test where this variation is linear (where usually q is less than 50% of its ultimate value). ‘The value of Elastic modulus for this sand is £ = 70000 kPa anda typical value of Poisson's ratio for sand # = 0.35 was also chosen, The Failure Line (Fiction Angle and Cohesion) ‘The experimental data given in [1] includes plots of stress ratio versus axial strain, as well as volumetric strain versus axial strain, for a range of different confining stress values ‘The failure states in terms of p, q are used to identify the strength of the ‘material (the convention is compression positive). The yield surface of the deviatoric hardening mechanism of the Softening/Hardening model is presented in equation 1 _ aang 0. M= Feese-sindsing a-M(v+555) a At failure the mobilized friction angle (¢) reaches to its final value (,) ‘Thus the failure line can be expressed as sings FFese-singsme, Now by plotting the failure states in terms of (p, q) and finding the best fit regression line to them one can find the strength characteristics of this model. In Figure 2 a best-fit line was evaluated using Microsoft Excel and the equation is shown below Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-4 Figure 2: Plot of the failure line from the triaxial tests ‘The equation of the failure line shown in Figure 2 is: q = 12381p + 19.315 Comparing equation 3 with the equation of the regression line and considering that this is a triaxial test. the angle @ is equal to we can solve for the unknown parameters in the Mohr.Coulomb yield surface equation Prction Anele ésin fife = 2301 saan) 1 (3M o oy sin? (S) «309 Cohesion ane; vyatstangy 191386 = BESNe, _ PATS 30) «547g i om In above. the failure line was plotted using the stress states at failure observed in triaxial test under different confining pressures. The equation of the regression line was used to determine the friction angle and the cohesion of the Karlsruhe sand. 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-5 The Hardening Behavior ‘The other important parameter that needs to be evaluated is the hardening parameter. The hardening parameter can be determined by plotting of the tangent of mobilized friction angle versus the deviatoric strain. and using the equation of the best fit curve to solve for the required parameter. ‘The hardening rule for the deviatoric mechanism is tang =tangy hy ° Where gis the mobilized friction angle and g, is the failure friction angle that was previously determined. In this tutorial. since the elastic strains are negligible compared to the plastic strains, for the purpose of this curve fitting. it is assumed that e? ~ ¢,. Therefore. the plastic deviatoric strain is approximately equal to the total deviatoric strain. In order to plot the hardening behavior the deviatoric strain is required ‘The graph given in [1] gives the volumetric strain and the axial strain ‘which can be used to solve for the deviatoric strain. The deviatoric strain can be calculated using the following equation: 2-8) “ ‘The second value needed to plot the hardening behavior is the tangent of mobilized friction angle corresponding to each deviatoric strain value. From the mean stress (p) and deviatoric stress (q) of each data point of experimental results. M can be calculated using Equation 1 and the values of cohesion and failure friction angle that have been previously calculated. Next. the value of the mobilized friction angle at each point can be calculated by using the definition of M in Equation 1. ‘The tangent of friction angles will be used in the plot of hardening behavior. The following figure shows a plot of the tangent of mobilized friction angle versus the deviatoric strain for all of the different confining pressure tests conducted. Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaxial Tests on Sand 37-6 Figure 3: Hardening behavior for the triaxial tests ‘The hardening law is given in equation 3. The failure friction angle has already been determined. therefore the only unlmown parameter is A. the hardening parameter. Equation 3 was plotted in Excel on the same plot as the hardening behavior from the triaxial tests and the value of A was varied until a best fit curve was obtained, The value of the hardening parameter is typically in the range of 5-10% of the deviatoric strain at failure. In this example. the value of the hardening parameter that produced the best fit curve shown in figure 4 was determined to be A=0.0075, ~ Figure 4: Hardening behavior for the triaxial tests with the best fit curve 52490 Tutorial Manval‘iaial Tests on Sand 37-7 The Dilation /Zero-Dilation Angle ‘The last parameter to be determined is the Dilation or Zero-Dilation angle, The behavior of loose sand shown in figure 1 does not show any dilation andall samples show compaction while shearing. For that reason using even a zero dilation angle would not be correct. In such cases it is best to use a Zero-Dilation angle which is very close to the failure friction angle, For example for this case the zero-dilation angle of y = 30° would be adequate Undrained Triaxial Tests ‘The following section of the tutorial will detail the process used to determine the key material properties