Está en la página 1de 39

Recetas para las raciones del Programa Mundial de Alimentos

9LJL[HZWHYHSHZYHJPVULZKLS
7YVNYHTH4\UKPHSKL(SPTLU[VZ

796.9(4(4<5+0(3+,(304,5;6:
+,3(:5(*065,:<50+(:
9LWYLZLU[HJP}ULU,J\HKVY

+PHNYHTHJP}ULPTWYLZP}U!
3H5\L]H0TWYLU[H+VU)VZJV

8\P[V4HYaV

3HZKLUVTPUHJPVULZLTWSLHKHZLULZ[HW\-
ISPJHJP}U  UV PTWSPJHU WVY WHY[L KLS 74(
Q\PJPVHSN\UVZVIYLSHJVUKPJP}UQ\YxKPJHVLS
UP]LSKLKLZHYYVSSVKLSVZWHxZLZ[LYYP[VYPVZ
aVUHZWVISHJPVULZ`H\[VYPKHKLZ
PRESENTACIN

[YPJP}U KLS .VIPLYUV KLS ,J\HKVY `


IYPUKHHZPZ[LUJPHHSPTLU[HYPHLUJHZVZ
KL LTLYNLUJPHZ JH\ZHKHZ WVY KLZHZ-
[YLZ UH[\YHSLZ ` HU[Y}WPJVZ *VU LZ[L
THUKH[V\UHKLSHZSxULHZKLHJJP}U
KLS 74( LZ SH HZPZ[LUJPH HSPTLU[HYPH
H WLYZVUHZ X\L WVY KP]LYZHZ YHaVULZ
I\ZJHUWYV[LJJP}ULU\UWHxZKPZ[PU[V
HSZ\`VJVTVLZLSJHZVKLSHZ`SVZ
JP\KHKHUVZJVSVTIPHUVZX\LSSLNHUHS
,J\HKVYO\`LUKVKLSJVUPJ[VPU[LYUV
LU*VSVTIPH

,U VJ[\IYL KLS  LS 7YVNYHTH


4\UKPHSKL(SPTLU[VZPUPJP}\UHZLYPL
KL[HSSLYLZLU[LTHZKLHSPTLU[HJP}U
U\[YPJP}U ` ZHS\K KPYPNPKVZ H SH WV-
ISHJP}U JVSVTIPHUH YLM\NPHKH LU LS

E
S7YVNYHTH4\UKPHSKL(SPTLU[VZ
74( LZ SH HNLUJPH O\THUP[HYPH KL
,J\HKVYLULSTHYJVKLSH6WLYHJP}U
KL,TLYNLUJPH,467

SHZ 5HJPVULZ <UPKHZ KLKPJHKH H SH 3VZ[HSSLYLZZLKLZHYYVSSHYVULUMVYTH


LYYHKPJHJP}UKLSOHTIYL`SHKLZU\- WHY[PJPWH[P]H"HZxZLKPZL|}`]HSPK}\UH
[YPJP}ULULST\UKV TL[VKVSVNxHX\LWLYTP[PLYHSHZVZ[LUP-
IPSPKHK`YLWSPJHIPSPKHKKLSHL_WLYPLU-
)HQV \U HJ\LYKV ImZPJV KL JVVWLYH- JPH ` ZL JVUMVYT} \U NY\WV SxKLY KL
JP}U LS 74( [YHIHQH LU LS ,J\HKVY MHJPSP[HKVYLZ T\QLYLZ ` OVTIYLZ X\L
KLZKL  H[YH]tZKLWYV`LJ[VZKL KLZW\tZ KL \U WYVJLZV KL JHWHJP[H-
KLZHYYVSSV(J[\HSTLU[LJVSHIVYHJVU JP}ULZ[\]PLYVUHJHYNVKL[YHUZTP[PY
SVZ7YVNYHTHZKL(SPTLU[HJP}U`5\- SVHWYLUKPKVHZ\JVT\UPKHK

1
+\YHU[L LS WYVJLZV ZL JVTWHY[PLYVU ]HSVY U\[YP[P]V HS JVTIPUHYSVZ HKL-
SHZPKLHZMYLZJHZ`IYPSSHU[LZKLSVZYL- J\HKHTLU[L HKLTmZ KL WYVWVULY
M\NPHKVZ ZL L_WLYPTLU[HYVU U\L]HZ ]HYPHZHS[LYUH[P]HZKLWYLWHYHJP}UX\L
JVTIPUHJPVULZU\L]VZZHIVYLZ`HZx YLZ\S[LUHNYHKHISLZHSWHSHKHY
Z\YNPLYVUYLJL[HZHS[HTLU[LU\[YP[P]HZ
`UV]LKVZHZSHZTPZTHZX\LZLYLJV- ,S YLJL[HYPV WYLZLU[H LU Z\ WYPTLYH
WPSHULULZ[HW\ISPJHJP}U WHY[L YLJVTLUKHJPVULZ WHYH TLQVYHY
SH HIZVYJP}U KLS OPLYYV \U TPJYVU\-
*VJPUHZPU-YVU[LYHZLZ[HKPYPNPKVLZ- [YPLU[LJSH]LWHYHL]P[HYSHHULTPH
WLJPHSTLU[LHSHZMHTPSPHZYLM\NPHKHZ
X\LYLJPILUYHJPVULZHSPTLU[HYPHZKLS ,U Z\ JVU[LUPKV JLU[YHS *VJPUH ZPU
74( *VU JHKH YLJL[H ZL I\ZJH VW- -YVU[LYHZ JVU[PLUL  YLJL[HZ LSHIV-
[PTPaHY LS \ZV KL SVZ WYVK\J[VZ X\L YHKHZ H IHZL KL  WYVK\J[VZ! H]LUH
JVU[PLULU SHZ YHJPVULZ WV[LUJPHY Z\ HYYVa ISHUJV X\PU\H SLU[LQH ` H[U

2
7HYH JHKH WYVK\J[V ZL HKQ\U[H PUMVY- J\HKYVZ! LS WYPTLYV T\LZ[YH PUMVYTH-
THJP}UHJLYJHKLZ\ZWYVWPLKHKLZU\- JP}UZVIYLSHZWYVWPLKHKLZ`M\UJPVULZ
[YPJPVUHSLZ\ZVZ`JVUZLQVZ[PSLZ KLSVZWYPUJPWHSLZWYVK\J[VZHX\x\[PSP-
aHKVZ`LSZLN\UKVVMYLJL\UNSVZHYPV
,UJHKHYLJL[HZLWYLZLU[HUSVZPUNYL- KL[tYTPUVZX\LT\LZ[YHSHKLUVTPUH-
KPLU[LZULJLZHYPVZS\LNVZLKLZJYPIL JP}U LU ,J\HKVY ` Z\ LX\P]HSLU[L LU
SHMVYTHKLWYLWHYHJP}U`LUSHTH- *VSVTIPHWHYHLSTPZTVWYVK\J[V
`VYxHKLJHZVZHSUHSKLSHYLJL[HZL
VMYLJLUYLJVTLUKHJPVULZWHYH]HYPHY 3H PU[LUJP}U KLS 74( LZ X\L LZ[L
SH YLJL[H V Z\NLYLUJPHZ WHYH TLQVYHY YLJL[HYPV ZL JVU]PLY[H LU \UH OLYYH-
LSYLZ\S[HKVKLSHWYLWHYHJP}U TPLU[H[PSKL\ZVKPHYPVWHYHTLQVYHY
SHU\[YPJP}UKLUP|VZUP|HZ`KLSHMH-
(SUHSKLSYLJL[HYPVZLWYLZLU[HUKVZ TPSPHLUNLULYHS

3
RECONOCIMIENTOS

(SHZWLYZVUHZYLM\NPHKHZX\LJVTWHY[PLYVUZ\ZYLJL[HZ`L_WLYPLUJPHZLUSH
JVJPUH

(SH6YNHUPaHJP}U/LIYLHKL(`\KHH0UTPNYHU[LZ`9LM\NPHKVZ/0(:*Y\a
9VQHKL:\J\TIxVZ*VTP[t7YV9LM\NPHKVZ*79`HSH7HZ[VYHSKL0IHYYH

(S NY\WV MHJPSP[HKVY JVUMVYTHKV WVY YLM\NPHKVZ JVSVTIPHUVZ X\L ZPLTWYL


LUJVU[YHYVU[PLTWVWHYHHZPZ[PYHSVZ[HSSLYLZ`[YHUZTP[PYZ\ZJVUVJPTPLU[VZ

(4PJOLSSL6-YPLKX\PLUPUPJP}LZ[LWYVJLZVKLJVTWHY[PY`HWYLUKLYKLSHZ
L_WLYPLUJPHZKLV[YVZYLM\NPHKVZSVNY}WSHZTHYLSPUNLUPVKLSVZWHY[PJPWHU-
[LZLUYLJL[HZU\[YP[P]HZ`KLSPJPVZHZ

