Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
o.
HAR'OLD POLLARD
ENGINEERING MEDALLIST OF THE HALIFAX (ENG.)
MASTERS FEDERATION OF ENGINEERS
LIEUTENANT, ROYAL AIR FORCE
Nefo gorft
Norfooofc
J. 8. Gushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
PREFACE
CHAPTER TWO
ENGINES ....
The Cycle of Operations .
7
Engine Types
The Rotary Engine .
Compression
Valve Operation ...
... .18
17
The Crankshaft
20
Centrifugal Force Effect .
Order of Firing 23
Lubrication .
30
Cooling Systems
Carburation 34
34
Timing .
Troubles ....
Running the Engine .
.39
CHAPTER THREE
CARBURATION .... .... 43
Carburetor Types
The Beardmore .
vii
... 53
Vlll CONTENTS
PAGE
The Zenith . . .
55
Non-Float Types 56
Effect of Altitude 58
Carburetor Troubles 61
Testing Carburation 64
CHAPTER FOUR
MAGNETOS AND IGNITION .66
Magnetism 66
Principle of
Winding 71
The Magneto 74
Function of Parts 76
The Sparking Plug .79
Magneto Troubles 80
AERO ENGINES, MAGNETOS
AND CARBURETORS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTORY
B 1
2 AEROPLANE ENGINES
possible.
" form
a terra incognita," and delivered in the
with.
SUCTION STROKE
!>1$TON DESCENDING
INIET VAtVl OPEN
DRAWN FROM
CARBURETTER INTO
CYLINDER
power.
From the point of inlet closing until top dead
centre is again reached is what is known as the
is to permit of cooling.
FIG. 5.
POWER STROKE
SPARK OCCURS AT PLUG
POINTS
MfXTURE EXPLODES
PISTON B6ING FORCED
DOWN
.INLET VALVE CLOSED -
ENGINE TYPES
ing.
In the Rotary type, the cylinders are set radially
around a fixed crankshaft, the cylinders and crank-
case revolving. Examples of this type are the
B. R., Le Rhone, Clerget, and Monosoupape.
The Radial engine is in appearance very similar
P."
the direction of C to A .
This, of course, is
VALVE OPERATION
THE CRANKSHAFT
engine crankshaft :
absorbed by it.
C Batik
O
tf
ENGINES 21
general illustration.
Take a particular case the exhaust valve on the
22 AEROPLANE ENGINES
ORDER OF FIRING
present.
The above explanation will probably be better
understood by the following simple example : Take
a plain table supported at each of its corners ;
if
LUBRICATION
COOLING SYSTEMS
by the fitter.
CARBURATION
Carburation has a great effect on the balance
of an engine. If the gas supplied to the cylinders
is evenly distributed and of the same strength to
each cylinder, then there would be a well-balanced
TIMING
It has been stated in a previous chapter that all
cylinder.
3. Turn the camshaft in the direction of rota-
position.
4. Now mesh the timing gears.
5. Adjust the remaining tappet clearances.
Similarly, the ignition timing of any engine can
be accomplished by :
cylinder.
6. Carburetor choked.
c. Petrol tank airbound.
larly :
a. Loss of compression.
6. Faulty mixture.
ENGINES 41
c. Inefficient lubrication.
larly :
a. Magneto trouble.
off:
permanent contact.
7. Vibration unbalanced engine :
incorrect weight ;
this applies particularly
42 AEROPLANE ENGINES
c. Unbalanced propeller.
CHAPTER THREE
CARBURATION
of aviation.
43
44 AEROPLANE ENGINES
haust gases.
If one could look over the history of carburetors,
he would find that the earliest type of carburetor
consisted of a plain jet screwed into the induction
VoWG (IS
KRM.
FIG. 11. Graph No. 2.
R.P.M.
FIG. 12. Graph No. 3.
VoloiGa*
VolotJl*
R.P.M
FIG. 13. Graph No. 4.
CARBURETOR TYPES
Carburetors as a class can be divided into two
sections float type and non-float type carburetors,
or the block-tube type/ the latter being used exclu-
types.
Gasoline enters the base of the float chamber
THE BEARDMORE
A few words on the salient points of the Beard-
more carburetor may be of use to the student.
This carburetor has one particular advantage over
the others, that, up to a flying angle of 45 degrees,
54 AEROPLANE ENGINES
THE ZENITH
The Zenith is almost identical with the Claudel
in construction. The float chamber and its com-
ponent parts are the same, the chief point of di-
NON-FLOAT TYPES
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE
atmospheric pressure.
Experiments have been made with carburetors
set correctly at sea level; when these have been
CARBURETOR TROUBLES
-
Popping Back.
-
Stoppage of Flow of Petrol.
gasoline.
TESTING CARBURATION
MAGNETISM
Before entering into the study of the magneto
n.
Magnetisation.
FIG. 21.
/
with
.,,
unlikeri r /////\>\vvA
case, j5|< ^N
^
poles adjacent, the i \\ \
'
FlQ> 23 '
A^ N N
Fig. 25; that is,
v /
f / ^ ^ ^ \ i
roughly into the
, \
Pole Pisces
FIG. 25. FIG. 26.
magnetism discovered!
PRINCIPLE OF WINDING
fine wire.
caused to rotate in a
or
VoHmetcr
Switch
FIG. 28.
THE MAGNETO
laminated ;
that is, a series of thin stampings of
very soft iron are placed together and the whole
is then fixed by having the end pieces riveted to
them. The reason for this is to reduce what is
fe
FUNCTION OF PARTS
MAGNETO TROUBLES
BY HENRY WOODHOUSE
Member Board of Governors, Aero Club of America; Vice-President
"
Aerial League of America ;
Author of The Textbook on
Military Aeronautics," "The Textbook of
Naval Aeronautics," etc.
Cloth, I2wo
any other one man since the Wrights made their first flights.
BY A. E. MARRIOTT
Camp Physical Director, Army Y. M. C. A., Camp Sevier
WITH A FOREWORD
BY BENJAMIN S. GROSS
of the Welfare Department, Camp Sevier
This book, while intended primarily for the soldier, will still be
of interest and service to any one who desires to develop a system
of personal defense. It seeks to show the stucfent how he may use
his physical attributes to the fullest extent : it demonstrates his
nearly sixty cuts, the pictures having been made especially for
this work.
CONTENTS
PART I THE FRENCH LANGUAGE
CHAPTER CHAPTER
I France VII Pronouns
II The French Language VIII The Verb
III Pronunciation IX Some Remarks on the Verb
IV Gender of Nouns X Vocabularies and Conversa-
V The Article tions
VI Plurals and Feminines XI Correspondence
00
CN
1-0
2
383755