for the Banding sand from the experimental data given in [2]. This procedure is similar to that used for the drained sand test: a (p-q) failure line was plotted to calculate the friction angle and cohesion, and the tangential friction angle was plotted against the deviatoric stress to approximate the hardening parameter, The Failure Line (Fiction Angle and Cohesion) ‘The (p-a) plot for the Banding sand provided in [2] is shown in Figure 5 ‘The stress path clearly shows the static liquefaction of the sample ‘As seen in this figure a section of the stress path for the p values of roughly 0 kPa and 100 kPa is rather linear 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaxial Tests on Sand 37-8 ‘This linear segment represents the failure line. Therefore to identify the ultimate cohesion and friction angle. a point on this failure line was selected (p = 100 kPa and q= 195 kPa) as the state of stress at failure and plotted in p-q space. Since this is a very loose sand. it was assumed that cohesion is zero and thus the failure line passes through the origin. ‘The failure line was created by drawing a line that passes through the point and the origin. The failure line is shown in the following figure Figure 6: Deviatoric Stress versus Mean Stress plotted to show the failure line for the Banding Sand triaxial test. ‘The equation of the failure line shown in Figure 6 is: q=125p ‘The same procedure used for the drained test was used to solve the ‘material properties in this example Prction Anele ésinoy 3=sng; -1 (3M, e oy =a (280) =a Cohesion c= 0kPa ‘Thus. the peal: friction angle for the Banding sand was determined to be 31.1° As previously mentioned. since the line passes through the origin the cohesion is zero 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-9 The Hardening Behavior ‘Once again, a plot of tangential friction angle versus deviatoric strain was created in order to calculate the hardening parameter. For simplicity and without any significant loss of accuracy in the evaluation of the hardening parameter. it was assumed that the elastic strains are negligible compared to plastic strains zero and thus the plastic deviatoric strain is approximately equal to the total deviatoric strain. It is important to note that since the tests are undrained and water is not allowed to drain from the sample. the volume of sample is constant and thus volumetric strain is zero. ‘The lateral strain was calculated using Equation 4 @ Following this. the deviatoric strain was calculated using Equation 9: fq = Fe, — 3) = & © In order to determine the tangential friction angle, the value M was calculated for each point. At each point. the mean effective stress (p) and deviatoric stress (q) values that were previously calculated can be used to determine the value of M using Equation 1, and the values of cohesion and failure friction angle that have been previously calculated. Finally. the mobilized friction angle at each point can be calculated from the value of M. The tangent of the mobilized friction angle calculated using this equation will be used to plot the hardening behavior Figure 9: Hardening behavior for the triaxial test on the Banding sand ‘sample 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaxial Tests on Sand 37-10 Figure 9 shows the hardening behavior for the single test on the Banding sand sample Once again. the value of the hardening parameter (A) was varied in the hardening equation (Equation 3) until a best fit curve was obtained for the data. A value of A = 0.0075 was determined to provide the best fit: the curve is shown in the figure below. Figure 10: Hardening behavior for the triaxial test on the Banding sand sample along with the best fit curve. The Dilation /Zero-Dilation Angle To simulate the static liquefaction or a behavior close that the Zero. Dilation angle option should be used and the value for this parameter should he very close to the failure friction angle. For this case the zero dilation angle is chosen to be equal to the failure friction angle y= o, = 310° Summary of Material Properties ‘The following tables show the material properties determined for the loose Karlsruhe sand and the Banding sand Karlsruhe Sand Elastic Modulus 7O000KPa Poisson’s Ratio 0.35 Failure Friction Angle 30.9" Cohesion 9.3KPa Zero-Dilation Angle 30.0" Hardening Parameter 0.0075 Table 1: Summary of Material Properties for the loose Karlsruhe sand. 52490 Tutorial ManvalModel ‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-11 BandingSand Elastic Modulus ‘Z1000KPa Poisson’s Ratio 0.35 Failure Friction Angle BL Cohesion ‘OkPa Zero-Dilation Angle BL Hardening Parameter 0.0075 Table 2: Summary of Material Properties for the Banding sand. ‘The following section of this tutorial will describe the process for constructing a model in RS2 that will replicate the triaxial tests. This process includes entering the model geometry and loading conditions from the triaxial testing setup. as well as entering the correct material properties for the sands that is heing modeled. Project Settings Open the Project Settings dialog from the Analysis menu and select the General tab. Select Axisymmetric for the