(SH(NLUJPH,ZWH|VSHKL*VVWLYHJP}U0U[LYUHJPVUHSX\LUHUJPHLZ[HW\-
ISPJHJP}U

@HX\PLULZ[\]PLYVUSH]HSLU[xHKLWYVIHYU\L]VZZHIVYLZ

4
NDICE
7YLZLU[HJP}U 1
,SOPLYYVLUSVZHSPTLU[VZ 6
7YVK\J[VZ`YLJL[HZ 8

(]LUH 9
:VWHKLH]LUH 11
(YLWHZKLH]LUH 12
;\YY}UKLH]LUH 12
/HTI\YN\LZHZKLYLWVSSVJVUH[U`H]LUH 13
;VY[PSSHKLH]LUH 14
*VSHKHKLH]LUH 15
1\NVKLH]LUH 15
*OPJOHKLH]LUH 16
.YHUVSH 17

(YYVa)SHUJV 18
(YYVaMYP[V 19
(YYVaLZJ\YYPKV 20
(YYVaTLQVYHKVJVUX\PU\H 20
(YYVaJVUTLU\KLUJPHZ 21
(YYVaKLSLJOL 22

8\PU\H 23
;VY[PSSHZKLX\PU\H 25
:VWHKLX\PU\HJVUTHUx 26
1\NVVMYLZJVKLX\PU\H 26

3LU[LQH 27
*YLTHKLSLU[LQH 28
;VY[PSSHZKLSLU[LQH 29
([VSSHKVKLSLU[LQH4VYVZ`JYPZ[PHUVZ 30
*HYULVOHTI\YN\LZHKLSLU[LQH 31
1\NVVMYLZJVKLSLU[LQH 31

([U 32
9LSSLUVKLH[UJVUH]LUH 33
;VY[HKLH[UJVUH]LUH 33
7HZ[LSLZKL`\JHJVUH[U 34

7YVWPLKHKLZ`M\UJPVULZKLWYVK\J[VZ 35
.SVZHYPVKL[tYTPUVZ 36
5
,U[YLSVZHSPTLU[VZKLVYPNLUHUPTHS
X\L [PLULU \UH JHU[PKHK PTWVY[HU[L
KL OPLYYV LZ[mU SHZ ]xZJLYHZ JVTV LS
OxNHKV`LSYP|}USHZJHYULZYVQHZSVZ
THYPZJVZ ` SHZ H]LZ KL JVYYHS ,U LS
VYNHUPZTV SH HIZVYJP}U HWYV]LJOH-
TPLU[VKLSOPLYYVKLVYPNLUHUPTHSLZ
TLQVYX\LLSOPLYYVKLVYPNLU]LNL[HS
(KLTmZSVZHSPTLU[VZKLVYPNLUHUP-
THS MH]VYLJLU SH HIZVYJP}U KLS V[YV
[PWVKLOPLYYVWYLZLU[LLUSHHSPTLU-
[HJP}UKPHYPH

,U[YLSVZ]LNL[HSLZX\LJVU[PLULUOPL-
YYVZLLUJ\LU[YHUSVZMY\[VZZLJVZ]L-
NL[HSLZ KL OVQH ]LYKL ILYYVZ WLYLQPS
HJLSNH LZWPUHJHZ HSNHZ THYPUHZ JV-
TLZ[PISLZ ZLTPSSHZ ` SLN\TIYLZ NHY-
IHUaVZOHIHZ`SLU[LQHZ
3HHIZVYJP}UKLOPLYYVZLMHJPSP[HVH\-
TLU[H LU WYLZLUJPH KL JPLY[VZ mJPKVZ
JVU[LUPKVZ LU SVZ ]LNL[HSLZ KL OVQH
]LYKL JVTV SH LZWPUHJH HSIHOHJH
;HTIPtULUSHJVSPVYJHSHIHaHMY\[HZ
Jx[YPJHZ THUNVZ [VTH[LZ THUaHUHZ
JPY\LSHZ L[J 7HYH TH`VY LMLJ[P]PKHK
ZL KLILU JVUZ\TPY LZ[VZ MHJPSP[HKVYLZ
KLSHHIZVYJP}UKLSOPLYYVJVUSHTPZ-
SVZHSPTLU[VZ THJVTPKH

(Zx TPZTV LS HWYV]LJOHTPLU[V KLS


,S OPLYYV LZ \U U\[YPLU[L ULJLZHYPV OPLYYV X\L WYV]PLUL KL SVZ ]LNL[HSLZ
WHYHSHWYVK\JJP}UKLSHOLTVNSVIP- W\LKL KPZTPU\PY ZP ZL JVTIPUH JVU
UHX\LZLLUJ\LU[YHLUSVZNS}I\SVZ JPLY[HZ Z\Z[HUJPHZ X\xTPJHZ JVU[LUP-
YVQVZ`J\`HM\UJP}ULZ[YHUZWVY[HYLS KHZ LU HSPTLU[VZ JVTV SVZ JLYLHSLZ
V_xNLUV KLZKL SVZ W\STVULZ OHZ[H PU[LNYHSLZU\LJLZ[tJHMtJVJVHSHZ
[VKHZSHZJtS\SHZKLSJ\LYWV:PMHS[H PUM\ZPVULZ KL OPLYIHZ JVTV SH THU-
LSOPLYYVLUSHKPL[HKPZTPU\`LSHOL- aHUPSSHJLKY}UOPLYIHS\PZH`JPLY[HZ
TVNSVIPUH`HWHYLJLSHHULTPH LZWLJPHZJVTVLSVYtNHUV

6
9LJ\LYKL!
:LYLJVTPLUKHHJVTWH|HYZPLT-
WYLSHZJVTPKHZJVUHSN\UHWVYJP}U
KLHSPTLU[VKLVYPNLUHUPTHS

0KLU[PJHYSVZHSPTLU[VZX\LKPZ-
TPU\`LU SH HIZVYJP}U KLS OPLYYV
KLTVKVX\LW\LKHL]P[HYSHZJVT-
IPUHJPVULZKLZMH]VYHISLZ

7HYHTLQVYHYSHHIZVYJP}UKLOPL-
YYVKLSVZHSPTLU[VZLZPTWVY[HU[L
JVTIPUHYSVZ JVU HSPTLU[VZ YPJVZ
LU]P[HTPUH*"WVYLQLTWSVW\LKL
HNYLNHY H Z\Z JVTPKHZ \UHZ NV[HZ
KLSPT}U

 ;VTHY JHMt [t V PUM\ZPVULZ KL


OPLYIHZWVYSVTLUVZ\UHOVYHHU-
[LZ V \UH OVYH KLZW\tZ KL SHZ JV-
TPKHZ

0KLU[PJHYSVZHSPTLU[VZX\LH\-
TLU[HU SH HIZVYJP}U KLS OPLYYV `
JVUZ\TPYSVZQ\U[VJVUSHZJVTPKHZ
KPHYPHZ

3PTP[HYLSJVUZ\TVKLZHS`NYH-
ZHZ WHYH WYL]LUPY LUMLYTLKHKLZ
JVTVOPWLY[LUZP}U`VILZPKHK

*VJPUHYSVZHSPTLU[VZJVU\[LU-
ZPSPVZ KL OPLYYV" LZ[V W\LKL PUJYL-
TLU[HY LS JVU[LUPKV KL OPLYYV KL
SHZJVTPKHZ

7
(SPTLU[VZ`YLJL[HZKL
*VJPUHZPU-YVU[LYHZ

8
(]LUH

3
HH]LUHLZ\UJLYLHSPU[LNYHSWVY-
X\L LZ \U NYHUV JVTWSL[V V LU[LYV
T\QLYLZ LTIHYHaHKHZ ` LU UP|VZ"
[HTIPtUUVZH`\KHHWYL]LUPYSHMH[PNH
X\LZVSHTLU[LOHZPKVHWSHZ[HKV"LS `SHKLWYLZP}U,SZHS]HKVLZYPJVLU
WYVJLZHTPLU[VUVSLOHX\P[HKVUHKH IYHtZ[HWYVT\L]L\UHI\LUHKPNLZ-
KLSZHS]HKVJHWHL_[LYUHKLSNYHUV [P}USVX\LWYV[LNLJVU[YHLSHWHYLJP-
UPKLSNLYTLUWLX\L|HWHY[LKLSNYH- TPLU[VKLLUMLYTLKHKLZJY}UPJHZKLS
UVKLKVUKLWVKYmJYLJLY\UHU\L]H PU[LZ[PUVJVTVLSJmUJLYKLJVSVU
WSHU[H,SNLYTLULZLSUPJVZP[PVKLS
NYHUVX\LJVU[PLULWYV[LxUH ,S NLYTLU HWVY[H HKLTmZ ]P[HTPUH
,X\LWYV[LNLHSVYNHUPZTVKLSHHJ-
,U LS ZHS]HKV  ZL LUJ\LU[YH LS *VT- JP}U KL JPLY[HZ Z\Z[HUJPHZ X\L W\L-
WSLQV ) ULJLZHYPV WHYH WYV[LNLY LS KLUKH|HYJtS\SHZ[LQPKVZ`}YNHUVZ
ZPZ[LTH ULY]PVZV LZWLJPHSTLU[L LU WYVTV]PLUKV SH HWHYPJP}U KL LUMLY-

