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Exchange Issue 15
Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of various energy sources for water pumping
Farms, orchards, vineyards, and domestic gardens to a pump that can be located either on the surface or
are using solar pumps for irrigation and cattle submersible. Surface pumps are mounted at ground
watering purposes, with best results and most clear level, its inlet linked to the well and its outlet to the
feasibility in application requiring low flow and water delivery point, while submersible pumps are
pressure, making open channels and drip irrigation completely lowered into the water (best applicability
the most suitable methods when coupled with solar for deep wells). Both DC and alternating current (AC)
PV pumping. pumps can be used; in the case of AC, an inverter is
needed to convert DC to AC. The operation of the
pump is controlled by a pump controller that assesses
How does it Work? the voltage output of the panels (see Figure 1).
The method is simple. Direct current (DC) electricity Storage can be done by the use of elevated water
is produced in a set of silicon solar cells, connected
Figure 1: Typical off-grid surface and submersible solar pumping system sketch
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tanks or storage ponds where water is stored until it meters and pumps installed on the surface are used
is delivered to end-users, or through the use of for shallow wells. DC motors are widely applied in
batteries that store electricity and save it until there is small applications with capacity not exceeding 3 kW
demand for water. The first is more feasible and [Jekins 2014)] , mainly applicable for small water
requires less maintenance compared to battery demand such as gardening, landscaping, small
storage systems. volume livestock watering, etc. DC pumps are more
efficient and more practical as they do not require an
additional component to convert current to AC. This
A typical system consists of four major components
reduces costs and avoids additional efficiency drops.
that are the PV panels, the solar pump, the controller,
and the storage volume. Some systems use batteries AC pumps are used for larger applications with
as a storage volume while others use water tanks. capacities exceeding 3 kW, requiring an inverter to
There are other minor components that are also used change the current that the solar panels produce
such as the mounting structure, wiring, piping, float (DC) to a current that is suitable for the pump (AC).
switch and others. Latest 3-phase pumps use a variable frequency AC
motor and a three-phase AC pump controller that
enables them to be powered directly by DC power
The PV panels are considered the most important
produced by the solar modules.
and effective items in the pumping system, making
up almost 70% of the overall system cost (assuming The controller plays a vital role in the system
no battery storage needed). Panels produce DC performance due to its ability to regulate the power
electricity, they are interconnected together in series production to match that produced by the panels with
and parallel to achieve the desired voltage and that required by the pump. It also plays a critical role
current. in protecting the system by turning it off when the
voltage is at an inappropriate level, meaning too low
or too high compared to the operating voltage range
The choice of pump type, size, and capacity depends of the pump. This voltage protection role helps extend
on the application and its requirements. In principle, the lifetime of the pump and reduce maintenance
submersible pumps are used in wells deeper than 7 requirements.
Figure 2: Typical solar pumping system for irrigation, livestock and domestic water supply
Sizing the Solar Water Pump or number of residents to supply water to. There are
some benchmarks used, for example a milking cow
There are different factors that affect the applicability consumes 95 liters per day, while a horse consumes
of the solar pump and the systems optimal capacity. 76, and a hectare of rice consumes 100 liters, etc
The sizing process normally requires the following [Jekins (2014), Gleick (1996), Morales et al (2010)]
data:
2) Total head including dynamic and static head
1) Water source inspection to evaluate the in order to evaluate the friction loss
water depth, water level, and delivery capacity and,
accordingly, decide on the type of pump and water 3) Solar resources online including solar
capacity available radiation and sun peak hours per day in order to
Water demand on site is based on the application design the PV arrays
and the number of cattle, acres of irrigated area, and/
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4) Required flow rate based on the water manufactures offer simplified graphs allowing the
consumption profile on site sizing of the complete system through the knowledge
of the basic flow and head requirements (see Figure
Based on this data, the pump is sized and the solar 3).
