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f 1, f 2 . f 3 . f 1. f 5
Abstmct-To realize practical wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM) systems, a high-performance N x N wavelength mul-
tiplexer is introduced that is based on an arrayed-waveguide
grating. Its transmission characteristicsare theoretically derived
and experimentally confirmed. A prototype is constructed using
f5 -
f4 4
(a)
the previously proposed techniques that attain low insertion loss fl,fZ.f3.fl.f5
and polarization independent operation. It has 16 channels (N =
16) with a spacing of 0.8 nm, or 100 GHz, in the 1.55-pm band.
Frequency relation between input and output ports, free spectral
range, and passband width are determined. A demonstration of
IM-DD pulse transmission shows that there is no degradation (b)
- fS
of bit error rate resulting from the finite passband width and fi,fz,€3.Ei.f5 f 1, E2 ' ,f 3 , E4, E5
t+
f z ' Ez
I. INTRODUCTION
--f5,fl.f2,f3,fl
fl,f2.f3
- _____
1
1 1' I
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448 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLQGY, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MARCH 1995
the realization of a practical multiplexer with the low insertion hlrilll 2 I I1 VaI e
U
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TAKAHASH er al.: CHARACTERISTICS OF ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE N x N WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXER 449
TABLE III
FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT OF THE MULTIPLEXER. COLUMN:INPUT;
ROW: OUTpuT. A N EXAMPLE OF PERIODIC ASSIGNMENT
-X -7 ,,. -I 0 I ... 6 7
-8 fo f-I ... f-7 fs f7 ,.. f? fi
-7 f- i f-2 ... fs f7 fh ... fi fo
.. .. .. . . . .. ..
-1 f-7 f8 ... fZ fI it1 ... f-5 f-6
0 fs f7 ... fl f0 f-I ... f-6 f-7
I f7 fh ... 10 f.1 1.2 ... f-7 f8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6 fz fi ... f-s 1 6 1'-7 ... f? f3
7 fl fll .. f-6 f-7 Is ... f3 fz
/ WAVEPLATE
B. Periodic Assignment
It is well known that only N frequencies are logically
required for the N x N connection shown in Fig. l(d) [7]. In
order to achieve this, the periodicity of the arrayed-waveguide
must be utilized. Each route has periodic pass frequencies, the
spacing of which is referred to as the free spectral range (FSR).
If FSR = N A f , we can attain an N x N connection with
N frequencies. For example, Table II shows that f-14 is the
pass frequency for route (7, 7), but f P l 4 + FSR is also a pass
frequency for (7, 7). Therefore, f 2 can be assigned instead
ARRAYED-WAVEGUIDE of f-14. Based on this regularity, Table I1 can be modified
(b) into Table 111. Only f-7 to fs are used and the number of
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic waveguide layout of arrayed-waveguide N x N frequencies is N . Other assignments such as j o to f ~ sare
multiplexer. 1-0 waveguides are numbered -8 to 7 from the bottom ( N =
16). (b) Detail near slab waveguide.
also possible.
Here, we carefully discuss the FSR since it must be designed
to exactly equal N Af . For the order of m + 1, (1) is modified
is to
d0
--
mA2 ng
(3)
dj n,dcn, (n, + An,)dsin& + (n, + An,) AL
ng = n, - A-dn,
+ (n, + An,)dsin8, = ( m + 1 f +FSR
) L (6)
(4)
dA
where e is the light velocity in a vacuum. ng is regarded as +
where n, An, and n, An, are the effective refractive +
the group refractive index of the channel waveguide [17]. The indexes of the slab and channel waveguides, respectively, at
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450 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MARCH 1995
the frequency of f + FSR. The index change is given by It. is found from this equation that the frequency response of
the multiplexer is the same as that of a Gaussian bandpass
filter. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is obtained
from (11) as follows:
+
The term ( d sin I9i d sin 0,) indicates that the FSR depends AND RESULTS
111. EXPERJMENTAL
on the input and output ports. For diagonal ports such as (0,
+
O), (1, -l), and (2, -2) where 8; 19, = 0, the FSR equals A. Multiplexer Fabrication
c/ngA L as derived in previous reports. We designed a multiplexer having 100 GHz spaced 16
channels for use in a dense WDM system in the 1.55-pm band.
C. Frequency Response The design parameter values are shown in Table I. We fab-
Frequency response of the transmission coefficient of a ricated the multiplexer chip using Ge-doped silica waveguide
multiplexer is an important parameter in determining its ap- technology [9]. The chip size is 3 cm x 4 cm. To eliminate the
plication feasibility. Each input light is diffracted in the input polarization dependence of the arrayed-waveguide grating, a
slab, passed through the arrayed waveguide, focused in the polyimide film half waveplate was inserted in a groove formed
output slab, and coupled into one of the output waveguides. in the middle of the grating [14]-[16]. The film is 14.5 pm
The focal position depends on the optical frequency so the thick and the groove is 18 pm wide. The excess loss due to the
frequency response is obtained from the coupling coefficient waveplate insertion is estimated to be only 0.4 dB. Two 16-
of the focused light into the output waveguide. The mode field fiber arrays were connected to the input and output waveguides
patterns of the focused light and the propagation mode of the with UV curable adhesive. Finally, the multiplexer chip was
output waveguide are almost the same. Here, we assume they packaged with a Peltier element for temperature control.