9
TLKHKLZ JVTV SH OPWLY[LUZP}U ` LS [\YHJYLTVZHJ\HUKVLZ[mUSPJ\HKVZ
PUMHY[V HJLSLYHUKV LS LU]LQLJPTPLU-
[V 3H ]P[HTPUH , LZ PTWVY[HU[L LU *VUZLQVZ[PSLZ!
SHMVYTHJP}UKLJtS\SHZKLSHZHUNYL
NS}I\SVZ YVQVZ ` H`\KH HS J\LYWV H  :L KLIL L]P[HY JLYUPY ` IV[HY LS
HWYV]LJOHYSH]P[HTPUH2 HMYLJOVWVYX\LJVU[PLULIYH`V[YVZ
U\[YPLU[LZPTWVY[HU[LZ
<ZVZ!
3VZ JLYLHSLZ [PLULU KVZ \ZVZ WYPVYP- :PUV[PLULOHYPUH`X\PLYLHSNVTmZ
[HYPVZ LU SH JVJPUH! LS NYHUV LU[LYV U\[YP[P]VSPJ\LSHZOVQ\LSHZKLH]LUH
[VZ[HKVJY\KVVTVSPKVZL\ZHWHYH WVJVHWVJVOHZ[HVI[LULY\UWVS]V
OHJLY  OHYPUH JVU SH X\L ZL WYLWH- OHYPUHKLH]LUHX\LZ\IZ[P[\`LT\`
YHU HYLWHZ WHULZ NHSSL[HZ NYHUVSH IPLUHSHOHYPUHJVTU
[\YY}UL[J
 ,Z[H OHYPUH X\L ZL VI[PLUL KL SH
*VJPKVZSVZJLYLHSLZZPY]LUWHYHLZ- H]LUH LZ HW[H WHYH [VKH WYLWHYH-
WLZHY SxX\PKVZ JVTV SH ZVWH Q\NVZ JP}U L_JLW[V WHYH OHJLY WHU JVU
YLMYLZJVZ`JVSHKHZ7YV]LLU\UH[L_- SL]HK\YH

10
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
:VWHKL [VTH[LWPJHKV

H]LUH 7YLWHYHJP}U!
*VJPUHY SHZ WHWHZ V `\JH LU HI\U-
KHU[LHN\HJVULSVYtNHUV\OVQHKL
+LSPJPVZH ZVWH U\[YP[P]H ` YmWPKH KL SH\YLS VWJPVUHS (WHY[L MYLxY SVZ PU-
WYLWHYHY NYLKPLU[LZWHYHLSOVNHV,JOHYSVHSH
ZVWHJVUSHH]LUHSPJ\HKHJVUSLJOL
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! *VJPUHYOHZ[HX\LSHH]LUHLZWLZLSH
 WHWHZ V `\JHZ WLSHKHZ ` JVY[HKHZ ZVWH 7HYH ZLY]PY IH[PY KVZ O\L]VZ `
LUJ\IP[VZ HNYLNHYSVZHSHZVWHLUMVYTHKLJOV-
   [HaH KL H]LUH SPJ\HKH JVU  YYVWHYHX\LX\LKLULUOPSP[VZ4HU-
[HaHZKLSLJOL [LULYLULSM\LNVZVSHTLU[LOHZ[HX\L
O\L]VZIH[PKVZ LSO\L]VZLJVJPUL`YL[PYHY
:HSWPTPLU[HJVTPUVHSN\Z[V
6YtNHUV\OVQHKLSH\YLSVWJPVUHS 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!  ;HTIPtU ZL W\LKL [VZ[HY SH H]LUH
aHUHOVYPHZHTHYPSSHZYHSSHKHZ JY\KH LU LS ZHY[tU ZLJV HU[LZ KL SP-
KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKVZ J\HYSH
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ
:LW\LKL\[PSPaHYJHYULVX\LZVLU
7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YVWPJHKV ]LaKLO\L]V

11
(YLWHZKL
H]LUH
4\`YmWPKHZWHYHLSKLZH`\UV`T\-
JOVTmZU\[YP[P]HZX\LLSWHU

0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
O\L]VZ
[HaHZKLH]LUH ;\YY}U
J\JOHYHKP[HKLZHS
J\JOHYHKHKLHaJHY
X\LZVZPKLZLH
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[LWHYHKVYHY
KLH]LUH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
7YLWHYHJP}U! IHUJVZWLX\L|VZKLWHULSH
)H[PYSVZO\L]VZJVUSHZHS`LSHaJHY [HaHKLSLJOL
`LJOHYSHH]LUH4LaJSHYOHZ[HX\LSH [HaHZKLH]LUH
H]LUH LZ[t JVTWSL[HTLU[L TVQHKH ` J\JOHYHKHZKLJHULSHTVSPKH
OH`HJO\WHKV[VKVLSO\L]V ,ZLUJPHKL]HPUPSSHVWJPVUHS
-VYTHY  HYLWHZ WSHUHZ ` UHZ YLSSL-
UHYJVUX\LZVZPKLZLH`MYLxY\ZHUKV
WVJVHJLP[LOHZ[HX\LLZ[tUKVYHKHZ
7YLWHYHJP}U!
9HZWHYSHWHULSHTLaJSHYJVUSHSL-
JOL ` WVULY HS M\LNV YLTV]PLUKV
JVU[PU\HTLU[LOHZ[HMVYTHY\UHTPLS
LZWLZH(WHY[L[VZ[HYSHH]LUHS\LNV
TLaJSHY JVU SH TPLS ` JVU SH JHUL-
SHJ\HUKV[VKVLZ[tIPLUTLaJSHKV
MVYTHYIVSP[HZYmWPKHTLU[LHU[LZKL
X\LSHWYLWHYHJP}UZLWVUNHK\YH

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!

7HYH\UTLQVYYLZ\S[HKVZLZ\NPLYL
X\LSHSLJOLZLHMYLZJH

 ;HTIPtU ZL W\LKL H|HKPY JVJV


MYLZJVYHSSHKV
12
J\JOHYHKP[HKLHSIHOHJH
/HTI\YN\LZHZ J\JOHYHKP[HKLVYtNHUV
KLJ\JOHYHKP[HKLWPTPLU[H
JVUH[U`H]LUH KL[HaHKLHN\H
KLYLWVSSVJVS J\JOHYHKHZKLQ\NVKLSPT}U
 [HaH KL WHWH JY\KH YHSSHKH JVU SH
JmZJHYH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! <UHWPaJHKLZHS
 [HaHZ KL JVS V YLWVSSV JVY[HKVZ LU
WS\TP[HZ 7YLWHYHJP}U!
[HaHKLJLIVSSHWHP[L|HVJHILaV- /HJLY\UYLMYP[VOVNHVJVULSYLWV-
UHWPJHKH SSV JLIVSSH ` HJLP[L ` MYLxY HS M\LNV
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L TLKPHUVOHZ[HX\LLZ[tKVYHKV
[HaHKLaHUHOVYPHHTHYPSSHYHSSHKH
NY\LZH (|HKPY SH aHUHOVYPH ` LS HQV ZLN\PY
KPLU[LKLHQVWPJHKV MYPLUKV \UVZ  TPU\[VZ HKPJPVUHSLZ
 SH[H KL H[U V WLZJHKV JVJPKV ` ,UMYPHY4LaJSHYJVUSVZKLTmZPUNYL-
KLZTLU\aHKV KPLU[LZJY\KVZ-VYTHYOHTI\YN\LZHZ
O\L]VZ ` MYLxYSHZ \ZHUKV WVJV HJLP[L :HSLU
KL[HaHKLH]LUH OHTI\YN\LZHZ

13
7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!
;VY[PSSHKL KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKVZ

 H]LUH JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ


7LYLQPS `V JPSHU[YV WPJHKV HWPV ZP
[PLUL
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! [VTH[LWPJHKV
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L
aHUHOVYPHZYHSSHKHZ
O\L]VZ 7YLWHYHJP}U!
[HaHZKLH]LUH 4LaJSHY [VKVZ SVZ PUNYLKPLU[LZ -VY-
:HS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V THY SHZ [VY[PSSHZ ` MYLxY \ZHUKV WVJV
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L HJLP[L

14
*VSHKHKL 7YLWHYHJP}U!
/LY]PY LS HN\H JVU SH H]LUH ` SH JH-

 H]LUH ULSH`JSH]VKLVSVYK\YHU[LTP-


U\[VZ,JOHYSHSLJOLLUK\SaHY:LY]PY
JHSPLU[LVLUMYPHY

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
7HYHOHJLY\USPJ\HKVKLH]LUH\UH
SP[YVKLHN\H ]LaX\LLUMYxL\UWVJVSHWYLWHYHJP}U
[HaHKLH]LUH ZLSHW\LKLSPJ\HYJVUSHSLJOL
*HULSH*SH]VVWJPVUHS
SP[YVKLSLJOL (S SPJ\HKV SL W\LKL LJOHY Q\NV KL
7HULSH`VHaJHY THYHJ\`mS\SVVIHUHUVZ

1\NV
KLH]LUH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
SP[YVKLHN\HOLY]PKH
SP[YVKLSLJOL
[HaHZKLH]LUH
*HULSH
7HULSHTVSPKHVHaJHYTVYLUH