PV system is designed accordingly. Some solar pump
Figure 3: Example solar pump sizing diagram (Mono Pumps Limited, 2007)
Figure 5: Investment cost of PV pumps systems for drinking water supply (Energypedia, 2015)
A comparative chart for diesel water pumping and PV volume in cubic meters multiplied by the total dynamic
water pumping is presented in 6 where methods are head in meters.
compared in terms of m4 delivered, with m4 equals
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In Lebanon, A typical 10 kW solar pumping system When compared to conventional diesel generator
for domestic water use delivering 13,000 liters per pumps, it appears that solar pumping pays back the
day would cost around 20,000 USD, assuming that investment in an average of 2 years. Results have
the pump is already available, making an average of shown that a medium size solar pumping system with
$2 per Watt. Smaller systems tend to have a higher a head of 80 meters and flowrate of 12 m3/day would
USD per watt rate but normally not exceeding $4 per break even in two years with diesel at an average
watt. price of $0.86 per liter and 2.6 years with diesel at
$0.57 per liter, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Diesel versus solar water pumping breakeven point for different diesel price
For other flowrate and head values, Table 2 shows to the existing AC pump.
the breakeven for different values, highlighting in
yellow the cases where solar pumping would make For example, a water pump with a flow rate
sense. The blocks in grey identify cases where there requirement of 8 cubic meters per day and a head of
is no alternative pump to be used for solar pumping, 80 meters would break even in 1.3 years (16 months),
in such a case diesel still needs to be used or the and a system with 25 cubic meters and 40 meters
solar PV system will be designed to provide electricity head would break even in 2.6 years (32 months)
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Table 2: Years to breakeven - when solar becomes cheaper than the diesel option )Emcon, 2006)
Solar Pumping for Lebanon the least irradiated regions to 2,500 kWh/m2 in those
regions with best solar irradiance. Irradiance reaches
Solar Resource highest levels during the months of May, June, July,
and August, peaking in July at more than 300 kWh/
Lebanon is blessed with good solar radiation levels, m2 per month, as shown in Figure 8.
varying from a yearly average of 1,700 kWh/m2 in
Figure 8: Solar irradiance data for the city of Zahle in the Bekaa (SolarMEDAtlas)
ha reported by ministry of agriculture in 2011, and around 68 thousand tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
277,000 ha reported by the ministry of information in per year.
2010). 25% of this land requires watering according
to the ministry of agriculture, making around 54,000 Conclusion & Recommendations
hectares.
To date, Lebanon is not an oil-producing country,
The water demand in the agricultural sector is 877 remaining highly dependent on foreign resources of
million cubic meters per annum, requiring a pumping fuel for electricity production. This gives renewable
power of 260 MWp of solar PV to power pumps, energy and especially solar an added value and
assuming an average total head of 100 meters. If presents it as a reliable solution contributing to
pumped using diesel pumps, these systems consume increasing energy security in the country and
an annual diesel capacity of 26 million liters, costing reducing energy demand.
$13M at an average diesel price of $0.5. The solar water heaters market is the biggest
At an average investment rate of $2 per Wp, renewable energy market, being followed by the PV
switching all irrigation pumps to PV requires an that only started during the past couple of years after
overall investment of $53M, leading thus to a payback the ministry of energy and water through the LCEC
period of 4 years. launched a green loan financing mechanism with the
central bank of Lebanon. This financing option, called
With the utilization of proper financing mechanisms, NEEREA, offers individuals or institutions interested
solar pumping can become more and more in implementing a green initiative to benefit from long
financially attractive to farmers and individuals living term loans with very low interest rates.
in rural regions, where the purchasing power is low Although there is not much solar pumping projects
and it is rarely possible to invest large amounts of in operation, there is a significant potential for the
money in solutions like solar pumping. This is where development of this sector in Lebanon, especially
NEEREA comes in handy, offering farmers funding with the frequent fluctuation of fossil fuel price and
opportunities that require no upfront investments, the growth of water demand in rural regions where
with low interest loans paid over a long period of time. various agricultural activities are abundant.
The overall irrigation demand would avoid the Table 3 presents the main barriers hindering the
consumption of around 26 thousand tons of diesel development of solar pumping in Lebanon that
per year, thus avoiding greenhouse gas emissions of need to be resolved. This includes market-related,
technology-related, and regulatory barriers.
Table 3: Major barriers and potential solutions for solar pumping in Lebanon
Having a proper financing mechanism in place, and market place for investors and technology providers.
raising awareness among farmers and end users are With a payback period ranging from a few months to
definitely game changers. This would push the solar few years, there is no doubt sola pumping is capable
pumping market forward and create an attractive of being the next big thing.
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