A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

Energy Conversion/Creation :
Mechanical to Electrical

B.Tech. (12th Semester, MLEP) in Mechanical Engineering i.e.

Degree Project Work.

Submitted By

RAVINDRA LANJEWAR NABEEL KHAN

Guide & Co-ordinate by

Mr. R. K. Lohe

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University-Nashik
Study Center : Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha (NYSS)
Center Code : 44281
Atre Lay-Out Nagpur
2014

1
 CERTFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Ravindra Narayan Lanjewar PRN No. B-012603
has successfully completed a project "Energy Conversion/Creation:
Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy in partial fulfillment of requirement
for B.Tech. (12th Semester,MLEP) in Mechanical Engineering i.e. Degree
Project Work.

Submitted By

RAVINDRA LANJEWAR NABEEL KHAN

Signature With Date

Study Center Cordanater

R.K.Lohe

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 Acknowledgement
We are very happy for submitting the project report on
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.
Completing a task is never a one-man effort. It is always a result of
invaluable contribution of a number of individuals in a direct or indirect
manner. The successful culmination of our efforts reminds us of our
debtless towards our venerated guide Prof. R. K. LOHE SIR for his
valuable guidance and thought provoking encouragement throughout the
project. He has given his valuable advice in the hour of need and
provided the requisite facilities for the completion of the project work. We
are grateful to Prof. R. K. LOHE SIR Program Co-coordinator of
Y.C.M.O.U study center NYSS Nagpur, for their valuable advises and
facilities provided by them, which paved the way of successful completion
of this project. We are taking this opportunity to express our sincere
thanks to Prof. R. K. LOHE SIR for providing us with required laboratory
facilities and cooperation offered to us from time to time. Last but not
least we salute with regard and esteem to all our friends and colleagues
who directly and indirectly helped us to complete our project successfully.
Submitted with regards.

***

PROJECTEE

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 INDEX
Sr. No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. Introduction: Introduction of a project 6

2. Objectives of the project: 8

Fabrication-magnetic generator

5.
Working Principle 10

Preparing materials 18
Design & Development-1 31
6.

Photographic View 32
Design & Development-2 41

Parts used 42

7. Magnet Terminology 56

8. Advantages & Future Scopes 68

9. Applications 69

10. Results & Conclusion 70

11. Bills of Materials 73

12. References 74

4
 Abstract
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets, harness it effective work output. We are also need to bring the
change in energy utilization and trying to minimize the load on conventional
energy resources. Here we are trying to use magnets to charge battery and it
will be used in various applications.

This model can utilized in all the seasons there are various drawback in
non-conventional energy i.e. solar, wind which will cannot work all the time, but
my model will work all the time 24X7X365 day non stop. The magnetic energy
is used to rotate the wheels which are connected to permanent magnet
generator the magnetic energy thus trapped and converted to electricity.

5
Introduction

6
 Introduction
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets. Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his
sustenance and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years
ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted.
Proposal for the utilization of free energy from using magnets is very much
relevant and important for populated country like India. In this project We are
generating electrical energy by using the magnets. By using magnets &
generator we get energy from this method. This method is called magnetic
generator method in this method we get near 12 V voltages. This is more
convenient method to produce energy with no pollution.
Now we are living in a modern world. All the appliances need energy to
run. Without energy we cant do anything. Though our country is a developing
country, there is a shortage in power generation. Normally in most of the
developed country, they are using this type of magnetic generator in big size
for home appliances. But developing country like India it does not reach well.
Power cut is major problem in our country. To eliminate power cut we have to
go for this method. Some of the industries are using this method in large size.
This method plays major role because no use of fuel or energy we can
generate power. India like large country needs more energy when compared to
small country. But our power generation is low. So that our country cant give
24 hours power supply. That is what we are going for new methods to make
free energy.
My project is to design and fabricate the magnetic generator. This is very
cheapest way to make energy. Here magnets are used to drive the wheel. The
wheels are attached to generator which creates the power. This is portable and
small in size.

