Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
&UtDGH)DLVDQHVHQ
&DXWLYLGDG
&T'TPGUVQ/CFGTQ
+06#&GNVCFGN 3DUDGHGLFDUVHDODFUtDGHIDLViQVHGHEHGHILQLUXQSODQGH
2CTCP$WGPQU#KTGU
WUDEDMR\GLVHxDUXQHVTXHPDSURGXFWLYR\GHLQYHUVLRQHV
(QOD]RQDGHO'HOWDKDQGHPRVWUDGRXQDEXHQDDGDSWDFLyQ\
UHVXOWDXQDLQWHUHVDQWHDFWLYLGDGFRPSOHPHQWDULDHQ
HVSHFLDOSDUDORVSHTXHxRVSURGXFWRUHV/RVQLYHOHVGH
LQYHUVLyQLQLFLDOVRQEDMRV\ODDFWLYLGDGSXHGHVHUDWHQGLGD
FRQPDQRGHREUDIDPLOLDU
(OIDLViQRULJLQDULRGH$VLDIXHFRQVLGHUD 6XYXHORHVGHIHFWXRVRUHFWR\YHOR]\VX
GRHQPXFKDVFXOWXUDVDQWLJXDV\D~QKR\ DUPDGHGHIHQVDHVODYHORFLGDGGHGHVSOD
FRPRHOSODWRGHORVUH\HV1RVyORHVYDOR ]DPLHQWR1RUPDOPHQWHFDPLQD\VyORDO]D
UDGDVXFDUQHVLQRTXHVXHQYLGLDEOHEHOOH YXHOR VL VH YH DFRVDGR SRU DOJ~Q SHOLJUR
]D OR KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD SUHVD PX\ GH 7LHQHQ PX\GHVDUUROODGRVWRGRVVXVVHQWL
VHDGD6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXJUDQUXVWLFLGDG GRV\VLELHQHQOLEHUWDGQRVRQDJUHVLYRV
\HQODYLGDVLOYHVWUHVHDGDSWDWDQWRDORV HQpSRFDGHDSDUHDPLHQWRVXHOHQSURGXFLU
GXURV LQYLHUQRV HXURSHRV FRPR D FOLPDV VHGXUDVOXFKDVHQWUHPDFKRVTXHSXHGHQ
WHPSODGRVRODFDOLGH]GHO%UDVLO6XKiELWDW WHUPLQDUHQODPXHUWHGHDOJXQRGHORVFRQ
QDWXUDOVRQ ORVERVTXHVDXQTXHSUHILHUHQ WULQFDQWHV
ORVFODURV\ORVOXJDUHVFHUFDQRVDORVFXU (OIDLViQHVJUDQtYRURHLQVHFWtYRURDOLPHQ
VRVGHDJXD WiQGRVH GH WRGD FODVH GH JUDQRV KRMDV
6XHOHQUHIXJLDUVHHQPDWRUUDOHV\GHELGRD EURWHVED\DVLQVHFWRVODUYDVHWF&DPLQD
OD ODUJD OLVWD GH GHSUHGDGRUHV QDWXUDOHV WRGR HO GtD HQ EXVFD GH DOLPHQWR \ VROR
TXH ORV DWDFDQ EXVFDQ SDUD GRUPLU ODV UHSRVDDODQRFKHFHU
DOWDV FRSDV GH ORV DUEROHV HQ HVSHFLDO 'H KiELWRV HQ JHQHUDO SROtJDPRV XQ
DTXHOORVFRQPD\RUHVHVSLQDVTXHOHVSUR PDFKR \ GH FXDWUR D RFKR KHPEUDV VRQ
SRUFLRQDQXQOXJDUPiVVHJXUR PX\ FHORVRV GH VX KDUpQ \ PX\ DJUHVLYRV
5YKPJQG
)GPPUGWUUYKPJQKK'WRNQEQOWUUYKPJQG
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
(CKUPFG%QNNCT*GODTC
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
&QTCFQ4QLQ
([LVWHQ RWUDV YDULHGDGHV SDUD FDUQH SHUR KD EXVFDGR XQ VLVWHPD VHQFLOOR GH FRQV
GH PHQRUHV UHQGLPLHQWRV FRPR HO IDLViQ WUXFFLyQ\PDQHMRFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHGHEH
7HQHEURVR 0HODQLVWLV PXWDQWLV (VWD VHU DSWR SDUD VHU DWHQGLGR FRQ PDQR GH
