((.

1 ,

010 0

..M m . . n RM. . M
(.. (. (

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + + a2n xn = b2

(S)

.......................................
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + am3 x3 + + amn xn = bm

xi . . RM. aij . M. bi . MX(. M.

i= 1, 2, . . . , m j = 1, 2, . . . , n . M. . MX(. M.
. \(. (. ..M (S) . X M. . MX(.
M. . (

. \(. (. x 1 = s 1 x2 = s 2 xn = s n ( .R
..M . ( M. .. . .( ..M . ( M. ..
..

. ..M. . !() . M . .. ..

E1 E2 Ek . ..M . ` R E .
. E1 E2 Ek . .M \(. (. 1 2 k
M. ` E = 1 E1 + 2 E2 + + k Ek

0)0) ! ..M . M(.( M( `

M .

. ( . .

. M R ( \( .MM (

. . R \M M(

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

!"$ "$ *
..H H K M.H . .((

..H . P K Q . K .
H(. (.H ..H QH

..H K . K . H(. .
.(( (.H ..H QH (H( . . . .
((. . . .((

. ( K ( K H. .
. Q H ( . (.H ..H
QH .H ( . H MH (K

H W( .. . Q ..H .

! !" . H W .K n . K
H.

! !" . H H. ..
! . H .K

Y( HH . Q . ! . H .K

..H . $ . H K W( HM(.
. Q ( (( HM( . ( Q H((

4! $$ ..H H(.(( ..H H( QH Q

. . H . H(.(. Q . (H.
M. . (. ( (. ..H .
H(] r . . H. . . . .( H.

K ( 0 = b b = 0 ..H .
H
. H(( ..H . H
r = n .K . W
r < n H. .. Q nr (]H(.

()-

!" $7 " m n . H (H( mn

 ((.

C(. ..G. m . n .

a11 a12 a13 ... a1n
a21 a22 a23 ... a2n
A=
... ... ...
.
... ...
am1 am2 am3 ... amn

.( G( M( G(( GM( G . .O
. Q . Q (G .O ( a23
. Q .GS . G(( T( .( G(
G(( . G A = (aij )

. G(. . . . G . .V . . G.
. G. Q . .V

. G(.

"# . Q Q G .V ( GG .V 1 n
"# . Q Q G .V ( GG
.V m 1
"# . ( . . G( G Q C(
(. Q ( (( G . ( Q (G
G( ( Q( S. (. Q
G((

"# # . Q Q G C( . Q .
# . . G. ( aii G( ( .
"## . G. . G. ( . (
G( ( . . G. . G. Q .GS
( . (

"# .2"# . Q G( ( Q G . G. .M
G(. ( . . ( aij = aji , i "= j
"# " . Q G( ( Q G (
. (.G ( T( . G(. G ( .
(.GG

& ' 1 0 0
1 0
I2 = , I3 = 0 1 0 .
0 1
0 0 1

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

&'* . . H(. A B . .L .
H( H( . .L N . H . H H
. . H(. 2 3
! ! !
a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 a1 + b1 a2 + b2 a3 + b3
+ = .
a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 a1 + b1 a2 + b2 a3 + b3

(H H( A ( O( ( k . H( H(
. .L N . H H H A ( O(
k
! !
a1 a2 a3 ka1 ka2 ka3
k = .
a1 a2 a3 ka1 ka2 ka3
(H H( ( H( . O(
H. . O( N . H .

b1
# b2
"
a1 a 2 . . . an = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn .

bn

+'& &'* Q( H( . H(. A B O(

. A .( O( . B H. . A = (aij )mp
B = (bij )pn H( (H C = A B = AB = (cij ) . H( m n
. H. .

p
*
cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + + aip bpj = aik bkj ,
k=1

.H . H (i, j) H( C . H H i A
( j B .O (
Q(. . H(. (H ( O(

HH A + B = B + A
.H (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
H H( H( H. .. H. . (
A + = A
H .H H H( A A N .
H H( .H
H . H. . H. A N A+(A) =

 ((.

.E(E .(. (.E . E(. k(A + B) =

kA + kB
.E(E (.E . .(. (k + h)A = kA + hA
.E E k(hA) = (kh)A
Q( . E 1 A = A
R(. (E E(.

.E A(BC) = (AB)C
.E(E

( U( A(B + C) = AB + AC
( ( (B + C)D = BD + CD
.E E( Q(. E(. (hA)(kB) = (hk)(AB)
E E Im A = A AIn = A ( E A Mmn
.([ (E E(. ( EE
.E U( ( U (. E(. E. U AB != BA .E
U .E (. E(. U .\ E

E Mnn . E(. (. ( n (E
. E( U . (. E((. ].
E E( ( (E E( E ( n I = In U
AI =A I A=A ( E E( A Mnn
"# #) U E( ( A . #)1 ##

U E (. . .E E( A1 E U AA1 = I A A = I
E( A1 . (. A .E . Q

R(. (AB)1 = B 1 A1 (A1 )1 = A

"# "#))" A . E( At U . E (E( A
. ( . .E . . . At . . . A
R(.