7YLWHYHJP}U!
3PJ\HY SH H]LUH JVU LS HN\H ` SH
JHULSH *VSHY ]HYPHZ ]LJLZ OHZ[H
X\L X\LKLU ZVSHTLU[L \UHZ KVZ
J\JOHYHKHZ KL HMYLJOV ,JOHY SH
SLJOLHSHTLaJSH`LUK\SaHY;V-
THYMYxV

15
*OPJOHKL )HZ[HU[LHSIHOHJH

H]LUH
7HULSHLUIHUJVZ

7YLWHYHJP}U!
;VZ[HY SH H]LUH LJOHY [VKVZ SVZ PU-
NYLKPLU[LZ LU \UH VSSH JVU IHZ[HU[L
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! HN\H*VJPUHYK\YHU[LTPU\[VZWVY
[HaHZKLH]LUH SVTLUVZ3PJ\HY`JVSHY
WP|HIPLUSH]HKH`JVY[HKHLU :L W\LKL KLQHY MLYTLU[HY OHZ[H LS
[YVaVZJVUSHJmZJHYH W\U[VKLZLHKV
aHUHOVYPHZJVY[HKHZLU[YVaVZ
*HULSHJSH]VWPTPLU[HKLVSVY ;VTHYSHMYLZJHJVUOPLSVZ

16
KL UHYHUQH LJOHY  SH H]LUH LS THUx
SVZ KLTmZ PUNYLKPLU[LZ ` TLaJSHY
T\` IPLU JVU SH THUV (S WYPUJPWPV
SHTLaJSHZL]LYmHSNVZLJHWLYVOH`
X\LZLN\PYTLaJSHUKVOHZ[HX\LJHKH
OVQ\LSHX\LKLLUK\SaHKHJVUSHTPLS

7HYHLSZPN\PLU[LWHZVOH`KVZ
VWJPVULZ!
<[PSPaHUKVSHOVYUPSSHKLSHJVJP-
UH[VZ[HYSHTLaJSHLU\UHWHPSHZLJH
TV]PLUKVSH JVUZ[HU[LTLU[L OHZ[H
X\L SH WYLWHYHJP}U LZ[t JVTWSL[H-
TLU[LZLJH
.YHUVSH ,ULSOVYUV[VZ[HYSHTLaJSHLU\U
JOHYVSNYHUKLH[LTWLYH[\YHT\`IHQH
K\YHU[L\UHOVYH`TLKPHYLTV]PLU-
KVJHKHTPU\[VZOHZ[HX\LSHTLa-
9PJH`YmWPKHSPZ[HWHYHLSKLZH`\UVV JSHLZ[tJVTWSL[HTLU[LZLJH
WHYHJ\HSX\PLYTVTLU[VKLOHTIYL
;HTIPtULZ\UHWYLWHYHJP}UHW[HWHYH :LW\LKLJVTLYKPYLJ[HTLU[LKLSYLJP-
SH]LU[HWVYX\LZLJVUZLY]HWVYSHYNV WPLU[LVZLW\LKLTLaJSHYJVUSLJOL
[PLTWV `VN\Y[UH[\YHS`VMY\[HWPJHKH
7HYH X\L ZL JVUZLY]L IPLU ZL SH KLIL
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! N\HYKHY LU \U YLJPWPLU[L KL ]PKYPV V
KL[HaHKLTPLSKLWHULSH WSmZ[PJVJVU[HWH5VKLILYLMYPNLYHYZL
KL[HaHKLHJLP[L
J\JOHYHKP[HKL]HPUPSSHVJ\JOHYH- 4PLSKLWHULSH
KP[HZKLYHSSHK\YHKLUHYHUQH 7HYH SH TPLS KL WHULSH ULJLZP[H \UH
SPIYHKLH]LUH SPIYHKLWHULSHLU[YVaVZVSPIYHKL
VUaHZKLTHUx[VZ[HKV`X\LIYH- WHULSHTVSPKHTmZ[HaHKLHN\H
KV ,U \UH VSSH NYHUKL WVYX\L HS OLY]PY
6[YVZPUNYLKPLU[LZVWJPVUHSLZ!SPUHaH SH TPLS Z\IL T\JOV WVULY SH WHUL-
HQVUQVSxJVJVYHSSHKVU\LJLZX\PU\H SHJVULSHN\H"JVJPUHYHM\LNVSLU[V
YL]LU[HKH WHZHZ SHZ WHZHZ ZL LJOHU OHZ[H X\L ZL KPS\`H JVTWSL[HTLU[L
\UH]La[VZ[HKHSHNYHUVSH YLTV]PLUKV ` LZW\THUKV KL ]La LU
J\HUKV"JLYUPY`LUMYPHY"N\HYKHY[HWH-
7YLWHYHJP}U! KHLU\UMYHZJVKL]PKYPV:PZLJYPZ[H-
,U \U YLJPWPLU[L NYHUKL TLaJSHY SH SPaHJHSLU[HYSHHIH|VTHYxH:HSL
TPLS LS HJLP[L SH ]HPUPSSH V JmZJHYH [HaHZKLTPLS

17
 (99
(996A)3(5*6
 9 ) ( *6
)3 *

SHYYVaISHUJVLZ\UJLYLHSWYVJL- WVYX\L UV JVU[PLUL LSLTLU[VZ X\L


ZHKVHSX\LZLSLOHX\P[HKVZ\JmZJHYH WYV]VX\LUHSLYNPHZHSPTLU[HYPHZ
`WHY[LKLSNLYTLU"Z\WYPUJPWHSHWVY[L
ZVUSVZJHYIVOPKYH[VZJVU[LUPKVZLULS ,Z SH IHZL KL SH HSPTLU[HJP}U WLYV
NYHUV ` J\`V ]HSVY U\[YP[P]V ZL YLK\- JVTVLZ\UWYVK\J[VWYVJLZHKVX\L
JLWYPUJPWHSTLU[LHSHWYVK\JJP}UKL `H UV JVU[PLUL [VKVZ Z\Z U\[YPLU[LZ
JHSVYxHZ LZ ULJLZHYPV JVTWSLTLU[HYSV JVU
V[YVZHSPTLU[VZJVTVSHZSLN\TPUVZHZ
,Z[LLZ\UHSPTLU[VT\`Z\H]LX\LZL NYHUVZX\LWYV]PLULUKL]HPUHWHYH
W\LKLKHYJVTVPUPJPVKLSHHSPTLU- TLQVYHYZ\HWVY[LU\[YP[P]V<UHKPL[H
[HJP}UJVTWSLTLU[HYPHHWHY[PYKLSVZ IHZHKH LU HS[HZ JHU[PKHKLZ KL HYYVa
TLZLZKLLKHKKLSVZUP|VZ`UP|HZ HSZLYKLJP[HYPHLUIYHW\LKLVJH-

18
ZPVUHY LZ[YL|PTPLU[V ` HS[LYHJPVULZ ]LYK\YHZWHYHLUYPX\LJLYZ\]HSVYU\-
KPNLZ[P]HZ [YP[P]V

<ZVZ! *VUZLQVZ[PSLZ!
*VTV HJVTWH|HKV WYPUJPWHS  LU LS ,U SH HS[\YH H ]LJLZ LZ JVTWSPJHKV
HST\LYaV V SH TLYPLUKH LZ LS JVT- OHJLY  HYYVa" WVY LZV ZL Z\NPLYL OH-
WVULU[L ImZPJV KL WYLWHYHJPVULZ KL JLYSV MYP[V LU \UH VSSH IPLU NY\LZH
H[VSSHKVZ [HTIPtU ZL \ZH LU WVZ[YLZ \[PSPaHUKV TmZ V TLUVZ  WHY[L KL
JVTVLSHYYVaJVUSLJOL HYYVa WVY  WHY[LZ KL HN\H KLQHUKV
\UKLKVKLHN\HLUJPTHKLSHYYVa
,ZULJLZHYPVJVUZPKLYHYSHKP]LYZPJH-
JP}U KL Z\ JVUZ\TV \ZHUKV WYLWH- ;HTIPtU W\LKL OHJLYSV LZJ\YYPKV
YHJPVULZ  JVTIPUHKHZ KL HYYVa JVU JVTV LU SH YLJL[H X\L ZL L_WSPJH H
X\PU\HHYYVaJVUSLU[LQHVHYYVaJVU JVU[PU\HJP}U

(YYVa
-YP[V
3H]HY LS HYYVa ` MYLxYSV OHZ[H X\L SVZ
NYHUVZ LZ[tU [YHUZWHYLU[LZ ,JOHY LS
HN\H" J\HUKV OPLY]H ` LS HYYVa OH`H
HIZVYIPKVSHTH`VYxHKLSHN\HIHQHY
SHSSHTHHSTxUPTV;HWHYLSHYYVaJVU
\UHM\UKHKLWSmZ[PJV`[HWHYSHVSSH
WHYHWLYTP[PYX\LSVZNYHUVZKLHYYVa
ZLJVJPULUIPLU

