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DATA ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1
LO1......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Comparison between Data Models and Schemas..........................................................1
1.2 Benefits and Limitations of Different Database Technologies..........................................2
1.3 Different Approaches to Database Design..................................................................3
TASK 2.................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Designing of a relational database for Hot Property......................................................3
2.2 Build a relational database system based on a prepared design.........................................5
2.3 Techniques that helps in enhancing user interface.........................................................9
LO3......................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Benefits of using manipulation and query tools in a relational database system....................9
3.2 Query language into the relational database system......................................................9
3.3 How meaningful data has been extracted through the use of query tools...........................11
TASK 4.................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Critically review and test the relational database system..............................................11
4.2 User documentation for the relational database system................................................11
4.3 Verification and validation of database tables............................................................12
4.4 Control mechanisms used in system development......................................................12
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 13
REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 14

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INTRODUCTION
One of the most essential tasks of any organization nowadays is to maintain the data
of their customers as well as employees. In this respect, business database is considered as a
most important technique by which through which any information system can be easily
develop. The present report is based on the data analysis and designs in which various
database techniques as well as approaches are taken into consideration for the company Hot
Property. They are the small estate agent business in South Manchester. The company
operates its business in the following way. Information is kept on sellers and maintained with
all the present entities. Further, this study presents the relational database system for Hot
Property and how they can manage the whole data about their property (Patra and Pradhan,
2005). It provides proper knowledge about the database system including design principles,
practical implementation as well as its development. Database tools and technologies are
considered to be a most important and effective technique through which companies can
easily manage any type of data more appropriately. Further, this study gives proper
comparison between data models and schemas as well as various benefits and limitations of
using these types of systems. Moreover, designing of relational database as well as
development of database designs is being presented in the study.

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LO1
1.1 Comparison between Data Models and Schemas
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data are known as data models. It can
also be define as a logical design of data as well as relationship between different data parts.
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Data model represents a proper structure with connectivity on different entities, attributes as
well as relationship (Gillenson, 2008). The difference between data models and schemas can
be clearly presented:
A data model defines as an abstract representation of data where schema is physical
entities that are captured in a printed document. Database schema is a blueprint that clearly
presents all those fields which are needed to be present. It helps in defining that how different
data in database can be managed. Further, it is divided into database tables with the support
of any type of formal language. There are mainly three types of data models i,e.
Hierarchal data model: This model represents data as a hierarchical tree structure in
which each branch represents a number of related records. For this type of structural
representation data models depicts each record only once and uses a line between a parent
record and its children. It shows connection between them.
s
Relational data model: relational model directly presents data as a relation. All the
data records were connected by using logic and by using the data as well. Records on a given
subject occurrence could be easily selected from multiple tables. From this model whole data
can be accessed in many different ways without recognizing the database tables.
Network data model: In this type of data model there is no implicit hierarchic
relationship between the various records. It may have many different records which might
contain unique identifiers. It clearly represents data as a record type and also represents a
limited type of one to much relationship.

Data schema is a part of data model which mainly stands for shape or a plan. It is
quite essential to differentiate between database as well as description of database. The total
record of any company which is being presented in the computer system defines as a data
models (Sudarshan, Korth and Sileberschatz, 2011). In database schema it is quite easy to do
minor changes such as adding a new field in a table. In order to do so it is not necessary to
change the whole program as it supports only one single table changes also. On the other
hand, this same case is not associated with the separate file for any type of any changing
(Difference between database model and schemas, 2015). Data models directly provide a
framework which determines that what the software must be able to handle. Further, it can be