(A + B)t = At + B t
(kA)t = kAt
(AB)t = B t At

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

(A1 )t = (At )1
F H A . .KF( . .M . A = At

F( A Q( . F
F. F rang(A)
H( F( Q( . F

F. Q( . F F.
Q .F ( F( . Q( . .
F F.

( F( . . Q( . .

* * .* . .F. F(.(. .
F( (F F( F( H F . (

F(( .M . . F( .V

F( ( Q( .FF (

( QF F( Fj Fj + kFi
(( H . (( F( M
F(.

. F( (. F((. . (F. FK .
(. . ( . (.FF

. (. F((. . (F ( ( F( (
KF ..

%&%+ +
. .*
! F( ( . (
a11 a12
A= . F(F A Q( (
a21 a22
" "
"a11 a12 "
det(A) = |A| = "
" " = a11 a22 a12 a21 .
a21 a22 "

. . F(. a = (a1 , a2 ) b = (b1 , b2 ) R2 . F(F a

' + +' '

 b 22 (a1 , a2 ) (b1 , b2 )

a 1 a2
det(a, b) = = a 1 b2 a 2 b 1 .
b 1 b2

A=
(aij )33 A

a11 a12 a13

det(A) = |A| = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 a13 a22 a31 .

a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) c = (c1 , c2 , c3 ) R3

a b c 33

a1 a 2 a 3
det(a, b, c) = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
= a1 b2 c3 + a2 b3 c1 + a3 b1 c2 a3 b2 c1 a2 b1 c3 a1 b3 c2 .

|A| = |At |
 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

.. (.GG . K. . .. G. L G(
G
b, c) = det(a, b, c) + det(d,
det(a + d, b, c)

a 1 + d1 a2 + d2 a3 + d3 a1 a2 a3 d1 d 2 d 3
b1 b2 b3 = b 1 b 2 b3 + b 1 b 2 b 3 .
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3

. G G. . G. ( S
( G(G L G ( S(

ka1 ka2 ka3 a1 a 2 a 3

det(ka, b, c) = k det(a, b, c) b1 b2 b3 = k b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3

. (G . . . G(G .

a 1 a2 a3 b 1 b2 b3
det(a, b, c) = det(b, a, c) b1 b2 b3 = a 1 a 2 a 3 .
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3

. G (. G(G

det(a, b, 0) = 0.

. . . . . ((. G(G .

det(a, a, b) = 0 det(a, ka, b) = 0.

. V . (.GG. .
. G(G . det(a, b, a + b) = 0 (Y(G .
G(G . G L . V .
K. G( . a, b, c . G(. R3 G. a b c .
G G. . .V . det(a, b, c) != 0
. . SG G( G(G
(Y det(a, b, c) = det(a, b + ka, c)
G(G (G . G(. . (G .
G(G. . . G(.

|A B| = |A| |B|.

 ((.

H( .. k . k . . H. .
N . ( ( .H( ( ( k H(H .
.H( . $ $ k H(
H( ( nn aij .((
.H. H
. . . H .H( (n 1) (n 1) H(H
. ( ( n 1 N . $ )$
H aij
. . ( ij )
aij R( Aij = (1)
i+j .
ij
( ( H( ( . + .R N . i + j
. .S. . ( ( (.HH

/$$ )$) $ H(H

H( ( . . . H.
N( H. ( .. H. ((.H. V(
.(( ( (( .

det(A) = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + + a1n A1n .

2 $ )$ $ )$)/ ( H(
. W ( .. (. . .H . N rang(A) = k .
.Y . .H ( ( k H. . (. ( k + 1
. ( .H ( . .( .H (

rang(A) = k . .Y . .H ( Mk ( k H. .
(. ( k+1 . ( . (

( ( k + 1 Mk . H [
A Mk V( . H( A H . F1 F2 F3
N .H\
. C1 C2 C3 C4 ( ( M2 . (
( . . ((. . . .H . M2 = (F1 , F2 ; C1 , C2 ) H.
. (. ( .(S (F1 , F2 , F3 ; C1 , C2 , C3 ) (F1 , F2 , F3 ; C1 , C2 , C4 )
W. A H( . (S H(. . (. W. .
H((. F3 ( F4 (F1 , F2 , F4 ; C1 , C2 , C3 ) (F1 , F2 , F4 ; C1 , C2 , C4 )

A H( ( H. A H (. . (( . .Y
. |A| =
# 0 .H . (. A1 ( Y(

1
A1 = Adj(A)t ,
|A|

. Adj(A) H( H A N . H ..HH( H
aij A ( . H ((.H Aij

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

# +#.2 E .( .I ( J
I .E ..I

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + + a1n xn = b1


a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + + a2n xn = b2

(S)

... ... ... ... ... ...
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + am3 x3 + + amn xn = bm

. J ( I( . I. A (
I( A .


