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July,Octob!.2007,vo]. )c(vltr No.

3&4
pp. l2lto 136

APPLICATION OF GEOELECTRICAL METHODS IN HYDROPOWER


PROJECTS OF NEPAL
SurendraRsj Pant
Centdl Depatunent of Ceologj, Tribhu'an UniversitJ,Kirtipua Kathnandu, Nepat
enail : soant @wtink.com.nD

Abstract
Until mid-90scoLentional sejsnic refractionmethodwas the onty subsurface gophysicalinvstigarionin
hydropowerprojectsof Nepal. Usuallylroposed study areaslie in rhe nountain ard are inacessible for
vehiculd transportarion.
Ve.y high hererogeneitr
of surfacemaleria.lcreatespoor energycouplingfor both
sourceandreceiverBecauseofrhehiSh,enefgy contentud easyhdsportability,exptosives weretheprefered
sourcefor the generationofseismic waves. Dle to the rebl activitiesin rhe recentyears,lowever, the
governmenthas tigbtened.egulalionson transporlingdd using explosives_ This siluationhas forced the
lyd.opower prcjectsro searchfor alrernativegeophysicatmethodsin ptaceof seismicrefractjon.Etectrical
resistivity tomoglaphy(ERT) was setecredas a possibtereplacemenrnerho<I. In rhe iniriat stageof the
applicationof ERT,variousetecrrodearraysanddaraacquisitionapproaches wereevatuatedfor dataqualiry
andsubsu.face resolution.Experiencein differenrprojecrsrevealstbat the pole_dipoleelecriodeuangement
witb datalevelsat differenlelectrodespacingissuitableforbette.lesolution of the subsurfacemateriat.orber
geoelectrical
methodsthatusedto studythe snbsurface arethe self-potenrial(Sp) andmise-6_masse merho.ls.
SP methodwasusedto localizerheleakageandou!flow areajntheexistingdamandmise_t_masse memoowas
usedb assessrhe groundwaterflow vflocity in the proposeddm area,The resultsof the invesligation
indicaiesthat thesemethodscan furnishmostof ihe subsufface
informationneededfor a hydrolowerproject

Introduction

Nepalis locared beiween8004'and880t2,tongirude groundwater.There are about 6000 rivers totating


andbetwen260 22' and30027' latirude.Ir bordersIndia 45,000km in length.
in ihe east,westandsouthandthe Peopte'sRepubticof
China in the nofth. Nepal exrendsftom easrto wesr for Despitehigh potenrialiryof hydmpowerin Nepal,very
about885km with a width of 145to 248km ftom northto smallftactionof ir is exploited.TiI now thetotalgeneGtion
south.with a tolal areaof 147.i81 km2. Nepal is a of hydopoweris only abour550 MW. However in the
mountainoNiountry characrerized by diverseandextrene recentyearsborh governmenrand pdvate sectorsarc
relief. The countryis comprisdof five physiogmphic investing for the developmentof new prolecLs.
regions'tbeTerai(flatland<300m), Siwaliks(low river Govemmenrof Nepalhasfomulated rutesandregulations
valleys300 700 n1),niddle mountains(700 2000 In), that make powe{ purchaseeasierfor Nepat Electricity
hish ountains(2000 - 2500 m) and High Himalayas Authority (NEA) from pdvate developersof small
a>2500 rr L hydropowerprojects.This has encouragedinvesting
money in small hydropowerprojecis. Furthermore.
Govenment ofNeapl itseffis a.lsocarryingout feasibiliry
study of small and medium hydropowerprojects every
year-The sizesof rhe projeirs are usually less rhan
20MW.

The ,rrutruresrn a h)dropowe-are dam,des.a4dint


bdcin.Lanrl/lunnel,iorf ba),aurgerrankrpen!19(1.
po\^erhouceandraikace.lnmedrumdd tarsehldrgno$er
122 SurendraRaj Pant

sf sa'

-l!0J.g-

I Lcralor ofstldy rr{.!


Thrlrglglr.ler l.Le
Upp.. Mr,ttngdi ---
i'{ - Krlctlr!l"IlI
llydroelechl. ?mJ..t HydrodectrlcPro}ec.
Mlddl.Mrn'.!gdl i.r Mow. Kbob S|n.ll
trtd rod..arl! Proj.er llydropo*.r ?ro&.t
Jbieruk ltdrspo$rr rlr,Mri HydroponEr Projc.r
Ccnter

FiE.l . Location Mp shtt,'ing rhe studt arca t and i sct nnp in the lel

station thes structurescould be on the sudace or Geologyand Glaciology


subsurface.The sites to be investigatedare usually
inaccessiblefor vehicular transportation.Considerable The Focess of collision of the Indian Subcontinent
amount of money is spent for site investigation dunng with theTibetanPlateandthesubsequent folding, faulting
feasibility study. Because of the security reason andupheavalof th rock massesled to the formation of
convenrionalseismicreftactionmethodis alifficultto carry the worlds highestand one of ihe most active mountain
out. Furthermore,the presenceof shallow groundwater rarges- the Hinalaya. The HimalayanRangeis divided
table in the river valeys obsmrctsthe peneaationof the iDto different zonesfrom southto noahr GangeticPlain,
seismicwavesin the deeperpart. Boreholemethodsare LesserHimalaya, Higher Himalaya and Tibetan Tethys
quite expensiveandcannotprovide continuouscoverag Zone. The CangeticPlains are fomd as a result of the
accumDlationofthe sediments.Metamorphosed rocksare
the Fedominant rock twes in the l,sser and Higher
This paperdealswith the applicationof 2D-ERT,self- Himalayas.However, the sbength of lhe rocks in these
potential (SP) and mise-6-1a-masse methods,which are areasditrersgready.Hig! waterheaalsarfound mostly in
directly or indirccdy relatedto hydrcpowerprojects.we thearcasofthe LesserHimalayaandtheHigherHimalaya.
havestartedapplying 2D-elcctricalresistivitytomography
(2D-ERT) for site investigatioff since 1996.It hasbeen The geologicalset-upof an areahas cost impact on
appliedin morethanfiftn hydropowerprojectstotaling tlle hydropowerproject. The site investigationin a
approximately70 km profile length.Sorneoitheseprojects hydropower prcjet has the aims to characterize th
aresma (<10MW) andsomewercmedium(1G70Mw). subsurfageology/hydrogeologysuchasdepthto water
In someofthe mdiumprojects2D-ERTwasapplieddudng table,rhiclclessof theunconsolialated granular/weathered
detail design and conshuction periods. During the (unsaturated/satumtd) naterial, dpth to bedrock,
feasibility studymdiumprojectsusually spentsufficient materialt 'pe in the overburden,fi'acturesandfaults in the
money for boreholeinvestigalion whereasfor the small bedrock and bedrock quality, subsurfacebed.ock
projectthefundsare limited.This paperpresrtsexampls topogaphy.Thick alluvial andslopemateriakcouldcover
of geolectricalmethodsthat rverc carried out in eight bedrock in the river valleF. The$ alluvial and stop
hydropower projects, which are located in diffrent materialsare l)ermeable.The t'ansfornation zone from
geological and geomorphological environment unsaturatedmaterialto saturatedmaterialis usually thin,
(sFig.l). Paleo-valleys mayhavebeenfonnedby palecriver or paleo
Geoelectdcal so$dings fo! hydropowef projects ot Nepal 123

