DCT Technical Manual For Drillers

Technical Manual
for Drillers
Lo Campino 432 / Quilicura Av. Santa Ana 180

Santiago / Chile Ate Vitarte / Lima - Per
Phone: +56 (2) 620 7800 Phone: +51 (1) 326 0494
www.diamantinachristensen.com w w w. d i a m a n t i n a c h r i s t e n s e n . c o m
SERIES SELECTION TABLE
ROCK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROCK EXAMPLES SERIE N DESCRIPCION
TREND
Extremely abrasive, coarse grained. Soft to Limestone,
slightly hard formations, highly cracked with Sandstone, 2 STANDARD
failures and landslides. Conglomerate
CRACKED
ABRASIVE
SOFT
Very abrasive, medium to coarse grained. Alluvial, 3 FOR VERY ABRASIVE TERRAINS
Soft to slightly hard formations, very cracked Sandstone, Shale,
to slightly cracked. Ophite 4A STANDARD
Abrasive, medium to coarse grained. Garbo, Shale,

Medium hard formations, moderately Andesita, Basalt 6B STANDARD
cracked to slightly cracked.
Moderate abrasive, medium to coarse grained. Pegmatite, 7 STANDARD

Medium hard to hard formations, slightly Garbo, 7B HIGH PENETRATION
cracked to tight. Monzonite
UP+7 VERSATILE IN 4 TO 7 HARDNESS
7F VERSATILE
Slightly abrasive, fine to medium grained. Porphyry, FOR MORE ABBRASIVE CRACKED
Hard and tight formations.
8 TERRAINS
Granite, Gneiss,
Garbo 8B STANDARD
8C VERSATILE OF SERIES 7 TO 9
Slightly abrasive, fine grained. Very hard Diorite, Taconite, 9C STANDARD

and tight formations. Gabbro, Granite
9D HIGH PENETRATION
Non-abrasive. Very fine grained. Chert, Rhyolite, 10A STANDARD, HIGH PENETRATION
Extremely hard and very tight Quartz
formations. TERRAINS WITH VARIABLE FRACTURING,
10C
NON-ABRASIVE
HARDNESS, ABRASIVENESS
UP+10 VERSATILE IN HARDNESS 8 TO 10
10D HIGH PENETRATION
TIGHT
HARD
10E VERSATILE OF SERIES 9 TO 11 ELEMENTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

11
FOR SMALL MACHINES AND/OR
HIGH PENETRATION
HIGH QUALITY MINING DRILLING
CONTENTS
2 PRESENTATION
4 CROWNS
6 Type of crowns
10 Wear patterns of impregnated crowns
16 General criteria for crown selection
21 Drilling guide
25 DRILLING RODS
26 Care and handling of rods
36 DRILLING FLUIDS
38 Success pyramid of drilling
39 How drilling additives work?
41 Some basic recipes
43 Common problems
47 Recommendations and suggestions
49 INFORMATIVE TABLES
64 ACCESORIES AND SEVERAL TOOLS
1
DIAMANTINA CHRISTENSEN
2
PRESENTATION
Diamantina Christensen represents an alliance between
Christensen Chile S.A. and Boyles Bros Diamantina S.A.,
South Americas leading companies in the manufacture and
sale of products for mining exploration.
Diamantina Christensen was founded to serve the needs of our

clients with a complete line of tools and accessories for the dia-
mond drilling industry. Our experience,
technological capability and research allow us to
continuously improve our products. Thus, we have
expanded our line of tools for drilling and spare parts, and also
we are in well positioned to create new products and the im-
prove delivery times. Our team develops solutions tailored for
each client.
Both Chile and Peru plants are ISO 9001:2000 certified. Thereby,
we ensure the highest standards, which reflect our commitment
with total quality.
We hope this way to provide the best possible service to our

clients.
Humberto Arce
General Manager
Diamantina Christensen
3
DIAMANTINA CHRISTENSEN TRADING
4
CROWNS
CORONAS
INTRODUCTION
The diamond tools are essential constituents to any drilling system.

These tools must possess the following
characteristics: Outstanding quality, proper construction and
advanced design.
The above characteristics must be combined to allow completing

a drilling program done at the lowest cost in diamonds. The ideal
is to selecting a full range of diamond tools with the same quality
standards.
5
Type of crowns
1. Inserted or embedded crowns

TRADING
These crowns bear on the surface of the matrix a layer of

inserted diamonds.
CHRISTENSEN
Its application field is in soft and semi-hard formations.

TRADING
Other applications:
- Redirecting wells.
CHRISTENSEN
- Enabling collapsed wells.

DIAMANTINADIAMANTINA
- Removing stuck pipes or fittings.
2. Standard impregnated crowns
The matrix of these crowns is comprised of an alloy of

several metallic powders with high-quality synthetic diamonds.
The different combinations of quantity and types of
metallic powders, such as quantity and size of the
diamonds, give rise to the different sets of crowns
recommended for the various types of terrains to drill.
6
CORONAS
Impregnated crown components
Steel
Body
Matrix
Reinforcement
Diamonds
1. Matrix
It is constructed of metal powders of high melting and welding
point (copper base alloy), and has 3 functions:
a. Attach the steel body of the crown to the diamonds in one
integral unit.
b. Mechanically secure the diamonds on its place to resist
the cutting force.
c. Provide resistance against wear and erosion,
compatible with form and condition of the well.
7
2. Water Ways
These are grooves that allow cooling and transporting the fluid
to prevent the bit from burning or melting. They are also used
to achieve a good sweep of cuttings that is being generated at
the bottom of the shaft.
3. Reinforcement of the diameters

All impregnated crowns are manufactured with tungsten carbi-
de reinforcement and with synthetic diamonds in the inner and
outer diameter to maintain the size of the core and of the shaft
when the crown wears.
The standard crowns are numerically coded from 2 to 11 to
eliminate the confusion caused by the coded crowns and offe-

red by other manufacturers. The harder is the rock type, the
higher the number, i.e. 11 series for harder rocks and series 2
and 4 for soft and abrasive formations.
8
CORONAS
WATERWAYS
STRAIGHT WATERWAY
Profile used in small thin-walled bits.
STEEP WATERWAY
Good evacuation of debris blocking waterways.
WIDE AND STEEP WATERWAY

Standard profile manufactured by BBD.
Very good evacuation of fluid and debris blocking
waterways.
It improves the cleaning conditions of waterways.
TURBO WIDE WATERWAY

Recommended for hard and compact formations.
It decreases pressure on the drill bit.
Good evacuation of fluid and debris blocking waterways.
CHINA HOLE FRONT UNLOADING WATERWAY

Profile recommended for soft and fractured terrains.
It minimizes the contact of fluid with core (washing).
Recommended to drill with triple pipe.
ROUND HOLE FRONT UNLOADING WATERWAY

Profile used in thin-walled bits.
Profile recommended for soft and fractured terrains.
It minimizes the contact of fluid with sample (washing).
Recommended to drill with triple pipe.
9
WEAR PATTERNS
OF IMPREGNATED
CROWNS
NEW IMPREGNATED
CROWN
10
CORONAS
CROWN WITH IDEAL WEAR
The cutting matrix is fully
consumed and the wear pattern
should be relatively flat.
CROWN WITH LOSS OF

INTERIOR DIAMETER
Wear of inside diameter.
Causes
Very high crown penetration speed.
Very cracked terrain.
Drilling over an abandoned core in
the shaft.
Water flow very low.
Very soft matrix.
Solution
Add cement to the shaft.
Increase the rotation speed.
Reduce the weight on the crown.
Change to a lower series crown
(harder matrix).
Increase the water flow.
Check the length adjustment of the
inner tube and ensure that there are
no restrictions to the fluid.
11
CROWN WITH LOSS OF
EXTERIOR DIAMETER
Wear of exterior diameter.
Causes
Vibration.
Very high speed of rotation.
Water flow very low (leaks).
The crown is reaming a shaft of
lesser extent.
Solution
Decrease the rotation speed.