a11 a12 a13 ... a1n a11 a12 a13 ... a1n b1
a21 a22 a23 ... a2n
a21 a22 a23 ... a2n b2
A=
... ... ... , A =
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
am1 am2 am3 ... amn am1 am2 am3 ... amn bm
. ( ..I (S) I .E rang(A) = rang(A ) P. .I
. Q( (PI(. . J .E . Q(
EI. n . ( A
..I . . . 223 ## . Q(
. . Q( EI. n I(I I(
. I. A . .II (

## ..I (( I .E Q V.I
(

det(b, c2 , . . . , cn ) det(c1 , b, . . . , cn ) det(c1 , c2 , . . . , b)

x1 = , x2 = , . . . , xn = ,
det(c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) det(c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) det(c1 , c2 , . . . , cn )
. c1 , c2 , . . . , cn . . I( A b . IV(.
I. ( II det(A) = det(c1 , c2 , . . . , cn )

2.1 /0/ /

7 .V. ..I .

3x + y z = 9
y + 3z = 5
2z = 4

 ((.

& B(( . z G(( I z = 2 ..GG

. . G y y 6 = 5 y = 1 B( NG . ..GG
(( I . (. y z . x 3x + 1 + 2 = 9 x = 2
.I N (2, 1, 2) ..G . G G(

.G (G . ""% ")* . ..G.

. ( . (. . G(.(. U
(GV. .. . I . ( .G (

, .V. .G ..G ( ," .

YU.

x 3y + 2z = 2
2x 5y z = 2
3x + 7y + 2z = 4

& . (G (( I I . .
x . I G(( (( G(.(I U
.(Y G( (( I ( 2 .( . V.
. G(.(I U . G( ( ((
I .( G(( .G. . G(.(. . .

E2 E2 + (2) E1 ,
E3 E3 + 3 E1 .

( .I . (.G ..G

x 3y + 2z = 2
y 5z = 2
2y + 8z = 2

( . . . . I I . . G (
. . G(( E3 E3 + 2E2 (.G ..G . U .
(. ( ..GGI G(]. . .G ( G((

x 3y + 2z = 2 x = 9
y 5z = 2 y = 3
2z = 2 z = 1

.I N ..G . G G(

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

# .E. .JK.

2x 3y + 2z = 5
3x 4y + 6z = 6
4x 7y 2z = 9

- EN .. ( ( ( .

2x 3y + 2z = 5 (1) 2x 3y + 2z = 5 (2) 2x 3y + 2z = 5
3x 4y + 6z = 6 y + 6z = 3 y + 6z = 3
4x 7y 2z = 9 2y 12z = 2 0= 8

E2 2E2 3E1 E3 2E3 4E1 E3 E3 + 2E2

"$ * , $.* 1 , 1 ,*
7. $$ ,,$ , $
# ,;, ,>1,

3x y + 2z = 4
5x 5y + 4z = 9
4x + 2y + 2z = 3

- ;$ ,, . . . ,

3x y + 2z = 4 (1) 3x y + 2z = 4
5x 5y + 4z = 9 10y + 2z = 7
4x + 2y + 2z = 3 10y 2z = 7

E2 3E2 5E1 E3 3E3 4E1

, , "$, , , .., , ,. ,
. "$ ;, ,,$ .,$$ . ,
3x y + 2z = 4
10y + 2z = 7

$ , *$, , , * z *
y ,;, , ,,$$ .. , x * y
7. $$ ,,$ $ $, ,, 1 y
,$, .,
3x = 4 + y 2 7 + 10y x = 1 3y

3x y + 2z = 4 2

10y + 2z = 7 z = 7+10y
2

 ((.

. B .F

x = 1 3y
z = 7+10y
2
y (

H (.(. ( (MB(

x = 1 3
y=
z = 7+10
2 .

N(B ..B BM . R ( . .
F y F z .M. ..BB( (( .( x
F z . H(R FB ( z y
# .M. ( ( !" )) * .B
. ( .HXB B . FB.

- B . FB. . B B( B. .
B. . FB. . H . B . BM(.
B. .B (

"
1 3 2 "" 2
2 5 1 " 2
"
3 7 2 " 4

. B(. ((. . ( B( . B. ..B .

. B( N( (.( .B ..B . (
. . B((. . B(.(. B. H .
BF

" " "

1 3 2 "" 2 1 3 2 "" 2 1 3 2 "" 2
(1) (2)
2 5 1 " 2 0 1 5 " 2 0 1 5 " 2
" " "
3 7 2 " 4 0 2 8 " 2 0 0 2 " 2

E2 E2 2E1 E3 E3 + 3E1 E3 E3 + 2E2

..B (.BB . . M. (( ..B .

(. ( ..BBF B(X. BM. z = 1 y = 3 x = 9

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

# .F. ( FK .. .PQ.

2x y + w =0
x + 3y 5z + 4t = 2


x 2y + z =0

( ) 3x 2y + 6z 9t = 8 ()
5x y+z+ w =0
4x 9y + 7z + 7t = 14


5x 2y z + 2w =0

- . FK .. (
" "
1 3 5 4 "" 2 1 3 5 4 " 2
(1) "
3 2 6 9 " 8 0 7 9 3 " 2
" "
4 9 7 7 " 14 0 21 27 9 " 6

E2 E2 + 3E1 E3 E3 4E1

K(( V . (( . . .( . Q
..K . . VK.