glacierDueto lhestress releaseol rockmassof thevalley seismicreftaction method was consideredthe only
flanks, collapsedrock rndSsmay have buried the paleo geophysicalmethodfor siie invesiigation.In rhoseearly
valleys. Theserafls of coilapsedrock massesare found days engineersand geologistswere in chargeof rhe
usuallysandwiched betweentwo alluvialdeposjts.The geophysicalmethods. Mise-d-la-masse andself-poteniial
flanl$ of thelaleo-river or paleo-glaciervslleyscould be methodwereneverconsideredto be usedfor hy&opower
gravitafionallydeformedand may containrockslides. projects. Previousstudiesindicare rbat in all cases
Theseslopes could wrongiy be idanrified as inract interyretationof the seismicrefracrion darawas guided
bedrock.Granularmatedalson the surfaceof river valleys by borcholeinfomation. However,a client alwaysdesircs
are loose,heterogeneous andhavelessmoistureconteni. that geophysicalinGrpretationshouldbe independentof
boreholeinformaiior. Thedisciepanciesin borcholeresult
lr r\ impo-lanrro e\aluarelhe geohdzard\ rh.t could andseismicrefracrionweremostly in rheriver valleys.In
damagehydropower planr during consrructionahd tbe prevailing geologicaland hydrogeologicalcondiiion
operation.Usually the hazardsthat ale far ftom rhe plant of the river valieyspenelrationof the seismicwaveswere
area are not taken seriouslyduring feasibility study. limited due to the ptesenceof highly contrastinglayels
Howeverevaluationof the geohaz.rdsin upstreamis nearthe surface.Both souces and sensorswere kept on
impotant before the start of ihe project. In Nepal these the surface.Becauseof the unfavorablesurfacecondition
hazardsaremostly associatedwiih the glacier lakesin rhe usuallyenergycouplingwaspoor Otherd;sturbingfacrors
catchments areas-About I 8 percentof Nepalis covered wereshallowgroundwatertablesandFesenceof boulders.
by snowandice.Therearelargenumbrsof activeglaciers
in the Himalayaihat ,re rerreaiingvery fast. Mosr of the E lectric ol r esistivit! tono gruph!
mountainglacierslre formeddudng rheLittle Ice Age. In
Nepal glacier lakes are abovethe elevarionol 3900 m. In Nepal the applicationof lD electricalsounding
These glacien are contributing to the dischargeio rhe sianedinmid seventies. Theseapplications werelimired
downsEeam.The catasftophicdischarge,glacier lake mainly to groundwaterexplomion h KathmanduVallev
outburstflood (GLOF), of large volumesof water is (PaDt.2003)andGrai Plain.ln Lhemid+ightieslD elecaichl
commonphenomenonin this region. GLOF desrroy soundlngmethodwas usedfor iandslideinvesrigation
hydrcpowerplani, roadsandbridges rhatare i)r the river (Pant,2001).Lateralheterogeneity ard surfaceropography
valle]s.Its impactson rhe economyof the countryare introduceinaccuracyin the interpreradonof lD eiectrical
huge.Expertssaythatsomeofthe.GLOFeventcouldser soundingscanied out in the regions of the iandslide.So
back the developmentof rhe country !o decade.Glacier far accurateinterpretatlonof lD elecrricalsounding
lal(esin thisregioncouldbe danmedby moraine.ice cored geological and hydrogeologicalconceptsare imporrant.
noraineor ice-Moat of the damsareice coredmoraine Such conceptscan be formulatedblr using borehole
dam.Detectionof the ice anddeprhto the ice from ihe inibmation and suface geologjcal observaiion(Pani er
sudaceis very importantfor theevaluationoi rhesrabiliiy al,2002).Recentdeveloprnent of eciuipment for highquati!,
of the glacierlake dam. The end morainesand laterat data acquisition and daia processingsoftware have led
rnorainesarelooseandheterogneous. andpredominanrly electricalresistivity meihod fbr 2D jnaging and its
successtulusein thefield of engineeiingsiteinvestigation.
2D-ERTis one of ihe geophysicalnefiods, which is
Conventionalsiteinvestigationmethods capableto makecontinuouscoverageof rhesl$sudace
alongthe line ofmeasuremenl.2D-ERTsecronssnow
ln Nepal popularconventionalsiie investigarion smooth variation in lhe subsuface resistiviiy.
methodis boreholemeihod.Althougb boreholemethod Compafedto lD electricalsoundingsection2D-ERT
cannol chanclerize 3D nature and conrinuouscoverage secaions seemto be morereaiisric. In an ERT secrion
ol rhe subsu.face,it is prefered by the geologistsand laleral and topographiceffcts on rhe measurements
engineers.The obsessionof some geologistsand canbe removedor canbereducedor atieastrecognized.
engineersis that it is the methodfree from any mistakes. 2D-ERTseciionscan provideboth naterial properties
However. the interpretationof the borehole core is not and structure infomation. In Nepal 2D-ERT has been
straightforward in a geologicalsituationprcvailing in the applied to explore subsurfaceof glacier lake dams(Pant
river valleys of Nepai. In Nepal boreholemethodsare andReynolds.2000),landslides(Pint, 2003: Panr,2001),
mostly used in areas accessiblero vehicular groundwater.esourceevaluation (Pant. 2003) and kart
transportation. In Nepal before mid,g0s convenrional shdy (Gautamet al. 2000).
SurendraRaj Pant
t24