are Gaussian. The coupling coefficient of two Gaussian fields
is given by a simple function in Gaussian form as follows [181 B. Transmission Loss Spectra
Fig. 3 shows the measured transmission spectrum for route
(9) (0, 0). Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from an Er-
doped fiber amplifier was used as a broadband light source.
where x is the distance between the two fields and wo is their The light output from the multiplexer was measured with a
spot size. The distance x is proportional to the frequency shift spectrum analyzer. Three peaks were observed. The spacing
Sf from the pass frequency and is given by between them, that is, the FSR, is about 13 nm, which confirms
that 16 0.8-nm-spaced channels were possible. The insertion
Ax loss is 5 dB, which includes all losses of the packaged
x= -6f [m].
Af multiplexer such as waveguide propagation loss, grating loss,
and fiber-waveguide connection loss. This is slightly higher
The ratio A x / Af is the linear dispersion which is the product
than the previously reported value of 3 dB [15]. We think that
of the angular dispersion and the focal length. Accordingly,
the fiber-waveguide connection was slightly misaligned. The
the frequency response is given by
loss at the other wavelength is -35 dB. The crosstalk of the
multiplexer is estimated to be -30 dB.
Fig. 4 shows the normalized spectral response of the mul-
tiplexer in the vicinity of the pass wavelength. The horizontal
C
FSR = (n, - A$+) A L + (n, - A%)(dsinOi + dsinI9,) [Hzl.
1 T - ~ -~ -
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~
. ,
. . . . . . TABLE V
MEASURED S 16 x 16 CONNECTION
PASS~ ~ Q U E N C I EOF VALUES ARE RELATIVE
1530 1550 1570 FREOUENCY REFERENCED TO 192.940 GHz. COLUMN: h P U T , ROW: OUTPUT
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Fig. 3. Measured transmission spectrum from input #O to output #O.
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452 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MARCH 1995
Polarization 0 :
.. :
.. :
.. :
.. :
.. :
.. :
. :
. :
.
. ._ . _ .
Controller
................................................................................................... .
or
LO-5 00
LN Modulatof
1 548 1553 1558
Fig. 5. Experimental setup for pulse transmission. Input #O and output #O
of the multiplexer are used. LD: laser diode; PPG: pulse pattern generator. WAVELENGTH (nm)
Fig. 7. Power spectrum of demultiplexed light. Main channel LD/#5 is
01 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. selected with more than -30 dB suppression of dummy channels.
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .
...................................................................................................
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................................
.. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
. . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . .
-80 i i i i i i i i j
15
OPTICAL POWER (dBm)
Fig. 8. Measured bit error rate of main channel. Horizontal axis is optical
power per channel. Circles: back-to-back; diamonds: 1-channel transmission;
squares: 8-channel transmission.
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. I
4t-9 C Crosstalk
.-0 R c = Pc/PS
3 - .-(I)
5c
2 - 2
I-
1 - Pc
I I
7-T I I ,
0 -
-l-20
1
-10 0 10 20
FREQUENCY SHIFT (GHz)
Fig. 9. Measured power penalty caused by source light frequency shift in
622-Mb/s transmission.
the noise distribution function at both mark and space levels
to be Gaussian and define the bit error rate as
40
h
N I
I
z 20 The BER is decided by the value of Q. For example, the BER
is known to be at Q = 12. Q is defined by Ps/cwhere
4
I
2 is the variance of effective noise in the receiver.
cn Crosstalk is thought to be another kind of noise with two
> 0 power levels, P, and 0. Its variance is P:/4 per channel. The
0 variance of the asynchronously mixed N - 1 signals yielding
z
;
w
-20
crosstalk is given by (N - 1)P:/4 according to the central
limit theorem. So the variance of the noise and crosstalk is
U' + (N - 1)P:/4 in N-channel transmission. In order to
E keep the BER constant even in the presence of crosstalk, Q
must have the same value. That is
-40 I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
TEMPERATURE ("C)
Fig. 10. Measured temperature dependence of pass frequency. Horizontal
axis is multiplexer temperature. where PL is the increased signal power needed to compen-
sate for crosstalk noise. Accordingly, power penalty due to
IV. DISCUSSION crosstalk is give by
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454 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MARCH 1995
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express their gratitude to M. Nakahara, M.
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 Kawachi, Y. Ohmori, H. Ishio, and K. Nosu for their con-
tinuous encouragement; K. Okamoto, K. Kawano, K. Kato,
CROSSTALK (dB)
and S. Suzuki for discussions; and K. Onose, H. Okazaki, M.
Fig. 12. Calculated crosstalk induced power penalty at BER = lo-’ in
10- and 1OOchannel transmission. Horizontal axis is the crosstalk of the
Yasu for multiplexer fabrication.
multiplexer P,/ P,.
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. I
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