Check the diameter of the reamer.
Add drilling fluid to reduce vibration.
CROWN WITH
OVEREXPOSED DIAMONDS
The matrix is worn before the
diamonds, resulting in a high
exposure of them and premature loss
of the crown useful life.
Causes
Excessive weight over the crown,
very high compared with the
rotation speed.
The water flow is too low.
Due to the usage of high-end
series of crown (very soft matrix).
12
CORONAS
Solution
Increase the rotation speed
(RPM) and decrease the weight on
the crown (increase RPP).
Increase the water flow .
Replace the crown for a lesser
series (harder matrix).
CROWN WITH
CRYSTALLIZED SURFACE
Polished diamond and matrix.
The crown does not cut
Causes
Weight on the crown is very low to
reduce the rotation speed.
The water flow is very high.
Due to the usage of lesser series
(harder matrix).
Solution
Sharpen the crown with a
grinder.
Lower the rotation speed and
increase the weight on the crown.
Lower the water flow.
Select a crown of higher series
(softer matrix).
13
CROWN WITH CONCAVE
WEAR OF THE SURFACE
Causes
Very high penetration speed compa-
red to the RPM (RPP very low).
Wear of the core and due to re-
drilling.
Solution
Decrease the penetration speed.
Increase the RPM of the crown.
Check the core barrel.
Add drilling fluid (cracked te-

rrain).
CROWN WITH CONVEX WEAR

OF THE SURFACE
Causes
Very low water flow.
Water leaking through the rods.
The cuttings remains on the outer
surface, wearing it.
Solution
Check for water leaks.
14
CORONAS
CROWN WITH FRACTURED
WATERWAYS
Causes
Excessive weight on the crown.
Drop of rods in the shaft.
Free-fall of the inner barrel in a dry
shaft.
The crown was crushed by a foot
press (rod holder).
Solution
Reduce the weight on the crown
(hold back).
If it is a dry shaft, lift the inner barrel
with the WL winch.
CROWN WITH BURNED OR

MELTED SURFACE
Causes
Water outage due to restrictions,
leaks or pump failures.
The operator forgot to open the
water valve.
Solution
Check if the water pump is working.
Check adjustment and origin of the
inner tube.
Check for leaks at the joints of the
rods.
15
GENERAL
CRITERIA FOR
THE SELECTION
OF CROWNS
INTRODUCTION
Our crowns are classified according to the serial

number. This designation is based on a description
of the DCDMA standard, which considers the type
of terrain to drill by relating the hardness of the rock
with the serial number of the crown. This means
that if the terrain is soft, fractured or abrasive, the
appropriate crown would be a series No. 1 or No. 2.
For a hard formation, the series of the crown would
be higher, series No. 9 or higher.
16
CORONAS
1. It is important to consider the speed and power of the probe for the
diameter and depth of the shaft to drill. If a high power and thrust
equipment is available, it is recommended to use a lower series
crown, however, if there is a low power equipment, use
high series crown.
Low powered probe High series crown.

High powered probe Low series crown.
2. It is important to obtain the most geological information about the

expected ground conditions, such as: expected rock type, hardness
and shaft conditions. According to the rocks characteristic it
should be considered:
Low hardness rock,

thick grain, fractured Use a low series model.
High hardness rock,

competent fine grain Use a high series model.
3. Relating the above items, it is necessary to consider the pe-

netration degree or thrust of the crown, according to which is recom-
mended the following:
Low penetration Use a higher series

Low life of the crown Use a lower series
The cutting action of a crown is a permanent subject dis-

cussion. However, the cutting action is very different in formations of
different competences and characteristics.
17
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A
PROPER USE OF THE CROWNS
RECOMMENDATION REASON
Start the injection of the mud To clean cuttings from the

before starting drilling and wait bottom of the shaft and pre-
the circulation to the surface (if vent from melting the crown at
it has return). the beginning. If there is not
return of mud, make sure the
column of the barrel is full of
fluid.
Start the rotation of the crown To seat the crown gently on

about 20 cm before the bottom the rock and avoid over-torque,

of the shaft and gradually which may pull away from the
increase the RPM and weight matrix of the crown.
on the crown.
Check the rods and search for The losses indicate that there
drilling fluid leaks. is a damaged rod and reduced
the amount of mud that will get
to the crown; this may cause
the crown to break down and
trapping the column of the rods.
Friction, vibrations and dete-

Control that the rods and rioration of the threads will be
barrels are properly aligned and reduced.
seated on the threads.
Prevent spreading and im-
Make sure that the reamer is proves stability.
always of higher diameter than
the crown.
18
CORONAS
RECOMMENDATION REASON
Recover the dropped core with a The loosen core in the shaft
used crown. has a high potential of dama-
ging the crown.
The adjustment of the crown and Otherwise causes

reamer should be with the proper deformation on its diameter and
torque. threads.
Do not drop the rod column to The diamonds are broken or the
the bottom of the shaft. matrix is fractured.
Avoid starting to rotate the crown The diamonds are broken or the
together with the weight on the matrix is fractured.
crown.
Never continue drilling when it is Causes damage to the crown

blocked or with the inner barrel and reamer.
filled, because the core sample
may be milled.
Prevent vibrations in the hanging The diamonds are destroyed

of bars. instantly.
Never start rotating the crown The crown can be polished or

without making sure that the wear and/or is not ap-
mud has reached the bottom of propriate for the type of terrain
the shaft. being drilled.
Jams comenzar a rotar la The waterways of the crown

corona sin asegurarse que el can be blocked; this has the
lodo haya llegado al fondo del potential to break down the
pozo. crown.
19
CROWN SELECTION GUIDE
CROWN APPLICATIONS
SERIES EXAMPLES
It is recommended for highly Limestone, sandstone,

UP Serie abrasive and extremely abrasive conglomerate, alluvial,
1-4 rocks, from medium coarse grain slate, serpentine.
to coarse grain.
Gabbro, slate, andesi-
It is recommended for abrasive to te, basalt, pegmatite,
UP Serie
moderately abrasive rocks, from monzonite, andesite.
4-7
medium to coarse grain and from
fine to medium grain.
Porphyry, granite,
It is recommended for moderately
UP Serie gneiss, gabbro,
abrasive rocks and slightly abra-
7 - 10 diorite, taconite.
sive, from medium to fine grain
and for fine grain. Chert, rhyolite, quartz.
UP Serie NOT recommended for abra-