YDULHGDGHVGHRULJHQGHVFRQRFLGR\SDUHFH REUDIDPLOLDU
VHUHOUHVXOWDGRGHP~OWLSOHVFUX]DPLHQWRV (O VLJXLHQWH HV XQ HVTXHPD GHO GLVHxR
TXH KDQ GDGR XQD UD]D GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VXJHULGRFRQODVPHGLGDV\VXSHUILFLHVXWLOL
WtSLFDV ]DGDVSDUDXQFULDGHURGHIDLVDQHVSRU
(O FUX]DPLHQWR HQWUH HVWDV GRV YDULHGDGHV DxRFXDGUR
GD XQ DQLPDO GH EXHQ WDPDxR\ PX\ DSWR 3DUD PD\RU FRPRGLGDG HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ
SDUDHOFRQVXPR'HELGRDOHVFDVRPDQLSX HVUHFRPHQGDEOHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHFRPHGH
OHR JHQpWLFR SUHVHQWD XQD FRQGLFLyQ GH URVWROYDFRQXQDFDSDFLGDGSDUDNJTXH
VHPLVDOYDMH \ HVWR LQIOX\H HQ OD UXVWLFLGDG GHEHUiQHVWDUFROJDGRVGHXQDODPEUHVXMH
UHVSHFWR DO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ D ODV HQIHU WDGR DO WHFKR GHMDQGR HQWUH OD EDVH GHO
PHGDGHV /RV SXQWRV FUtWLFRV D WHQHU HQ FRPHGHUR\HOSLVRXQDGLVWDQFLDGHP
FXHQWDVRQODEDMDSRVWXUD\FLHUWDFRPSOH /DSURYLVLyQGHDJXDIUHVFD\OLPSLDHVPX\
MLGDGHQODFUtDGHSLFKRQHV LPSRUWDQWH \ HV DFRQVHMDEOH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ
3RGHPRV GLYLGLU OD FULDQ]D HQ WUHV HWDSDV GHEHEHGHURVDXWRPiWLFRV
FUtDDGtDVUHFUtDDGtDV\WHU
PLQDFLyQDGtDV 3$548(6'(5(352'8&725(6
3RURWURODGRH[LVWHXQFLUFXLWRTXHLQFOX\H
HO PDQHMR GH ORV UHSURGXFWRUHV KDVWD OD /RVUHSURGXFWRUHVSRGUiQHVWDUHQFRUUDOHV
REWHQFLyQ GH ORV SROOXHORV GH XQ GtD GH JHQHUDOHVGXUDQWHFDVLWRGRHODxR\GXUDQ
YLGD WHODpSRFDGHSRVWXUDVHIRUPDUDQORVJUX
SRVKDUHPLFRVGHPDFKR\GHDKHP
,167$/$&,21(6 EUDVTXHVHUiQSXHVWRVHQFRUUDOHVVHSDUD
GRV (O DORMDPLHQWR GHEHUi VHU DGHFXDGR
6H WUDWD GH JUDQGHV MDXODV FRQ GLYLVLRQHV SDUD WRGR HO FLFOR UHSURGXFWLYR \ FRQWHP
SDUD SRGHU UHDOL]DU XQFRUUHFWR PDQHMR GH SODUXQDVXSHUILFLHGHDP SRUDYH
ODVWDQGDVGHDQLPDOHVTXHYDQLQJUHVDQGR
(O GLVHxR GH WLSR FLUFXODU XWLOL]D HILFLHQWH 326785$
PHQWH OD VXSHUILFLH FXELHUWD \ GD OD PHMRU
UHODFLyQGHFRVWRSRUPSRURWUDSDUWHVH /D SRVWXUD VH SURGXFH XQD YH] SRU DxR
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
%WCFTQ
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
GHVGH SULQFLSLRVGHSULPDYHUD KDVWDILQHV /D FLUFXODFLyQ GH DLUH HV IXQGDPHQWDO \D
GHGLFLHPEUH/RJUDUXQDEXHQDSRVWXUDHV TXH ORV HPEULRQHV D PHGLGD TXH VH YDQ