:PSHVSSHUVLZT\`NY\LZHOH`X\L
HSLQHYSHKLSHSSHTHWVUPtUKVSHZVIYL
\UH SH[H V ZVIYL \UH YLQPSSH ,U JHZV
KLX\LLSHYYVaZPNHK\YVZLKLILYV-
JPHYSL\UWVJVKLHN\H`KLQHYSVX\L
ZPNHZLJHUKV

19
(YYVaLZJ\YYPKV
LZ[PSHKVVJVSHKV
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
WHY[LHYYVa
WHY[LZKLHN\HIHZ[HU[LHN\H
(JLP[L
:HS

7YLWHYHJP}U!
(YYVaTLQVYHKV
/LY]PYLSHN\HLU\UHVSSHJVU[HWH
,JOHYLSHYYVa`JVJPUHYOHZ[HX\LLZ[t
JVUX\PU\H!
JHZPISHUKV,S[PLTWVKLJVJJP}U]H-
YxHJVUSHTHK\YLaKLSHYYVaLU[YL (SHYYVaISHUJVSLMHS[HIYH`HSN\UHZ
`TPU\[VZLUSHHS[\YH*LYUPYSV ]P[HTPUHZ`TPULYHSLZWVYZLYWYVJLZH-
IV[HYLSHN\HVN\HYKHYSHWHYH\ZHYLU KV`W\SPKV"WHYHTLQVYHYSVZLW\LKL
SHZVWHVLUJVTPKHKLHUPTHSLZ H|HKPY X\PU\H H SH JVJJP}U  ]LY ]H-
SVYU\[YP[P]VKLSHX\PU\HWmN7HYH
,JOHYLSHYYVaJHZPJVJPKVHSHVSSH` LTWLaHYW\LKL\ZHY\UHWHY[LX\PU\H
IHQHY SH SSHTH HS TxUPTV ` YVJPHYSV `KVZWHY[LZHYYVaOHZ[HSSLNHYH\ZHY
JVU HJLP[L  7VY JHKH [HaH KL HYYVa TP[HKKLHYYVa`TP[HKKLX\PU\H
HWYV_PTHKHTLU[L  J\JOHYHKP[H KL
HJLP[L;HWHYSHVSSHT\`IPLU:PUV 0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
ZL[HWHIPLUZLW\LKLWVULY\UHM\U- WHY[LKLHYYVaSH]HKV
KH KL WSmZ[PJV LUJPTH KLS HYYVa KL- WHY[LKLX\PU\HSH]HKH
IHQVKLSH[HWH7LYTP[PYX\LLSHYYVa (JLP[L
ZLZLX\L`ZLHIYH:HSHYSV :HS

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ! 7YLWHYHJP}U!
7YLWHYHYLUZ\LZ[PSVWYLKPSLJ[VMYP[VVLZ-
J\YYPKV(|HKPYSVZKVZNYHUVZLUSHTPZ-
7HYHTLQVYHYLSZHIVYOHJLY\UN\P- THVSSHQ\U[VZ:LJVJPUHUWVYPN\HS
ZVOVNHVKLJLIVSSH`HQVLUSHVSSH"
TLaJSHYSVJVULSHYYVaTLKPVJVJPKV 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
`ZLN\PYZLJmUKVSV
:PKLZLHKHYSLT\`I\LUZHIVYOH-
(SWYLWHYHYLSHYYVaZLW\LKL\[PSP- JLY \U N\PZVOVNHV KL JLIVSSH ` HQV
aHYTLUVZZHSZPZLSHH|HKLHSUHSKL LUSHVSSH"TLaJSHYSVJVULSHYYVaTL-
SHJVJJP}U KPVJVJPKV`ZLN\PYZLJmUKVSV

20
(YYVaJVU 7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!

4LU\KLUJPHZ aHUHOVYPHZHTHYPSSHZYHSSHKHZ
KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKVZ
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ
7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YVWPJHKV
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
[HaHZKLHYYVa [VTH[LWPJHKV
J\JOHYHKHZKLHJLP[L *VSVYHJOPV[LVWJPVUHS
[HaHZKLHN\H
SPIYHKLTLU\KLUJPH 7YLWHYHJP}U!
:HS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V ,U\UHVSSHNY\LZHWHYHLSHYYVaJH-
SLU[HYLSHJLP[L"LJOHYLSHYYVa`MYLxY
OHZ[HX\LSVZNYHUVZLZ[tU[YHUZWHYLU-
[LZ,U\UHVSSHTmZWLX\L|HOHJLYLS
OVNHV3H]HY`WPJHYSHZTLU\KLUJPHZ
`LJOHYSHZHSOVNHV9LMYLxYSHZHSN\UVZ
TPU\[VZ

,JOHYSHZTLU\KLUJPHZHSHYYVa"LJOHY
LSHN\HOPY]PLUKVWHYHHW\YHYLSWYV-
JLZV*\HUKVOPLY]H`SHTH`VYxHKLS
HN\HLZ[tHIZVYIPKHIHQHYSHSSHTHHS
TxUPTVVJVSVJHY\UHSH[HV\UHYLQP-
SSHWHYHZLWHYHY\UWVJVSHVSSHKLSH
SSHTH :P LZ ULJLZHYPV [HWHY LS HYYVa
JVU\UHM\UKHKLWSmZ[PJVS\LNVJV-
SVJHYSH[HWHKLSHVSSH+LQHYX\LZL
JVJPULIPLU

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!

 ,U LS JHZV KL X\L LS HYYVa X\LKL


K\YVW\LKLYVJPHYSL\UWVJVKLHN\H
`JVU[PU\HYZLJmUKVSV

:LYLJVTPLUKHJVTLY\UHMY\[HWHYH
HWYV]LJOHYTLQVYLSOPLYYVJVU[LUPKV
LUSHZTLU\KLUJPHZ

21
[PLUKV`LJOHYLZ[HTLaJSHHSYLZ[VKLS
(YYVaKL HYYVa9LTV]LYIPLU`JVJPUHYWVY
TPU\[VZ V OHZ[H X\L UV [LUNH ZHIVY

3LJOL JY\KV

:LY]PYJHSPLU[LVMYxV

,S]HSVYU\[YP[P]VLULZ[HYLJL[HH\TLU-
[HJVUSHSLJOLX\LJVU[PLULJHSJPVKL
MmJPSHZPTPSHJP}U

0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
[HaHKLHYYVaSH]HKVYLTVQHKVWVY
SVTLUVZOVYHLU[HaHKLHN\H
SP[YVKLHN\H
SP[YVKLSLJOL
J\JOHYHKHKLTHU[LX\PSSH
YHQHZKLJHULSH
[HaHKLHaJHYWHYHH\TLU[HYLS]H-
SVY U\[YP[P]V W\LKL \ZHY \UH WHY[L KL
TPLSKLWHULSH=LYWmN
`LTHKLO\L]VVWJPVUHS

7YLWHYHJP}U!
,U \UH VSSH [HWHKH JVJPUHY LS HYYVa
WVYHTPU\[VZLUZ\HN\HKLYL-
TVQVH|HKPLUKVTLKPVSP[YVKLHN\H
OHZ[HX\LLZ[tZ\H]L

,JOHYSHSLJOLSHTHU[LX\PSSHSHZYHQHZ
KLJHULSH`LSHaJHYTPLS*VJPUHY
ZPU [HWH HWYV_PTHKHTLU[L WVY TL-
KPHOVYHYLTV]PLUKVJVUMYLJ\LUJPH
WHYHX\LUVZLWLN\LOHZ[HX\LX\LKL
T\`JYLTVZV`LZWLZLLSHYYVaKLIL
X\LKHY JVJPUHKV KL MVYTH OVTVNt-
ULHWVYLUJPTH`WVYKLIHQV

(WHY[L H SH `LTH IH[PKH LJOHYSL \U


WVJV KL HYYVa JHSPLU[L TLaJSHY IH-

22
8<05<(

3
HX\PU\HM\L\UHSPTLU[VT\`PT-
WVY[HU[L WHYH SVZ W\LISVZ VYPNPUHYPVZ
[LNLYLSZPZ[LTHULY]PVZVWHYHJVTIH-
[PYSHMH[PNH`SHKLWYLZP}U
KLSH9LNP}U(UKPUH+\YHU[LLSWLYPV-
KVKLSHJVUX\PZ[HZ\J\S[P]VM\LWYV- 3HX\PU\HLZ\UJLYLHSPU[LNYHSWVYX\L
OPIPKV,USHHJ[\HSPKHKLSJVUZ\TVKL Z\ NYHUV UV OH ZPKV WYVJLZHKV UP ZL
LZ[LWYVK\J[VZLOHL_[LUKPKVHTWSPH- OHULSPTPUHKVWHY[LZKLSTPZTV
TLU[LPUJS\ZVHV[YVZJVU[PULU[LZWVY
Z\HS[V]HSVYU\[YP[P]V *\HUKV ZL JVTWYH SH X\PU\H WYLSH-
]HKHtZ[HUPJHTLU[LOHWLYKPKVSHZ
3H WYV[LxUH KL SH X\PU\H LZ H\U TmZ Z\Z[HUJPHZX\LSLKHU\UZHIVYHTHY-
JVTWSL[HX\LSHJVU[LUPKHLUSHSLJOL NVTmZUVZ\ZU\[YPLU[LZWVYSV[HU[V
KL ]HJH (KLTmZ HWVY[H JHU[PKHKLZ LZ[L WYVJLZV TLQVYH [HU[V SH JHSPKHK
LSL]HKHZKLS*VTWSLQV)[PSWHYHWYV- JVTVLSZHIVYKLSWYVK\J[V