10 - 13 sive rocks, of very fine grain.
20
CORONAS
DRILLING GUIDE
RECORD AND CONTROL OF THE DRILLING

PARAMETERS
The drilling parameters that the driller must record, control and modify
in the report are:
RPM
Weight on the crown
Mud flow
The control is made through the instruments of the command board of

the probe, checking that all of them are properly connected, so the
readings are done properly. In short, the readings of the nanometer and
flow meter must be recorded. Then check the penetration speed of the
crown, which should approximate between 3 and 5 inches per minute.
For the best performance of the impregnated crowns is impor-
tant to consider the aspects mentioned hereinafter.
21
PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR A BETTER
PERFORMANCE OF THE IMPREGNATED CROWN
ROTATION SPEED
For an optimal use of the crowns is necessary to consider that pene-

trations rates are closely linked with rotation speed (RPM). For proper
control, consider the RPI or RPC rates by setting an optimum range
between 200 and 250 RPI (80 and 100 RPC).
RPI is the number of revolutions (rotation) of the crown per every

inch or penetration advance. RPC is the number of revolutions of the
crown per each centimeter of progress or penetration.
Following this indicator and the estimated ranges as optimal we can

consider that if the RPO are under 200 (80 RPC), it will cause an exces-
sive wear of the crown, suggesting to increase the RPM or decrease
the progress speed, reducing the weight on the crown. If due to ground
conditions or limitations of the probe these changes cannot be made,
it is recommended change to a crown of lower series. For example, if
you have crown of 9 series change to a 7 series. On the other hand, if
the RPI are high, higher than 250 (100 RPC), the crown may get polish,
being necessary to lower the RPM or increase the weight on the crown to
increase the speed
penetration. If the proposed changes cannot be made, change the crown
to a higher series. For example, if you are using a crown of 2 series,
change to a 4 series.
22
CORONAS
RPI CALCULATION (RPC)
The recommended values for these indicators are:
RPI Between 200 and 250

RPC Between 80 and 100
RPI = Rotation Speed (RPM)

Progress Speed (inches/minutes)
RPC = Rotation Speed (RPM)

Progress Speed (centimeters/minutes)
Example = 1000
Progress Speed = 4 inches per minute
RPI = 1000 (RPM) = 250 RPI

4 inch /min
RPM = 1000 (RPM) = 100 RPC

10 cm/min
23
WEIGHT ON THE CROWN
This parameter is important for improving the rates of RPI or RPC

according to the above. A load to heavy can cause wear or even
provoke a mechanical failure. The weight of the crown is also important
to maintain control of the deviations of the shaft. For these situations is
recommended drilling with a higher series than the used for this opera-
tion, caring the penetration speed to reduce the deviations problems. If
the crown requires very heavy loads, change to a higher series.
FLUID SPEED
The fluid speed is another critical variable when optimizing the drilling
efficiency. The flow should effectively cool the bit and remove the cut-
tings from the drilling, from the surface of the bit to the surface of the
shaft through the annular space in the most efficient manner possible.
The fluid volume should increase in the same amount that increases the
penetration rate. The fluid speed and transportation capacity depends
on the viscosity thereof.
Generally, cuttings should have an upward speed of 4 inch/sec.
(10cm/7sec). A volume of fluid to high may cause that the
hydraulic lifting of the drill string affects severely the real load of the
bit and consequently the drilling results. If fluid is too low, the bit may
prematurely wear due to the abrasive action of the cuttings.
In very hard formations of fine grain, the fluid speed can be intentio-
nally reduced to increase the matrix erosion and thereby expose new
diamonds
.
24
BARRAS DE
PERFORACIN
25
DRILLING RODS
25
CARE AND HANDLING OF
W/L WIRELINES RODS
The current drillings are carried out every time at higher depths and the
machines have increased power and speed. Therefore, follow the use
and care instructions of our rods to maximize its life and performance.
Our drilling rods are heat treated at their ends for maximum strength and
the threads are mechanized in CNC lathes.
Both steel and mechanized steel are subjected to strict quality controls
which ensures a perfect fit between the rods and an extended useful
life.
When using the new rods, consider a stage of shooting where you
should, after the first position, clean and lubricate one by one, i.e. you
should decouple all joints.
Couple the column of rods
The rods couple by turning the male end clockwise inside the female
caring its alignment. (Thread to the right).
26
Carefully examine the joints of the bars prior the coupling.
Remove all dust from the male and female threads and apply our Case
Lube MDF grease.
PERFORACIN
It is essential to lubricate the threads when attaching the joint. Thus, it
BARRAS DE
allows an appropriate tightening torque and prevents wear due friction
The tightening torque preloads the male and female to close the joint,
creates a seal for the fluid and prevents wobble (relatively small move-
ment between the male and female). However, the
torque directly reduces both the lifting as well as the push
capacity of the joint.
In deep negative shafts (downwards), apply stronger tightening torques

to maintain the seal of the fluid in the joints closest to the top of the rods
column. Conversely, apply less tightening torques for joints close to han-
ging rods for positive shafts (upwards) in
underground drilling, to maximize the push capability of the joint, since
the seal of the fluid is easily maintain.
In deviated shafts, the tightening torque is critical to prevent

wobble which leads to fatigue failure. An excessive tightening
torque also reduces the fatigue resistance of the joint.
27
MINIMUM TIGHTENING TORQUE RECOMMENDED (MAKE-UP TORQUE)
TYPE OF ROD TORQUE Lbf x ft TORQUE Nm

NO W/L 442 Lbf x ft 600 Nm
HO W/L 750 Lbf x ft 1010 Nm
DRILLING TIPS
An insufficient tightening torque will cause the female mirror to dischar-

ge, resulting in leaks and damages.
A minimum tightening torque is required to close the gap and suppress

the interference adjustment design in the joint; this
ensures that the joint is tight and without the possibility to

wobble.
An excessive tightening torque reduces the performance and maximum
drilling depth.
Slowly couple and uncouple the joints. An excessive rotation

speed, abruptly joining and separating greatly reduces the
duration of the thread.
Avoid hitting the male ends of the rods when coupling. Lower the rod that
is suspended to about one inch from the female that is connected to the
column of rods and manually engage the threads.
Do not scratch the sides of the mirrors, since this directly affects the
sealing capacity of the joint.
28
Verify that the threads of the lifting plug and upper head
adapters do not show wear and dust before fixing them to the
column of rods.
When stacking the rods in the mast place a wooden base or a
rubber support surface to protect the male connections.
PERFORACIN
This is very important in order to handle rods of 20 feet (6 m) or more.
BARRAS DE
NEVER toggle the rods with threaded products of similar
characteristics from other manufacturers.
Do not drag the threads of the rods over the ground.
When tightening the rods keep the wrench at a 90 angle from the rod.
Use wrenches for complete gripping rods to prevent from damaging the
rod.
29
Do not put the wrench or mandrel in the heat treated bands next to the
joint as it could cause sliding.
Do not use cotton packaging or any other type of tape for the threads. All
that is required is an adequate lubrication and the
correct tightening torque. The design of the thread will
hermetically couple and without leaving leaks.
Useful life of the rods
To maximize the life of the bar, the drilling program must be

planned so that each rod of the column has the same period of services.
If the rod is kept at the top of the hanging rod as guide, make sure to
discard the rod if the male thread is damaged and never use this rod at
the bottom of the shaft.
30
The drilling rods have memory. After applying an excessive amount
of torque, tension or bending to a rod, it is reduced the capacity of the
rod. This explains why a rod can resist one or two difficult cycles and
then fail an easy one
PERFORACIN
BARRAS DE
Identification of rods that must be removed
The joining screws up until is completely close.
The rod shows a thread profile very deformed (rounded).
31
The rod has excessive wear on its body compared to the
diameter of a new rod.
Box or pin shows belling surface.