%
x + 3y 5z + 4t = 2
7y 9z + 3t = 2

( KK K. (. K(V . ..
(XK(. ..K . K K( . . x y
V z t . K . V

2 + 9z 3t
7y = 2 + 9z 3t; y = ,
7
..KK .K ( ((

2 + 9z 3t 20 + 8z 19t
x = 2 3y + 5z 4t = 2 3 + 5z 4t = .
7 7
z = t = ( .Q( [(. (. (XK(. .
.. ..K ( (FK( .

20 + 8 19 2 + 9 3
x= , y= , z = , t = .
7 7
K(K ""$ * Q K. . KF(. K.
. ( .K K ..K. .( . K. . K .V
K( x = y = z = w = 0 ( K( X. .. \(

 ((.

CD .. . D
# # #
2 1 0 1 #
# 0 2 1 0 1 #
# 0 2 1 0 1 #
# 0
1 2 1 0 # 0 (1) 1 2 1 0 # 0 (2) 1 2 1 0 # 0
# # #
5 1 1 1 # 0 3 0 1 0 # 0 4 0 0 0 # 0
# # #
5 2 1 2 # 0 1 0 1 0 # 0 1 0 1 0 # 0

E3 E3 E1 E4 E4 2E1 E3 E3 + E4

.D . ..D . ( (E1 , E2 , E4 , E3 ) . K
D. (w, y, z, x) .D . O
. x E3 z E4 .C. y
E2 ( RD w E1 ..D . (.DD . .K .

2x y +w =0
w=0
x 2y + z =0 y=0


4x
=0 =0
x
x z =0 z=0

U( DD D .K R x = 0 y = 0 z = 0 w = 0 . ..D
D D(

# a
. (. b ( . . . ..D.

' '
x+y =4 ax + by = 9
(S1 ) (S2 )
xy =6 2ax + (b + 1)y = 9a

. OD. . W. . . ((D. a = 5 b = 3 a = 2
b = 1 .K . D((.

- . ..D. . OD. . D . .. .. .
K (( . x = 5 y = 1 .D. (. .( R .K
. ..D .DD (S2 ) . D ..D KD. (a, b)
.D
' '
5a b = 9 5a b = 9

10a b 1 = 9a ab=1
.D ..D D R .K a = 2 b = 1 ( O
(..D ((D . . ( .D . ((D ..DD(
' a=2
2x + y = 9
b = 1 ..D (S2 ) (.D .D ..D . D
4x + 2y = 18
D( O . K . (( (( .
.(( D D. .. . ( x = y = 9 2 D(

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

. x = 5 y = 1 ( GG .G ..G . JG (S1 )
. (. a b ( . . (S1 ) (S2 ) . JG.
P Q ((G .

2.2 #$(

! !
4 5 2 3 1 4
$ . . G(. A = B = ,
1 2 3 5 0 1
P. A+B 2A 3B
!
1 4 6
1 A + B = .
6 2 4
! ! !
8 10 4 9 3 12 17 13 8
2A 3B = = .
2 4 6 15 0 3 13 4 3

! 1 4 3
3 1 4
$ . . G(. A= B = 2 0 1 ,
2 5 6
3 1 2
T. AB BAt

1 .V(. J (G AB . ( (J . (23)(33)
J (.G G( 2 3

! 1 4 3 !
3 1 4 17 16 2
AB = 2 0 1 = .
2 5 6 6 2 23
3 1 2

QG. J c11 = 3 1 + (1) (2) + 4 3 = 17 c12 = 3 4 + (1) 0 + 4 1 = 16

G

At . .Q 3 2 (G BAt GV . (
(J . (3 3) (3 2) (.G G( 3 2

1 4 3 3 2 13 0
BAt = 2 0 1 1 5 = 2 10 .
3 1 2 4 6 16 11

 ((.

3
# . . H(. A =
!
2 5 3 B = 2 , K.
1
. . . AB BA At B B t At

- .R(. T AB . (H H (1 3) (3 1) T .V
1 1 . ( X(
. ( . H H(

! 3 ! !
AB = 2 5 3 2 = (2) (3) + (5) 2 + 3 1 = 1 .
1

BA (3 1) (1 3) = 3 3 ( (.H
. H

3 ! 6 15 9
BA = 2 2 5 3 = 4 10 6 .
1 2 5 3

At B . H (3 1) (3 1) ( HH . (

B t At . H (1 3) (3 1) = 1 1 H . H

2
B t At = 3 2 1 5 = 1 .
! !

ZH. T . ( ( (AB)t = B t At R.