analysis type. (rings z Select the Stages tab. Change the number of stages to 51 as shown in the following figure Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-12 ena snes Se conte NeveetSiner HF Sone Geometry As previously mentioned. an axisymmetric analysis is being performed. ‘The RS2 model therefore consists of an axisymmetric cylinder with unit height. This will appear as a Im by 1m square in RS2, Select Boundaries —» Add External 1. Enter the coordinates (0.0) in the prompt line and hit enter to set the first point Continue to define the remainder of the shape by entering the coordinates (0.1), (1.1) and (1.0) in the prompt line 3. Hit enter to close the shape. This represents the axisymmetric cylinder in RS2, as shown in the following figure RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-13 Mesh ‘Add the finite element mesh by selecting Mesh Setup from the Mesh ‘menu, In the mesh setup dialog change the Element Type to 8 Noded Quadrilaterals. Since this is only material test one element would be enough for the simuations Mech Setup Mesh end DiscetaationSetthgs esr Type: (cradec > emer Tyee: (etic Quectiteras ~ ietonrce oa cefel Naber fdes n Bera + (Giaecs) Ean) a) Ge) Click the Discretize button and then the Mesh button. RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-14 Loading ‘Triaxial tests on sand are performed by applying a hydrostatic confining pressure on the sample and then applying an axial load/displacement ‘The confining stress can be modelled in RS2 by applying a constant field strese with a constant distributed uniform load on the boundaries Select Loading — Field Stress For these models in RS2 the horizontal stress and the vertical stress will both be set equal to the confining stress. which represents the initial hydrostatic conditions ‘The following figure shows the Field Stress conditions entered for the triaxial test on the loose Karleruhe sand with a confining stress of 100 kPa: both the horizontal stress and vertical stress have been set at 100 kPa. Fil Sve Properties FallseenToe: [Conn int Stee Comp +) vert Suess, Cano +) (ered >>) Select Loading > Distributed Loads —»Add Uniform Load. In addition to the field stress being applied. a uniform distributed load will be applied to the surfaces of the axisymmetric cylinder. The distributed load is also equal to the confining stress. This balances the field stress such that the confining stress is constant throughout the model. and ensures there will be no displacements in the initial stage of the model before any axial load is applied. ‘The following figure shows the Distributed Load applied for the triaxial test on the loose Karlsruhe sand. a confining stress of 100 kPa is being used RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-15 orn en 2 om obaadey ete roa ec Ohgetonbort AP awe Ga Gel Pisoni ‘This uniform load is applied to the top and right edges of the RS model ‘as these correspond to the surface of the axisymmetric cylinder. RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-16 Boundary Conditions In these models. the boundary conditions must he set in order to replicate the triaxial testing conditions. Since this is an axisymmetric analysis. the left edge of the model will be restrained in the X direction. The bottom edge is restrained in the Y direction In order to produce the loading conditions from the triaxial testing incremental displacements will be applied. The total axial strain from these tests can easily be converted to a displacement since the model has, unit height: this displacement will then be divided over the 50 loading stages and applied to the model incrementally. Drained Triaxial Test ‘An incremental vertical displacement was applied to the model in the drained triaxial test. and the night edge of the model was left asa free surface. The maximum axial strain observed in the tests on the Karlsruhe sand was 20%, which corresponds to a displacement of 0.2m. for a model with unit height. This displacement was divided evenly into 50 increments, so an incremental displacement of 0.004m was applied in each stage Select Displacements -» Selection Mode > Pick by Boundary Nodes ‘This will ensure that the displacements can be correctly applied to the boundary nodes. Now the incremental displacements can be applied Select Displacements -» Set Displacement Nodal Displacement [Zoelscenerin he arene ° (elcome te dechen 22 Wisin dporenene [Sine Bewr) (eset Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-17 Next. click on the Stage Factor tab and set the stage factors as follows ‘This corresponds to an incremental stage factor of 1/60 or 0.02 per stage Select the three nodes on the top surface of the model and hit enter to apply these displacements. The following figure shows the first displacement increment applied to the model RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-18 Undrained Triaxial Test A ssimilar procedure was used to apply the incremental displacements to model of the drained triaxial test. However. an additional step is required for the undrained test. Since the water is not allowed to escape in the undrained test. and water is incompressible. no volume