The thread shows cracks or loose materials.
32
The edge of the threaded pin or box is dented or has loosened edges.
PERFORACIN
BARRAS DE
The body of the rod is dented. (It may cause entrapment of the core
barrel).
Presence of leakage when injecting a drilling fluid.
33
Box with deep clamp marks.
Cleaning and lubrication
The threads are coated by a grease to prevent oxidation.

Do not remove the grease for the initial usage of the rod, unless it
has been contaminated.

Thereafter, every time the rods are used, clean and then
lubricate the threads greasing them with a brush of 1 to 2 inches.
It does not require an excessive amount of lubricating
compound. Use enough grease to ensure the coverage of threaded
surfaces and mirrors
In order to ensure maximum performance and prevent wear by
friction, keep the threads clean, use the grease MDF Case Lube for
threads.
If the thread has signs of contamination, it must be cleaned and dried
before applying a new coat of grease.
Keep the brush and grease clean.
34
Preparation for moving the rods
Load the rods over three cross supports and tie them with an appro-
priate chain to the ends of the cross support.
PERFORACIN
For larger rods, use an additional chain in the middle
BARRAS DE
Place a plastic cover on the threaded ends.
Storage of the drilling rods
Always clean and grease the threads of the male and female ends of
the rods before storing.
Store the rods horizontally on at least three cross supports not less
than 12 inches (30 cm) from the ground to keep the rods away from
moisture and dust.
Always place an adequate protection at the threaded ends.
35
36
FLUIDS
DRILLING
INTRODUCTION
Due to the advances made in recent years in the field of mud

technology, it has been developed a tendency to consider that technology
as fix all the drilling problems, but the mud remains being a significant
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
auxiliary and it must be handled as intelligently as possible. The mud has
the fundamental purpose of making the drilling fast and secure and also
to comply with certain features such as:
Facilitate obtaining the maximum information about the formations to

be drilled.
Transport the cuts from the bottom to the surface.
Cool and lubricate the drilling tool.
Cubrir la pared del pozo con un reboque estabilizador.
Control the overpressure of potential aquifers.
Keep the cuttings suspended when the mud circulation stops.
Support by flotation a portion of the pipe weight.
Transmit hydraulic power to the crown.
37
SUCCESS PYRAMID OF
DRILLING
MACHINE
OPERATOR MUD
Any solution must be based on the search for the real pro-
blem within these 3 variables that works as gears; that is, if the
driller is experienced and the machine does not show any me-
chanical problems, then the real cause is possible to find it in the
preparation of mud inadequate for the ground that is being drilled.
Likewise, if the mud is formulated with its density, viscosity and
proper hauling properties and the machine shows a good pumping
capacity, it is likely that malpractices of the drilling operator are
the cause of the problem, the same could be said about a good
driller and a good mud; however, they are limited by a poor pump,
bad mixing or pipe equipment and crown with excessive wear.
38
HOW DRILLING
ADDITIVES WORK?
The first important point to be taken into account, when

preparing mud, is to check the quality of water to be used. Some
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
contain trace minerals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc.,
which can become pollutants of the additives. Low levels of
alkalinity also affect performance. For this Soda Ash is
used at the beginning of the mixing in order to remove these
contaminants and also give water a suitable alkalinity (pH)
between 8.5 and 9. To measure alkalinity pH paper is used.
Once the water has been treated, an additive is needed to form

the first wall or coating in the shaft and at the same time, is
capable of suspending the cuttings produced by the crown so it
does not accumulate at the bottom. This additive is called Bentonite.
During drilling we find clay formations that are

characterized by absorbing water, swell and shed from its site, causing
landslides that complicate the shaft stability, sand formations or
also highly porous filter that let the liquid pass will form a crust
or a very thick plaster of bentonite on the walls of the shaft,
reducing the diameter and causing high torques and
overpressure of the pumps by no letting the mud pass, these
drawbacks are reduced with the use of Liquid Drispac which prevents
39
excessive loss of water in clayey and filtering areas, this additive
also has excellent properties to transport the cuttings to the surface.
If the well has a lot of clay in its formation is imperative to

reduce the use of bentonite, because it is also a clay of the
commercial type, but do not want to lose their viscosity
properties, the answer is to use an additive with viscosity as the
New Drill/Clear Mud L, with which we achieve the viscosity using
a little bentonite and without increasing clay solids in the shaft.
One of the most common problems during drilling is the torque and the
drag of drills and pipes.
TORQUE:
Friction when rotating the drill column.
DRAG:
Friction movement of the drill column.
This is due to the lack of lubricity of any oily film on the shaft that reduces
this friction, the Aqua Magic additive was designed to
provide this special mud lubricity, prevents the absorption of
water from the clay and stabilizes the shaft.
The MDF Calliper is asphalt soluble in water created to stabilize and stop
large landslides that cannot be controlled with the
aforementioned additives.
Other special products are used in case of contingencies (Details in the
product description MDF SA)
Note: All products have primary properties (primary) and

secondary, here have been described the main.
40
SOME BASIC RECI-
PES
For ponds of 1,000 lt. of water capacity.
BASE MUD
For the mud that is used when starting a drilling and it is not sure what
terrain type is to be penetrated.
Soda Ash - depending on pH and hardness
(between and 1 kilo)
Bentonita - 1 sack
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
MDF Calliper - 1 kilo
Liquid Drispac - 1 liter
New Drill - 1/2 liter
COMPACTED TERRAIN (short shafts)

(between and 1 kilo).
New Drill - 1 liter
COMPACTED TERRAIN (deep wells)

Where more complicated areas have been penetrated
(Between and 1 kilo)
Bentonita - 1/2 sack
Liquid Drispac - 1 liter
Liquid Guar - 1 liter
New Drill - 1 liter
41
TERRAIN WITH STICKY CLAY
Soda Ash - (depending on pH and Hardness)
300 gr. and 1 kilo
Bentonita - 1 bag only if there is collapse
MDF Calliper - 2 to 3 kg.
Liquid Drispac - 2 to 3 liters
Aqua Magic - 1 liter and liter direct to the tube if
the clay forms rings
Potassium
Chloride - 4 kilos
New Drill - 1 liter
VERY FRACTURED TERRAIN