# . H(.

& ' & ' & ' 3
2 4 5 1 2 3 4 1
A= , B= , C= D = 2 ,
1 3 2 3 0 4 2 1
2

(R. ( .H(H A(B+C) = AB+AC (B+C)D =

BD + CD .H (AB)D = A(BD)

- ]( T( (( . H
& '& ' & '
2 4 2 3 3 12 10 2
A(B + C) = =
1 3 2 1 1 4 0 6

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

( (
! ! ! !
2 4 5 1 2 2 4 3 4 1
AB + AC = +
1 3 2 3 0 1 3 4 2 1
! ! !
2 10 4 10 0 2 12 10 2
= + = ,
11 10 2 15 10 4 4 0 6
G . .

LN ( .

3 ! !
2 3 3 6
(B + C)D = 2 = .
2 1 1 6
2

! 3 ! 3
5 1 2 3 4 1
BD + CD = 2 + 2
2 3 0 4 2 1
2 2
! ! !
13 19 6
= + = .
12 18 6
. ( ( .N

& ! !' 3 ! 3
2 4 5 1 2 2 10 4
(AB)D = 2 = 2
1 3 2 3 0 11 10 2
2 2
!
22
= .
49

! ! 3 ! ! !
2 4 5 1 2 2 4 13 22
A(BD) = 2 = = .
1 3 2 3 0 1 3 12 49
2
N . N . (.N

# U. ( . N(.

1 2 1 0 7
1 2 3 2 3 0 1 0
A = 1 2 5 B=
0
.
1 2 3 2
1 10 9
1 1 3 1 7

 ((.

& D( A . . D(.(. L .( (
P. (.D

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
(1) (2)
1 2 5 0 4 2 0 4 2 .
1 10 9 0 12 6 0 0 0
F2 F2 F1 F3 F3 + F1 F3 F3 + 3F2

D( L (.D . . D . . . (
. P..

( . ( D( B

1 2 1 0 7 1 2 1 0 7
2 3 0 1 0 (1) 0 7 2 1 14

0 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 3 2
1 1 3 1 7 0 3 4 1 14

1 2 1 0 7 1 2 1 0 7
(2) 0 1 2 3 2
(3) 0 1 2 3 2

0 7 2 1 14 0 0 16 20 28

0 3 4 1 14 0 0 10 10 20

1 2 1 0 7 1 2 1 0 7
(4) 0 1 2 3 2 (5) 0 1 2 3 2
0 0

1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2
0 0 4 5 7 0 0 0 1 1
F2 F2 2F1 F4 F4 + F1
(** F2 F3
F3 F3 7F2 F4 F4 + 3F2
F3 F3 /4 F4 F4 /10 (** F3 F4
F4 F4 + 4F3
( rang(B) = 4

2.3 +,+/ /
& ' & '
4 6 3 2
, . . D(. A = 5 8 B=
6 1
, (P
. L |AB| = |A||B|

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

& .D ( . (. . . . (.
D . D O
! "! " ! "
4 6 3 2 24 2
|AB| = = = 18,
5 8 6 1 33 2
! " ! "
4 6 3 2
|A||B| = = 2 (9) = 18.
5 8 6 1

6 1 4
, R. D(D D( 2 3 5
7 4 2
# + ++/
/++ +

& + ++/ 8/ +/#

$ $
$6 1 4 $
$ $
$2 3 5$ = 6 3 2 + 4 2 4 + 1 5 7 4 3 7 1 2 2 6 5 4 = 105.
$ $
$7 4 2 $

/++ + 8/ @+ /

|A| = a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23 = a21 (21 ) + a22 22 + a23 (23 ).

/# / / # C

$ $
$6 1 4$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$2 3 5$ = 2 ( $1 4$) + 3 ($6 4$) + 5 ( $6 1$)
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $4 2$ $7 2$ $7 4$
$7 4 2$
= 2 ((14)) + 3 (16) + 5 (17) = 28 48 85 = 105.

, E/ / /#/ #+#/ / +/
H
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ 11 8 4 9$$ $1 0 0 2 $$
$3 2 5$ $ $
$2 6 0 3$$ $0 1 1 1$$
() $$4 1 () $$ () $$
$ $
2 $$ ,
$5 4 1 2$$ $0 1 2 1 $
$
$5 3 4$
$1 2 3 1$ $6 1 1 0$

 ((.

& EF H. . ( ( F(F. ( ( L
. . (. . L F. .
F. F . ( . TF
. .(( F(F ( . F. .
W . F . . (.F.

3 2 5
Y( ( 4 1 2 F a22 . 1 . .(((
5 3 4
F(F (
( (F . . (.

. TF. . 2 1 3
(F . (.. F . W(.

(1) F1 F1 + 2F2 , F3 F3 3F2 ,

.F

3 2 5 11 0 1
(1) (2) 11 1
4 1 2 = 4 1 2 = 1 = 117
7 10
5 3 4 7 0 10

&(( (

Y( ( .F . F(F . .( L F a33 = 1
L a23 . (F (.
. . .(( (

( L . . TF. .

.

11 8 4 9 9 8 0 1
9 8 1 9 8 1
2 6 0 3 (1) 2 6 0 3 (2) (3)
= = 1 2 6 3 = 7 2 6 3
5 4 1 2 5 4 1 2
14 14 7 2 2 1
1 2 3 1 14 14 0 7

11 10 0
(4) (5) 11 10
= 7 4 0 0 = 7 = 7 (40) = 280,
4 0
2 2 1
F1 F1 4F3 F4 F4 + 3F3
&(( (
& 5( 7
F1 F1 F3 F2 F2 3F3
&(( (

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

HJ . .(( H(H (
(

. (. .