acquisitio,,
Dqta il:i#:1"','#r1#*HH:i:ftilr:':il#'fi'Ti;
rheequipmen,usedfor2D-ERrdaraacquisirionra(;,*""tti.im;t*"'1H'j.'ff;"':#

srtr$*:**ffi
fiHf.+H*#riff :i
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*"tl]:'g"ll.ffi;;$'lli:1$*"f,$"$i'"
*l,l,TilliiT,l"lfi,i;)"X111.i,i"i !in""'r"e*rogi"ur't'o'*esale.controned
the' t.rnnel depth level' So'
frt"v u'" aipping'at
acquisitionnumber of curreni "t""ooo"t "' "i"""oi "n"pfy
*i[l]"'+"lt*:1ll'1"1t'i"x"
:$J*'l"*:ilit***;:*,il:Tl$".,.Ts'i"il'|i#;i;;;
Edward
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nl"Tr#:il;n,l{*r:nfllTlilll+il ru:***l;*:r*liil:;l;xffi ffii;:lil
o .t interpretadon
::['j::",',i:,i":T"] ;,;i1'::.:,i:',8:liiiii Do'op,o",",ios
.i '
F., and projec
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r:ll,1J''"':fifi"'l::::"11'Jl
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#.111fl.;[]T;l1:ffi1"ffi1;":i'.J
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;fff:n{:'f.:i^":J'}{J,-:::1
lf;1i:\!$irHtili".L1i:"-q*"ffi
::x.if, #J[i5:l*:,"n"66:',r"::i?*
ffi51$$1,1$,"."J":::Ut[+:y"n*:il
il u"ua ,".,a,ed"
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[::$il ]
','ffi:ilH-,:.",'ffi
il:ilfi:::lXii,T;lit*ffi :i:;::.'"",i
:T[".';'*T[:;ti,.':ft
"'
ai ttre tunnel arignment. Measuremeni
rn

I r*s';*hT+si*is*;"*".""
l#irti-silm:*:'i,::
por{rP:::
::::i:.:;";;;:; i.version rnethodusing RESIX IP2DI

*':ilI:T:Hff'"*'ff
m:t*r*t*-ii!liiiljll'1"#,':rt,.,'Jtl$'ft.'::
eaverhe impres'ionof u'ing uideband-metn*'.1: :^::-'","::;,i".*ri." Jrrangemenr'
ana* erectvoae

profiles
$?';'
Hi:ix;ru1ir:::i::.;T::*:'*:nf##Jffi
,.#Tts*":f tlt tJi"t grot" of electical resistivitv of
""it"ion
orinvestisation
Depth *k*,*ru::::-tt -l;tr'fJ'J#.:HT-':""i
i$J,?T'.r::ii,":"'J,JiliF":iii#i*,ff
,,.ff *:+;:
l:"irj{'fl
lj;'*'",,liJ;****#f
,"""i"iv'r"*:::."':tTi"LuiJJ
fitii;:$:,,1gfiiliiiil5":":HJ#*,r""r
:m*::l ;'
i;;;;;;';;"'n'
:ir::lrri"Jil':t.J:L1:"'l
i.:*;t#:i+:jj'::::i:;.;;1:';jr*:*
Geoelectrical
soundings
for hyd.opowe!
projecrs
of Nepal r25

disldbutionin tomographicsectionand obseryation of The period of the signalusedwas2000 milliseconds.


the be&ock outcrops. Processingcaririedout by using
different parametershelpedto idenrifi edge effects aDd Self-potential method
artilacis of the processingso{twaft.