Soda Ash - (Depending on pH and Hardness)
300 gr. to 1 kilo
Bentonita - 1 sack
MDF Calliper - 4 kilos
Liquid Drispac - 2 liters
New Drill - liter
COLLAPSES OF SAND
Soda Ash - (depending on pH and Hardness)
300 gr. to 1 kilo
Bentonita - 1 sack
MDF Calliper - 4 kilos
Liquid Drispac - 3 liters
Liquid Guar - 1 liter
Aqua Magic - 1 liter
42
COMMON PROBLEMS
1. RETURN LOSS
Although it is often impossible to achieve a total return, the
important thing is to always try to maintain a significant level of mud
in the shaft to allow us to continue drilling. There are three types of
solutions, besides lowering the casing:
WAITING PERIOD: It is used when you know it is going to stop dri-
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
lling for a few hours and we take leverage of this time to let actuate
on the following recipe
Bentonite is prepared only with water until it reaches high
viscosity, is pumped to the bottom until it covers the loss area. Then
New Drill is placed, about 2 or 3 liter directly in the tube and is pumped
to the bottom with pure water. It is left until it hydrate itself and then
continue drilling.
PILLS PUMPS: The inner tube is removed, then it is mixed in 20

treated water with Soda Ash 1 kg. of Seal Swell and 2 handfuls of
Drilling Paper or Mil Seal, it is applied directly to the drill string is
pushed with water, letting stand to hydrate for 20-30 minutes then
continue drilling.
FORCED CEMENTING: Apply a mixture that could be cement and

bentonite with any accelerator setting. Be careful when
re-drilling the cement slurry that may be contaminated with cal-
cium, especially if you are working with recycled mud.
43
There is a type of loss that is induced by the operator, and
happens after a period of detention, the dewatered mud and very vis-
cous that is at the bottom due to the lack of movement, is subject to a
strong pressure from the pump to start
circulation breaking fragile areas and losing circulation.
Losses and landslides also occur when inserting and removing the
pipe at high speeds, this works as a piston.
2. PIPE JAM

KEYHOLE: is formed when the pipe is tensioned and the rotation
undermines the walls of the shaft whose diameter is
approximately to that of the pipe, usually ends in collapsing.
Solution: The solution of this type of jam is preventive and is iden-
tified because the shaft has high deviation.
The speed with which the keyhole forms depends on the mud lubricity.
Use 2 to 3 liters of Aqua Magic per pond, in this type of shafts wells.
ATTACHED BY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE: Generally occurs in deep

shafts where the mud pressure pushes the pipe towards the most
permeable formation forming a thick crust, which
prevents the movement of the drill string.
Solution: As the contact area and the crust thickness increases
with time, you must act swiftly by circulating mud composed of 5 to
10 gallons of Aqua Magic per one of New Thin/Disper Thin, along
with slight movements to the pipe from side to side (right to left).
From an operational point of view, the pipe must not be left without
moving for shorter or longer periods of time or at least leave it
inside the casing.
CLAY RINGS OR COLLARS: It is acknowledge why pressure mud
44
pump rises, the pipe decreases, but it rises with difficulty, the re-
turn decreases.
Solution: The first action is stopping the pressure of the mud pump,
since this pressure worsens the situation causing the ring or collar
compacts more, work the piping by lowering and
raising the rotation to loosen the collar, using about 4 liters of New
Thin/Thin Disper directly to the pipe and pushing this
product with polymer based mud.
JAM DUE LANDSLIDES: This is the worst type of blockages. In

many situations makes completely lose the shaft. Generally, it hap-
pens by not maintaining good properties of the mud to
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
suspend the cuttings and avoid accumulating them in the bottom of
the shaft.
Solution: By way of prevention, mud can be circulated with a pump
of higher capacity to remove sediment, always with the risk of wi-
dening the original diameter of the shaft, due to
erosion.
HIGH TORQUE: The use of lubricants to reduce the torque is

justified only when the torque causes the geometry of the shaft, in
other words, reduced deviations and holes by swelling of clays, a
torque caused by a change of the formation while drilling is contro-
lled by changing the drilling parameters such as: rpm, weight over
the crown and change of mud mixture.
3. AQUIFER AND ARTISANS
45
If the entry of groundwater into the shaft dilutes the mud
output removing the properties, granular bentonite can be used di-
rectly into the shaft, until covering over the entry of
water, then add more water to reduce the time of hydration and is
sealed.
But, if the output or water flow is severe, using Barite could be a
solution; this product increases considerably the weight of the mud
column to convert this pressure into a greater one than the water flow,
preventing them from entering the shaft, for 1,000 liters use:
bag of Bentonite
1 liter of Liquid Drispac
4 or 5 kilos of Barite
Then, increase the aggregate of Barite in bag and until

stopping the entry of water.
46
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND SUGGESTIONS
1. Always keep tape colorimetric to measure the pH of water or mud.
One artisanal way could also be by washing hands with soap, if
water does not form foam then the water is acidic to neutral.
2. Always measure the flow of mud injected into the shaft and ranges
to consider are:
PERFORACIN
FLUIDOS DE
HO = from 39 to 48 liters/min
NO = from 31 to 38 liters/min
BO = from 23 to 30 liters/min
A much lower flow range than the mentioned herein will cause a poor
hole cleaning of the shaft, low penetration advancing and possible
jamming, on the contrary, an excessive flow will cause erosions in the
walls that may lead to collapse the shaft.
3. All suction hoses of the pump in the mud ponds should have filters
since they could suck some gallons of Bentonite and bad polymer
mixing mud that could obstruct the mud output in the crown, leaving
it for a few seconds the drilling to dry may jam the crown without the
operator can promptly react.
47
4. Use rubber hammers instead of metal hammers to pull out the core
from the inner tube, these strokes cause reductions in the pipe dia-
meter and are often confused with obstructions due to a bad terrain.
The cores that are soft take the form of the tube of reduced diameter
due to the strokes while the hard zones are always blocked causing
low recovery rate.
5. Add Bentonite to the pond when the water level almost covers the hy-
draulic agitator, thus preventing accumulation of lumps in the bottom
of the pond.
6. Respect the mixing order of the recipes, a change may vary all mud
properties.
7. Aqua Magic or New Thin/Disper Thin aggregates directly to the pipes

are made after removing the inner tube, otherwise, they could wash
the recovered sample.
8. When drilling a very difficult deep shaft, use the applied recipe to the
most difficult area that was crossed to avoid jeopardizing the stability
of the walls.
9. Always at the end of the shift, do the final mix of a mud with quite
viscosity and leave it inside the shaft until the next shift starts, this
with the purpose of avoiding recipes to settle at the bottom during
these dead periods.
10. If you want you can mix the MDF Calliper with Liquid Drispac and
slowly add to the mixer.
48
KIT DE POZO SECO
Y VLVULA DE CIERRE
TABLAS
INFORMATIVAS
49
Wireline DRILLING RODS W/L
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / MO
Size and Weights NMO size HMO size
Outer diameter 2 3/4 in. 69,9 mm 3 1/2 in 88,9 mm
Inner diameter 2 3/4 in. 60,3mm 3 1/2 in 77,8 mm
Rod weight 3m long 50.5 lb 22,9 Kg 75,4lb 34,2 kg
Mechanical Propierties
Raw Material Precision Tube, seamless, developed in cold ASTM steel alloy A519
Elastic limit (tube) 690 Mpa (100.000 PSI)
Tensile strength (tube) 813 Mpa (118.000 PSI)
Linearity (tube/thread) 1 mm x 3 Meters (Max.)
Thread specifications
Thread MO type, Acme mod 3 TPI (Thread per inch)
Strength of the Thread Hardening and tempering
Performance (NMO size) Performance (HMO size)
Tensile strenght of junction 128.000 lbf / 58.054 kfg 160.000 lbf 72.574 kgf
Torque resitance of threaded 8.100 lbf*ft 1.120 kgf*mt 12.300 lbf*ft 1.700 kgf*mt
connection
Profile of Thread / MO
Thermal treatment and thread protection