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 Objectives of the project
Magnetic Power Generator - Generate Electricity

A magnetic power generator is basically a free energy generator. In

other words, it uses magnets and magnetic force to induce perpetual motion.
It runs by itself indefinitely without stopping, thus creating completely free
electrical energy, which can fully power your home for free. Perpetual motion
device refers to a machine that runs perpetually i.e. indefinitely, and produces
a larger amount of energy than it consumes. Thus, it produces free energy
indefinitely a runs by itself without having to need a third-party device or
resource to power it. The free energy devices have been suppressed by the
corporate world because such devices would allow people to create their own
energy for free, which would ultimately shut down the big energy corporations.
By constructing the magnetic power generator, you will be able to generate
completely free electric energy, i.e. creating energy without needing any
source of renewable or non-renewable energy. The generator powers itself
and creates energy by itself without requiring solar energy, heat, water, coal
or any kind of resource. This generator powers itself and works indefinitely
without stopping, creating a large amount of energy. Here are some of the
benefits that a magnetic power generator installation manual has:
It works in every home and requires only a small amount of space
You can eliminate your power bill by 50% or even completely, depending on
how you implement the magnetic generator
It works in all conditions and can work in extreme hot or cold without any
problem
The material needed to build the magnetic generator is cheap and easily
accessible anywhere in the world
The process has been simplified and the steps are easy to follow, so even a
complete novice would be able to follow them.
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 The installation package contains a bonus chapter about the backgrounds
and history of this amazing device. A magnetic power generator can be
efficiently used to power your home with almost zero costs on your side. The
generator is eco-friendly and doesn't produce any harmful byproducts. It is
predicted that the technology will rapidly spread,
Generator will be the energy in the future.
Create cheaper and more environment friendly energy. Until that time comes,
you can use this technology at a very reasonable set-up cost.

Safe for use:

The magnetic power generator is a safe system for use and operates
well. It doesn't produce any harmful byproducts or gases, and there isn't any
hazard concerning the generator itself. Even if you have young children, they
may freely walk in the close vicinity of the generator. The magnetic power
generator is also a very eco-friendly solution because it doesn't pollute the
environment. The generator itself isn't flammable or combustible, so it's
completely safe

Saving money:
The amount you can save by building the magnetic power generator
can vary. If you decide to build the generator as a supplement to your current
electrical installation, i.e. partially power your household, you can easily save
anywhere in the range of 30-50%. This means that your power bill will reduce
by 30-50%.If you decide to implement a magnetic power generator on a full-
scale; it will independently power your household meaning that you won't
have to pay anything to the power company. The magnetic power generator
will work by itself perpetually and generate 100% free electric energy.

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Working Principle

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The Principle : Electricity Generation By Employing Repulsion
Magnetic Technique in Rotating Machines.

Law : Law of Conservation of Energy

i.e. Energy Cannot Be Created Not Destroyed It Can
Be Converted From One Form to Another.
Idea:
Fabrication of a Magnet mounted wheels with Bearing mounted hub.
Which will rotate due to repulsion and this wheel are to be connected to a
dynamo which give 12 v power.

The rotating machines are the heart of industries. This rotational energy
along with driving a load can be used as a source for free energy power
generation as a by- product. This paper proposes a novel technology to
convert the rotational free energy available from rotating machines to electrical
energy using repulsion magnet technique. The proposed technology employs
the theory of magnetic repulsion to utilize the free energy. The system uses
permanent magnets to produce repulsion and this repulsive force produces a
torque which drives a DC generator. The repulsive magnet disc consists of two
magnetic discs of which one is mounted in the rotating machine and the other
is connected to the DC generator. During driving a load, the rotating machine
on rotation rotates disc 1. The repulsion between the two magnets makes the
disc 2 to rotate which forms the mechanical input for DC generator. Thus the
free energy available is used for power generation by repulsion technique. The
power output from the DC generator can be stored in batteries or used to drive
any AC loads through an inverter. Thus the free energy can be effectively
utilized at no cost.

KEYWORDS: Batteries, DC generator, Free energy, Inverter, Machines,

Magnetic repulsion.

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 A repulsive-type Magnet mounted wheels system has been fabricated in
which the rotor of a horizontal -shaft-type motor is levitated due to the
repulsive force between two sets of permanent magnets. A novel
arrangement of permanent magnets has been reported here, which has made
the rotation of the rotor possible.
The system is planned to be applied for producing power up to 12 V and
10 Amp .

