Chng trnh Ging dy Kinh t Fulbright Nhp mn chnh sch cng Hiu ng ca s s hu

Nin kha 2010-2012 Ghi ch Bi ging 8

Ghi ch Bi ging 8

Hiu ng ca s s hu

Kinh t hc c da trn gi nh cho rng con ngi lun ti u ha c l tr. Chng

ta c cho l hnh ng mt cch hp l da vo nhng s thch nht qun v c trt t.
Nhng nu khng phi nh vy th sao? Liu mt s kt lun c chp nhn ph bin ca
kinh t hc c cn gi tr khng? Liu tnh phi l ca chng ta c ngha quan trng g cho
chnh sch cng khng?

Ngnh kinh t hc hnh vi nghin cu nn tng tm l ca vic ra quyt nh kinh t.

Thay v gi nh rng chng ta u l nhng ngi ti a ha mt cch hp l, cc nh kinh t
hnh vi trc ht t cu hi lm th no chng ta a ra quyt nh kinh t. Kt qu thc t
kh ngc nhin, chng ta khng hon ton duy l: m thng l ra quyt nh da trn kh
nng gii quyt vn theo kinh nghim (heuristics) hay ngn gn l theo kinh nghim.
Chng ta gn gi tr cho s vt v l do cm tnh ln trn c s tnh ton hp l. Bi cnh m
chng ta ra quyt nh cng quan trng. i khi chng ta t quan tm n vic ti a ha li
ch ca ring mnh hn l c c li ch nhiu nh hng xm hay bn b ca mnh. Chng ta
nh gi tnh hnh ca mnh so vi nhng ng liu chung quanh, ch khng phi da hon
ton vo gi tr ca hon cnh .

Mt trong nhng v d c thit lp vng chc v hnh vi phi l c bit vi tn gi

hiu ng ca s s hu (the endowment effect).1 y l thut t c s dng m t
hin tng ph bin l ngi ta thng gn mt gi tr cao hn cho nhng th m h s
hu hn l nhng th m h cha mua. Ni cch khc, ngi ta thng t chi bn i nhng
g h s hu vi gi cao hn mc h sn lng b ra mua lc u. Kt qu l gi bn mn
hng cao hn gi mua n. V d, bn sn sng bn xe my ca mnh vi gi no? Bn c ngh
rng gi ny l cao hn hay thp hn gi th trng? C ai mun mua vi gi hay khng?
Mt phn iu ny l vn chi ph giao dch. V d, bn xe my cng mt thi gian v c
gng, do xt theo l l thun ty th gi li xe vn d hn l bn ly tin mua xe khc.

Nhng chi ph giao dch khng hon ton l gii c hiu ng ca s s hu. Chng
ta thng gn tha dng v vic s hu vt. Chng ta cng thng cho t ca mnh
b mt l khng hu dng. Gi s bn nht c 500 ngn ng trn ng, c th s vui v
ca tri cho, nhng gi s bn b vo ti v n li ri ra trn ng v nh. Lc bn mt
500 ngn. Tnh chung hm bn hu vn, nn s thy khng vui cng khng bun. Nhng
thc t a s trong trng hp ny s tic cho mnh v lm mt 500 ngn! Ti sao?

Mt phn li gii l khuynh hng lin quan gi l tm l s mt mt, ngi ta

thng nh gi cao tn tht hn l li ch. H cm thy xt v mt tin hn l lm ra tin,
ging nh tay vt tennis ca M Jimmy Connors tng ni mt cu ni ting: Ti ght b thua
hn l thch khi thng. iu ny rt r rng trong hnh vi th trng chng khon, c bit l
nhng nh u t tay m, h tip tc mua vo khi gi bt u gim trong n lc vt vt thua
l. Hoc nhng cng ty u t thm nhiu tin c gng xoay chuyn tnh th. Nhiu
ngi s i ma bo i xem phim nu h l mua v hn l c coi min ph. Nhng theo
1
See Richard Thaler (1980) Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice, Journal of Economic Behavior
and Organization, 1:3960.

Jonathan Pincus 1
Chng trnh Ging dy Kinh t Fulbright Nhp mn chnh sch cng Hiu ng ca s s hu
Nin kha 2010-2012 Ghi ch Bi ging 8

l thuyt kinh t, mt khi v mua th s tin b ra khng cn nh hng n quyt nh c

li xe i ma bo i xem hay khng.2

Th nghim ni ting nht thit lp hiu ng ca s s hu c thc hin ti i hc

Cornell M.3 Bn sinh vin trong lp c pht khng cc ung c ph c gi 6 -la trong
ca hng trng. Nhng sinh vin khc trong lp c yu cu b gi mua, cn bn sinh
vin s hu nhng ci cc ny c yu cu chp nhn hay t chi gi cho. Thc t rt t cc
c bn. L do l gi sn lng trung v (mc gi trung v m ch chic cc s bn) l 5,25
-la, trong khi mc gi cho mua trung v ch l 2,25-2,75 -la.

Mt th nghim khc, mt s sinh vin nhn c 5 cy vit v nhm khc nhn c

tin mt. H tin hnh trao i vi nhau. Th nghim ny cho thy nhng cy vit ny c gi
tr i vi sinh vin no c cho vit, hn l vi s sinh vin nhn tin mt (tnh theo gi tr
tin t).

Bng chng cho thy chng ta gn gi tr ln ci mnh c nhiu hn ci chng ta cha

c, v s chp nhn ri ro qu mc cn thit gi ci mnh c v ri ro ny cn ln hn ri
ro ca vic mua ci g khc mi. Tm l s mt mt v hiu ng ca s s hu c ngha g
v chnh sch cng?

