Analysis of a Complex Kind

Week 4

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions

Petra Bonfert-Taylor

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 1/9
 The Logarithm Function

Motivation: Given z C \ {0}, find w C such that ew = z.

How? Write z = |z|ei , then ew = |z|ei .
Next, write w = u + iv . Then eu eiv = |z|ei .
Thus eu = |z| and eiv = ei , so u = ln |z| and v = + 2k = arg z.
Definition
For z 6= 0 we define

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z, the principal branch of logarithm,

and

log z = ln |z| + i arg z, a multi-valued function

= Log z + 2k i, k Z.

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 2/9
 Examples

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z.

Log 1 = ln |1| + i Arg 1 = 0.

Log i = ln |i| + i =i .
2 2

Log(1) = ln | 1| + i = i.

Log(1 + i) = ln 2 + i .
4

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 3/9
 Continuity of the Logarithm Function

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z.

We notice:
z 7 |z| is continuous in C.
z 7 ln |z| is continuous in C \ {0}.
z 7 Arg z is continous in C \ (, 0].
Thus, Log z is continuous in C \ (, 0].
However,
as z x (, 0) from above, Log z ln x + i, and
as z x from below, Log z ln x i,
so Log z is not continuous on (, 0) (and not defined at 0).

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 4/9
 Is the Logarithm Function Analytic?

Fact
The principal branch of logarithm, Log z, is analytic in C \ (, 0].

What is its derivative?

Since eLog z = z, we find

d
eLog z Log z = 1 so
dz
d 1
Log z = .
dz z

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 5/9
 More General Theorem
Theorem
Suppose that f : U C is an analytic function and there exists a continuous
function g : D U from some domain D C into U such that f (g(z)) = z for all
z D. Then g is analytic in D, and

1
g 0 (z) = for z D.
f 0 (g(z))

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 6/9
 Application 1
Let f : C C, f (z) = z 2 . Then f 0
(z) = 2z.
Let g : C \ (, 0] C, g(z) = z be the principal branch of the square root.
Then

f (g(z)) = z for all

z D = C \ (, 0]
g is continuous in D, thus
g is analytic in D, and

1
g 0 (z) =
f 0 (g(z))
1
=
2g(z)
1
= .
2 z
Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 7/9
 Application 2

Again, let f : C C, f (z) = z 2 . Then f 0 (z)

( = 2z.
z, Im z 0,
This time, let h : C \ [0, ) C, h(z) = .
z, Im z < 0
Then

f (h(z)) = z for all

z D = C \ [0, ).
h is continuous in D, thus
h is analytic in D, and

1
h0 (z) =
f 0 (h(z))
1
= .
2h(z)

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 8/9
 Some Terminology

Lets finish up by recalling some terminology: Let f : U V be a function.

f is injective (also called 1-1) provided that f (a) 6= f (b) whenever a, b U with
a 6= b.
f is surjective (also called onto) provided that for every y V there exists an
x U such that f (x) = y .
f is a bijection (also called 1-1 and onto) it f is both injective and surjective.
Examples:
f : {z C | Re z > 0} C \ (, 0], f (z) = z 2 is a bijection.
f : C C, f (z) = z 2 is not injective but is surjective.

f : C \ (, 0] C, f (z) = z is injective but not surjective.

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 9/9