ESL 04 Grammar

& Composition
Harris
Spring 2017
Did you get a good nights sleep and
eat a good breakfast?

because
here we go.
Your First Writing
Assignment
The Before Picture
 Write a paragraph with this topic.
Why are horror movies so popular?

Write on the paper I give you.

Do not ask any questions.
Do not use any notes or neighbors.
You may use your dictionary. (No cell
phones.)
This will not be graded.
 Topic Sentences
ESL 04 Grammar & Composition
Student Learning Outcome #3
 Why are horror movies so
popular?

This question was the topic.

Did you use it as a title?
Dont use the topic information as your topic
sentence or a title.
Did you write 7-10 sentences?
 Why are horror movies so
popular?

This question is asking you for reasons to support an

opinion.
Its not asking if you agree with the opinion.
Give reasons for the stated opinion that horror movies
are popular.
 Topic Sentences

Good Examples Not so Good Examples

I think horror films are First of all, I dont think

popular because they scare everybody likes horror films.
people.
Horror films are so popular
Horror movies are popular because people like them.
because people are amazed
by unnatural things. Today I will talk about
horror movies.
 Topic Sentences
Good Examples
I think horror films have
been so popular because they
make you feel scared and
nervous.
Horror films are popular
because people like to be
scared.
Not so Good Examples
The most popular horror
movie in my opinion is The
Exorcism of Emily Rose.
Horror films are popular
because many people watch
them with their family.
Horror movies are popular
because they are my favorite
movies.
 Topic Sentences
Good Examples Not so Good Examples

Horror films are popular for

many reasons. They are popular for several
reasons.
Reasons why they are
good topic sentences
 I think horror films are popular because
they scare people.
the topic is statedhorror films
the opinion is statedhorror films are popular
a reason is stated that answers the question why
Horror movies are popular because
people are amazed by unnatural things.
the topic is statedhorror films
the opinion is statedhorror films are
popular
1 reason is stated that answers the question
why.
 I think horror films have been popular
because they make you feel scared and
nervous.
the topic is statedhorror films
the opinion is statedhorror films are popular
2 reasons are stated that answers the question why
Horror films are popular because people
like to be scared.
the topic is statedhorror films
the opinion is statedhorror films
are popular
1 reason is stated that answers the
question why.
Horror films are popular for many
reasons.
the topic is statedhorror films
the opinion is statedhorror films are
popular
the writer states that he/she will give more
than one reason in the following sentences
for many reasons
Reasons why they are
not good topic
sentences
 Today I will talk about horror
movies.

Dont make an announcement.

This is not a speech. Formal writing is
different than speech.
First of all, I dont think everybody likes
horror films.
Not the topic
The question is asking for reasons for
a given topic.
Its not asking if you agree with it.
 Horror films are so popular because
people like them.

You are stating two ideas that are the same.

popular = something that people like
People like horror films because people like
horror films.
The most popular movie in my opinion
is The Exorcism of Emily Rose.

Not the topic

It is not asking for an example.
They are popular for many
reasons.
The topic is not stated.
Who or what are They?
Horror films are popular because
many people watch them with
their family.
You are changing the topic.
You have stated a fact that applies to
all types of movies.
The question is asking for reasons for
an opinion.
Horror movies are popular because they
are my favorite movie.
Not the topic.
The topic is not asking about your
likes or dislikes.
Can you write a sentence that is
grammatically correct?
The focus of this class will be
writing grammatically correct
sentences in various patterns for
the purpose of making your
paragraphs interesting.
You will be responsible for
using the following
grammatical structures
in your writing.
Tenses--past, present, future
(simple, perfect, progressive)
Gerunds/Infinitives/Causatives
Relative or Adjective Clauses
Adverb Clauses
(Time/Contrast/Reason/Condition)
Noun Clauses (Subject or Object/Reported
Speech)
Independent or Main Clauses
 Homework Assignment

As a photojournalist, Nicklen has spent a

lot of time in polar waters.
Write sentences in 10 different tenses.
Dont laugh, but this childrens book has
good examples of what you will be
studying this semester.
 Name the tenses.
Identify the complete verb phrase first.
Name the tense. Identify the verb first.
Be careful! (Common student mistake)

1. Pete is going to the pet store.

S AuxV V
Pete is going (to the pet store.) = present
progressive
Aux verb = is Main verb = go+ing