FODYH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GHO QHJRFLR FDGD GHVDUUROODQGR FRQVXPHQ R[tJHQR \ HOLPL
KHPEUD GHEH SRQHU DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH QDQGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRHVWDHWDSDUHYLVWH
XQRVDKXHYRVSRUWHPSRUDGDGHORV JUDQLPSRUWDQFLDGHELGRDTXHORVEXHQRVR
TXHVHUiQIpUWLOHVVRORHQWUHXQ\ PDORVUHVXOWDGRVTXHVHREWHQJDQGHWHUPL
/RVKXHYRVGHEHQVHUUHFRJLGRVGRVDWUHV QDUiQODSURGXFFLyQGHWRGRXQDxR
YHFHVSRUGtD\JXDUGDGRVHQXQOXJDUIUHV
FR \ K~PHGR D & \ GH KXPH &5$
GDGKDVWDVHUOOHYDGRVDODLQFXEDGRUD6L
VHGHWHFWDQKXHYRVURWRVRSLFDGRVGHEHUi 8QDYH]TXHKDQFRPHQ]DGRORVQDFLPLHQ
XELFDUVH TXp DQLPDO WLHQH HVD WHQGHQFLD WRV ORV SLFKRQHV UHTXLHUHQ GHXQ FXLGDGR
SDUDVHSDUDUORGHOUHVWR HVSHFLDO \D TXH ORV SULPHURV GtDV GH
YLGDUHJXODQPX\PDOVXWHPSHUDWXUDLQWHU
,1&8%$&,1 QD VHOHV GHEH DVLJQDUXQUHFLQWRH[FOXVL
YRSUHYLDPHQWHGHVLQIHFWDGRFRQIXHQWHV
/D LQFXEDFLyQ SXHGH VHU QDWXUDO PHGLDQWH GHFDORU\DOUHVJXDUGRGHWRGDLQFOHPHQFLD
JDOOLQDV SLJPHDV R DUWLILFLDO FRQ LQFXEDGR FOLPiWLFD 'HEH HVWDU D FXELHUWR GH WRGR
UDV SXHV HO IDLViQ HQ FDXWLYHULR HV PDOD WLSRGHSRVLEOHVGHSUHGDGRUHV\ODLOXPLQD
PDGUH ,QGXGDEOHPHQWH FXDQGR VH HVWi FLyQGHEHVHU ODPtQLPD TXHSHUPLWDD ORV
SHQVDQGR HQ XQD DFWLYLGDG FRPHUFLDO OD SLFKRQHVHQFRQWUDUHODOLPHQWR\HODJXD\D
~OWLPDRSFLyQUHVXOWDODPiVDGHFXDGD TXHODSHQXPEUDORVPDQWLHQHPiVFDOPRV
/RVKXHYRVGHEHQVHUFDUJDGRVHQODLQFX \ UHGXFHODQDWXUDODJUHVLYLGDGTXH WLHQHQ
EDGRUD DO PHQRV XQD YH] D OD VHPDQD (O GHVGHVXQDFLPLHQWR
SURFHVR GH LQFXEDFLyQ GXUD DOUHGHGRU GH 7DPELpQORVFRPHGHURV\EHEHGHURVGHEH
GtDV D XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH & UiQHVWDUOLPSLRV\GHVLQIHFWDGRVDQWHVGHO
FRQ XQD KXPHGDG DPELHQWH VXSHULRU DO LQJUHVR GH ORV SLFKRQHV (V FRQYHQLHQWH
(Q HVH ODSVR ORV KXHYRV GHEHQ VHU TXH VHDQ GH FRORUHV YLYRV SDUD DWUDHU VX
YROWHDGRVDYHFHVDOGtDFRQHOSURSyVL DWHQFLyQ(QHVWDHWDSDKD\TXHFRQWDUFRQ
WRGHPDQWHQHUHOGHVDUUROORGHOHPEULyQHQ P SRUFDGDSLFKRQHV
HOFHQWURGHOPLVPR 7LHQHQTXHGLVSRQHUGHDEXQGDQWHDJXD\
'NNKQV
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
+LKOC%QRRGT
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
(CKUPFG%QNNCT/CEJQ
7(50,1$&,1 VHGHPRUDXQDVVHPDQDV/DWDEOD1
PXHVWUDHOFRQVXPR\WLSRGHDOLPHQWRSDUD