1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 1 1 (1) 0 1 1 1 (2)
= = 1 1 2 1
0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1
1 1 12
6 1 1 0 6 1 1 12

1 1 1
(3) (4) 1 1
= 1 2 1 = 11 = 11.
1 2
0 0 11

C4 C4 2C1
(** *
F3 F3 F1
(** *

# R. . H(H. S . V. . (.
a S .

a 1 1 1
2 1 1
1 a 1 1
( ) 0 a6 3 () .
1 1 a 1
a+1 2 0
1 1 1 a

- . H(H ( ( ((. Y.
3(a + 1) + (a 6)(a + 1) 12 = a2 2a 15.

Z( ( . (. a S .H ( (.( J

a2 2a 15 = 0 a = 3, a = 5.

. . .

a+3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) a+3 a 1 1 (2) 1 a 1 1 (3) 0 a1 0 0
= (a + 3) = (a + 3)
a+3 1 a 1 1 1 a 1 0 0 a1 0
a+3 1 1 a 1 1 1 a 0 0 a1
(4)
= (a + 3)(a 1)3 ,

 ((.

(( - - 0( 2 (a + 3)
(-0 - 0(- 0(-
( 0(0 - (0 - 0- (
-( 0( 0((

. ( D . (. D I(I . a = 3 a = 1
# IN. I( (.

! 2 3 5
4 1
( ) A = () B = 4 1 3 .
5 2
3 5 8

- T( D . (. .I
.D

(1) (2) (3) (4) 1

(aij ) (ij ) Adj(A) = (Aij ) Adj(A)t A1 = Adj(A)t .
|A|

|A| .T . . .II .. I

( I( . (. I(.
I

. I(II I ( I( .
I. I( I V( I(. 22 3 3 . .. . I.
. . D .

! + +
+ + .
,
+
+ +

I(. I(

I ( |A| . .. . . ( (
1
I( I(
|A|

X . .D . I D |A| = 3
! ! ! ! !
4 1 (1) 2 5 (2) 2 5 (3) 2 1 (4) 1 1 2 1
A = 3 .
5 2 1 4 1 4 5 4 5 4

(( D (.I . ((I (I A A1 D
I D ( I( I (

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

.J M(( . M

2 3 5
|B| = 4 1 3 = 16 + 27 + 100 15 30 96 = 2
3 5 8
. (. M(. .

1 3 4 3 4 1
11 = = 7, 12 = = 23, 13 = = 17,
5 8 3 8 3 5

3 5 2 5 2 3
21 = = 1, 22 = = 1, 23 = = 1,
5 8 3 8 3 5

3 5 2 5 2 3
31 = = 4, 32 = = 14, 33 = = 10.
1 3 4 3 4 1

7 23 17
M( M . Adj(B) = 1 1 1
4 14 10

7 1 4
M( (. B . B
1 = 1 23 1 14
2
17 1 10

# T(
JU (. (VM( k M (. M( A=
k 1 3
k k 2 ?
2k 2k 2k 6

- M( A M (. . .W . |A| =
" 0

k 1 3 k k+1 3
(1) (2) k 2
|A| = k k 2 = k 0 2 = (k + 1)
2 k 2 k 6
2k 2k 2k 6 2k 0 2k 6
= (k + 1)(2k2 + 6k 4k) = (k + 1)(2k 2 + 2k) = 2k(k + 1)(k 1),

C2 C2 + C 1 (** *

T( MM |A| "= 0 k "= 1, 0, 1 .X . A M (. ( M. .

(. k .MM. 1 0 1

 ((.

# .CD. I (KC( m ( . C(.

m 2 1 m 1 1 2
() A = 1 m 1 1 () B = 2 m 2 m
m 0 1 m+1 m 2 m+2

- $ (
$ ( . ( R .CK (
$2 1$
(F1 , F3 ; C2 , C3 ) $$ $ = 2 != 0.
0 1$
$ $
$ m 2 1$
$ $
( C1 F2 (.C $ 1 m 1$ = 2m 2.
$ $
$ m 0 1$

C R 2m 2 = 0 . m = 1 W( CC . m != 1 . . R (
A . Y.

W( m = 1 . ..CC C( . C C( .

1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
(1) (2)
1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 ,
1 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1
F2 F2 F1 F3 F3 F1 F3 F3 23 F2

( . ( R ( .C C( . Y. .I
rang(A) = 3 ( C ( m
D ( ( . .C
$ $ $ $
$1 1 2 $$ $1 0 0 $$ $ $
$ (1) $ (2) $m 2 2m 4$
|B| = $ 2 m
$ 2m $ = $ 2 m 2 2 m 4$ = $
$ $ $ $ $
$m 2 m + 2$ $m 2 m 2 m $ 2 m 2 m $
$ $
(3) $1 2$
= (m 2)(2 m) $
$ $ = (m 2)2 ,
1 1$
C2 C2 C1 C3 C3 2C1
)++ + C1
) 2+ 4 m 2 F1 2m F2
W( CC |B| != 0 ( m != 2 ( .C. (. ( B .