Mise-6-la-masse Thepioneeringwork for the srudyof groundwaterflow


method
m porousmedia was by Sovier scientists.Seff-potenrial
Electricalfield measurements arcrourinetyusedfor the (SP)originatesin the contactbetweenliquids ofdifferenr
study of groundwatermovementsto find flow direction, concentration.in the contact betweenmeral and liquid
\elocir).ro lol:re lhesireof ledlageIn $ate're\ervoi' (Lomeet a1.,1999) andin theconracrbetweenwaEroo
andlandfi1lsites.Thesemethodsarealsousedto monitor geologicrl materials,anddueto rhemovementof thewarer
the condition of dams, embankmenrs and other in porousmedium.SPgenerateddue ro the movemenrof
engineering structures. Eleatricalfieldmeasurementscan the waterin porousmediumis calledstrcamingpotenrial.
be conductedon ihe surfaceor in borehore.An Thelaboratorystudyof thesrreamingpotentialwascarried
intemediate versionof suface and boreholemethodsis out by Ahmad (1963).Thepioneering work on the
applicationof streamingpotenrialfor theleakagederecrion
ln water reservoirswas carried out by Ogilvy, Ayed and
Sudaceio boreholeelectricalfield measurements are Bogoslovsky ( 1969);andBogoslovsky andOgilvy( 1970).
usedto determinethe groundwaterflow velociryand The shapeof the anornaliesgeneraredby the flows along
directionby amethodcalied mise ila-masse merhod.The differentstreamingpotentialcoefTicient boundariesis
historyof the applicationof this methoddatesback ro givenby Sehiavone andQuarto(1984).
l9f0s (Ogilq,, 1962).ln Nepalrhismerhodfor grundwarer
velocity studywasusedllrsr rimein lhe damsiteof Middle Data acquisition
MarsyangdiHydroelectdcProjectin'1999 (pant.2004).The
benefitsof using mise-6-lamassemethodover racer One of the potential elecrrodeswas kepi as remote
me$od.ot deEcrion of no$ \elociqanddirecrion area. elecirodelor whole set of measuremenr and second
lbllows: electrodewas kept as a basesiarionto fix any changeof
* Observation the SPvalueduring the day.Mobile eiecrrodewasmoved
canbe conducred in a singleboreholeor alongprofiles at siationintelwalof 3 m and 1.5 m nearthe
pit dam crestin the upstreamand in the lower slilling basin.
* Tirneneededfor theobservation is shorrElectrolyte The contactresistancewaslessrhan I 0 kolxn in ihe lrnd
usedin electricalmerhods js cheapandhaJmless
* Providesgoodresuhsevenifthe subsufaceis highly and6 kohm in watercoveredareas.ThemeasuencDrwas
caniedoutby TERRAMETERSAS300C.manufacrured
stratified. by ABEM, Sweden.The measurements were performed
D.rtq acqaisition with non polarizableelecrrodesof second-generarion pb/
PbCI2/KCIwith kaoliniteabsorbent anda woodencontacr
Salt is addedto a porrionof the groundwaterihat intedace.Theseelectrodes weremanufactured in ftance.
suroundsthepii or boreholeto createa highly etecrrica y Theelectrodes sef-polarization
is verylow (tessthan0.4
conduclivebody. One of the cunent eleckode and a rnv) andtheyareverysrable.
saltbagiskeptatthe depthlevelof saltedgroundwaler.
The orhercurrentelecLrode is kepl al remore.E ghr Resultsof 2D-ERT
observationprofilesare laid ar radial directionar 45 0
with eachotherfron rhe cenrerof rhe pii. One of the
polential electrode(N) is kept fixed on rhe opposite
Glacier lake dam
sideofthe expecredflow direcrion.The orherpoienrial Geophysicalmethodsprovide a meansto explorerhe
eiectrode(M) is movedalongdifferentproliles lo find subsurface of glacierlakedamsito locate"deadice",the
ot't equipontialline.Themeasurementwas caried out thickness ofthe debriscoveroverlainon the "deadice",
b y u s i n g r e s i s t i v i t y m e t eSr Y S C A L R 1 P L U S . lateral coverageof "deadice" andothermarerialrypesin
manufacturedby the company IRIS, France. The the dam. Consideringropographical and physical
transmitter inputs altemating cunents and recelver properriesof the dammaterialthe only possibilitiesareof
measuresthe voltage. The receiver has high inpur using 2D-ERT and groundpenetraringradar...Deadice'.
impedanceand measuresvoltageand cunent separarely. ilself is a heierogeneous massandincludescobblesand
SurendraRaj Pant
t26

Elevation(m) Iteration6 RMSetror= 2.5

4170
4150
4130
4110
I I : I II IIII
1000 3000 5000 7000 9000
I-1 III II I 50m
11000 13000 15000
Reaistivityin ohm.m UnttEleclrodeSpacing=s.om
and "b" lateral mora.ine
""Fis.2.A. Glacie; lake dan "a" Hunnnclq teiain of ie''orcdnoraine
' 'i.li-iir'i,tt",.tons
H nmoctq tenain oJ ice'corcr norade' on isneatthe shoretineaf
the lake and 320m is tov'ar^ the downstream'

boulders,which scaiterIadar waves 2D-ERT is nsetutto mi[ion m 3 of water.Fig 2A showstheview of theglacier


maDthe top of the "dead ice" and its lateral extent Thislake dam.Tbehurnnocky terrainsuggeststhat therecould
methodwas usedro evaluatethe damoffew glacierlakes be "dead ice" nearer to the sudace.Intensive meltillg
ofNepal. featurccanbe seennemtbe oudetof the take Monltoflng
of thegtacierbetween1996and2000showsthattheglacier
an aueragerate of 25 m per vear' A small
In 1996ERTsurveywascarriedoui to evaluateThulagi is retnating at
ihe lake cross-cutsthe ndge compLexano
Glacier Lake dam. Thulagl Glacier Lake is in the outJlowftom
to massiveice with a cunent mte of at least
nothwestem part from Kalhmandu lt is located on the meltsits way bv
m Dervear(Delisleer al.200J'Theareaindicared
uDDerreaches;f Dona Khola. oneof the left tributariesof 0.5
-a- several 2D-FRT
in !h;fis. 2A \ a. inrestigdredb)
Marsvansai River. There is one hydropower plant Oneoflhe
of second will be completed orolllequirh polepoleelecnodeaJrangemenl
ooetutlos. fl".onstto"tion preseDted in Fig 2B The
i'
.non uoJ,l. 'ttita .on'*crion wiu be Iakenup in near i"nr.'.ora,ii. Drofrle( electrical
i""" i" indicatedbv verv high
futule. The volume of the lake is estinated at about 30 pr"sen." ot':a"ia
Geoelectrical
soundings projeclsof Nepat
fof hydropower 127

resistivityin the model(>15000Ohm_rn). This profile Powet conduit and tunnel


indicatesthat ihe lale is dammedby about 160 m rhick
"deadice". Otherprofilesindicatethat lake shouldbe 2D-ERT swveys were carried our ro investigatethe
dammedby at teast100m thick "deadice". The extentof depth to the bedrock in rhe intake area of Upper
ice to the depthis difficult ro esiimare.Thereare no MarsyangdiHydrdbctric Projecr(Fig. 4). The tonosram
seepagesthrcughthe dam which indicatesthat the "dead indicatesthat the material abovethe water tablehasvery
ice" must be very thick. The depthto rhe lop of the "dead
bigh electricalresisrivilyand the undedyingsaturated
ice" is between5 to I m. Thestudyin 1996indicaiedrhar material,low electricalresistivity(<400 Ohm.rn)and
thereis no immediatedangerfron this glacierlake. bedrockintermediate resistivity(400,800Obm.m).Phyllire
is the bedrock in this area.An inclined boreholeDH#3
Hydropower heqdworks driiled ar the end of the profile indicatesthe bedrock at
deprh41.8 m. The difterencewith 2D-ERTobservatronrs
2D-ERTwasuseddudngfie feasibilitystudyof Sanjen
Just3-4 m. Basedon the 2D ERT resultssoft tunnelingis
HydropowerPmjecr.The arealies in a remorearea proposedto prepareconcreteconduit beforeit entersthe
no(hwestftom Kathmandu.The siteinvestigationwas
carriedout exclusivelyby 2D-ERT.From the surface
morphologicalobservationit was found rhar the dam
Surgetank and penstockared
site areacould be suitablefor rhe conshuctionof the
high darnfor the collectionof rhe snowmeltand Surge tank and penstock,reas arc usually close ro
rainwater.Widerpar ofthe valley wasinvesrigared by the river valley. Penstockis usually on or in slope md
othersix profilesto find out depthio rhebedrock.water surgetank (forebay)in the slopeor on ihe top of the slope.
rable and material type in rhe overburden.One oithe Theseslopesof thedver valleycouldbe gravilarionally
profiles was along the bouleneckpart of rhe valley. deformedor could indulge hugerock massslides,which

