Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(Outline)
THEORY
I. Terminology:
1. Definition:
2. Some reasons that may lead to misunderstand in the case foreign language
mistranslated:
a. Multiple meanings: One part of studying a language is knowing the the many
meanings of an individual words. Here are some examples:
i. Crash can mean the auto accident, a drop in Stock Market, to attend a
party without being invited,
ii. A flowering plant could be be referred to as a weed or a garden of flower.
iii. The verb motion can mean walk, run, fall, plod, hungry or fly.
iv. The simple word on can have many meanings, such as:
on phone
on the roof
on cloud nine
on edge
on fire
on purpose
on demand
on call
c. Words that are plays on words: Words can be a puns, a play on words.Puns use
multiple meaning of words or homephones (where the pronunciation is the
same but the spelling and meaning are different). Here are some instances of
puns:
ii. The best way to communicate with a fish is to drop them a line.
iii. Two silkworms had a race. They ended up in a tie. means: most ties are
made out of silk
iv.
b. leads to uniformity for the benefit of all. (all the parties of global business
and services, cross-border investment and borrowing,)
ii. ... the voice of an official of its Central Bank stated that the USA could
not go BANKRUPT (Capital 2011/25 July)
iii. The symptom restricting the investor from making money on the stock
exchange is overrated emotions which make the investor exaggerate,
more than usually , the risk of investments on the stock exchange, taking
as reference a stock exchange CRASH, whose amplitude was last
encountered by investors in the 1930s during the Great Depression from
the USA (ZiarulFinanciar 2011/ 6 July)
iv.
c. Single terms in economic texts are not fixed in use. They can
appear in the form of either a verb or a noun in different times in the
same text. Let take the term demand as an example from The reception
of some English economic terms into Vietnamese language under the
effect of the market economy Dr. Pham Thi Thanh Thuy Faculty of
Economic Language, National Economics University
i. "Demand is the quantity of good buyers":
"demand" functions as the head of a nominal group.
ii. ". the relation between demand and supply":
demand is a qualifier within a prepositional phrase.
Two examples here are quoted from Begg, D., Fischer, S. and Dornbusch, R. (1991). Economics.
McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead by Mrs. Thuy.
History: It began with the P4 trade agreement between just four nations - Brunei, Chile,
New Zealand and Singapore - that came into effect in 2006. That deal removed tariffs on
most goods traded between the countries, promised to cut more and also to co-operate
on wider issues such as employment practices, intellectual property and competition
policies. In January 2008, the U.S. agreed to enter into talks with the Pacific 4 (P4)
members regarding trade liberalization in financial services.[42] This led to 19 formal
negotiation rounds and a subsequent series of additional meetings, such as Chief
Negotiators Meetings and Ministers Meetings, and resulted in the agreement
announced on 5 October 2015.
Twelve countries participated in negotiations for the TPP: the four parties to the
2005 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (Chile, New Zealand,
Singapore, Brunei) and eight additional countries(USA, Australia, Peru, Malaysia,
Mexico, Japan, Canada and Vietnam) . All twelve signed the TPP on 4 February 2016. The
agreement will enter into force after ratification by all signatories, if this occurs within
two years. If the agreement is not ratified by all before 4 February 2018, it will enter into
force after ratification by at least 6 states which together have a GDP of more than 85%
of the GDP of all signatories.
Aim: The 30 chapters of the agreement aim to "promote economic growth; support the
creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness;
raise living standards; reduce poverty in the signatories' countries; and promote
transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections."
Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the
normal morphology of the TL.
Ex: Radio, Turbine, Blog, -> Ra-i-, Tua-bin, Blog,.. (VD t ngh)
Comment: The argument in favor of transference is that it shows respect for the SL
country's culture- The argument against it is that it is the translator's job to
translate, to explain.
2. Through-translation:
Ex(Bi bo trang 36): Snow man -> Snow l tuyt, man l ngi -> ngi tuyt
Live music -> Live l sng, music l nhc -> nhc sng
3. Combination
Ex: He died because of AIDS -> Anh cht do AIDS, mt cn bnh th k (T ngh)
4. Neutralization
This strategy integrate 2 process. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Paraphrase: in this
procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more
detailed than that of descriptive equivalent
Comments: If there are too many notes, it will block readers thought and make the
paper look complicated. Moreover, it can be a false translation if the authors add the
notes arbitrarily.