23
<ZVZ!  7HYH JVJPUHY SH X\PU\H! WVY JHKH
3HX\PU\HZL\ZHNLULYHSTLU[LLUZV- [HaH KL X\PU\H SH]HKH LJOHY  
WHZ[HTIPtUZLW\LKLWYLWHYHYJVTV [HaHZ KL HN\H  /LY]PY [HWHY SH VSSH
Z\Z[P[\[V V JVTWSLTLU[V KLS HYYVa ` JVJPUHY H M\LNV SLU[V K\YHU[L 
]LY WmN  ZL SH \[PSPaH LU MVYTH TPU\[VZVOHZ[HX\LLSHN\HZLOH`H
KLOHYPUHWHYHLZWLZHY`WHYHWYVK\J- JVUZ\TPKV
[VZOVYULHKVZ+\YHU[LSHZWYmJ[PJHZ
Z\YNPLYVU]HYPHZPUPJPH[P]HZWHYHLS\ZV  :L YLJVTPLUKH JVUZ\TPY X\PU\H
KL SH X\PU\H WVY LQLTWSV ZL W\LKL [VKVZSVZKxHZ/H`\UH]HYPLKHKKL
OHJLY [VY[PJHZ KL K\SJL" PUJS\ZV ZL WYLWHYHJPVULZ JVTV WHYH UV JHUZHY-
W\LKL\ZHYLUYLSSLUVZWHYHOVY[HSPaHZ ZL<[PSPaHUKVSHOHYPUHKLX\PU\HJHZP
JVTV [VTH[LZ a\X\PUP" V LU YLJL[HZ UVZLUV[HX\LSHLZ[mJVUZ\TPLUKV
JVUJHYUL

;HTIPtU ZL W\LKL \ZHYSH ZVSHTLU[L


SH]HKH`ZLJHKHLU\UZHY[tUWHYHSH
WYLWHYHJP}UKLNYHUVSH`JVTVPUNYL-
KPLU[LLUSHTHZHKLNHSSL[HZ

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!

7HYHJVTWYHYSHX\PU\H!LZJVNLYLS
NYHUVKLJVSVYT\`JSHYVLU[YLOHIH-
UV`ISHUJVZPLZKLJVSVYTHYY}UUV
OHZPKVZ\JPLU[LTLU[LWYLSH]HKH

7HYHSH]HYSHX\PU\H!LJOHYSHLU\U
YLJPWPLU[LJVUIHZ[HU[LHN\H"MYLNHYSH
\U WVJV JVU SH THUV  )V[HY SH LZ-
W\TH X\L ZHSL ` SHZ JHTPZHZ X\L
V[HU  9LWL[PY LS WYVJLZV OHZ[H X\L
UV ZHSNH LZW\TH 5VYTHSTLU[L  }
]LJLZ

7HYHZHJHYSH[PLYYH!JLYUPY`]HJPHYSH
X\PU\HLU\UJVSHKVYJVSVJHKVLU\U
[Ha}UKLHN\H"YLTV]LYSHJVUSHTHUV"
SH[PLYYHIHQHHSMVUKVKLS[Ha}U

24
J\JOHYHKP[HKLZHS
;VY[PSSHZKL J\JOHYHKP[HKLVYtNHUV
J\JOHYHKP[HKLWPTPLU[H

X\PU\H <U[YVaVKLX\LZVWHYHYLSSLUHY
<UWVJVKLHJLP[LWHYHKVYHY

7YLWHYHJP}U!
9LJL[H HKHW[HKH KLS SPIYV *VTPKHZ 4LaJSHY [VKVZ SVZ PUNYLKPLU[LZ H L_-
KLS,J\HKVYKL4PJOLSSL6-YPLK JLWJP}UKLSX\LZV`HJLP[L3HTLa-
JSHKLILX\LKHYHN\HKH`Z\H]LTVS-
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! KLHYSHTHZH`MVYTHYSHZ[VY[PSSHZJVU
[HaHZKLX\PU\HSH]HKH`JVJPKH YLSSLUVKLX\LZV
[HaHKLH]LUH
[HaHKLOHYPUHPU[LNYHS ,JOHYSHZ HS ZHY[tU JHSPLU[L JVU T\`
aHUHOVYPHZYHSSHKHZJY\KHZ WVJV HJLP[L +VYHYSHZ OHZ[H X\L ZL
JLIVSSHJHILaVUHWPJHKHUH WYVK\aJH \UH JHWH KL JVSVY THYY}U
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKVUV HSNVVZJ\YV=VS[LHYSHZWHYHKVYHYLS
O\L]VZIH[PKVZ V[YVSHKV9PUKL[VY[PSSHZ

25
1\NVVMYLZJV
KLX\PU\H
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
[HaHKLX\PU\HSH]HKH
SP[YVKLHN\H
YHQHZKLJHULSH
SP[YVKLSLJOL
7HULSHTVSPKHVTPLSKLWHULSH
/PLSVVWJPVUHS

7YLWHYHJP}U!
*VJPUHYSHX\PU\H`SHJHULSHLULS
HN\H K\YHU[L  TPU\[VZ V OHZ[H
9LJL[H HKHW[HKH KLS SPIYV *VTPKHZ KLS X\LLZ[tT\`HIPLY[H`ZLOH`HHI-
,J\HKVYKL4PJOLSSL6-YPLK ZVYIPKHLSHN\H:HJHYSHJHULSH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! ,JOHYSHSLJOLHSHSPJ\HKVYH`SP-
[HaHZKLX\PU\HSH]HKH]LYWmN
J\HY SH X\PU\H JVJPKH OHZ[H X\L
SP[YVZKLHN\H
LZ[t T\` JYLTVZH 5V KLIL JLY-
7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV
UPY SH TLaJSH WHYH HWYV]LJOHY SH
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L
IYH ` SH WYV[LxUH ,UK\SaHY JVU
*VSVYVHJOPV[L
WHULSH:LW\LKLZLY]PYJHSPLU[L
[HaHKLJLIVSSHSHYNHWPJHKH
VMYxH
:HS`WPTPLU[H
J\JOHYHKHZKLWHZ[HKLTHUx
[HaHZKLSLJOL

7YLWHYHJP}U!
*VJPUHYSHX\PU\HLULSHN\HK\YHU[L
TPU\[VZVOHZ[HX\LSHX\PU\HOH`HHIZVY-
IPKVIHZ[HU[LHN\H`LZ[tHIPLY[H`Z\H]L

7YLWHYHYLSN\PZV3PJ\HY\UH[LYJLYHWHY-
[LKLSHX\PU\HJVJPUHKHJVULSTHUxSH
SLJOL`LSN\PZV4LaJSHYJVUSHX\PU\H`
OLY]PYHM\LNVSLU[VWVYTPU\[VZVOHZ[H
X\LLZWLZL

26
3,5;,1(:

3
HSLU[LQHLZ\UNYHUVPU[LNYHS*VTV
V[YHZSLN\TPUVZHZNYHUVZKL]HPUHSH
KPNLZ[P}U`WHYHWYL]LUPYLSJmUJLYKLS
JVSVU
SLU[LQHJVU[PLULWYV[LxUHX\LLUJVT-
IPUHJP}UJVUSHKLSVZJLYLHSLZZLJVU- <ZVZ!
]PLY[L LU \UH WYV[LxUH JVTWSL[H ,U 3H SLU[LQH JVJPUHKH W\LKL ZLY JVU-
JVTWHYHJP}UJVUSHJHYULSHWYV[LxUH Z\TPKH LU[LYH V SPJ\HKH LU SHZ KVZ
KLSHSLU[LQHZLHZPTPSHLUTH`VYWVY- MVYTHZ[PLULLSTPZTV]HSVYU\[YP[P]V
JLU[HQLWVYSVX\LW\LKLZLY\UI\LU ,U WYLWHYHJPVULZ KL ZHS JVJPUHKH
Z\Z[P[\[VKLSHJHYUL3HZSLN\TPUVZHZ LZJ\YYPKH`HWSHZ[HKHZPY]LWHYHOHT-
JVTV SH SLU[LQH JVU[PLULU OPLYYV X\L I\YN\LZHZ ` WHYH H[VSSHKVZ (WYV]L-
H`\KHHWYL]LUPYSHHULTPH,UZ\JmZ- JOHUKV LS SxX\PKV KL JVJJP}U LU ZV-
JHYH[PLULIYHLZLUJPHSWHYHSHI\LUH WHZ ` TLULZ[YHZ ;HTIPtU ZL OHJLU