I. INTRODUCTION
The repulsive-type magnetic system has been employed so far in
bearing and levitation systems alone. Due to the scarcity of power generation,
much modern technique must be employed for power production in this world.
This proposed work states the new invention of producing free energy from
repulsive type magnetic system for power generation. The technique is very
effective and cost enough. This generated power can be used in all kind of
applications, specifically in this paper the generated power is fed to UPS. The
UPS is indispensable in the critical loads such as on-line system for banks,
life-supporting system, etc. This proposed work UPS are same. The input
source of the Voltage controlled voltage source inverters are widely used in
power supplies, power quality controllers, renewable energy, marine and
military applications. They are at the heart of applications requiring an AC
supply from a DC source. Therefore it is important that they are designed to
be robust and efficient, especially in remote areas and renewable energy
applications where inverter failure can cause inconvenience and the available
energy is limited. The design of inverters can be improved using software
packages suitable for this application. A repulsive-type magnet, usually the
rotor is levitated by the repulsive forces between stator and rotor permanent
magnets. The system is unstable in nature. The controlled Magnet is used to
keep the rotor in the desired position.
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 The repulsive Magnet wheel system has the advantages of using a
smaller number of Magnets and simplified control scheme compared to an
active Magnet wheel system. The advantages of using this system compared
to mechanical in high-speed motors are long life, frictionless and lubrication
free operation, feasible operation at high speed, etc. Many research papers
have been published on Magnet wheels using permanent magnets but the
satisfactory performance of this type of magnetic system is strongly
dependent on the characteristics of the permanent magnet and its
configuration in the bearing system. Two repulsive magnets in systems using
permanent magnets for the levitation were fabricated a few years back and
their levitation and control performance were compared. Due to aging and or
as the magnets are repelling each other, there will be demagnetization of the
permanent magnet, resulting in the field distribution along the magnets
periphery non uniform, and this will affect the performance of the system.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The repulsive-type Magnet wheel system for the vertical shaft machine is
shown in Fig. 1, and it was fabricated a few years back. The magnet used for
the system was of circular configuration. This type of bearing system is stable
along the radial direction but is unstable along the vertical axis. After around
five years of operation, the flux density distribution of the magnets for this
system became non uniform, which has affected its performance. The
different remedial measures were reported in , but the best option is to
replace the permanent Magnets, which is a costly solution.

III. CONFIGURATION: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Block diagram The machine drives any load this rotational energy can be
used as a source of free energy for power generation as a by-product. For the
generation of free energy a new technique known as repulsive magnetic

13
technique is used. In repulsive magnetic disc the permanent magnet are
placed in opposite poles which produce repulsive force. Here two discs, disc 1
is coupled with rotating machines and disc 2 is coupled with the DC
generator. These two discs are separated by a small distance because;
distance is inversely proportional to the repulsive force. The generated power
from DC generator is fed to UPS system. The block diagram of proposed
system is shown in figure 1.

I. Analysis of force calculation

Model diagram For two cylindrical magnets with radius R, and height h, with
their magnetic dipole aligned and the distance between them greater than a
certain limit, the force can be well approximated (even at distances of the order
of h) by, = 32 202 42 calculated by using repelling magnet
calculator, the results of repelling curve and also different size of magnet force
is shown in below figure 3.
Force analysis of 1 inch and 0.5 inch magnet Power is the rate of work
done per unit time. The expression of mechanical work done derived in
= = =below,
= 260 This mechanical power is applied to the
The magnetic circular disc2 coupled with DC generator its generated
electricity. The power output from the DC generator can be stored in batteries
or used to drive any AC loads through an inverter. This modelling of repulsive
magnet technique generated 2kVA power.

REFERENCES Where, x is the distance between them. For small values of x,

the results are erroneous as the force becomes large for close-to-zero
distance [7]. The model diagram of proposed system is shown in figure In this
project, we aim to fabricate a repulsive-type Magnet wheel system for a
vertical shaft machine using a novel arrangement of permanent magnets and