EIITI'II
*rnstivitg in ohtr,. utrir !1.ctrods rg.clig - ..r! ,.

FiB.3. ERT applicationfol the dam site in)estigation i Sa ja HJtbopowq project, etedricat tomosrum on the
lefr and its interyrctattue crcss section on the riRht

Measuementwas carriedout acrossthe river ro check couid be difficult to identify by geomorphologic


the bedrockprofile.The aim of 2D-ERTwas to check observationandboreholecorelog analysis. Many of the
aboutrheavailabilityofrhe bedrocknearthe surfaceio 2D-ERT Fofiles, on slopesof hy&opower andhighway
lay the foundationlor the dam. Fig. 3 showsmodel proJects,
revealthattbe methodis usefulfor identirying
tomogramand its interprctativecross secrion.Low weakzonesfomed dueto rockmassslides,gravitational
resistivity zonemay include saturatedgranularmaterials delbrmationandcollapsedrock mass.
andhighly wearheredandhighly ftactured be&ock. The
resistivityindicatesthat the granularmaterialis Fig. 5 showsthe impodanceof detail invesrigarionof
predominanilycoarsegrained. The interface of the slopesbeforc construction. This type of study is useful
valley fi11materialandbedrcckis sreeplydipping.owards to conductduringfeasibilityor derailprojerr designperiod.
ihe dver. Example shown in Fig. 5 has been raten from Middle
128 SurendraRaj Pant

"*'i*l.v'"
t :

III'-'II-IEI
r0 30
IIIIr iEqqlq',dEtrdi4rsra

Fig.4. Application ol ekctrical resistirity in Upper Manyangdi hrdroelectn. ploject. (o) Resisnviry distribution
(b) the cotespon l.ine eafih section

I
."1fi";f*5*'l

I',=-=ff.i*-'.'*
=:--::5't l **-*'-.
:3=='*|-''*-"-

Fis.s. A2D-ERT secnon(apper) and its interprctati|e cross-section(lower) in the penstockand surge tank area
aJ lttiddLeMa^rangdi hJdrceleLnt. prcjett

MarsyangdiHydroelectricproject(70MW) whichis about layerhas1owresistivitywh;chis the soil formeddueio


17 Kn down streamfrom the proposedpowerhouseof the weatheringof the top podion of the tbird layer This
UpperMarsyangdiHydroelectricproject. The studywas layercanserveasihe slip surfacefor the overlainmaterial
carried out during construction period. The bedrockin i.e.thetoplayer.Thehighelectricalresistivityeffectfrom
the areais quatzitic phyllite. (he third layer is from collapsedrock mass.The fburth
layerbd.slow elect cal resistivity-This layeris divided
Before2D-ERTsu eysthe ,rea hasbeendrilled by a inro three low resistivily zonesby two relarively higher
numberof boreholes,part of the penstocktunnelandbase electricalresistivityzones.Thesepaftemsin thetomogmm
of the surgetankwasalsoexcavated (seeFig. 5). There may have formed either due to permeability diftbences
weredifferencesoverthe coretog interpretation.For this berween Iheadjrcenr marerial.or duero rhedecreasing
reason2D-ERTwasproposed,asanindependenimethod. thicknessof thelayer The firsl pattemin thelower portion
Boreholeinformaiion was not provided lo geophysicist of the sectionis considered1obe dueto the permeability
lbrfearthattheinterpretationof 2D ERTcouldbebiased. differencesbetweenalluvium, and destabilizedand
Major 2D-ERTprofile was alongthe penstockline andit gravitationllly movedmatenalwith moisture.In theiower
wascrossedby severalolherprofiles.Themodeltomogram portion of the sectionil is predominantlyalluvium andin
seemslo represenithe geological history of the slope. the middle andupperportion of the sectionit is expected
The variationin modeleleciricalresistivity indicatsfive to bedestabilizedandgavitationaly movedmaterialwith
different layels.All materialsof first secondandthird are moistule.The secondpatte (greencolor) is fomed due
destabilizedand graviiaiionaly moved.Highly rcsislive to thinning of thelayer of the low resistivity zonebecause
sudacelayeris predominantlycoanerocry material(recent of the shallowftesh bedrock.Thefifth layer hashigh
colluvium). This could be prone to sliding. The second electricalresistivitybut lower thanthefirst alrdthird layer
Geoelecrrical
soundingsfor hyd.opowerp.ojectsof Nepal t29

^"1rq
,-]

".1
FiE.6. 2D ERT s Ners along(upper)and acrcss (Lower)the tid]e in the Porrerhousearea oJKulekhani-Ill
hrrboeleclic project

This efiect is from bedrock(slightly weathercdro fresh).A acrossthe idge. The Powerhouse is plannedat depth
relalivelylow resistivityzonewithin thefifth layerjs fomed of morethan200 m from the surfaceof the ridge top.
dueto tbe fracturedbedrock.Thesefindings of the major The cavernfor the powerhouseis plannedto be in
profile were also supponedby othercmssingprcfiles dolomitebed.To mapthe dolomitetwo profilesof 2D-
exceptat the end of the profile in surgelank area.Low ERT were plannedone along the ridge (npperpart of
resistivityzoneat depth(surgerankarea)at lhe edgeof Fig. 6) andofter acrossthendge (lowerpartof Fig-
the profile is most likely to be the combinedeffectsfrom 6).In bothprofiles dolomite beds are indicated by very
metalsthat areusedfor supportin valve chamberandthe high electrical resistivity. The tomograms indicate that
fractued bedrock in the fifth layer. This low resistiviry the dolomirebed extendsar least 150 m. The differences
feature is noi seenin the crossingprofiles of the surge in the resistivity for dolomire bed for rwo
crossingprofiles are mainly attributed ro t]le anisohopy
eftect of foliation planes and litde to 3D effecis of the
Underground powerhouse rjdge.