27
WYLWHYHJPVULZKLK\SJLWHYHVI[LULY 7HYH WLSHY SH SLU[LQH ZL KLIL JVJPUHY
\UH[L_[\YHJYLTVZH`HNYHKHISL K\YHU[L  TPU\[VZ  7LYTP[PY X\L ZL
LUMYxLU OHZ[H X\L LZ[tU [PIPHZ 9LMYL-
*VUZLQVZ[PSLZ! NHYSHZLUHN\H
7HYHWVKLYHZPTPSHY[VKVLSOPLYYVKLSH
SLU[LQH`KLSVZHSPTLU[VZLUNLULYHS 3HJmZJHYHZHSKYm`X\LKHYmV[HUKV
LZHJVUZLQHISLJVTLYSVZJVTIPUHKVZ LU LS HN\H 3H JmZJHYH W\LKL \ZHYZL
JVU]P[HTPUH*LZ[H]P[HTPUHZLLU- JVTV HIVUV WHYH WSHU[HZ V JVTPKH
J\LU[YHLU[VKHZSHZMY\[HZMYLZJHZ WHYHHUPTHSLZ

SHZOVQHZ]LYKLZOHZ[HX\LLZ[tUZ\H-
*YLTHKL ]LZ(WHY[LOHJLYLSOVNHV3PJ\HYSHZ
SLU[LQHZ`LSOVNHVJVUSHSLJOL/LY-

SLU[LQH ]PY \UVZ WVJVZ TPU\[VZ :LY]PY JVU


WLYLQPS `V JPSHU[YV WPJHKV JVTV \U
YPJVHKVYUV

0UNYLKPLU[LZ! 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
SPIYHKLSLU[LQHZWLSHKHZ
aHUHOVYPHZLUJ\IP[VZ  ;HTIPtU W\LKL OHJLY LZ[H JYLTH
[HaHZKLSLJOL JVUSHSLU[LQHZPUWLSHY9LJ\LYKLX\L
:HS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V HS WLSHYSH LZ[m KLZLJOHUKV \UH IYH
/VQHZ]LYKLZ!HJLSNHLZWPUHJHOVQHZ X\LH`\KHHSHI\LUHKPNLZ[P}U
[PLYUHZKL`\JHSLUN\HKL]HJHL[J
VWJPVUHS

7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!
KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKVZ
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ
7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YVWPJHKV
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
[VTH[LWPJHKV
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L
(KVYUHY!7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YV

7YLWHYHJP}U!
*VJPUHYSHZSLU[LQHZ`SHaHUHOVYPH`

28 28
SHT\`IPLULSHN\HKLSHJVJJP}U
;VY[PSSHZKL ZL W\LKL LTWSLHY LU SH ZVWH  *VU
\U[LULKVYHWSHZ[HYSHZSLU[LQHZOHZ[H

SLU[LQH VI[LULY   [HaHZ KL \U W\Yt \UP-


MVYTL

3PJ\HY SH JLIVSSH ` SH aHUHOVYPH JVU


0UNYLKPLU[LZ! SVZO\L]VZ
[HaHKLSLU[LQHJY\KH 4LaJSHY JVU SVZ KLTmZ PUNYLKPLU[LZ
aHUHOVYPHZWPJHKHZ LJOHUKVSHOHYPUHWVJVHWVJVOHZ[H
JLIVSSHJHILaVUHWPJHKH [LULY\UHTHZHZ\LS[H`OTLKH
KPLU[LZKLHQVTVSPKVZ 
WPTLU[}UWPJHKV -VYTHY [VY[PSSHZ YLSSLUHYSHZ JVU X\L-
O\L]VZ ZVZPKLZLH`MYLxYSHZLUHJLP[LHM\L-
:HSWPTPLU[H NV TLKPVHS[V OHZ[H X\L [VTLU JVU-
J\JOHYHKP[HKLVYtNHUV ZPZ[LUJPH ` ZL KVYLU HS JVSVY THYY}U
[HaHKLH]LUH VZJ\YV:LY]PYJVU[VTH[L
+LH[HaHKLOHYPUH
8\LZVISHUJVWHYHYLSSLUVZPKLZLH 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
J\JOHYHKHZKLHJLP[LWHYHMYLxY
<[PSPJLZ}SV\UWVJVKLOHYPUHWHYH
X\L  SHZ [VY[PSSHZ X\LKLU Z\H]LZ ,Z
7YLWHYHJP}U! TLQVY \ZHY OHYPUH PU[LNYHS KL OHIH
<UH]LaJVJPUHKHSHSLU[LQHLZJ\YYPY- HY]LQHVH]LUH

29
([VSSHKV ,JOHY [VKVZ SVZ PUNYLKPLU[LZ KLS OV-
NHV ` ZLN\PY YLMYPLUKV OHZ[H X\L ZL
KLSLU[LQHZ ZLX\LU SVZ Q\NVZ ,JOHY SHZ SLU[LQHZ
JVUZ\SxX\PKVKLJVJJP}U`LSHN\H
4VYVZJVU*YPZ[PHUVZ 7\LKL\ZHYHN\HOPY]PLUKVZPZLX\PL-
YL HJLSLYHY LS WYVJLZV KL JVJJP}U
+LQHY OLY]PY OHZ[H X\L SH TH`VYxH
3HJVTIPUHJP}UKLHYYVaJLYLHSJVU KLS HN\H ZL OH`H HIZVYIPKV IHQHY SH
SLU[LQH SLN\TPUVZH MVYTH \UH WYV- SSHTH HS TxUPTV JVSVJHY \UH SH[H V
[LxUHJVTWSL[H3HJHSPKHKKLZ\WYV- YLQPSSHWHYHZLWHYHY\UWVJVSHVSSHKL
[LxUHLZTmZHS[HX\LSHKLSHJHYUL SHSSHTH[HWHYLSHYYVaJVU\UHM\UKH
KL WSmZ[PJV [HWHY SH VSSH ` KLQHY X\L
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! ZLJVJPULIPLU,ULSJHZVKLX\LLS
[HaHKLSLU[LQHZYLTVQHKHZ HYYVaX\LKLK\YVYVJPHY\UWVJVKL
[HaHZKLHYYVa HN\H`KLQHYX\LZPNHZLJHUKV
J\JOHYHKHZKLHJLP[L
SP[YV[HaHZKLHN\H
:HSWPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V

7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!
aHUHOVYPHZHTHYPSSHZYHSSHKHZ
KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKVZ
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ
7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YVWPJHKV
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
[VTH[LWPJHKV
*VSVYHJOPV[LVWJPVUHS

7YLWHYHJP}U!
9LTVQHY SHZ SLU[LQHZ ` IV[HY LS HN\H
KLS YLTVQV J\HUKV LZ[tU SPZ[HZ  ,U
\UHU\L]HHN\HJVUHJOPV[LJVJPUHY
SHSLU[LQHOHZ[HX\LLZ[tJHZPISHUKH`
NYHUWHY[LKLSHN\HZLOH`HL]HWVYH-
KV,U\UHVSSHNY\LZHWHYHLSHYYVa
JHSLU[HY LS HJLP[L LJOHY LS HYYVa  `
MYLxYOHZ[HX\LJHKHNYHUVLZ[t[VKH-
]xH\UWVJVK\YV

30
/HTI\YNLZHZ W\tZ LJOHY SVZ O\L]VZ ` HTHZHY OHZ[H
VI[LULY \UH THZH Z\H]L ` THULQHISL
-VYTHY [VY[PJHZ WSHUHZ ` UHZ HNYLNHY
KLSLU[LQH OHYPUH ` H]LUH WHYH X\L SH THZH LZ[L
JVUZPZ[LU[L -YLxYSHZ OHZ[H X\L LZ[tU
IPLUKVYHKHZKLSVZKVZSHKVZ

9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!

 +\YHU[L SHZ WYmJ[PJHZ ZL OPaV SH


WY\LIH HKPJPVUHUKV \U JVUJLU[YHKV
KLNHSSPUHZHaVUHKVYHSHTHZHWHYH
HSN\UVZTLQVY}LSZHIVYZPULTIHYNV
V[YVZWYLYPLYVULSZHIVYUH[\YHS

1\NVVYLMYLZJV
KLSLU[LQHZ
*VULZ[HTHZHZLW\LKLUOHJLYKLSP-
JPVZHZWYLWHYHJPVULZHKLJ\HKHZ[HT-
IPtUWHYHSH]LU[H 0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
[HaHZKLSLU[LQHZYLTVQHKHZ
YHQHZKLJHULSH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ! SP[YVKLSLJOL
SPIYHKLSLU[LQHYLTVQHKH 7HULSHVHaJHY
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZ
*PSHU[YV 7YLWHYHJP}U!
KPLU[LZKLHQV 9LTVQHY SH SLU[LQH ` S\LNV IV[HY LS
*VTPUV[VZ[HKV`TVSPKV HN\HKLSYLTVQV7\LKLWLSHYSHZSLU-
/VQHKLSH\YLSVWJPVUHS [LQHZVKLQHYSHZJVUSHJmZJHYH,U\UH
6YtNHUVZHS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V U\L]HHN\HJVJPUHYSHZSLU[LQHZJVUSH
O\L]VZ JHULSHOHZ[HX\LLZ[tUZ\H]LZ,UMYPHY
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L LUK\SaHY`SPJ\HYSHWYLWHYHJP}UJVUSH
SLJOL*VSHYZPUVWLS}SHZSLU[LQHZ
7YLWHYHJP}U!
9LTVQHYSHSLU[LQH`S\LNVLZJ\YYPYSH,U 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!
\UHU\L]HHN\HJVJPUHYSHWVYTPU\-
[VZ,ZJ\YYPYKLU\L]V4VSLYVSPJ\HY 7HYHX\LZHSNHTmZKLSPJHKVJVJP-
JVU[VKVZSVZPUNYLKPLU[LZJY\KVZ+LZ- UHY\UH]LaSPJ\HKHSHWYLWHYHJP}U