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defined that both data models and schemas belongs to same database field but the process is
entirely different in some cases. There are mainly two types of database schemas such as:
Logical schema: It can be define as an initial data model of any user. It is made up of
actually what users have planned and its objects are table-spaces, packages, views etc. This is
design centric database structure that is built to meet up all the business requirements.
Physical schema: Under this place, there is a total storage of all the data files, redo
files, and control files that resides in row state. These objects make our data more readable. It
is actually a place what is implemented by the DBMS.
As per the viewpoint of schema there are mainly three types of table relationship i.e.
One-to-many: This relationship exists between only two entities such as: customer
table and order table. It is a tracking database where customer can place any number
of orders and all these orders are presented in order table. It takes a primary key on
one side of relationship and adds additional fields to the table on the many side of
relationships.
Many-to-many: It can be define by the relationship with product table and order table.
In this, a single order can include more than one product.
One-to-one relationship: In this type of relationship, only a single match of each
record in another table can exist. Each record in the second table can have only one
matching record in the first table.
Different database languages which might use in data schemas such as:
DDL: It is define as a data definition language in which different statements are used
to define the database schema. It can describe as a part of database schema through which
several objects are created and changes can be made within this. In addition to this
DML: It can be define as a data manipulation language in which different statement
are used for managing data within scheme objectives. Under this, user can select data as well
as insert and update any type of data within the tables.

1.2 Benefits and Limitations of Different Database Technologies


There is wide range of database technologies used by different firms. All of these
technologies are having different benefits as well as limitations. Some of the major benefits
of using this technique are as follows:

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Data consistency: At the time of updating any data item once, DBMS automatically
updates each occurrences of a data item (Graham, 2012). Now, it will be automatically
available to all its users and they can easily control the total data redundancy.
Controlling data redundancy: There are different application programs that are running
on same system. All of them are having their own files and still some duplicate files are
created at many places in non-database system. By having proper database system all the files
can be stored at only one place and there is no any other duplicate copy of it. With this, data
redundancy can be removed completely and with the help of this, user can save storage
capacity.
Data sharing: It is considered as a major benefit of using database technique in which
data of same database can be easily shared between different application programs (Narang,
2011).
Data security: This is consider as a major benefit of using any database technique as it
provides several facilities through which security of data can be maintained. It clearly
determines that only an authorized user can access the data from the database. At the time of
using any DBMS system there are different usernames provides to each user with some
protected passwords as well.

Limitations of Different Database Technologies:

As per the above discussed benefits there are several limitations of using database
technologies which are as follows:
Maintenance: Most of the time due database failure, recovery process takes too much
time (Jain, 2002). It might require additional cost for the appropriate maintenance. In this
way, it can be determine that, at the time of maintaining any system the whole process might
stops and requires lot time to be recovered.
High cost: Another major disadvantage is that it requires high amount to purchase this
software. Small business enterprises are not able to purchase this software.
Data loss: In case of having any type of corrupted data due to any reason such as power
failure etc. the whole stored data might loss (Rob, Coronel and Morris, 2013). Further, it is
essential to have appropriate security software with proper database packages so that data can
be backed up.
Data independence: It can be define as DBMS approach which allows data to be changed
without affecting the whole applications that process it. The whole logical and physical
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structure of database can be affected due to the changes takes place in the total database
management system.
Data redundancy: This can be defining as a major issue which might occur at the time of
maintaining any type of database. Under this, details can be hiding within the structure. It is
the major issue which occurs when more than one field or table of data appear more than one
time. Further, it can be determine as a data repetition and define as a common issue in
computer data storage and database system. Due to this, the size of the database can increase
unnecessarily and it might decrease the efficiency of database. Due to this, the total database
may be corrupted.

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1.3 Different Approaches to Database Design


There are different approaches for any database design which are as follows:
Top-down approach: This is the first most essential approach in which user need to
starts getting general information about the system. After going through this, it can be send to
end user and ask them that what they needed to store. This is the most crucial approach in
which analyst must have appropriate information about the existing system (Kaner, Bach and
Pettichord, 2002). By having proper information analyst is able to work with user and easily
determine the data they need to store in a database.
Bottom-up approach: This is a type of approach in which specification begins with
the specific details and moves up to the general. In this process, analyst will work backwards
through the system and easily determine that what data should be stored in database.