14
also a cheaper option compared to our earlier model. Instead of using big
circular magnets, many small circular permanent magnets are used which are
arranged along the periphery of a circular disk made-up of aluminum. The
schematic arrangement of the permanent magnets in two dimension and the
forces are shown in two such disks are used as shown in Fig., one of which is
Fixed to the stator and the other fixed to the rotor shaft. They form a Magnet
wheel. Two such bearings are used to levitate the rotor of the motor; the top
one is shown in Fig. The thickness, number of magnets, and their
arrangements is a matter of interest from stability consideration. An analytical
Model has been done to characterize the forces along three axes.
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of magnet arrangement and forces.
Fig. 3. Fabricated Magnet wheel.
Fig. 4. Upper Magnet wheel.
The analytical expression of force between two magnet pole of intensity
and is given by in which the intensity is given by ; is the coercive force and is
the pole face area. It is assumed here that the pole intensity of the magnet is
concentrated at the center of the magnet. The unit vector is directed along the
line joining and . There are four forces acting between two magnets as shown
in Fig. 2. and are the attractive forces and are the repulsive forces. The
resultant force is given by the vector sum of all the forces. Table I shows the
specifications of the magnet used to fabricate the system. Fig. 5 shows the
force characteristic as a function of gap distance between the two disks for
different magnet thickness in Variation of repulsive force with gap distance for
different PM thickness. Variation of repulsive force with radial displacement.
which 72 magnets are used in each disk. It is seen that the repulsive force
between the disks appears when the gap between them is becoming larger
than that of a certain value. So the selection of magnet thickness and the gap
between the disks to be selected based on some criterion. The distance of the

15
center of the magnets from the disk center is 120 mm for stator disk and that
of rotor disk is 120 mm. The selection of this parameter is explained in Fig. 6.
If there is a displacement of 1 mm along the radial axis, the rotor will
comeback to the original central position for 47.5 mm while the other cases it
will go to one extreme side. Based on the above studies, a system has been
fabricated in which 72 magnets are arranged in a circular disk separated by15
from each other as shown in Fig.

IV. ROTATIONAL CHARACTERISTIC

The repulsive force varies considerably when the rotor rotates around its axis.
Fig. 7 shows the variation of repulsive force as a function of rotor movement
for two different radii of rotor disk. Even though the radius of rotor permanent
magnet of the fabricated system is 120 mm, it is seen from Fig. that there
Fig. 7. Variation of repulsive force with rotor movement.
Fig. 8. Fabricated bearing with two sets of PMs in stator disk.
Fig. 9. Variation of repulsive force for the system showed in Fig. 8.is a
considerable change of force. This will behave as a ripple torque during the
normal running condition of the rotor. In order to reduce the gravity of this
problem, another set of permanent magnets is decided to be placed on the
stator disk at a radius of 60 mm and is displaced by half pitch (7.5 ) to that of
other. The radius of the rotor disk is changed to 45 mm and the fabricated
system is shown in Fig. 8. The simulated force characteristics are shown in
Fig. 9. It is seen from Fig. 9 that the ripples in the force reduce to a negligible
value.

V. FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENT

Based on the Magnet wheel as shown in Fig. 8, the complete system has
been fabricated and is shown in Fig. 10. The system is unstable along the
vertical direction.

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A controlled Magnet has been used for controlling the rotor position along this
axis. The repulsive force due to one set of magnetic bearings has been
measured using available strain-gauge based force measurement rig. Fig. 11
shows the experimental repulsive force characteristics for one set of bearings
and it is seen Fig. 10. Fabricated Magnet wheel system. Fig. 11. Measured
repulsive force characteristic. That a total weight 1.4 kg to be levitated by both
the bearings. The Magnet is used to share a part of the weight of the rotor.

17
Preparing Materials

18
 Magnets
A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a magnetic
field. Every magnet has at least one North Pole and one South Pole. By
convention, we say that the magnetic field lines leave the North end of a
magnet and enter the South end of a magnet. This is an example of a
magnetic. If you take a bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will
again have a North Pole and a South Pole. If you take one of those pieces and
break it into two, each of the smaller pieces will have a North Pole and a South
Pole. No matter how small the pieces of the magnet become, each piece will
have a North Pole and a South Pole. It has not been shown to be possible to
end up with a single North Pole or a single South Pole which is a monopole.
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a
magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and
attracts or repels other magnets. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The Materials that can be
magnetized which are also the one that are strongly attracted to a magnet.
Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a magnet as having
distinct north and south magnetic poles, the concept of poles should not
betaken literally: it is merely a way of referring to the two different ends of a
magnet.
The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on opposing
sides. If a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the
north and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets, each of which has
both a north and south pole.