Thermal Treatment Both ends are thermal treated (hardening and tempering),
pre-treaded wire (4 to 6 approx.)
Thread treatment End pin / phosphate coating application allows grease absorption and surface wear
End box /protective oil application to prevent corrosion.
Packaging
Rod Packaging with 19 units
Hexagonal steel lid
50
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / O
Size and Weights NO size HO size
Outer diameter 2 3/4 in. 69,9 mm 3 1/2 in 88,9 mm
Inner diameter 2 3/4 in. 60,3mm 3 1/2 in 77,8 mm
Rod weight 3m long 50.5 lb 22,9 Kg 75,4lb 34,2 kg
Thread MO type, Acme mod 3 TPI (Thread per inch)
Tensile strenght of junction 105.000 lbf / 47,627 kfg 130.000 lbf 58.967 kgf
Torque resitance of threaded 5.500 lbf*ft 760 kgf*mt 8,100 lbf*ft 1.120 kgf*mt
connection
Profile of Thread / MO

prior the treaded wire (4 to 6 approx.)
Packaging
INFORMATIVAS
TABLAS
51
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / BO
Size and Weights BO Size
Outer diameter 2 3/16 in 55,60 mm

Inner diameter 1 13/16 in. 46,00 mm
Rod weight 3m long 40,2 lb 18,2 kg
Internal Pressure 130Mpa (18.754 PSI)/ Permanent use f= 0,06
Thread BO type, Acme mod 3 TPI (Thread per inch)
Rupture
Tensile strenght of junction 80.000 lbf 36.287 kgf
Torque resitance of threaded 4.150 lbf*ft 573 kgf*mt
connection
Profile of Thread / O

Packaging
Hexagonal steel lid
52
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / AO
Size and Weights AO Size

Inner diameter 1 13/16 in. 46,00 mm
Rod weight 3m long 40,2 lb 18,2 kg
Internal Pressure 130Mpa (18.754 PSI)/ Permanent use f= 0,06
Thread AO type, Acme mod 3 TPI (Thread per inch)
Tensile strenght of junction 53.671 lbf / 24.352 lbf 63.457 kgf 28.792 kgf
Torque resitance of threaded 1.651 lbf*ft 228 lbf*ft 1.952 kgf*mt 270 kgf*mt
connection
Packaging
INFORMATIVAS
TABLAS

Hexagonal steel lid
53
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / PO
Size and Weights

Inner diameter 4 in. 101,6 mm
Rod weight 3m long 104.0 lb 52 kg
Raw Material Seamless tube, hot roller ASTM A519 Grade AISI 4130
Elastic Limit (tube) Minimum 690 Mpa (100,000 PSI)
Tensile strength (tube) Minimum 813 Mpa (118,000 PSI)
Thread Specifications
Thred High resistant of the conical coneection 2.5 TPI (Thread per inch)
Strength of the tread Hardening andtempering at 30 - 36 HRC

Thermal Treatment Thermal treated of the complete body of the Mill (hardening and tempering)
prior the threaded
Thread treatment End pin / coating application that reduces friction and improvesthread
. grease
retention
Packaging

Hexagonal steel lid
54
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / CASING
Size and Weights HWT CASING

Inner diameter 4 in. 101,6 mm
Rod weight 3m long 104.0 lb 52 kg
Raw Material Seamless tube, hot roller ASTM A519 Grade AISI 4130
Elastic Limit (tube) Minimum 690 Mpa (100,000 PSI)
Tensile strength (tube) Minimum 813 Mpa (118,000 PSI)
Thread Specifications
Thred High resistant of the conical coneection 2.5 TPI (Thread per inch)
Strength of the tread Hardening andtempering at 30 - 36 HRC
Thermal Treatment Thermal treated of the complete body of the Mill (hardening and tempering)
prior the threaded
Thread treatment .
End pin / coating application that reduces friction and improvesthread grease
retention
Packaging

Hexagonal steel lid
INFORMATIVAS
TABLAS
55
REVERSE CIRCULATION 4 12 X 6 MTS /
SEAMLESS / ASTM A519
CARACTERISTICAS
Tubo exterior de aleacin de acero con tratamiento trmico para

mayor resistencia al desgaste.
Terminales extremos roscados en acero de alta aleacin con
tratamiento trmico
Tubos interiores intercambiables y estabilizados en su longitud para
evitar vibracin
Geometra interior diseada para permitir mayor circulacin de aire
Peso total barra 172 kg (Tubo ext. 125Kg / Tubo int. 47Kg)
Tubo Tamao ESPESOR

OD ID
Tubo interior 69,85 mm 60,31 mm 4,77 mm
Tubo exterior 116,80 mm 102,58 mm 7,11 mm
PARAMETROS OPERACIONALES
Falla de carga AXIAL. 132.000 Ibf 59.874 Kgf
Fuerza de torsin en la ruptura. 15.000 Ibf-ft 2.074 Kgf-mt
Mximo de torsin permitido. 12.000 Ibf-ft 1.659 Kgf-mt
Funcionamiento de perforacin 9.000 Ibf-ft 1.244 Kgf-mt
recomendado para la torsin.
Minimo componente de torsin 4.500 Ibf-ft 622 Kgf-mt
SELLADO INTERNO ORING JUNTAS DE LAS BARRAS DE ACERO ACERO DE BAJA ALEACIN
ESTABILIZADORES JUNTAS SOLDADAS ANILLO DE SEGURIDAD
56
Wireline RODS
WEIGHT
PART No. DESCRIPTION LENGTH
LBS. KG.
43030400075 AO W/L 0.75m 6.00 2.70
43030400150 AO W/L 1.50m 15.00 6.82
43030400300 AO W/L 3.00m 30.00 13.64
43030500075 BO W/L 0.75m 7.80 3.60
43030500150 BO W/L 1.50m 19.50 8.70
43030500300 BO W/L 3.00m 39.00 17.70
43030600075 NO W/L 0.75m 10.20 4.60
43030600150 NO W/L 1.50m 25.50 10.90
43030600300 NO W/L 3.00m 51.00 23.20
43030606075 NMO W/L 0.75m 10.20 4.60
43030606150 NMO W/L 1.50m 25.50 10.90
43030606300 NMO W/L 3.00m 51.00 23.20
43030700075 HO W/L 0.75m 15.20 6.90
43030700150 HO W/L 1.50m 38.20 6.90
43030700300 HO W/L 3.00m 76.00 34.50
43030706075 HMO W/L 0.75m 15.20 6.90
43030706150 HMO W/L 1.50m 38.00 17.25