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DFD: This is considered as a most important approach of designing any type of
database. It can be defines as a data flow diagram which clearly illustrate that how data is
processed by a system (Steve Hoberman, 2002).
ER Diagram: This is another most effective process which clearly defines the
relationship between different entities. It can be define as an entity relationship diagram
which is a visual representation and defines the relationship of different entities with each
other.
Normalization: It is the most common approach of database which is widely used to present
the designing relationship between two entities. It is systematic approach which helps in
eliminating data redundancies and undesirable characteristics. There are some of the basic
and most common forms of normalization such as:
First Normal Form: It can be defined as a concept of Normalization in which two
rows of data must contains a repeating group of information. Under this, each table can
have a unique value and it should be organized into rows.
Second Normal Form: In this form, there must not be any type of partial dependency
of any column within the primary key.
Third Normal form: In this form, every non- prime attribute of table must be
dependent on primary key.
TASK 2
2.1 Designing of a relational database for Hot Property
Relational database system helps in organizing data in tables as well as in format of
relations. These tables consists of row as well as tables under which rows defines as a record
whether column is called field of attributes there are different relationship created among
tables which helps in enabling a relational database (Ward, J. and Daniel, 2006). It mainly
consists of different components such as:
Gathering relations
Set of operations to act on the relations
Proper data integrity for maintaining consistency
Relational database basically stores all type of information in tables and each table is
having unique identifier i.e. Primary Key. Hot properties basically deal as a small estate
agent business in which they sell out different properties as well (Li, Moselhi and Alkass,
2006). In the given case there are different tables which must be created such as: properties,
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properties sale, seller, buyer, area and negotiator. Under this, seller can sell much property
whether each separate sale of a property is recorded as a property sale, where things like date
sold, price, buyer, the sales negotiator are recorded (Singh, 2011). Some of the major
functional requirements for designing relational database for hot property are as follows:
1. Identification of data
2. Extermination of dismissed files
3. Organizing the fields into tables
4. Add tables for acronyms
5. Choose a primary key for each table
6. Link the tables
With the help of following this process, the whole database can be designed in an
appropriate way and it helps the company in maintaining all the record of their property that
is sold out as well as buyer, seller, negotiator etc.

Un normal form 1 normal form 2 Normal form 3 Normal Form


Property id Property Property Property
Property Type PropertyID PropertyID pk propertyID PK
PropertySale Property type Property type Property type
PropertyPrice PropertySaleid PropertySaleid pk PropertySales Pk
Rooms PropertyPrice Rooms AreaName
Sellerid Rooms AreaName PostCode
SellerFirstname AreaName Postcode Facilites
SellerLastname Postcode Facilites Sellerid
SellerDOB Facilites Sellerid AreaID fk
SellerContact Sellerid Area Id pk
Buyerid PropertySale PropertySale PropertySale
BuyerFirstname PropertySaleid PropertySaleid pk PropertySaleID pk
BuyerLastname Buyerid Sellerid pk Seller PK
BuyerDOB Sellerid Buyer id pk Buyer fk
BuyerContact Negotiator Buyer Buyer
NegotiatorID Buyer Buyerid pk BuyerID pk
Negotiator Name Buyerid BuyerFirstname BuyerFirstname
NegotiatorContact BuyerFirstname BuyerLastname BuyerLastname
NegotiatorEmail BuyerLastname BuyerDOB BuyerDOB
AreaId BuyerDOB BuyerContact BuyerContact
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AreaName BuyerContact Seller Seller
Postcode NegotiatorID Sellerid pk Sellerid pk
facilities Seller SellerFirstname SellerFirstname
ValuationId Sellersid SellerLastname SellerLastname
Property Value SellerFirstname SellerDOB SellerDOB
SellerLastname SellerContact SellerContact
SellerDOB Negotiator Negotiator
SellerContact Negotiator id Negotiator id
NegotiatorI NegotiatorContact NegotiatorContact
Negotiator Price Price
NegotiatorId Property Value Property Value
Negotiator Name PropertyID pk PropertyID pk
NegotiatorContact Area Area
PropertyID Area id pk Area id pk
Price Area Name Area Name
Property Value Post Code Post Code
Area Facilities Facilities
AreaName Property Value Property Value
Postcode
facilities
Property Value