(QWUHORV\ORVGtDVVHGHEHUiGLVSR FDGDHWDSD(VWRVGDWRVVRQVRORDPRGRGH
QHUGHXQDVXSHUILFLHGHP SRUDQLPDO(Q HMHPSOR \ HQ IXQFLyQ GH XQ WLSR \ PDUFD
HVWD HWDSD ORV DQLPDOHV KDQ DOFDQ]DGR XQ FRPHUFLDOGHEDODQFHDGR
DOWRJUDGRGHUXVWLFLGDG\QRVRQDIHFWDGRV
SRU ORV IDFWRUHV FOLPiWLFRV 'H FXDOTXLHU 6$1,'$'
PDQHUD VH OHV SRGUi SURSRUFLRQDU UHIXJLR
SDUDFDVRVHYHQWXDOHV\SURWHJHUORVFRPH 6LELHQHOIDLViQHVXQDQLPDOPX\U~VWLFR\
GHURVLJXDOTXHHQHOFDVRDQWHULRU QR VH GHWHFWDURQ SUREOHPDV VDQLWDULRV HQ
'HQWUR GHO SDUTXH GHEHUiQ WHQHU PDWRUUD ORV HMHPSODUHV DGXOWRV LJXDOPHQWH GHEHQ
OHVPDOH]DVDOWDV\DUEXVWRVTXHVLUYDQGH WRPDUVHPHGLGDVGHSUHFDXFLyQ7RGRVORV
HVFRQGLWH\UHIXJLR(VLPSRUWDQWHGLVSRQHU HOHPHQWRVXWLOL]DGRVGHEHUiQVHUGHVLQIHF
GHDEXQGDQWHDJXDIUHVFDPDQWHQLHQGROD WDGRVSUHYLR DVX XWLOL]DFLyQ\ ORV UHFLQWRV
FDQWLGDG GH EHEHGHURV SHUR FRQWURODQGR GHFULDQ]D WLHQHQ TXHHVWDU SHUIHFWDPHQWH
VLHPSUHVXGLVSRQLELOLGDG OLPSLRV \ GHVLQIHFWDGRV DQWHV GHO LQJUHVR
GHORVSROOXHORV/DOLPSLH]DWDQWRGHFRPH
$/,0(17$&,1 GHURVFRPRGHEHEHGHURVHVSHUPDQHQWH
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
QLGRV JUDVRV \ SURWHtQDV DXQTXH VX FDUQH 7DPELpQ VXUJLy DOJXQD GHPDQGD SRU VXV
QRHVWDQVHFD6HWUDWDGHXQDFDUQHPDJUD SOXPDVSDUDODFRQIHFFLyQGHWUDMHVXWLOL]D
MXJRVD\QXWULWLYD(QOD7DEOD1VHREVHU GRVHQODVFRPSDUVDVGHFDUQDYDODVtFRPR
YDQ ORV YDORUHV GH OD PLVPD \ VX FRPSDUD XQ FUHFLHQWH LQWHUpV HQ VX XWLOL]DFLyQ HQ
FLyQFRQRWUDVFDUQHV&DEHDFODUDUTXHHVWRV FRWRVGHFD]DGHDPSOLDGLIXVLyQHQ((88
YDORUHV VRQ ORV GHWHUPLQDGRV HQ 1XHYD \ (XURSD SHUR GH GHVDUUROOR LQFLSLHQWH HQ
=HODQGLD\VRQVRORDWtWXORRULHQWDWLYR QXHVWURSDtV
0(5&$'26 6L ELHQ HO SUHFLR GH YHQWD GH OD FDUQH HV
LQWHUHVDQWHSDUDREWHQHUXQDEXHQDUHQWD
'HVGH OD (VWDFLyQ ([SHULPHQWDO ELOLGDGHVQHFHVDULRORJUDUXQDEXHQDHVFD
$JURSHFXDULD'HOWDGHO3DUDQiGHO,17$WUD ODGHSURGXFFLyQ\DTXHORVJDVWRVGHIDH
EDMDHQODFULDQ]DGHHVWDHVSHFLHTXHWLHQH QDPLHQWR FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ \ GLVWULEXFLyQ
XQEDMRQLYHOFRPHUFLDOHQQXHVWURSDtV\D VRQ HOHYDGRV \ GH VX HILFDFLD UHVXOWDUi HO
TXHORVTXHVH GHGLFDQDHVWDDFWLYLGDGOR PDUJHQEUXWRGHODDFWLYLGDG
KDFHQPD\RULWDULDPHQWHFRPRKREE\ (Q ((88 ORV FRWRV GH FD]D XWLOL]DQ HVWH
(O GHVWLQR SULQFLSDO GHO IDLViQ VRQ ORV UHV DQLPDO TXH MXQWR FRQ RWUDV DWUDFFLRQHV