2D ERTis usefulfor makingdecisionaboutthetype Surfaceand semi undergroundpowerhouse


of powerhouse and otherStruciurescloselyrelatedto
powerhouse. Depending on thegeology,geomoryholog] Powerhouses for smallhydropowerprojectsareon
and scaleof the projectthe powerhouse can be on the the surfaceor could be partly underground.Surface
suface. semi-underground orunderground.Underground powerhouseplantsare usuallydesignedto be on ihe
powerhouses may be piacedat depthfrom few tensof alluvialdeposit.Forrhese;i underground powerhouse
metersto lew hundredsofmeters from the suface. In lbundations are on the rock. For such areas it is
many caseswhere the powerhouseis proposedin a importantto cbecktheavailabilityofbed.ockat shallow
deepunderground cavernit lnay noralwaysbe possible depthandbedrockprofile.Here are sorneexanplesof
to reachthc desireddepthof investigation.ln sucha theinvestigationofpowerhousesitefrom MewaKhola
case 2D ERT can be used as an aid to the surface SnaU HydropowerProjectin the easternNepal.The
geologicalm apping. resultof the 2D ERT nearrhe foothill is presentedin
Fig.7 (Line 15) and in the alluvialplain nearthe
Fig. 6 sbowstheexanpleof 2D-ERTihatwascarried riverbankis presenied in Fig.8 (Line l7). The distance
out 1o investigatethe powerhouseareain Kulekhani- betweenthesctwo profilesis about100m. Tbe results
lll HydroelectricProject(42 MW). Geologicallythe area of thesetwo 2D ERT profiles indicate that the area
is close to contactbetweenSiwaliks and Lesser consistsof deeppaleovalleys.The areaof Line 17 is
Himalala,separatedby Main BoundaryThrust(MBT). likel\ ro beIn rhepd'coconfl uenceolruo nedby rve'..
Tbe area consistsof graphities,graphjtic slates, Thepowerhouse siteis locatedatcrossingof Line 14and
dolomitesandphyllities.Thereis exposureofdolomite Line 15.So,2D-ERTsectionin Fig. 7 indicatesftai rhereis
bedin theridge.Bouldersofdoloniresarefoundlirered no possibiliiy of bedrockin shallowdepthin theproposed
on the oiher parts of the area of invesrigarion.The powerhousesite. Bedrock at shallow depth is available
foliationplanesareverticalandtheir strikedirectionis only towardsthestsnof theLine 15.
130 SurendraRaj Pant

4,0 i*l 5
t----@rrr- .! I
1@ toD
E- I-
l7c,
ll
lm
I I
litrE
tu,id,ini,lru
!tt& &5ti - 5Io r.
e=: El=* E**_...*,,**

FiB.7.2D-ERT section (Lelt) along Line 15 and Seologicalcrcss section@gh, obtained ar- intetpretation in
powe*ouse arca of Mewa Khola snall htdropolr'er pnject, Eastem Napal Line 14 c.ossin7 is powefiouse site

lrdltLr6 n S.mr-la
2Ot 40O 60o 80! rm
85!.1
0.51
slrl .9s
82ri $
.9
8r!l c
8J3J o
III'I!!II
900 7E m [00
II-:IITII t::9 -r*u4bdnie:r F::jl s.rar.dn'b.r l- &de
lJo ltm lt00 1900
R..bfiVtr.hr' tLI lf!.!id. grr||a . JjO n"
Fie.8. 2D-ERT section(Lefr) alonq Line 17 and geolo|ical crcss"section(igh, obtainedo)- interpretation in
powerhousearca of Mewa Khola snall hrbopo!)er project, Easkm Nepal. Line 14 crossin| is powerhousesite

Resultsof Mise-6-la-masse
method
Mise-a-la-masse methodwas usedto aestihe flow Resultsof monitoringof theequipotentiallinesfor DVI
direction andvelocity in the dam;ite of Mai Hydropower andDV2 arepresentedin gmphical ,I forms in Fig. 9 and
Proje4 nham, EastemNepal.Shallowsubsurfaceofthe Fig. 10respectively.ThesFiguresindicatethatthe major
weir areawasexploredby resrpits. They indicatethat the flow direction of the groundwateris in lhe southwest
predominatingmaterialis coa$e sandmixed with gavel. direction. Taling into considrationof the major flow
The testswere ca.riedout in Pit No.2 (DVI) andPit No.3 direction time-distancecurve has been plotted. The
(DV2). The elevationsof the water level in thesepits ale velocity of lhe groundwaterfu DVI and DV2 are as
311.036rn and 310.503m rcspectively. The horizontal follom:
distance of separation betweentwopitsis 42.885m. DVI
is on the Foposed Weir Axis andDV2 is further towards Inpit DVI
the do\lnstream.Unsatuated coaxsesandand gravel in Velocity of goundwaterflow at around2 m depth= 16.14
this areahaselectricalresistivity nore than 1000Ohrn.n cnl/houror 3.87m/day
and saturatedcoarse sand and $avel has arcund 500
Ohm.m.The electricalresistivity of water in DV 1 ar the In pit DV2
depthlevel;of 1.4m is 67Ohm.mandin DV2 it is 83Obm.n Velociryof groundwaterfloir at around1.5m depth=
at the depthlevel of I m. By usiry Archie's rclation one 34.09cln/houror 8.l8 nvday
can dete.minethe effectiveporosity.Taking the value of
the cementationfactor as2 the effectiveporositiesof the The relationshipbetweenthe hydraulic conductivity
materialsin DvI andDV2 are31qoand4l qaftspectftely. a.rdthe groundwatervelocity is given by the rclation
Geoelect.icalsoundingsfor hydrolowerprcjectsof Nepal 131

