EE4723 : Digital Communications II
Week 5:
Line coding schemes
(Details and Characteristics)
3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad
Signal element versus data element
3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad
Considerations for PCM Waveforms
DC components
Transmission bandwidth
Power efficiency
Error detection and correction capability
Favorable power spectral density
Adequate timing content Self Synchronization
Noise and Interference Immunity
Cost and Complexity
3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad
Digital Communications EE3723
Digital Communications EE3723
Digital Communications EE3723
Line coding and decoding
1 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 2
Synchronization
Effect of lack of synchronization
3 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 4
Polar NRZ - L and NRZ- I schemes
In NRZ - L, the level of the voltage determines the value of the
bit: RS232
In NRZ - I ( - M or S), the inversion or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit. USB, CD, and Fast - Ethernet
NRZ - L and NRZ - I both have an average signal rate of N/2
Bd.
NRZ - L and NRZ - I both have a DC component problem.
5 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 6
 Example RZ scheme
A system is using NRZ - I to transfer 1 -Mbps data. What Return to zero
are the average signal rate and minimum bandwidth?
Self clocking
Solution
The average signaling rate is S = N/2 = 500 k baud. The
minimum bandwidth for this average baud rate is B min = S
= 500 kHz.

3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 7 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 8

Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester

schemes Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary
In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and
transition at the middle of the bit is used for synchronization. negative.
The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential
Pseudoternary:
Manchester is 2 times that of NRZ. 802.3 token bus and 802.4
Ethernet 1 represented by absence of line signal
0 represented by alternating positive and negative
DS1, E1

3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 9 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 10

PSD of various line codes HDB3 (High Density Bipolar of order 3 code)
Replacing series of four bits that are equal to "0" with a code word
"000V" or "B00V", where "V" is a pulse that violates the AMI law
of alternate polarity and is rectangular or some other shape. The
rules for using "000V" or "B00V" are as follows:

"B00V" is used when up to the previous pulse, the coded signal

presents a DC component that is not null (the number of
positive pulses is not compensated for by the number of
negative pulses).
"000V" is used under the same conditions as above when up to
the previous pulse the DC component is null.
The pulse "B" ("B" for balancing), which respects the AMI
alternancy rule, has positive or negative polarity, ensuring that
two successive V pulses will have different polarity.
3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 11 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 12
 HDB3 Bipolar 8 - Zero Substitution (B8ZS)
The timing information is preserved by embedding it in Adds synchronization for long strings of 0s
the line signal even when long sequences of zeros are North American system
transmitted, which allows the clock to be recovered
Same working principle as AMI except for eight consecutive 0s
properly on reception. 1 00000000 01 + 000 + - 0 - + 01 in general 00000000 000V( - V)0( - V)V
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
The DC component of a signal that is coded in HDB3 is Amplitude

null. Time

Violation Violation

Evaluation
Adds synchronization without changing the DC balance
Error detection possible
Used in T1
3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 13 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 14

Coded Mark Inversion (CMI) Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme

Another modification from AMI: Binary 0 is represented by a half period of Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN
negative voltage followed by a half period of positive voltage
Advantages:
good clock recovery and no d.c. offset
simple circuitry for encoder and decoder compared with HDB3
Disadvantages: high bandwidth

3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 15 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 16

Multitransition: MLT - 3 scheme Summary of line coding schemes

/Bipolar

Plus HDB3 and B8ZS

3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 17 3/19/2013 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications EE3723 18