6. Classifier
Ex: Christmas has a great influence on Americans society -> Ging Sinh ,mt dp sum vy
ca gia nh Cng gio, c nh hng rt ln n x hi M (T ngh)
7. Adaption
In adaptation, the translator changes the content and form of the ST in a way that
conforms to the rules of the target language and culture. In general, this procedure is
used to deal with culturally-bound words or expressions, metaphors and images in
translation. Experts argues that adaptation is based on three main procedures: cultural
substitution, paraphrase and omission.
Cultural substitution refers to the case where the translator uses equivalent words
that are ready-made in the TL and serve the same goal as those of the SL. In other
words, the translator substitutes cultural words of the SL by cultural words of the TL.
The procedure of paraphrase is used to surpass all cultural barriers that the ST
presents for the translator. It is based on explanations, additions and changes in
words order.
Omission means the deletion of a word or words from the SLT while translating. This
procedure is used to deal with the cultural disparity existing between the SL and the
TL.
Ex: the father kissed his daughter on the mouth -> translate to Vietnamese s l ng b
hn ln mi con gi , but in Vietnam culture, this cultural element does not exist.
Therefore, the translator has to change to be suitable for Vietnam culture : ng b tru
mn m con gi (bi bo trang 39)
Comment: This is an effective way, it helps translator overcome the cultural difficulties
of the original paper by transforming cultural aspect so as to be suitable for the readers
culture.
8. Synonymy
A synonym is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because
the word is not important enough for componential analysis. Unnecessary use of
synonyms is a mark of many poor translations.
These are rather imprecise translation procedures, which you practice intuitively in
some cases. However, for each there is at least one shift which you may' like to bear
in mind, particularly in poorly written texts:
(1) SL adjective of substance plus general noun, TL noun: a bottle of water 1 chai
nc (not 1 chai ca nc)
(2) For expansion, a not uncommon shift, often neglected, is SL adjective, English T
L adverb plus past participle, or present participle plus object: 2 pens 2 ci bt mc.
- Transference: using the same words from SL for translating into TL. By using the
method, we can keep the full meaning of source text so that theres hardly mistakes of
translating but sometimes it will cause problems of understanding the words. (ly hon
ton t ting anh)
A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of
a given term are literallytranslated into their equivalents in the borrowing language
3 Combination
This method using the combination of 2 or 3 methods of translation. In particular, 1, loan word
+ explanation or 2, loan word + word that does not have culture identity to describe cultural
word.
This strategy integrate 2 process. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Paraphrase: in this
procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more
detailed than that of descriptive equivalent
5. Footnote
7. Adaption
The translator changes the content and form of the Source Language in a way that
conforms to the rules of the target language and culture. So that it will be more
appropriate with culture of Target Language
2. Ambiguity Alertness:
a. Successful translated words:
1. Transference and naturalization
In TPP: The Parties recognise the importance of facilitating access to genetic resources within
their respective national jurisdictions, consistent with each Partys international obligations
In Vietnamese: Cc Bn cng nhn tm quan trng ca tip cn thun li ngun gen trong khu
vc php l quc gia ca mnh, ph hp vi cc ngha v quc t ca mi Bn
2. Through-translation
In TPP: the acquisition or rental of land, existing buildings or other immovable property or the
rights thereon
3. Combination
7. Adaption
In TPP: To the extent practicable in light of time limits established to complete the
antidumping or countervailing duty action (Annex 6-A, page 8)
In Vietnamese: to iu kin cho bn lin quan iu chnh hoc gii trnh trong mt
khong thi gian cn thit hon thnh bin php v thu chng bn ph gi hoc
thu chng tr cp
At chapter 6 TRADE REMEDIES of TPP, the original English version has the script: the
date of the transitional safeguard measures introduction, its expected duration and, if
applicable, a timetable for progressive liberalization of the measure, while, in the
Vietnamese version, it is converted into: ngy p dng bin php t v chuyn tip,
thi hn d kin (nu c) v l trnh ni lng dn bin php ny. The remarkableness
here is the using brackets in Vietnamese version instead of the command like the
English one. As a result, the grammatical role of the phrase if applicable is changed
too. It has the role of modifying for the phrase a timetable for progressive
liberalization of the measure correctly, but in Vietnamese document, it modifies for
expected duration due to the function of brackets ( ) .