2.2 Build a relational database system based on a prepared design


ENTITIES
Properties Property Id, Price, transport facilities, property rooms

Properties sale Sale Id, Date Sold, Negotiator Id

Seller Seller Id, First Name, Last Name, Contact detail,

Buyers Buyer Id, First Name, Last Name Contact detail, DOB,

Negotiator FIRST NAME, LAST NAME, PHONE NO, EMAIL, ADDRESS

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Area Area Name, Zip code, schools by, Parks

Buyer

BuyerID pk
PropertySale
Negotiator
PropertySaleID pk
Seller PK id
Negotiator
Seller Buyer fk
SellerID pk NegotiatorContact

Price
propertyID PK PropertySale
PropertyID pk
PropertySales Pk
pk propertyID PK
Property type
AreaName
PostCode
Facilites
Sellerid
AreaID fk

Area
Area id pk
Area Name
PostAs per the above ER diagram Data Dictionary can also be presented such as:
Code
Facilities
Property Value
Property table one
Property Comments Data type Size
property ID Primary key Text , Number
Property type Text
Property Sales Primary Key Text , Number
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Area Name Text ,Number
Postcode Text , Number
Facilities Text
Area ID Foreign key Text Number
Property Sale table two
Property Sale Comments Data Type size
Property Sale ID Primary key Text , Number
Seller Primary key Text , Number
Buyer Foreign key Text , Number
Buyer table three
Buyer
Buyer ID Primary Key Primary Key
Buyer First name text
Buyer Last name text
Buyer DOB Number
Buyer Contact Text Number
Seller table four
Seller Comments Data type size
Seller ID Primary key number
Seller First name Text
Seller Last name Text
Seller DOB Number
Seller Contact Text Number
Negotiator table five
Negotiator Comments Data type Size
Negotiator id Number
Negotiator Text Number
Contact
Price Number
Property Value Number
Property ID Primary key Number
Area table six
Area Comments Data type Size
Area ID Primary Key Number
Area Name Text Number
Post Code Text Number
Facilities Text
Property Value Text Number

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2.3 Techniques that helps in enhancing user interface
There are different types of techniques through which user interface can be enhanced
such as:
Functional requirement gathering: It is the most effective process under which user
can user need to assemble all the required information for the system (Patra and Pradhan,
2005). For this, a proper list of functionality required by the system need to be maintained. It
helps in accomplishment of the goals as well as project needs of user.
User and task analysis: With the help of this process user can easily identify the tasks
which he needs to perform. The tasks he is performing must be supported by the system.
Further, this step is quite crucial and helps in determining the best performance by proper
system support.

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Information architecture: There must be an appropriate architecture which shows the


overall flow of information (Scarisbrick-Hauser, 2007).
Moreover, it can be define that these are the most crucial steps by which user interface
can be enhanced. Testing can also be done by which whole process can be smoothening and
interface can be enhanced.

LO3
3.1 Benefits of using manipulation and query tools in a relational database system
In any relational database there are various manipulation as well as query tools that
must be used to manage the queries. By using these queries such as SQL different tables can
be formed. It is the best way through which information can be linked as well as extracted at
the time of requirements (Rosenblatt and Shelly, 2011). With the help of using manipulation
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language, it is quite easy in relational database system to respond towards the ad-hoc query
by means of a language. In addition to this, SQL provides high flexibility and also support
different queries under which security is supported. Authentication and permission is
requisite at the time of using this relational database system. Moreover, the benefit of using
this technique can be determine by the tables used for different purpose, it consists of rows
and columns and user also find it very attractive at the time of revision of any type of
information.

3.2 Query language into the relational database system


SQL language is used for the purpose of maintaining data of Hot Property. It is the
most effective process that uses to design the relational database. Relational database
basically includes one or more tables (Patra and Pradhan, 2005). In the present scenario,
queries can be presented in the form of SQL such as:

SELECT* FROM property table


SELECT Prop. Id, prop sale Id, Rooms, Prop price, area name FROM Property Table

INSERT INTO Buyer (BuyerId, FirstName, LastName, contact details, DOB)


VALUES (101,Tom, Skagen ,0987654321, 03/06/1990);

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3.3 How meaningful data has been extracted through the use of query tools

It is very effective to extract the data by using query tools such as Oracle, SQL, dB2
etc. It is the best way through which user is able to generate and produce more effective
results. As per the given case scenario, SQL query tool is used to execute the query in a
proper manner. Further, it is the only way to determine the validity as well as reliability with
the help of generated results (Ward and Daniel, 2006). By using this, analyst can easily
identify that the by implementing SQL queries needs of customers are completed in stipulated
time period. In addition to this, it can be stated that various query tools helps the user in
determining meaningful information to acquire suitable results at right time.