WDXUDQWHV \ KRWHOHV GH DOWD FDWHJRUtD \ IRUPDQSDUWHGHXQHQWRUQRSRUHOTXHFDGD
HPSUHVDVGH FDWHULQJ6LELHQHOPHUFDGRHV YH] PiV JHQWH HVWD GLVSXHVWD D SDJDU
EDVWDQWHLQHOiVWLFRQRHVWiVXILFLHQWHPHQ VXPDVGHD86SRUXQGtDGHFD]D
WH DEDVWHFLGR \ WLHQH D QLYHO QDFLRQDO XQ TXH LQFOX\H DORMDPLHQWR FD]D JXLDGD \ OD
EXHQHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWR SUHSDUDFLyQGHODSLH]D
6CDNC0
6CDNC0
LGLD;;,
)DLViQ
9$5,('$'(6
([LVWHQQRPHQRVGHJpQHURV\PiVGHYDULHGDGHVGLVWLQWDVGHIDL
VDQHV DOJXQRV GH H[WUDRUGLQDULD EHOOH]D 6H PHQFLRQDQ VyOR DOJXQRV D
PRGRGHHMHPSOR
'RUDGR5RMRRULJLQDULRGH&KLQDHVHO~QLFRQDWXUDOGHVXHVSHFLH\DTXH
ORVRWURVVRQPXWDFLRQHV/DKHPEUDSXHGHSRQHUHQWUHDKHPEUDV
SRUDxR
'HO +LPDOD\D ,WKDJLQLV FUXHQWXV FUXHQWXV QDWLYR GH ODV PRQWDxDV GH
1HSDO7LEHW1RURHVWHGH&KLQD(VXQDGHODVSRFDVHVSHFLHVGHIDLVDQHV
PRQyJDPD([LVWHQ VXEHVSHFLHVUHFRQRFLGDV 6RQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH
YHJHWDULDQRV\PX\GLItFLOGHFULDUHQFDXWLYHULR
(OOLRWRULJLQDULRGHO(VWHGH&KLQD9LYHHQUHJLRQHVPRQWDxRVDVRVHOYi
WLFDV(VWiFRQVLGHUDGRHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQDXQTXHVHDGDSWDELHQDOD
FUtDHQFDXWLYLGDG /DVKHPEUDVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUXQFDUiFWHUYLROHQWR \
OOHJDQDPDWDUDVXVFUtDV3XHGHQSRQHUHQWUH\KXHYRVSRUKHPEUD
\SRUDxR
,MLPD&RSSHUHVRULJLQDULRGH-DSyQ\DFRVWXPEUDKDELWDUiUHDVGHERV
TXHVGHQVRV
%LEOLRJUDItD
0DQHWWL2UODQGR&UtDGHO)DLViQ(GLFLRQHV0XQGL3UHQVD
7HVN\-XOLH/3KDVLDQXVFROFKLFXV,Q)LVKHU:LOOLDPV&FRPSLOHU7KHILUH(IIHFWV,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP
0LVVRXOD86'HSDUWDPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH,QWHUPRXQWDLQ5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ86$
6HOO5DQG\5LQJQHFN3KHDVDQW'HSDUWDPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUDO(FRQRPLFV1RUWK'DNRWD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\
86$
$PHULFDQ3KHDVDQW :DWHUIRZO6RFLHW\,QIRUPDFLyQ*HQHUDO
0DF)DUODQH3KHDVDQW)DUP,QF&DWDORJR:LVFRQVLQ86$
$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV
6HDJUDGHFHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORV6UHV-XDQ&DUORV3DQGLDQL5REHUWR3HOODULQ\5LFDUGR5RPHURHQODGHGLFD
FLyQ\SUHRFXSDFLyQSXHVWDHQHOFULDGHURVLQFX\DFRODERUDFLyQQRKDEUtDVLGRSRVLEOHVXLQVWDODFLyQ\PDQWH
QLPLHQWR
LGLD;;,