2. Pete is going to get a pet. (Be careful!)

S AuxV V
Pete is going to get a pet. = simple future

Aux verb = is going to Main verb = get

 Identify the verb first.
subject = S; verb = V
3. Pete wants a bird, a hamster, or a lizard.
S V
Pete wants a bird, a hamster, or a lizard. =
simple present
4. Im going to call you Goldie.
AuxV V
Im going to call you Goldie. = simple future
 Examples: This sentence has 5 structures
you are expected to use in your paragraphs.
No European team has ever won a world cup
that has been played in Latin America, but
Spain had hopes of being the first.
Present perfect tensehas won,
has been played (passive)
Simple past tense--had
1 Adjective/relative clause (dependent clause)
2 independent/main clauses (Option 1: FANBOYS)
Gerund after preposition--being
Spain, which had won the World Cup in 2010
for the first time, lost the first two games of
the 2014 World Cup.
How many events are there in this sentence?
2
Which event includes the present in its time frame?
Neither
So, are both events in the past?
Yes
Which event happened first?
The 2010 World Cup
Notice the two tenses: first event = past perfect
second event = simple past
In your notes, change the sentence to as many
different tenses as you can.
Do you know how many tenses there are?
Past, Present, Future
The car belongs to my brother.
 There are 12 tenses.
PRESENT
The car belongs to my brother.
The car *is belonging to my brother.
The car has belonged to my brother.
The car *has been belonging to my brother.
*Be careful. Is a stative/non-action verb used in the
progressive? Read and review the information on
Canvas. (Stative Verbs)
 *Be careful.
Is a stative/non-action verb used in the
progressive?
Read and review the information on Canvas.
PAST
The car belonged to my brother.
The car *was belonging to my brother.
The car had belonged to my brother.
The car *had been belonging to my
brother.
*Be careful. Is a stative/non-action verb used
in the progressive? Read and review the
information on Canvas.
FUTURE (will/be going to)
The car will/is going to belong to my brother.
The car *will be belonging to my brother.
The car will have belonged to my brother.
The car *will have been belonging to my
brother. OR
Gerunds = base + -ing
Gerunds Bob shows Petes painting to
his friend Tom.
Tell me the subject and verb.
Subject = Bob
Verb = shows
What is the gerund form?
base + -ing
Are there any gerunds in this sentence?
painting = gerund= object of the verb
Gerunds During World Cup 2014, the
media kept talking about the surprising
successes of the USA team.
gerund = talking
Is During a gerund?
No, its a preposition.
You will be studying objects this semester.
object of the verb
object of the gerund
object of the preposition
Infinitives = to + base form of verb
Pete paints another picture of
Goldie to take to school for show
and tell.
How many infinitive phrases do
you see?
1 (to + base form of verb take=
infinitive of purpose)
What is to school?
prepositional phrase = (to + noun)
How many infinitive phrases do you see?
 How many infinitive phrases do
you see?
1 = to do
What about? He has to feed Goldie.
What is the subject?
He
What is the auxiliary verb and main verb?
aux = has to
main verb = feed
Another example of auxiliary verb
has to

S Aux Main Verb

He has to do homework.
 Causative Verbs

Make
Let
Have
Get
Help
Causative verbs = to cause someone or
something else to do something.
make/have/let/help/get
These onions are making me cry.
The policeman had the driver pull over onto
the side of the road.
My tablet wont let me use a CD.
The appendices at the back of the book have
been helping me remember my grammar.
My husband has gotten the sales manager to
lower the price.
 Relative/Adjective
Clauses
A clause is a group of words
with a subject and verb
combination.
Relative Clauses (aka Adjective)
Last week, MacDonalds sold Happy Meals,
which had books instead of toys inside.
What does an adjective do?
It describes a noun.
What does this sentence describe?
Happy Meals
What had books instead of toys inside?
Happy Meals
 Adverb Clauses
Time/Condition/Reason
(and others)
Do you see any information about time ?
 Time Clause

Which one is a time clause? (a

group of words with a subject-
verb combination)
S V
when Pete gets home
 Time Clauses (Adverb)

S
The TV fell off the cabinet when the dog
V
was chasing the cat around the room.
S V
Ever since my car broke down , Ive been
taking the bus to school.
After the classS isV over, lets go get some
lunch.
 Reason Clauses (Adverb)

I dont watch scary movies alone at night

S V
because every noise will make me jump
off the couch.
S V
Since they installed the stoplight, the
intersection at Dogwood and Aten has
been much safer.
 Contrast Adverb Clause

Although itS isV early, most students came to

class on time.
S
Even though the price of the text with black
V
and white pictures is cheaper, many
students still want color pictures.
While the droughtS in California is gettingV
worse, many businesses are not using less
water.
 Conditional clauses(Adverb)
(Something must happen first.)
S V
If you dont come to class the first
day, you will be dropped.
Dont look at anyone elses test unless
S V
you want to get a zero.
Would you get a college degree even if
S V V
you had to work full-time, raise a
V
family, and go to school part-time?
Noun clause = a group of
words with a subject and a
verb combination
It can be the subject or
the object in a sentence.
 Do you see any noun clauses?

What was waiting for the run-away

teenager at homeS wasV not a surprise.
The angry, worried parentsS saidV it was an
unbelievable feeling and only a parent
would understand itO.
Thats what I want, he tells his mom.

S V S V
That s [ what I want ]
noun clause
Do you see any noun clauses?
 A noun clause answers the question
who or what.
S V
Pete knows what?

S V S V O
Pete knows [what he can do ] !
noun clause
Reported SpeechNoun Clause
Direct Speech--This is Goldie, my pet
fish, Pete tells his class.

Reported Speech
Pete told his class that that was
Goldie, his pet fish.
 Reported/Indirect Speech
I told my mom (that) I would be home early.
She said (that) dinner would be at 6 pm.
CNN reported that Mt. Everest had moved 3 cm
because of the April 25th earthquake.

Direct Speech:
I will be home early, I told my mom.
Dinner will be at 6 pm, she said.
Mt. Everest moved 3 cm because of the April 25th
earthquake, reported CNN.