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HISTORY- MAGNETS

The ancient Greeks and Chinese discovered that certain rare stones,
called lodestones, were naturally magnetized. These stones could attract
small pieces of iron in a magical way, and were found to always point in the
same direction when allowed to swing freely suspended by a piece of string.
The name comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece. People
believed that there were whole islands of a magnetic nature that could attract
ships by virtue of the iron nails used in their construction. Ships that thus
disappeared at sea were believed to have been mysteriously pulled by these
islands. Archimedes is purported to have used loadstones to remove nails
from enemy ships thus sinking them.
People soon realized that magnetite not only attracted objects made of
iron, but when made into the shape of a needle and floated on water,
magnetite always pointed in a north-south direction creating a primitive
compass. This led to an alternative name for magnetite, that of lodestone or
"leading stone. For many years following the discovery of lodestone
magnetism was just acurious natural phenomenon. The Chinese developed
the mariner's compass some 4500 years ago. The earliest mariner's
compass comprised a splinter of loadstone carefully floated on the surface
tension of water.

TYPES OF MAGNETISM

The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce their own
persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however,
produce magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field; a
phenomenon known as magnetism. There are several types of magnetism,
and all materials exhibit at loadstone of them.

20
 The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending
on the structure of the material, particularly on its electron configuration.
Several forms of magnetic behavior have been observed in different
materials.According to the attractive force magnetism is classified in to three
types. They are given below.

1) Ferromagnetism
2) Diamagnetism
3) Para magnetism
There are various other types of magnetism. They are given below,
1) Spin glass
2) Super Para magnetism
3) Super diamagnetism
4) Meta magnetism

FERROMAGNETISM

When a ferromagnetic material is placed near a magnet, it will be attracted

toward the region of greater magnetic field. This is what we are most familiar
with when our magnet picks up a bunch of paperclips. Iron, cobalt, nickel,
gadolinium, dysprosium and alloys containing these elements exhibit
ferromagnetism because of the way the electron spins within one atom
interact with those of nearby atoms. They will align themselves, creating
magnetic domains forming a temporary magnet. If a piece of iron is placed
within a strong magnetic field, the domains inline with the field will grow in size
as the domains perpendicular to the field will shrink in size.
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials
(such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In
physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished.
Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetisms) is the strongest type; it is the only
type that creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the
21
 common phenomena of magnetism encountered in everyday life. Other
substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with two other types of
magnetism, Para magnetism and diamagnetism, but the forces are so weak
that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An
everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold
notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and
ferromagnetic material is "the quality of magnetism first apparent to the
ancient world, and to us today
Many materials have unpaired electron spins, and the majority of these
materials are paramagnetic. When the spins interact with each other in such a
way that the spins align spontaneously, the materials are called ferromagnetic
(what soften loosely termed as magnetic). Because of the way their regular
crystalline atomic structure causes their spins to interact, some metals are
ferromagnetic when found in their natural states, as ores. These include iron
ore (magnetite or lodestone), cobalt and nickel, as well as the rare earth
metals gadolinium and dysprosium (when at a very low temperature). Such
naturally occurring Ferro magnets were used in the first experiments with
magnetism. Technology has since expanded the availability of magnetic
materials to include various man-made products, all based, however, on
naturally magnetic elements. There are various types of magnets depending
on their properties. Some of the most well-known are listed below.
1. Permanent magnet
a) Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB or NIB)
b) Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
c) Alnico
d) Ceramic or Ferrite
2. Temporary magnet
3. Electro magnet

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PERMANENT MAGNET

These magnets are permanent in the sense that once they have been
magnetized they retain a certain degree of magnetism. Permanent magnets
are generally made of ferromagnetic material. Such material consists of atoms
and molecules that each have a magnetic field and are positioned to reinforce
each other.

NEODYMIUM IRON BORON (NdFeB or NIB)

General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals developed the permanent

Neodymium Magnets from an alloy of Boron, iron, and neodymium(NdFeB or
NIB). They are the strongest type of manufactured permanent magnets and
have replaced other types of strong, required, permanent magnets in such
devices as cordless tool motors, fasteners, and computer hard disk drives.

BACKGROUND ON THE PHYSICS OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETS

MAGNETIC FIELD
The magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B field or just
magneticfield, usually denoted B) is a vector field. The magnetic B field vector
at a givenpoint in space is specified by two properties:
i. Its direction which is along the orientation of a compass needle.
ii. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to how
strongly the
compass needle orients along that direction.
In SI units, the strength of the magnetic B field is given in TESLA.

MAGNETIC MOMENT

A magnet's magnetic moment (also called magnetic dipole moment and

usually denoted ) is a vector that characterizes the magnet's overall
magnetic properties.