change occurs in this test. Therefore, in order to maintain a constant volume in the RS2 ‘model. a positive horizontal displacement equal to half of the negative vertical displacement was applied to the right edge of the axisymmetric model ‘The total axial strain recorded in the test was 20%. corresponding to a displacement of 0.2m in the negative Y direction. This was divided into displacement increments that were applied over the 50 stages. The total horizontal displacement was set at 0.1m in the Positive X direction ‘which is one half of the axial (vertical) displacement. This displacement ‘was divided into increments as well. Select Displacements -» Set Displacement Click on the nodes on the left side and middle of the top edge of the model to set the displacements for the top surface. Enter the Nodal Displacements as follows. [Wlossacenenem ne» dren ° [Wlossncenentn te deco a2 i) (Ceres) ‘The displacement increments are not identical in all of the stages. as they ‘were in the drained triaxial test model. Instead, smaller increments have been used in the early stages. while larger increments are used in the later stages. Click on the Stage Factors button. The following figure shows the stage factors used for the first 95 stages RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-19 Select Displacements -» Set Displacement We are now setting the displacements for the node at the top-right corner of the model, so select the node and hit enter. This node will have both a vertical and a horizontal displacement. Set the Nodal Displacements as follows. Nodal Dipacement = {ioedacanenen thx érecen or Wioedacanentn th drecten fl a2 Osedesicinere [_ Sano baw a Click on the Stage Factors button. The stage factors used will be identical to those used for the displacements of the top edge of the model Select Displacements -» Set Displacement ‘We will now set the displacements for the final nodes on the right edge of the model: these are the nodes in the middle and bottom corner of the right edge. These nodes will only have horizontal displacements. Set the Nodal Displacements as follows RS2¥90 Tutorial Manvallosebcerentin he drectan i [Plotelscenertin they drecten fa) Coeds (Bib) aa ‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-20 Click on the Stage Factors button. Once again, we will be using the same stage factors ‘The following figure shows the first incremental displacement applied to the Banding sand model. nope rzpou RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-21 Materials Drained Triaxial Test Select Properties -» Define Materials. ‘The material properties for the Karlsruhe sand will now be entered in the RS2 model. In the elastic properties menu set the Poisson's Ratio equal to 0.35 and the Young's Modulus to 70000 kPa Set the Failure Criterion as “Softening Hardening Model’. and enter the values for friction angle and cohesion that were calculated earlier in the ‘tutorial. The value of the tensile strength is not important for this model anda typical value of 10 kPa was used eesoneriany (esas) Click on Model Properties. and select the Cone Property tab in the Model Properties dialog. The hardening and dilation parameters will be entered an this window. The hardening parameter (B=0.0075) determined earlier in the tutorial is entered as the Hardening Property. Next. the zero: dilation angle (30°) is entered. The option for this parameter is the “Compaction Dilation RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘ixial Tests on Sand 37-22 Undrained Triaxial Test Select Properties —» Define Materials. ‘The material properties for the Banding sand are entered as follows. Similar to the Karlsruhe sand, the value of the Poisson's Ratio was set to 0.35. In addition. a trial error procedure was used to determine the Young's Modulus: once the other parameters had been entered. its value was varied until the RS2 model data matched the experimental data, Set the Failure Criterion as “Softening Hardening Model’. and enter the values for friction angle and cohesion that were calculated earlier in the tutorial. The value of the tensile strength was set to 0 kPa since the cohesion is also zero 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-23 eet a reeset es (i) cn ae Click on Model Properties. and select the Cone Property tab in the Model Properties dialog. The hardening and dilation parameters will be entered an this window. The hardening parameter (B=0.0075) determined earlier in the tutorial is entered as the Hardening Property. Next. the zero: dilation angle (31 5°) is entered with the “Compaction Dilation’ option. RS2¥90 Tutorial ManvalCompute ‘TWiaial Tests on Sand 37-24 Interpret Now that the material properties and loading conditions have been entered. the results can now be computed. Before you analyze your model, save this as a new file called TriaxialSandTest.fez Select File > Save Save the file as TriaxialSand Test fez. Select Analysis > Compute ‘The RS2 Compute engine will proceed in running the analysis. When completed. you will be ready to view the results in Interpret. From Model, switch to the Interpret program, Select Analysis —> Interpret Comparing the Results ‘Now that the results have been computed. it is possible to compare the results from the RS2 model with the experimental data. Drained Triaxial Test (One of the graphs provided in [1] shows the Stress Ratio versus Axial Strain curves for the experimental triaxial tests conducted on the loose Karlsruhe sand. In order to produce a similar graph using the RS model results, we must collect the data for Sigma 1. Sigma 3 and Axial Strain data for each stage from RS2. For axial strain, we can use the Absolute Vertical Displacement: the model has a unit height therefore the displacement is equal to the axial strain. First select Sigma Las the query [% Soe Select Graph -> Graph Single Point vs. Stage Enter the coordinates (1.1) in the prompt line and hit enter. In the graph query data dialog. select Query Data as the vertical axis and Stage number as the horizontal axis. Select all stages to plot as shown in the figure below. Rs2v9.0 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-25 ee fee 3] (wasee> (aise leesees Wosems (aso? leeseee [assem fea sme Us sees lesson [es sor = Ca coovoes | aie) (ce B 3 2 : zl a / : ff 3 Right click on the graph and click Copy Data. then you will be able to paste the data in Microsoft Excel Repeat the steps above to obtain the data for Sigma 3 and Absolute ‘Vertical Displacement. We can then use Microsoft Excel to calculate the Deviatoric Stress. by finding the difference between Sigma 1 and Sigma 3. As previously mentioned, since our model has a unit height. the absolute vertical displacement is equal to the axial strain. Thus. we now have the Deviatoric Stress and Axial Strain values for each stage In the figure below. the curves of Stress Ratio (0/03) versus Axial Strain from the RS? model results at different confining stresses have been plotted along with the experimental data. in order to compare the two sets of results. As seen in the figure. the two sets of results are in close agreement RS2¥90 Tutorial Manval‘Wixial Tests on Sand 37-26 Graph of Stress Ratio versus Axial Strain for the experimental data and ‘the RS? model results for the Karlsruhe sand. Graph of Volumetric Strain versus Axial Strain for the experimental data and the RS? model results for loose Karlsruhe sand. 52490 Tutorial Manval‘Wiaial Tests on Sand 37-27 Undrained Triaxial Test ‘The same procedure can be used to compare the RS2 model results with the experimental data for the undrained triaxial tests on the banding sand. In this case, experimental data was provided in a graph of deviatoric stress versus deviatoric strain. Repeat the steps above to collect the values of Sigma 1. Sigma 3 and Absolute Vertical Displacement for each stage. Once again. the deviatoric stress can be calculated by finding the difference between Sigma 1 and Sigma 3. As previously mentioned in the "Material Properties’ section of the tutorial, the volumetric strain for the undrained triaxial test is zero and thus the deviatoric strain is equal to the axial strain. which as, previously mentioned is equal to the absolute vertical displacement for a model with unit height ‘Now that we have the RS? model results for deviatoric stress and deviatoric strain at each stage. we can compare the results with the experimental data. The following figure compares the two sets of results once again they are in close agreement. There are some differences between the two sets of data: this may he due to the fact that the RS? ‘model uses a constant value of Young's modulus, while in reality the value varies with stress Graph of Effective Stress path, comparing the experimental data with ‘the RS* model results for the Banding sand. Rs2v9.0 Tutorial ManvalConclu ‘Wiaxial Tests on Sand 37-28 Graph of Deviatoric Stress versus Deviatoric Strain, comparing the experimental data with the RS? model results for the Banding sand. References ‘This aim of this tutorial has been to provide the reader with step by step instructions for using RS2 to model triaxial tests on sand in both drained and undrained conditions, beginning with deriving the material properties for the sand. and subsequently modeling the loading conditions and geometry of the triaxial test in RS2 ‘As shown in the RS2 verification file "Drained and Undrained Triaxial ‘Tests on Sand’. RS2 can be used to model triaxial tests on a number of different sands. These include drained triaxial tests on dense and loose Karlsruhe sand [1]. loose Ottawa sand|3]. dense and loose Hostun Sand [4], as well as undrained triaxial tests on Banding sand and loose Reid Bedford sand [2]. It is left as an exercise for the reader to attempt to build these other models in RS2 [2] D. Kolymbas and W. Wu (1990), “Recent Results of Triaxial Tests with Granular Materials’. Powder Technology. 60, 99-119 [2] S. Pietruszezak (2010), Fundamentals of Plasticity in Geomechanics Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press. [3] K Alshibli and $. Sture (2000), “Shear Band Formation in Plane Strain Experiments of Sand’, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 126. 495.503. [4] T. Schanz and P.A. Vermeer (1996), “Angles of friction and dilatancy of sand’, Géotechnique. 46. 145-151 52490 Tutorial Manval