Hiu ng ca s s hu c th gip chng ta hiu c vn dai dn trong vic nh

gi theo iu kin (contingent evaluation) hng ha cng nh cc tin ch hay yu t mi
trng. K t thp nin 1940, cc nh kinh t s dng cc k thut nh gi theo iu kin
gn gi tr tin t cho nhng hng ha cng khng c th trng. V d, chng ta t tha
dng t cng vin, nhng nhng li ch ny l mt hng ha cng. Chng khng c tnh tranh
ginh v loi tr, cc bn s c hc v hai khi nim ny. Lc ny, iu quan trng l
chng ta hng cng vin m khng phi tr tin. Hy hnh dung chnh ph ang xem xt xy
dng mt bi u xe nhiu tng ti a im cng vin gim tc nghn giao thng trong
thnh ph. Cc nh qui hoch s tm cch c tnh chi ph kinh t i vi cng dn b mt
cng vin thng qua cc phng php nh gi theo iu kin. V d, h s kho st c dn
a phng v hi xem ngi dn chp nhn tr bao nhiu tin gi li cng vin, v chp
nhn c bi thng bao nhiu dp b cng vin.

Mt pht hin ph bin trong nghin cu nh gi theo iu kin l c khong cch ln

gia mc sn lng chi tr (WTP) v mc sn lng chp nhn (WTA). gi cng vin ngi
dn sn sng tr t hn nhiu so vi mc h chp nhn bi thng khi mt n. Chnh lch
gia WTP v WTA l ging nh chnh lch gia gi m cc sinh vin sn sng chp nhn
bn cc c ph ca mnh so vi gi m cc sinh vin khc sn lng chi tr mua cc c ph.
Chng ra lun gn gi tr cao cho nhng th mnh s hu, do mc sn lng chp nhn
thng cao hn mc sn lng chi tr.

Cn c nhng l gii khc v khong cch gia WTA v WTP trong hng ha cng.
V kh tm ra c hng thay th cho hng ha cng hn hng ha t, ngi ta thng khng
mun ri b nhng g mnh c. ng thi, cc c tnh gi tr hng ha cng thng chu
nhiu bt trc hn na. Ti bit gi ca cc c ph, nhng ti khng chc v gi tr ca vic

2
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979) "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under
Risk," Econometrica, XLVII:263-291.
3
Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch and Richard H. Thaler (1990) Experimental Tests of the Endowment
Effect and the Coase Theorem, The Journal of Political Economy, 98:6, 1325-1348.

Jonathan Pincus 2
Chng trnh Ging dy Kinh t Fulbright Nhp mn chnh sch cng Hiu ng ca s s hu
Nin kha 2010-2012 Ghi ch Bi ging 8

a con mnh i do chi trong cng vin. Cui cng, chng ta gn gi tr o c vo hng
ha cng. Cng vin l cn thit v ti cho rng cng vin l tt cn xe hi l xu!

Tuy nhin, hiu ng ca s s hu l mt nhn t tc ng ln cc c tnh WTA v

WTP. Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cn thc rng ngi dn quan tm nhiu hn c li
ch kinh t. Khi h tip cn c mt hng ha cng, v d, cng vin, trng hc, hay li
ch chng trnh hu tr cng cng, th s rt tn km v mt chnh tr ly n i. Hiu ng
ca s s hu c gn kt vi ci gi l thin lch v hin trng. Cng chng c th chng
i s thay i.

Hiu ng ca s s hu cng ph hp vi vn bi thng t. Khi chnh ph xy

dng c s h tng, h phi mua t t cng chng. Gi t l bao nhiu? Theo qui nh ca
Vit Nam ngi mua phi tr gi th trng cho mnh t c quyn s dng hp php. Nhng
gi th trng l bao nhiu? Theo hiu ng ca s s hu, ngi dn s i gi cao hn mc
h sn lng tr cho cng mnh t . Kh nng l chnh ci gi th trng , v c hiu ng
ca s s hu, s lm cho vic n b t tr nn qu tn km. Sut sinh li trn u t cng
s thp, vi kt qu l khng cung cp c s h tng cng cng. V th c x hi s thit
thi v mt s c nhn t gi tr qu cao ln ti sn m h ang s hu.

Mt v d khc l nh l Coase, cc bn s hc nh l ny trong mn vi m. Theo

, trong mt ngnh chu tc ng ca ngoi tc th quyn s hu ban u c bn giao nh
th no l khng quan trng, min l c th giao dch c. V d, mt ngi chn nui gia
sc c trang tri cnh cnh ng ng ca trang tri khc. Thnh thong, b ca ng ta i rng
qua v n ng ca bn kia. Ai s tr tin xy hng ro? Theo nh l Coase, iu ny khng
quan trng. Bn no c nhiu ci mt nht s b tin xy hng ro, hay bi thng thit hi
cho bn kia. Tuy nhin, nu hiu ng ca s s hu pht huy, th ngi ta s phn ng vi tn
tht v li lc mt cch khng cn xng vi nhau. H s nh gi cao tn tht v nh gi thp
li ch, do m phn s khng xy ra.

Hiu ng ca s s hu ch l mt v d v cch thc m hnh vi ca chng ta tch ri

khi nhng gi nh kinh t v cc tc nhn ti a ha c l tr. Nhng s lch pha khi l tr
ny l quan trng v chng c tnh h thng hn l ngu nhin, v chng tc ng ln nhiu
quyt nh cn quan trng hn c vic bn hay khng bn cc c ph. Chng cng ph hp
vi chnh sch cng. L nh phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch, chng ta phi lm nhiu hn
l n thun p dng cc m hnh kinh t theo sch v. Chng ta phi nhy bn trc nhng
lch lc h thng trong cch thc ngi dn a ra phn xt v quyt nh, t ra v thc
hin chnh sch hiu qu trn thc t.

Jonathan Pincus 3