1 1 2
W( m = 2 . ..CC C( (.C 2 2 4 .
2 2 4

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

. .C C( ( . .( L . . .
((. . L ( .

(. . m = 2 rang(B) = 3 . m = 2 rang(B) = 1

# .T. ( ( (( . ..C.

3x + 2y z = 6
2x y = 11
() () xy+z =8
4x + 3y = 7
4x + y 2z = 0

! !
. C(C C( . C .
!2 1!
|A| = !! !=
4 3!
10 = 0 ( CC C . V( WC. L .
. ( ( (( T.

! ! ! !
!11 1! !2 11!
! ! ! !
!7 3! 40 !4 7 ! 30
x= = = 4, y= = = 3.
|A| 10 |A| 10

! !
!3 2 1!
C(C C( . C .
! !
|A| = !!1 1 1 !! =
!4 1 1!
3 + 8 1 4 3 + 2 = 5 ..C C . V( .
L WC. |A| = 0 . ..C (( C .W V T.C
( ( (( T.

! ! ! ! ! !
!6 2 1! !3 6 1! !3 2 6 !
! ! ! ! ! !
!8 1 1 ! !1 8 1 ! !1 1 8!
! ! ! ! ! !
!0 1 1! 8 !4 0 1! 38 !4 1 0 ! 70
x= = , y= = , z= = = 14.
|A| 5 |A| 5 |A| 5

# .T. ..C
2x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 = 1
3x1 4x2 + 4x3 = 4

. C( . C. C( . (.CC
" # " ! #
2 5 3 2 5 3 !! 1
A= , A = .
3 4 4 3 4 4 ! 4

 ((.

. ( E rang(A) = rang(A ) = 2 E ( ( (
2 5
. = 23 != 0
3 4
N( OP. . ..P . P P(
N( (QP(. . E . .. . R( .(
. . OP. O P(( P(. .P . (
(( R( .. ( ( . A ( .

E . ( . 2 3
. = 1 .P ((Q
3 4
(. . ..

R. . ( OP x2 E ((.
E .PQ ( . . P ..P
!
2x1 + 3x3 = 1 5x2
3x1 + 4x3 = 4 + 4x2
( ( (( (.P

1 5x2 3
4 + 4x2 4 4 20x2 12 12x2
x1 = = = 8 + 32x2 ,
1 1
2 1 5x2
3 4 + 4x2 8 + 8x2 3 + 15x2
x3 = = = 5 23x2 ,
1 1
.O ..P . x1 = 8 + 32 x2 = x3 = 5 23 R
# .W. O P( AX = B !

1 2 3 1
A= 2 5 7 B = 2 .

2 4 5 4

& !) ) ! //! / ! 1!

)/ ! ! )! )/ 6) X

1 9) ! ! )/X ;/ ! /!
// /) = A ) /! ! /) /= |A| = 1 )!
) / =/ ! ! /! 6 AX = B / A
1

/!)

A1 (AX) = A1 B.

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

. ( .G (G ( (. A
1 A =
I ( G In C = C ( G G( C .P
n m . G Q A1 (AX) = (A1 A)X = IX = X Q P
. .(
X = A1 B,
.GS . X T( ( ( X . G G( (.
A A1 .V (G .(G ( (.G

3 2 1
A1 = 4 1 1 ,
2 0 1
Q


3 2 1 1 3
X = A1 B = 4 1 1 2 = 2 .
2 0 1 4 2
W . PG. . ( G G(
X
.Y(. Q A . 33 B . 3 1 (.G
X G Q .(
x
G( 3 1 . ( Q X .(S ( X = y
G. P
z
AX = B . .(

1 2 3 x 1 x + 2y + 3z = 1
2 5 7 y = 2 2x + 5y + 7z = 2
2 4 5 z 4 2x 4y 5z = 4

PG. Q G( . G. .G ..G . .GG G(

A .G ..G ( . G . G(.(.
E2 E2 2E1 E3 E3 + 2E1 . G

x + 2y + 3z = 1 x = 3
y+z =0 y = 2
z=2 z=2

# .VG. P (SG( k . ..G.

$ $
x 3y = k kx 3y = k + 3
( ) ()
2x + (k + 1)y = 2 x + (k 4)y = 2

 ((.

& .F( ..F ..F ( JK F . M

. (. J F( (PF( R( . . F( K
(V. K.