31
(;5

E
     S H[U MYLZJV V LUSH[HKV JVU[PLUL
WYV[LxUH KL L_JLSLU[L JHSPKHK WVY SV
HJLP[L LZWLJPHSTLU[L LU LS JHZV KL
WLYZVUHZJVUL_JLZVKLWLZV
X\L Z\ JVUZ\TV YLZ\S[H T\` ILUL-
JPVZV <ZVZ!
,S H[U [PLUL TS[PWSLZ \ZVZ LU LU-
3VZWLJLZHa\SLZJVTVLSH[UJVU- ZHSHKHZ JVU JLIVSSH ` SPT}U LU YL-
[PLULU LS [PWV KL NYHZH VTLNH  X\L SSLUVZ LU [VY[PSSHZ" TLaJSHKV JVU LS
H`\KH H JVTIH[PY WYVISLTHZ JHYKPV- HJLP[LLULSHYYVa
]HZJ\SHYLZ,SH[UWYV]LLaPUJT\`
ULJLZHYPVWHYHTHU[LULYHS[HZU\LZ[YHZ *VUZLQVZ[PSLZ!
KLMLUZHZ UH[\YHSLZ ,S H[U LUSH[HKV 7YVJ\YL JVUZ\TPY LS H[U PUTLKPH[H-
JVUZ[P[\`L\UHM\LU[LJVUJLU[YHKHKL TLU[L\UH]LaHIPLY[HSHSH[H
LULYNxH HWYVWPHKH LU SH KPL[H KL UP-
|HZ`UP|VZWLX\L|VZ,SH[ULUSH[HKV :LYLJVTPLUKH]HYPHYLSJVUZ\TVKLS
LUHJLP[LWYV]LLJHSVYxHZHKPJPVUHSLZ H[UJVUV[YHZM\LU[LZKLWYV[LxUHKL
WVY SV X\L LZ WYLMLYPISL KLZLJOHY LZL VYPNLUHUPTHS

32
9LSSLUVKL
([UJVU(]LUH
0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
O\L]V
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZLU[YVaVZ
/PLYIP[HZ
[HaHKLH]LUH ;VY[HKL([U
SH[HKLH[ULZJ\YYPKH
aHUHOVYPHHTHYPSSHYHSSHKH
:HS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V
JVU(]LUH
7YLWHYHJP}U! <UH[VY[HYPX\xZPTH`UV]LKVZH
3PJ\HY LS O\L]V JVU SHZ JLIVSSHZ `
SHZOPLYIHZ4LaJSHYLSSPJ\HKVJVU 0UNYLKPLU[LZ!
SH H]LUH H[U ` aHUHOVYPH :PY]L SH[HKLH[U
WHYH YLSSLUV KL HSI}UKPNHZ LTWH- O\L]VZ
UHKHZL[J [HaHZKLH]LUH
:HS`WPTPLU[HHSN\Z[V

7HYHLSN\PZVOVNHV!
KPLU[LZKLHQVWPJHKV
JLIVSSHZSHYNHZWPJHKHZ
7LYLQPS`VJPSHU[YVWPJHKV
WPTLU[}U]LYKLWPJHKV
[VTH[LWPJHKV
J\JOHYHKHKLHJLP[L

7YLWHYHJP}U!
,U\UHZHY[tUWLX\L|HJVU[HWHWYL-
WHYHY LS OVNHV JVU [VKVZ SVZ PUNYL-
KPLU[LZ WPJHKVZ  ,JOHY LS H[U JVU
LSHJLP[L`JVJPUHYOHZ[HX\LUVOH`H
Q\NVZ)H[PYSVZO\L]VZJVUSHH]LUH
,JOHY LU SH VSSH  4LaJSHY ` JVJPUHY
JVUSSHTHT\`IHQHOHZ[HX\LSHTLa-
JSHLZ[tZ}SPKH

33
7HZ[LSLZKL 9LJVTLUKHJPVULZ!

@\JHJVU([U 7\LKLYLLTWSHaHYLSYLSSLUVKLH[U
WVYX\LZV

0UNYLKPLU[LZ! 3HOHYPUHKLHY]LQHLZTmZU\[YP[P]H
`\JHKLI\LUHJHSPKHK X\LSHOHYPUHKL[YPNV`SLKHHSH`\JH
9LSSLUVKLH[UJVUH]LUH \UHWL[P[VZVJVSVYHTHYPSSV

)H[PKVWHYHLU]VS]LYSVZWHZ[LSLZ! 7\LKLHNYLNHYHSH`\JHaHUHOV-
O\L]VZ YPH ISHUJH HYYHJHJOH ` JVJPUHYSHZ
[HaHKLHN\H Q\U[HZ" OHJLYSHZ W\Yt ` JVU[PU\HY
J\JOHYHKP[HKLZHS JVUSHTPZTHWYLWHYHJP}U
J\JOHYHKP[HZKLHaJHY
   [HaH KL OHYPUH KL [YPNV V KL
HY]LQH
J\JOHYHKHZKLHJLP[L

7YLWHYHJP}U!
*VJPUHY SH `\JH LU [YVaVZ LU HN\H
JVU ZHS OHZ[H X\L JHZP ZL KLZOHNH
,ZJ\YYPYSH ` HWSHZ[HYSH WHYH OHJLY \U
W\YtX\LS\LNVZLHTHZHJVUSHTHUV
-VYTHY WHZ[LSLZ ` YLSSLUHYSVZ JVU LS
YLSSLUVKLH[U]LYWmN

7HYH WYLWHYHY LS IH[PKV TLaJSHY SVZ


WYPTLYVZ  PUNYLKPLU[LZ KLS SPZ[HKV
` LJOHY SH OHYPUH WVJV H WVJV OHZ-
[HX\L[LUNHSHJVUZPZ[LUJPHKLZLHKH
JVTV KL \UH JYLTH LZWLZH )H|HY
SVZ WHZ[LSLZ JVU LS IH[PKV `  MYLxYSVZ
;YH[LKL\[PSPaHYWVJVHJLP[L

34
7YVWPLKHKLZ`M\UJPVULZKL
SVZHSPTLU[VZKLSYLJL[HYPV

3HZNYHZHZ`JHIVOPKYH[VZHaJHYLZZVUM\LU[LZJVUJLU[YHKHZKLLULYNxH
WVYSV[HU[VZVUPTWVY[HU[LZWHYHLSJYLJPTPLU[VLUUP|VZUP|HZ`HKVSLZ-
JLU[LZ:PULTIHYNVLUSVZJHZVZLUSVZX\LZLYLX\PLYLL]P[HYLSH\TLU[V
KLWLZVZLKLILKPZTPU\PYZ\JVUZ\TV

35
.SVZHYPVKL[tYTPUVZ
KL*VJPUHZPU-YVU[LYHZ

6[YVZUVTIYLZKLHSPTLU[VZ

36
BIBLIOGRAFA

1. *VL : (TLYPJHZ -PYZ[ *\PZPULZ <UP]LYZP[` ;L_HZ 7YLZZ (\Z[PU <:(
 

 :[L`U574`I\YNO5.HUK5LS1/,]PKLUJL[VZ\WWVY[HMVVKIH-
ZLKKPL[HY`N\PKLSPULVUZ\NHYJVUZ\TW[PVUPU:V\[O(MYPJH)\SSL[PUVM[OL
>VYSK/LHS[O6YNHUPaH[PVU

3. -YPLK4PJOLSSL6*VTPKHZKLS,J\HKVY9LJL[HZ[YHKPJPVUHSLZWHYHNLU[L
KLOV`6UJLH]H,KPJP}U8\P[V,J\HKVY

4. ,:/(YLZLHYJO;HISLVM-VVK*VTWVZP[PVU:HSLT<:(^^^^HKZ^VY[O
JVTU\[YP[PVU

5. 4PUPZ[LYPVKL7YL]PZPVU:VJPHS`:HUPKHK0UZ[P[\[V5HJPVUHSKL5\[YPJPVU
;HISH KL *VTWVZPJP}U KL SVZ (SPTLU[VZ ,J\H[VYPHUVZ 8\P[V,J\HKVY
 

6. O[[W!^^^USTUPONV]TLKSPULWS\ZZWHUPZOLUJ`HY[PJSL4LKSP-
ULWS\Z)PISPV[LJH5HJPVUHSKL4LKPJPUHKLSVZ,Z[HKVZ<UPKVZ`SVZ0UZ-
[P[\[VZ5HJPVUHSLZKLSHZHS\K

También podría gustarte