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TASK 4

4.1 Critically review and test the relational database system


Relational database system helps in defining relationship between different entities.
After preparing the whole database system the overall performance can be measured in terms
of quality of codes mentioned in the query tools (Rob, Coronel and Morris, 2013). It is the
most effective process by which testing can be done on the relational database system. In
addition to this, it can be stated that with the help of proper testing outcomes can be generated
as per the specific needs. Proper user documentation has been prepared after considering the
functional requirements. In order to test the validity of data agile testing and regression tool
can be applied. With the help of this all the processing and speed of database system can be
checked. It helps in determining that all the entries are made on the basis of proper
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requirement. It should be updated at the same time such as buyer name, proper sold date,
negotiator id, seller id etc. User can easily check the status of entries as well as its records on
the basis of last up-gradation (Pratt and Adamski, 2012). In case of having proper up-
gradations as well as entries it can state that whole relational database system is working
properly.

4.2 User documentation for the relational database system


One of the most important tasks for the database designer is to prepare the user
documents in which all the required information is clearly defined. Under this, appropriate
information about the functions as well as tables is clearly defined which helps in meeting all
the project requirements within a stipulated time frame. It is the most effective way to gain
information as well as knowledge of users (Rhyno, 2002). They can get aware about the use
of technology and resources match with required objectives. Under this type of
documentation proper SQL tutorials and manuals will be provided which covers all the
important aspects of the tool. Further, these manual is the most attractive user documentation
in which are the required information has already been mentioned and it helps in determining
appropriate information as well (Ramakrishnan, 2007).

4.3 Verification and validation of database tables


The term verification and validation can be defined as a term which is used for the
purpose of testing of database. These two techniques basically determine that information that
has been entered by user is correct. With the help of verification method dealer of Hot
Property can easily find out whether their software is meeting out their specific requirements
of not. It also ensures that information has been sent to correct user. On the other hand,
validation defines the expectations as well as needs of customers (Patra and Pradhan, 2005).
It is an automatic check which clearly determines that data is entered into the computer is
sensible. Its total process and method involves:
Type check: At the time of entering any data there is a field in which type must be
entered such as numeric, varchar etc. In case of entering wrong type the whole data need to
be re-entered.
Length Check: Data which has been entered should not be llonger than a specified
maximum numbers of characters (Ma, 2005).
Range check: In this field, lower and upper boundaries are specified appropriately.

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4.4 Control mechanisms used in system development
At the time of any type of system development it is quite essential to ensure that
various control mechanisms such as security, integrity and system availabilities were applied
to fulfill system requirements (Kaujalgi, 2004). At the end of customers they have been
prepared accessing system under which administrative as well as physical controls are
provided to database users. It is the best way through which effective use of system can be
done by them. In addition to this, some of the most essential control mechanism is as follows:
Data dependent access control: By maintaining this option manager of firm can restrict
any option for their employees such as they are not able to see their salaries. On the given
case scenario, except property dealer no one check the customers personal information
(Kaner, Bach and Pettichord, 2002). There are different methods which can be used for the
implementation of data dependent access control such as:
View based access control
Query Modification

Granting and revocation of access


SQL privileges: Owner is one who can define the relation between SQL. In this, he is
having power to grant any type of access relation by the way of using different queries such
as CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, DELETE and UPDATE etc.

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CONCLUSION

From the above report it has been articulated that Hot Property is able to manage all
the data related to their buyer, sellers, property to be sold, negotiator, area etc. with the help
of developing best relational database system. It helps in maintaining all the records of
relevant field by utilizing

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