F( . F. F( . (.FF

! " !
1 3 1 3 "" k
A= , A = .
2 k + 1 2 k + 1 " 2

] ( ( A |A| = k + 1 6 = k 5 . F J
.
|A| = 0 (.F . k = 5 . .. .F( . |A| "= 0 |A| = 0 .F
. k "= 5 k = 5

k "= 5 F. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 2 =

MF. ( FF

..F . F F( .M . ( ( (
((

" " " "

"k 3 " " 1 k"
" " " "
" 2 k + 1" k2 + k + 6 "2 2" 2 + 2k
x= = , y= = .
|A| k5 |A| k5

" !
1 3 "" 5
k= 5 . ..FF ..F (.F A = R(
2 6 " 2
FF . ( J rang(A ) = 2 . P F(( ( (
rang(A) = 1 ..F . F J rang(A) "= rang(A )
F( . F. F( (.. F
F .
" !
k 3 "" k + 3
A = .
1 k 4" 2

] ( ( A . |A| = k 2 4k + 3 . M
k2 4k + 3 = 0 k = 1 k = 3 R( .F |A| = 0 k = 1 k = 3
J . . .F. ..

k "= 1 k "= 3 F. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 2 =

MF. (

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

CC ..C . C C( .K .

k + 3 3
2 k4 k 2 + 3k 4k 12 + 6 (k 3)(k + 2) k+2
x= = = = ,
|A| (k 3)(k 1) (k 3)(k 1) k1
k k+3
1 2 2k k 3 k3 1
y= = = = .
|A| (k 3)(k 1) (k 3)(k 1) k1
! "
1 3 4
k = 1 . ..CC ..C (.C A = . . (
1 3 2
N rang(A ) = 2 rang(A) = 1 ( CC ..C . C
! "
3 3 6
k= 3 . ..CC ..C (.C A =
1 1 2
. . . ((. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 1 ( CC ..C .
C C(
(QC(. . N .K .

KC.(= 2 1 = 1 ( K (
(( . . x K y .
$
# x=2+
xy =2
y=

# .TC. K (QC( . ..C.

2x + ky z = 1 x+y =1
( ) x 2y + z = 1 () my + z = 0
3x + 4y 2z = 3 x + (m + 1)y + mz = m + 1


2x y = a
() ax + 3y = 4
3x y = 2

2 k 1 1
. C( . A = 1 2 1 1 .
3 4 2 3
T ( ( A . |A| = 5k 10 = 5(k 2) . C N
|A| = 0 ( k = 2 N ( . .C. ..

k $= 2 C. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 3 =
KC. ( CC

..C . C C( .K . ( ((

 ((.

(.E

Ax 2k 1 Ay 13 Az 6k + 14
x= = = , y= = , z= = ,
|A| 5k 10 5 |A| 5k 10 |A| 5k 10

. E Ax E( K (.E ..EE( E( A
((.E LE x ( EM(.
E. QE Ay Az
k = 2 ..EE E( (.E

2 2 1 1
A = 1 2 1 1 .
3 4 2 3

rang(A ) = 3 K ( ( ((.E . .
(C1 , C2 , C4 ) . . .EE |Az | = 6k +14 k = 2 .
rang(A) = 2 ..E . E

1 1 0 1
E( . A = 0 m 1 0 .

1 m+1 m m+1
W ( ( A . |A| = m2 m . E K |A| = 0 (
m=0 m = 1 K ( . .E. ..

m #= 0 m #= 1 E. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 3 =
LE. (

EE ..E . E E( .L . (
(( (.E

Ax m2 m Ay m 1
x= = 2 = , y= = 2 = ,
|A| m m m1 |A| m m m1
Az m2 m
z= == 2 = .
|A| m m m1

m = 0 ..EE E( (.E

1 1 0 1
A = 0 0 1 0 .
1 1 0 1

 ((.

#' '+' +' +2+'

. rang(A) = rang(A ) = 2 ( KK ..K

. K K( . .. (OK(
K(( S . (. ..K . ( x .
( SK. U (.K z . K U U( (( (
. . (. ( . A .( K

x+y =1 y =1x

z=0 z=0

( (XK( x = y = 1 z = 0
m = 1 ..KK K( . ( .
# # #
1 1 0 ## 1 1 1 0 ## 1 1 1 0 ## 1
(1) (2)
0 1 1 # 0 0 1 1 # 0 0 1 1 # 0
# # #
1 2 1 2# 0 1 1 1# 0 0 0# 1
F3 F3 F1 F3 F3 F2

. (K ..K K
#
2 1 ## a
K( . A = a 3 ## 4 .
3 1 # 2
.K . . |A | . .S .. .. (O .(
K |A | = a2 7a + 8 . K U |A | = 0 . a = 1 a = 8
a %= 1 a %= 8 K. rang(A) = 2 %= rang(A ) = 3 ( KK ..K
. K

a = 1 ..KK K( (.K

#
2 1 ## 1
A = 1 3 ## 4 .
3 1 # 2
# #
#2 1#
( ( A ((.K (F1 , F3 ) #
# # = 1
3 1#
( KK
SK. ( U ..K .
rang(A) = rang(A ) = 2 =

K K( (K( . . . (. ..K
. K
2x y = 1 x=1

3x y = 2 y=1

 ((.

a = 8 . .( . F(( . ( . .( I ..F
. F F( . .
. (.

..F (.F
2x y = 8 x = 10
.
3x y = 2 y = 28