INFORMATIVAS
43030706300 HMO W/L 3.00m 76.00 34.50

TABLAS
43030804075 PO W/L 0.75m 20.92 9.60
43030804150 PO W/L 1.50m 52.30 24.00
43030804300 PO W/L 3.00m 104.60 48.00
33010720075 HWT 0.75m 23.50 10.60
33010720150 HWT 1.50m 58.00 26.30
33010720300 HWT 3.00m 116.00 52.60
57
LITERS OF WATER OR LIQUID IN WIRELINE RODS
(APPROX)
UN Meter of rod BX Contains (inside) 1.95 Liters
UN Meter of rod NXWL Contains (inside) 2.9 Liters
UN Meter of rod HXWL Contains (inside) 4.56 Liters
UN Meter of rod CPWL Contains (inside) 8.36 Liters
UN Meter of rod BO Contains (inside) 1.66 Liters
UN Meter of rod NO /NMO Contains (inside) 2.86 Liters
UN Meter of rod HO /HMO Contains (inside) 4.75 Liters
UN Meter of rod PO Contains (inside) 8.36 Liters

WEIGHT OF WIRELINE RODS(APPROX)
UN Meter of rod BXWL Weights 5.7 Kilos
UN Meter of rod NXWL Weights 10.05 Kilos

UN Meter of rod HXWL Weights 12.92 Kilos
UN Meter of rod CPWL Weights 20.39 Kilos
UN Meter of rod BO Weights 5.95 Kilos
UN Meter of rod NO /NMO Weights 7.74 Kilos
UN Meter of rod HO /HMO Weights 11.46 Kilos
UN Meter of rod PO Weights 20.39 Kilos
UN Meter of casing BX Weights 8.62 Kilos
UN Meter of casing NX Weights 11.46 Kilos
UN Meter of casing H Weights 16.1 Kilos
58
MEASUREMENT UNITS AND EQUIVALENTS
VOLUME
Gallons X 3.785 = Liters
Cubic Inches X 16.367 = Cubic Cms
Cubic foot X 0.028 = Cubic Meters
LENGTH
Foot X 0.305 = Meters
Inches X 25.400 = Milimeters
WEIGHT
Pounds X 0.454 = Kilos
POWER
HorsePower HP X 0.746 = Kilowatt (Kw)
PRESSU-
Bar X 14.5 = PSI
PSI X 0,070 = kilograms x cm2

INFORMATIVAS
TABLAS
APPROX FACTORS TO USE IN TASKS.

1 BAR = 0.1 Mpa = 14.5 PSI
1 KG/CFM = 00961 1Mpa
1 KG M = Nm = 7233 LBF FT
1 LB U.S. GAL = 0.12 KGL.
59
EQUIVALENT DECIMALs (E.D)
Inches D.E. Mm. Inches D.E. Mm.
1/64 0.0156 0.397 33/64 0.5156 13.097

1/32 0.0312 0.794 17732 (ojo) 0.5312 13.494
3/64 0.0469 1.191 25/64 0.5469 13.891
1/16 0.0425 1.587 9/16 0.5425 14.286
5/64 0.0781 1.984 37764 (ojo) 0.5781 14.684
3/32 0.0937 2.381 19/32 0.5937 15.081
7/64 0.1094 1.771 39/64 0.6094 15.478
1/8 0.1250 2.175 5/8 0.6250 15.875
9/64 0.1406 3.572 41/64 0.6406 16.272
5/32 0.1562 3.969 21/32 0.6562 16.669
11/64 0.1719 4.366 43/64 0.6719 17.066
3/16 0.1875 4.762 11/16 0.6875 17.462
13/64 0.2031 5.159 49/64 0.7031 17.859
7/32 0.2187 5.556 25/32 0.7187 18.256
15/64 0.2344 5.953 51/64 0.7344 18.653

1/4 0.2500 6.350 3/4 0.7500 19.050
17/64 0.2656 6.747 49/64 0.7656 19.447
9/32 0.2812 7.144 25/32 0.7812 19.644
19/64 0.2969 7.541 51/61 0.7969 20.241
5/16 0.3125 1.887 13/16 0.8125 20.637
21/64 0.3281 8.344 52/64 0.8281 21.034
11/32 0.3437 7.731 27/32 0.8437 21.431
23/64 0.3594 9.126 55/64 0.8594 21.828
3/8 0.3750 9.525 7/8 0.8750 22.225
25/64 0.3906 9.992 57/64 0.8906 22.622
13/32 0-4062 10.310 29/32 0.9062 23.019
27/64 0.4219 10.716 59/64 0.9219 23.416
7/16 0.4375 11.112 15/16 0.9375 23.813
29/64 0.4531 11.509 61/64 0.9531 24.209
15/32 0.4687 11.906 31/32 0.9687 24.606
31/64 0.4844 12.303 63/64 0.9844 25.005
1/2 0.5000 12.700 1 1.0000 25.400
60
DRILLING PARAMETERS
80 100 200 250
SYSTE; G/MIN L/MIN Lb Kl RPM Inch/ Inch/ Inch/ Inche/
Min. Min. Min. Min.
2300 29 23 11.5 9.2
TT-46 2.5 - 3.5 9.0 - 13.0 1000-3000 454-1350 1400 18 14 7 5.6
1000 13 10 5 4
2000 25 20 10 8
AXWL 4.0 - 5.0 15.0 - 19.0 2000-5000 900-2270 1200 15 12 6 4.8
AO 850 11 9 4.25 3.4
1700 22 17 8.5 6.8
TT-56 2.3 - 3,5 9.0 - 13.0 2000-4000 900-1800 1000 13 10 5 4
700 9 7 3.5 2.8
1700 22 17 8.5 6.8
BXWL 6.0 - 8.0 23.0 - 30.0 2000-5000 900-2270 1000 13 10 5 4
BO 700 9 7 3.5 2.8
1350 17 14 6.75 5.4
NXWL 8.0 - 10 30.0 - 38.0 3000-6000 1360-2720 800 10 8 4 3.2
NO 550 7 6 2,75 2.2
1000 13 10 5 4
HXWL 10 - 12 38.0 - 45.0 4000-8000 1810-3630 600 8 6 3 2.4
HO
400 5 4 2 1.6
800 10 8 4 3.2
PO 18 - 23 68.0 - 87.0 5000-10000 2270-4540 500 2.5 2
6 5
CP 350 1.75 1.4
3 4
61
INFORMATIVAS
TABLAS
DRILLING ELEMENTS SIZES
ELEMENT CROWN REAMER
DIM.
EXT. D.E. D.I. D.E.
SIZE
(*) INCH MM. INCH MM. INCH MM.
IEW STD. 1.470 37.34 0.995 25.27 1.485 37.72