(b)
60

a
B
940
a
V e l o c i t y =1 6 . l 4c o t l l o u r

- 5lu

E
0

Fig.g. (a) Montunnq of equipotentialline, pit Dvland (b) time disttnce rclationshipfor theflorv
in south'|ert .lircction

t
e- !
,..gl
". iE
5P

,.,"
I ii
" . ti
lorcLrity.frrt vi4 th. todL 6 dir|.d.lca Y$.!
+ cnMisanoq Frh

C!h|l'rr r n&*i !t -d trt 6.bit i. ,i|!. r4n

Fie.lo. Positye SP anonalies due to the channelinqof groundwaterthrcueh the


damagedpart of the cutoff \'all

Vo=Kl,{- (1) surroundingsof the pits are as follows:


Where, V= velocity of the groundwaterflow in nl/day,
A- effectiveporosit in ftaction, In pit DVI
K-hydraulic conductivityin m/day K=Vd L& = 3.87x 0.37x 80.46d.115.2
nr/day
h/L- hydraulic gradient = 1.3310-3irvs
Hydraulic conductivity represents)6
The results of the hydraulic conductivity in the depft level of 2 m.
r32 SurendraRaj Pant

JF33
100 JS76
120
80
100
. 60
o- eo
(/,40 o-
@60
20
40
0 Dam 2A
10 20 30 40
(m)
Dislance 10 20 30 40
Dlstance(m)
Fig. 11. SPprofile owr dimaqed portion of the HDPE line. crcaterl.Lueto the ouflo|, of Brcwdwater

InpitDV2 ve ical movementof water.Thesedamagedportions


will serveasdischargingareaandwill be indicatedasa
K=Vc[ l-h = 8.l 8 x 0.41x 80.46=269.U n/day
zoneof SPvalues.
= 3.1210-3In/s
Hydraulic conductivity representsat the deprh levei of
Thereis a cutoffvall in the upstreamfrom the dam
1-5m.
crest.Thedistancefrom thedamcrestto the cutoffwall
The effectiveporositiesin thesecalculationswere is different in diffe.ent portion of the area.Howeve! it
obtainedfrom theuseoftheA.chie'slaw ( 1942).Theresults lies between30 n to 40 n. The elevationofthe baseof
obtainedhere belongto the range of high hydraulic thecutoffwall is ?33m. Fig. 10showsSPanomalynear
conductivity- the 'suspecteddamagedportion of the cutoff wall. It
seemsthat the groundwateris channelingthroughthe
Resultsof Self-potentialmethod damagedportionol the cutoff wall. Fig. I I showstie
SPelfect in the 3reaof the damagedportion of the HDPE
Seifpotential(SP)suNey\rascaniedout to identify riner. Damagedportion are indicated by high and
the damagedparr of the HDPE liner in rhe Damsiteof positivevalueofSP anomalies in thebackground of20-
the Jhimruk HydrcpowerCenrcr,WestNepal.During 30 rn V It is clearrhatthe darnage ofthe HDPEliner is
conshuctionHDPElinerwaslaid at elevationof 736m closeto thecresrof thedan. Fig. 12indicaresthatrhere
andwas filled by about10 cn sandand50 cm gravel. is a zone of low potential anomaiiesfrom the
The dam cresthasthe elevationof 738 m. In the larer background.ftom theselow negativevaluesone can
yea.rs,duringmonsoonthe HDPE liner was hir by rhe suspect the leakage of the groundwater.A crude
flood and it was suspected ro be damaged.Damaged estimationofihe depthsuggests thai rheleakagedeprh
portion of the HDPE liner pemits the flow ot water. is most likely at the foot ofrhe dam.Fig. 13 is ihe SP
Whetherwaterenten or comesout throughthe HDPE profileparallelto thedamcrestandat differenroffsers.
liner dependson the local groundwaterregime.In this This profile surnmarizes the leakageand outflow near
setupHDPE liner se es as a confininglayer The dam the dam crest.SP profile indicatesdifferentzonesof
itself behavesas a ba ier to ihe naturalgroundwater outflow of Foundwater throughthe damagedpart of the
flow It is most likely that the groundwaterbelow the HDPE liner andsomeleakagezonestbroughthe baseof
HDPE liner is in pressurecondition.Sp, throughthe the dam. A symnet ic anomalyis nearthe buriedleft end
damagedportion of the HDPE liner there shouldbe by pass.
Ceoelechicalsouldingsfor hyd.opowerprcjecrsof Nelat
133

Jm-62 Jr||.63
30
32
20
228
910
a- 24
a (0-/ ) 0
20
16 -10
12
Dam
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
Oistance
(m) Dislance(m)
Fig.l2. SP Profrle wherc teatuge is suspectedat diffe.ent depth te1lelslikely
to be belo|| ,hefoot o1the dah

(t4..!*n orrE r.r.icirr stn6 !,. D..

Fig.13.SPPrcJilespan et to the dan crest at dfurent disnnces


fronthe c,est
The measurementwas also caried out in rhe rower crest.Extensivedamage
wasfound berwen40 m ro 80 m
sriltingbasin.SP in rhrsaJebas\ery highposi!tve\ arues. prcfile length.The
secondzoneof excavarionwasaround
| russuggess r'al herei5aninten(e gmundwarermovemenl160m. However in this ,rea HDPEtiner
or dischargein thedownsrream wasfounoulacr.
of rhedamcresr.TheFofile The anomalyin this zoneis most likely 4uero
in thelower srillingbasinis presented thc narow
in opening.Uoinlsrberseenrheconcreks.TherhirdaJeaof
excavationwasberween,190m to 210 m nearthe left e
Basedon rheSpresutrs(Fig. 13)excavationwascamed bypass.In this area
field repair crew had founalseveral
ourroreparo the damaSedpart of the HDPB liner Thev isolatedholes in rhe
HDPE liner. The HDPE liner was
havecamedoureycavarion ar rhreeplacesnearLbedam elevateddue to the pressureof rhe groundwater.
13,1 SurendraRaj Pant