23
 For a bar magnet, the direction of the magnetic moment points from the
magnets south pole to its north pole, and the magnitude relates to how strong
and how far apart these poles are. In SI units, the magnetic moment is
specified in terms of Am2.
A magnet both produces its own magnetic field and responds to
magnetic fields. The strength of the magnetic field it produces is at any given
point proportional to the magnitude of its magnetic moment. In addition, when
the magnet is put into an external magnetic field, produced by a different
source, it is subject to a torque tending to orient the magnetic moment parallel
to the field. The amount of this torque is proportional both to the magnetic
moment and the external field. A magnet may also be subject to a force
driving it in one direction or another, according to the positions and
orientations of the magnet and source. If the field is uniform in space, the
magnet is subject to no net force, although it is subject to a torque. A wire in
the shape of a circle with area A and carrying current I is a magnet, with a
magnetic moment of magnitude equal to IA.

MAGNETIZATION

The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its

magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m. It is a
vector field, rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment), because
different areas in a magnet can be magnetized with different directions and
strengths (for example, because of domains, see below). A good bar magnet
may have a magnetic moment of magnitude 0.1 Am2 and a volume of 1 cm3,
or 1106 m3, and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000
A/m. Iron can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter.
Such a large value explains why iron magnets are so effective at producing
magnetic fields.

24
DEMAGNETIZING
A. Heating a magnet past its Curie temperature; the molecular motion
destroys the alignment of the magnetic domains. This always removes all
magnetization.

B. Demagnetization progressively occurs if the magnet is subjected to cyclic

fields sufficient to move the magnet away from the linear part on the second
quadrant of the B-H curve of the magnetic material.

N S

Magnetism Basics

 Magnets can be made in a variety of shapes, but all magnets have 2

poles, North and South
 Opposite poles attract (notes (optional): demonstrate the field of attraction
using the iron filings, below is INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON
ELECTRIC POWER

Magnetism and Magnetism

Certain materials found in nature exhibit a tendency to attract or repeal
each other. These materials, called magnets, are also called ferromagnetic
because they include the element iron as one of their constituting elements.
Magnets always have two poles: one called north; the other called
south. Two north poles always repel each other, as do two south poles.
However, north and south poles always attract each other. A magnetic field is
defined as a physical field established between to poles. Its intensity and
direction determine the forces of attraction or repulsion existing between the
two magnets. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 are typical representations of two
interacting magnetic poles, and the magnetic field established between them.
Magnets are found in nature in all sorts of shapes and chemical constitution.
25
 Magnets used in industry are artificially made. Magnets that sustain their
magnetism for long periods of time are denominated permanent magnets.
These are widely used in several types of electric rotating machines, including
synchronous machines. However, due to mechanical, as well as operational
reasons, permanent magnets in synchronous machines are restricted to those
with ratings much lower than large turbine-driven generators, which is the
subject of this book. Turbine-driven generators (for short: turbo generators)
take advantage of the fact that magnetic fields can be created by the flow of
electric currents in conductors.

Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday was a British physicist and chemist
best known for his discoveries of the laws of electrolysis and
Magnetic induction. Faraday was the son of a blacksmith and
was not formally educated. His first apprenticeship was with a
London bookbinder where he loved to read books on scientific
studies and experiments with electricity.
In 1812 Faraday was introduced to the works of a British chemist Sir
Humphry Davy through a lecture series. Afterwards, Faraday reached out to
Davy to request an opportunity for employment to study with him. That same
year, Davy was impressed with Faraday and employed him as an assistant in
his laboratory at the Royal Institution.
A year later, Davy took Faraday with him on an
extended tour of Europe. Just a decade later in 1824,
Faraday had earned the honor of being elected to the
Royal Society and a year later was appointed director
of the laboratory at the Royal Institution and would
eventually succeed Davy as a
professor of Chemistry. In his career, Faraday was the recipient of many
scientific honors such as the Royal and Rumford medals of the Royal Society.
26
 Faraday was most known as the experimental scientist of his day was in
the fields of electricity and magnetism. In 1821, he had plotted the magnetic
field around a conductor carrying an electric current. Ten years later, Faraday
discovered Magnetic induction and demonstrated the induction of one electric
current by another.
In 1831 Faraday followed this accomplishment with the discovery of
Magnetic induction and in the same year demonstrated the induction of one
electric current by another. The famed inventor created the first electric
generator, called the dynamo, as well as the first electric motor. The
importance of these discoveries will be explained in more detail in Chapter 2
when we discuss the connection between Electricity and Magnetism.