It makes sense that in a practical situation, these 2 way of writing may cause some
conflicts like: The contract between Vietnamese government and a national corporation
of America can become a dispute when the American party require a full information
about the date of the transitional safeguard measures introduction, its expected
duration from Vietnamese party. However, within the meaning of Vietnamese TPP
version, the expected duration is if applicable, so it will create a chance for USA
corporation to sue Vietnamese government for not to compliance with signed
agreement.
Translation suggestion: We change a detail in Vietnamese document: ..., nu
c,...
GRAMMAR UNCHANGED
About National Treatment And Market Access For Goods (Chapter 2 of TPP), we look
into another multi-meaning case:
In TPP: On receipt of such a request for consultations, the Party seeking to
introduce the new or additional condition, limit or eligibility requirement shall
promptly undertake consultations with the Party that submitted the request, in
accordance with Article 2.32.6 (Transparency)
In Vietnamese translation: Khi nhn c yu cu tham vn, Bn mun p dng
mt iu kin, gii hn hoc yu cu mi hoc b sung phi nhanh chng tin
hnhtham vn vi Bn yu cu theo khon 6 iu 2.34 (S minh bch)
The important item we concerning is the meaning of eligibility requirement. In
Vietnamese document, it means: new or additional requirement. However, its
the most popular meaning in English is: requirement that meet some certain
standards.
Clearly, Vietnamese may face with some difficulties if American use this
mistranslation to argue that the requirements from Vietnam are not satisfied the
previous agreements between two party.
Translation suggestion: We use the combination translation strategy:
eligibility requirement -> yu cu t iu kin
COMBINATION strategy
Also in the chapter 2, at the article 2.7, we can find an instance of using word confusing
to the Vietnamese people: Each Party shall grant duty-free temporary admission for
containers and pallets regardless of their origin, that are in use or to be used in the
shipment of goods in international traffic. The remarkable point here is when translate
this sentence into Vietnamese, it becomes: Mi Bn s cho php tm nhp min thu
i vi cc container v pallet c xut x bt k c s dng trong cc l hng ha vn
chuyn quc t. It has no change of the words container and pallet. Overall, when
the principles of TPP become applicable, it is very important to understand all of it.
What thing will the new business that just join international links of Vietnamese do?
(whereas they do not comprehend the meaning of container and pallet - 2 of the
most important unit that serving for the importing and exporting process)
Translation suggestion: We propose the add a footnote for container and pallet in
Vietnamese text like pallet is a small, low, portable platform on which goods are placed
for storage or moving, as in a warehouse or vehicle. Container is a portable
compartment in which freight is placed (as on a train or ship) for convenience of
movement. (translation sources from dictionary.com)
FOOTNOTE strategy
The last example if multi-meaning word used in TPP comes from an easy and simple
word potential that appears in article 17.8 Injury - chapter 17 State Owned Enterprises
and Designated Monopolies.
o In TPP: actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories,
employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments
o In Vietnamese document: nhng nh hng tiu cc thc t v tim nng v
dng tin, hng tn kho, vic lm, thu nhp, s tng trng, kh nng tng vn
hoc u t
The word tin nng in Vietnamese has thoroughly positive meaning. Conversely, the
word potential has not only positive meaning but also the negative meaning that is
similar to the word latent. After considering carefully base the meaning of the whole
sentence, we jump the conclusion that the Vietnamese party did a mistake when
translating it. It is not a direct point that will cause disadvantage for Vietnam but
Vietnamese party will make self-mistakes if they continue using that false translation.
Translation suggestion: The Adaption strategy will put into practice:
potential -> tim tng.
ADAPTION strategy