130

l60

t50

130

120

110

100

s0

80

1o

Fis.14. SPprofile i; the lowet snllins basin

Conclusion arrangement canbe usedto identify weakrock masszones


and where depth requtement is more than 150m They
The presentstudyillustratesthat 2D ERT canbe used work better in an areaof high resistivity contrast.Pole
as a site investigationmethodin differenl parts of a dipole ariangementhasbetter resolution and befier data
hy&opower project.UsMlly the areasof glacierlakesmd coveragethan the other arrangement. However,ii is
feasibility study projectsof a hy&opower are ln remote impotant to keep high signal to noise ralio. So the data
areas.For such areas2D-ERT can be very useful in acquisition needs to be caded out at multiple datalevels
accessingsite conditionsin the prevailing topographical. (e-g. a, 2a, 3a, 4a) and at depth levels "n" not morethan
geological and political situation of the country. Rock five. This provides the impression of using wideband
exposure-that are abundantin a river valley and water electromagnetic method.
conductivityof seepages andrivers aresufficient ro make
geologicaland hydrogeologicalconcept for the The applicationof nise-a-1a-masse rnethodlor the
iDterprctationof the resistivity effectsfrom bedrock,and groundwater flow velocity measurement are useful
saturatedand unsaturatedmalerials.This canreducesthe especialy for ihe dam site investigation. In this technique
extra cost neededfor borehole.2D ERT tlis been found there is no effect of the borehole construction method
both technically and econonically better than the This method is useful to estimate velocity in medium and
conventionalseismicrefractionin theFevailing geological high pemeable materials.
situationof the river va1leys.
SP methodis non-destuctive nethod. It is useful to
The effectivenessof 2D BRT largely dependson the identify pfoblem areain the dam and reservoirof a
carcful planning of method to suit site topographical, hy&opower project.This methodhelpsto rcducetherepan
geologicaland hydrogeologicalcondition.Pole-pole cost. The results presentedin this paperdemonstrates
electrode arrangementcan provide greater depth that instead of excavation all area of HDPE liner only
information but poorer resolution. This electrode suspected area based on the SP anomaly are excavated
ical soundirys
Geoelect for hydropo*erprojecrs
of Nepal 135

and.epaired.So, SPmethodcan serveasa cost effective Loke.M.H. f2004).Rdpld2-Dr"\istiti"l Md lP inv?t,ion


methodfor the evaluationof theperfomanceof damsand usins the least-squarcs method.
its periphenl parts. www.geoelectdcal.com

Acknowledgments Lome.8.. Pemer f.. andA\ouac,J.P.rlgqq), SrfpdninS


potential measurements,L Propetliesofthe ekctrical
I would like to thankto a[ the developersandowners double laJer from ctushed rcck samples,Jorlr^al of
of hy&opower Fojects in Nepal for supportingto apply Geophysical Research,104@8),pp.1785717877
2D-ERT and otler geoelectricalmethods as a non
destructivemethodsin their projects.My specialthant Lome, B., Penjet F., andAvNac, I .P.,(1999),Streaninq
goes to Depaftment of Electicity Development, potential measarcments,2. RelotirNhipb e t'| e e n
Govemmentof Nepal for including 2D-ERT rnethodas electtical and bdraulic llow pdtt.ns fron rock
iouiine site investigationin hy&opower Fojects. sanples during defonlatior, Joumal of Geophysical
Research, 1O4(88)Bp.17879- 17896
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Mountain Environment and Natural Resources'
l\rchle, G.E.,(1942),Theetect cal resisti,itrlos as an InformatjonserviceIMENRISI'(1996)'GISdatabase
uidindeterminin|*t"r,tirofkeJindic.arcrsoJ-sust/1ih'lbtPnountnih
ch,racte,istics:r,^r,s
ArMl,r46.pps4_62 i"ij,ii!,!iii.ii,,Xi,il:,:i:;,;:i,i;:*:":;;";l:;.
Ahma4 M.U., (1963),,ahboratorystudr of strca ins
pot?rtial, Geophysicalhospecting. 12,pp.49-64. Osilvy,A.A. (1962),Geofrzicheskienetodi itedotunii
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Bogoslovsky, VA., and Ogilvy,A.A., (r97o), Naturul University Press.(in Russian).
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rate of seepageI,on water resenoirs, Gaophysical Ogilvy,A.A,Ayed,M.A. andBososlovsky, VA., (1969),
prospectnE. 18(2),pp.261-268 Geophy\icat udiesofwaR, Icatuep' lron rcs?Noit,.
' Geophysics. (l),W.36-62.
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of electricat soundins: an etunple frcn Xiakou
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S. (2003), Lake Thutagi/Nepal: rapid Landscape 01.26,pp.79-90.
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ZeilschiftfurGeomotphol'OgieN.R,Suppl. Pant,S.R.(2003),Geoelecficalstudylor evaluationoJ
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pp.1-9. groundwaterin Kathnandu Uauey.Prcceedi,|,gof tre
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subsuface karst structurc with gamna ruy and Proceeding ofthe seminaron " SustainableSlopeRisk
elect ftl rcsistivitj profiles: a case studr fron " Managemert for Roads" Organized Jointly by
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136 SDrendraRaj Pant

(ush-Himalayas. Intematioml Centerfor Integrared Ir./c, xepal JmXe?6I GeoLSoc.,spec.issuq Vol


MoutainDevelopmelt (ICMOD), Kathm9lldu,Nepal, A,W2ll-2lA-
PP.89-lm.
Sehiavone, D. atrd Qu'dio, B-, O9A4r, SeUpotential
Pant, S.R. and Reynolds, LM. (2O0Q),Application of. prospecting in ,he studt of watef morements,
electrical inagihg techniquesfor the iwestiSation of Geoe*plqarim, 22jI[47-5E
4tural dems: ai ^axnplc from the Thulagi Glacier

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