TT-46 STD. 1.811 46.00 1.389 35.28 1.823 46.30
BO STD. 2.345 59.56 1.432 36.37 2.360 59.94
NO STD. 2.965 75.31 1.875 47.63 2.980 75.69
OVER. 3.032 77.01 1.875 47.63 3.032 77.01
NO3 STD. 2.965 75.31 1.775 45.09 2.980 75.69
OVER. 3.032 77.01 1.775 45.09 3.032 77.01
HO STD. 3.763 95.58 2.500 63.50 3.783 96.09
OVER. 3.830 97.28 2.500 63.50 3.830 97.28
H3 STD. 3.763 95.58 2.406 61.11 3.783 96.09
OVER. 3.830 97.28 2.406 61.11 3.830 97.28

PO STD. 4.805 122.05 3.345 84.96 4.828 122.63
PO3 STD. 4.805 122.05 3.270 83.06 4.828 122.63
BX STD. 2.345 59.56 1.432 36.37 2.360 59.94
OVER. 2.400 60.96 1.432 36.37 2.400 60.96
NX STD. 2.965 75.31 1.875 47.63 2.980 75.69
OVER 3.032 77.01 1.875 47.63 3.032 77.01
HX STD 3.650 92.71 2.400 60.96 3.650 92.71
BW
NW
NX
H
HW
HWT
PW
(*) Outter diameter
62
RODS DIAMETER SHOE
D.E. D.I. D.E. D.I.
INCH MM. INCH MM. INCH MM. INCH MM.
1.693 43.00 1.417 35.99

2.187 55.55 1.812 46.02
2.750 69.85 2.375 60.33

3.500 88.90 3.062 77.77

4.625 117.48 4.062 103.17

2.250 57.15 1.906 48.41

2.875 73.03 2.385 60.58

3.500 88.90 3.000 76.20
2.965 75.31 2.375 60.33
INFORMATIVAS
3.620 91.95 2.995 76.07

TABLAS
3.620 91.95 3.062 77.77

4.625 117.48 3.980 101.09
4.625 117.48 3.980 101.09
4.625 117.48 3.980 101.09
5.660 143.76 4.875 123.83
63
ACCESSORIES AND
SEVERAL TOOLS
64
DAVITS AND CORE BARREL
We have a full line of core barrels with double and triple tube, de-
signed to achieve superior performance and obtain the complete
recovery of the sample in any application of W/L Drilling.
LIFTING PLUG
This ensures the movement of materials from the shaft with
the capabilities needed to protect their safety. Lifting Capacity:
HERRAMIENTAS
ACCESORIOS &
10,000 to 21,500 lbs/as shaft depth.
65
WATER INJECTORS
For all types of applications that ensure continuously a good cooling
of the bit. Its components allow a rotation under load and self-sealing.
Compact sized and lightweight, easy to change and with rails for the
lubrication of bearings.
SPRINGS AND SPRING HOLDERS

The accuracy and quality of our springs and spring holders are essen-
tial for an optimal recovery of the core samples allowing the increase of
production and avoiding costly losses generated lost core samples.
66
ADAPTERS
Allow joining the whole drilling line with the part you need.
RESCUE TOOLS
Several rescue tools that allow an easy removal of the trapped elements
in the shaft.
HERRAMIENTAS
ACCESORIOS &
67
REVERSE AIR AND ACCESSORIES
Faber rods of 4 x 6 m. Heat treated outer and inner tube.
MINING AND EXPLORATION TOOLS

DTH bars, adapters, bars and bits.
68
PROBING ACCESSORIES
Foot presser, jaws and circular wrenches to handle the inner tubes.
HYDRAULIC HOSES
HERRAMIENTAS
ACCESORIOS &
All measures and diameters to replace on your machine.
69
CORE HOLDER BOXES

Light weight and resistant in HO and NO diameters.
RIDGID WRENCHES
Complete set of wrenches for bars coupling.
70
CUTTERS
We have cutters for drill pipes and casing pipes with all its spare parts.
MALE FOR SELF-ADJUSTING RESCUE

The gripping or clamping is carried out in the area that has
tungsten grit, which opens itself and presses inside the bar through dis-
placement of the conical components, thus ensuring the grip and facili-
tates the extraction.
Wireline cables
HERRAMIENTAS
ACCESORIOS &
3/16, 1/4 and 5/8.
71
72

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Technical Manual

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Abrasive, medium to coarse grained. Garbo, Shale,

Moderate abrasive, medium to coarse grained. Pegmatite, 7 STANDARD

Slightly abrasive, fine grained. Very hard Diorite, Taconite, 9C STANDARD

10E VERSATILE OF SERIES 9 TO 11 ELEMENTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

64 ACCESORIES AND SEVERAL TOOLS

Diamantina Christensen was founded to serve the needs of our

We hope this way to provide the best possible service to our

The diamond tools are essential constituents to any drilling system.

The above characteristics must be combined to allow completing

1. Inserted or embedded crowns

These crowns bear on the surface of the matrix a layer of

Its application field is in soft and semi-hard formations.

- Enabling collapsed wells.

- Removing stuck pipes or fittings.

2. Standard impregnated crowns

The matrix of these crowns is comprised of an alloy of

3. Reinforcement of the diameters

eliminate the confusion caused by the coded crowns and offe-

WIDE AND STEEP WATERWAY

TURBO WIDE WATERWAY

CHINA HOLE FRONT UNLOADING WATERWAY

ROUND HOLE FRONT UNLOADING WATERWAY

CROWN WITH LOSS OF

Decrease the rotation speed.

Add drilling fluid (cracked te-

CROWN WITH CONVEX WEAR

CROWN WITH BURNED OR

Our crowns are classified according to the serial

Low powered probe High series crown.

2. It is important to obtain the most geological information about the

Low hardness rock,

High hardness rock,

3. Relating the above items, it is necessary to consider the pe-

Low penetration Use a higher series

The cutting action of a crown is a permanent subject dis-

Start the injection of the mud To clean cuttings from the

Start the rotation of the crown To seat the crown gently on

about 20 cm before the bottom the rock and avoid over-torque,

Friction, vibrations and dete-

The adjustment of the crown and Otherwise causes

Never continue drilling when it is Causes damage to the crown

Prevent vibrations in the hanging The diamonds are destroyed

Never start rotating the crown The crown can be polished or

Jams comenzar a rotar la The waterways of the crown

It is recommended for highly Limestone, sandstone,

UP Serie NOT recommended for abra-

RECORD AND CONTROL OF THE DRILLING

The control is made through the instruments of the command board of

For an optimal use of the crowns is necessary to consider that pene-

RPI is the number of revolutions (rotation) of the crown per every

crown per each centimeter of progress or penetration.

Following this indicator and the estimated ranges as optimal we can

RPI Between 200 and 250

RPI = Rotation Speed (RPM)

RPC = Rotation Speed (RPM)

RPI = 1000 (RPM) = 250 RPI

RPM = 1000 (RPM) = 100 RPC

This parameter is important for improving the rates of RPI or RPC

Couple the column of rods

In deep negative shafts (downwards), apply stronger tightening torques

In deviated shafts, the tightening torque is critical to prevent