Alternative Energy Implications

As the future of our environment remains questionable to its future
stability and political implications of relying on other countries for our energy
supplies, many scientists, developers and individuals are looking into
alternative or renewable energy resources. Many other developers are
attempting to build machines that are capable of creating energy from
magnets and possibly even extract more energy than the amount of power it
takes to run the machines in the first place.
Energy can't be created and it can't be destroyed; it can only be
transferred or converted. Something may be able to run itself for a while but
nothing so far has been able to run by itself forever.
There are a few successful beginning attempts at the ability to create
electricity for free using Magnets. One example is the Perepiteia machine, a
perpetual motion generator developed by the Canadian inventor Thane Heins
which is currently raising some attention as a potential perpetual motion
machine or over-uni-ty generator.

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 There is however much speculation despite its ability to create a positive
feedback loop causes it to run even faster. Through a motor that spins
magnets and charges a coil with electrical energy, it creates an Magnetic field.
Typical science would tell us that by increasing the current, it should slow the
generator. Instead, the system's rotor and drive shaft are conducting the
magnetic friction back to the motor, somehow boosting its energy. Heins is
currently spreading the word about his discoveries in the hope that it will one
day be seriously considered as an alternative energy resource.

Electricity and Magnetism : What is the Connection?

Magnetism and electricity share a common relationship. Magnetism is
caused by the movement of electrons, and the word "electric" is derived from
the word "electron". Magnetism can produce an electric current, and an
electric current can produce a magnetic field commonly known as an Magnet.
An Magnet is an important part of an electric motor which can power things,
and it is responsible for the transformation of electric energy to mechanical
energy. Now, lets explore in more detail more about magnetism, Magnets and
the basics of electricity.

Magnetic Poles
It is important to understand that a magnetic force is not uniform. There is a
great concentration of force on each end of a magnet with a weak force found
in the middle. A simple demonstration to prove this is to dip a magnet into iron
N S
fillings. You will see that these iron fillings will cling to both ends of the magnet
with very few in the middle. Each of these two ends is called the magnetic
poles. Magnets have two magnetic poles and they each have equal magnetic
strength. Every magnet has one North Pole and South Pole. A great example
of the everyday use of magnetism is in ocean travel.

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 Sailors use the natural magnetic field of the earth to determine their
course of direction by using a compass that contains a freely rotating
magnetized needle that points automatically towards the North Pole of the
earth. The north pole of a magnet will always be attracted to the south pole of
another magnet and will show repulsion to a north pole. The law for magnetic
poles explains that like poles repel while unlike poles attract.

Magnetic Forces
The magnetic lines of force have many important properties. They attempt to
form closed loops from pole to pole never crossing paths with one another.
Magnetic forces all have the same strength and are considered to have
flowing direction yet no actual movement occurs.

Magnetic Fields
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces
act as a magnetic field that extends from one pole to another creating a loop
around the magnet.
This can be seen through a simple demonstration using a simple
magnet and piece of glass.
1. Place a piece of glass over a bar magnet and sprinkle iron fillings over the
surface of the glass. (The magnetizing force of the magnet can be felt
through the glass, and each of the iron fillings now become a temporary
magnet).

2. Next, tap the glass gently and the iron fillings will align themselves with the
magnetic field of the magnet in a definite pattern.

3. From this simple demonstration, you see that the magnetic fields near the
poles are very strong due to many more iron fillings in those areas from one
pole to the other creating a loop around the magnet.

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Design & Development
FABRICATION OF MODULE

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 Magnet

LED

Dynamo 12V
Wire

Base plate

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Frame vertical Frame Base

Welded Frame vertical with Frame Base

32
Working on Design

Development -1 : Mandrill

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Development -2 : Wheel Mounting on Mandrill

Development -3 : Wheel Assembly Mounting on Frame

Result: Fail

34
Working on Design

Development -4 : Assembly on Frame

35
Development -5 : Full Assembly on Frame

Development -5 : Distance Adjustment Attachment

36
Development -6 : Magnet Fixing

37
ERROR: stackunderflow
OFFENDING COMMAND: ~

STACK: