EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-24693. July 31, 1967.]

ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL AND MOTEL OPERATORS ASSOCIATION,

INC., HOTEL DEL MAR, INC. and GO CHIU , petitioners-appellees, vs.
THE HONORABLE CITY MAYOR OF MANILA , respondent-appellant,
VICTOR ALABANZA , intervenor-appellee.

Panganiban, Abad & Associates and Asst. City Fiscal L.L. Arguelles for appellant.
Jose M . Aruego, Arsenio Tenchavez and Luis Go for appellees.
Alfreo Concepcion for intervenor.

SYLLABUS

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES; VALIDITY, PRESUMPTION OF. An

ordinance, having been enacted by councilors who must, in the very nature of things, be
familiar with the necessities of their particular municipality or city and with all the facts and
circumstances which surround the subject and necessitate action, must be presumed to
be valid and should not be set aside unless there is a clear invasion of personal property
rights under the guise of police regulation. Unless, therefore, the ordinance is void on its
face, the necessity for evidence to rebut its validity is unavoidable. In the case at bar, there
being no factual foundation laid for overthrowing Ord. No. 4760 of Manila as void on its
face, the presumption of constitutionality must prevail.
2. ID.; POLICE POWER; MANIFESTATION OF. Ordinance No. 4760 of the City of Manila is
a manifestation of a police power measure speci cally aimed to safeguard public morals.
As such it is immune from any imputation of nullity resting purely on conjecture and
unsupported by anything of substance. To hold otherwise would be to unduly restrict and
narrow the scope of police power which has been properly characterized as the most
essential, insistent and the least limitable of powers extending as it does "to all the great
public needs."
3. ID.; ID.; JUDICIAL INQUIRY. On the legislative organs of the government, whether
national or local, primarily rests the exercise of the police power, which is the power to
prescribe regulations to promote the health, morals, peace, good order, safety and general
welfare of the people. In view of the requirements of certain constitutional guaranties, the
exercise of such police power, however, insofar as it may affect the life, liberty or property
of any person, is subject to judicial inquiry. Where such exercise of police power may be
considered as either capricious, whimsical, unjust or unreasonable, a denial of due process
or a violation of any other applicable constitutional guaranty may call for correction by the
courts.
4. ID.; ID.; LICENSES INCIDENTAL TO. Municipal license fees can be classi ed into those
imposed for regulating occupations or regular enterprises, for the regulation or restriction
of non-useful occupations or enterprises and for revenue purposes only. Licenses for non-
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 useful occupations are incidental to the police power, and the right to exact a fee may be
implied from the power to license and regulate, but in taking the amount of license fees the
municipal corporations are allowed a wide discretion in this class of cases. Aside from
applying the well known legal principle that municipal ordinances must not be
unreasonable, oppressive, or tyrannical, courts have, as a general rule, declined to interfere
with such discretion. The desirability of imposing restraint upon the number of persons
who might otherwise engage in non-useful enterprises is, of course, generally an important
factor in the determination of the amount of this kind of license fee. (Cu Unjieng v.
Patstone [1922], 42 Phil,, 818, 828).
5. ID.; ID.; EXERCISE OF. Much discretion is given to municipal corporations in
determining the amount of license fees to be imposed for revenue. The mere fact that
some individuals in the community may be deprived of their present business or a
particular mode of earning a living cannot prevent the exercise of the police power.
Persons licensed to pursue occupations which may in the public need and interest be
affected by the exercise of the police power embark in those occupations subject to the
disadvantages which may result from the exercise of that power.
6. ID.; DUE PROCESS; STANDARDS OF LEGAL INFIRMITY. There is no controlling and
precise de nition of due process. It furnishes though a standard to which governmental
action should conform in order that deprivation of life, liberty or property, in each
appropriate case, be valid. The standard of due process which must exist both as a
procedural and as substantive requisite to free the challenged ordinance, or any
governmental action for that matter, from imputation of legal in rmity, is responsiveness
to the supremacy of reason, obedience to the dictates of justice. It would be an affront to
reason to stigmatize an ordinance enacted precisely to meet what a municipal lawmaking
body considers an evil of rather serious proportion an arbitrary and capricious exercise of
authority. What should be deemed unreasonable and what would amount to be an
abdication of the power to govern is inaction in the face of an admitted deterioration of the
state of public morals.
7. ID.; ID.; MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES; PROHIBITIONS IN. The provision in Ordinance No.
4760 of the City of Manila making it unlawful for the owner, manager, keeper or duly
authorized representative of any hotel, motel, lodging house, tavern, common inn or the
like, to lease or rent any room or portion thereof more than twice every 24 hours, with a
proviso that in all cases full payment shall be charged, cannot be viewed as transgression
against the command of due process. The prohibition is neither unreasonable nor arbitrary,
because there appears a correspondence between the undeniable existence of an
undesirable situation and the legislative attempt at correction. Moreover, every regulation
of conduct amounts to curtailment of liberty, which cannot be absolute.
8. ID.; ID.; PUBLIC INTEREST; GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE. The policy of laissez faire
has to some extent given way to the assumption by the government of the right of
intervention even in contractual relations affected with public interest.
9. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; SCOPE. If the liberty invoked were freedom of the mind or the person,
the standard for the validity of governmental acts is much more rigorous and exacting, but
where the liberty curtailed affects at the most rights of property, the permissible scope of
regulatory measures is wider.
10. ID.; DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENT; AMBIGUITY OF STATUTES AS DENIAL OF DUE
PROCESS. What makes a statute susceptible to a charge that it is void on its face for
alleged vagueness or uncertainty is an enactment either for bidding or requiring the doing
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 of an act that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and
differ as to its application.

DECISION

FERNANDO , J : p

The principal question in this appeal from a judgment of the lower court in an action for
prohibition is whether Ordinance No. 4760 of the City of Manila is violative of the due
process clause. The lower court held that it is and adjudged it "unconstitutional, and,
therefore, null and void." For reasons to be more speci cally set forth, such judgment must
be reversed, there being a failure of the requisite showing to sustain an attack against its
validity.
The petition for prohibition against Ordinance No. 4760 was led on July 5, 1963 by the
petitioners, Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators Association, one of its members,
Hotel del Mar, Inc., and a certain Go Chiu, who is "the president and general manager of the
second petitioner" against the respondent Mayor of the City of Manila who was sued in his
capacity as such "charged with the general power and duty to enforce ordinances of the
City of Manila and to give the necessary orders for the faithful execution and enforcement
of such ordinances." (par. 1). It was alleged that the petitioner non-stock corporation is
dedicated to the promotion and protection of the interest of its eighteen (18) members
"operating hotels and motels, characterized as legitimate businesses duly licensed by both
national and city authorities regularly paying taxes, employing and giving livelihood to not
less than 2,500 persons and representing an investment of more than P3 million." 1 (par.
2). It was then alleged that on June 13, 1963, the Municipal Board of the City of Manila
enacted Ordinance No. 4760, approved on June 14, 1963 by the then Vice-Mayor Herminio
Astorga, who was at the time acting Mayor of the City of Manila. (par. 3).
After which the alleged grievances against the ordinance were set forth in detail. There
was the assertion of its being beyond the powers of the Municipal Board of the City of
Manila to enact insofar as it would regulate motels, on the ground that in the revised
charter of the City of Manila or in any other law, no reference is made to motels; that
Section 1 of the challenged ordinance is unconstitutional and void for being unreasonable
and violative of due process insofar as it would impose P6,000.00 fee per annum for rst
class motels and P4,500.00 for second c]ass motels; that the provision in the same
section which would require the owner, manager, keeper or duly authorized representative
of a hotel, motel, or lodging house to refrain from entertaining or accepting any guest or
customer or letting any room or other quarter to any person or persons without his lling
up the prescribed form in a lobby open to public view at all times and in his presence,
wherein the surname, given name and middle name, the date of birth, the address, the
occupation, the sex, the nationality, the length of stay and the number of companions in the
room, if any, with the name, relationship, age and sex would be speci ed, with data
furnished as to his residence certi cate as well as his passport number, if any, coupled
with a certi cation that a person signing such form has personally lled it up and af xed
his signature in the presence of such owner, manager, keeper or duly authorized
representative, with such registration forms and records kept and bound together, it also
being provided that the premises and facilities of such hotels, motels and lodging houses
would be open for inspection either by the City Mayor, or the Chief of Police, or their duly
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 authorized representatives is unconstitutional and void again on due process grounds, not
only for being arbitrary, unreasonable or oppressive but also for being vague, inde nite and
uncertain, and likewise for the alleged invasion of the right to privacy and the guaranty
against self-incrimination; that Section 2 of the challenged ordinance classifying motels
into two classes and requiring the maintenance of certain minimum facilities in rst class
motels such as a telephone in each room, a dining room or restaurant and laundry similarly
offends against the due process clause for being arbitrary, unreasonable and oppressive, a
conclusion which applies to the portion of the ordinance requiring second class motels to
have a dining room; that the provision of Section 2 of the challenged ordinance prohibiting
a person less than 18 years old from being accepted in such hotels, motels, lodging
houses, tavern or common inn unless accompanied by parents or a lawful guardian and
making it unlawful for the owner, manager, keeper or duly authorized representative of
such establishments to lease any room or portion thereof more than twice every 24 hours,
runs counter to the due process guaranty for lack of certainty and for its unreasonable,
arbitrary and oppressive character; and that insofar as the penalty provided for in Section
4 of the challenged ordinance for a subsequent conviction would cause the automatic
cancellation of the license of the offended party, in effect causing the destruction of the
business and loss of its investments, there is once again a transgression of the due
process clause.

There was a plea for the issuance of preliminary injunction and for a nal judgment
declaring the above ordinance null and void and unenforceable. The lower court on July 6,
1963 issued a writ of preliminary injunction ordering respondent Mayor to refrain from
enforcing said Ordinance No. 4760 from and after July 8, 1963.
In the answer led on August 3, 1963, there was an admission of the personal
circumstances regarding the respondent Mayor and of the fact that petitioners are
licensed to engage in the hotel or motel business in the City of Manila, of the provisions of
the cited Ordinance but a denial of its alleged nullity, whether on statutory or constitutional
grounds. After setting forth that the petition did fail to state a cause of action and that the
challenged ordinance bears a reasonable relation to a proper purpose, which is to curb
immorality, a valid and proper exercise of the police power and that only the guests or
customers not before the court could complain of the alleged invasion of the right to
privacy and the guaranty against self- incrimination, with the assertion that the issuance of
the preliminary injunction ex parte was contrary to law, respondent Mayor prayed for its
dissolution and the dismissal of the petition.
Instead of evidence being offered by both parties, there was submitted a stipulation of
facts dated September 28, 1964, which reads:
"1. That the petitioners Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators Association, Inc.
and Hotel del Mar, Inc. are duly organized and existing under the laws of the
Philippines, both with of ces in the City of Manila, while the petitioner Go Chiu is
the president and general manager of Hotel del Mar, Inc., and the intervenor Victor
Alabanza is a resident of Baguio City, all having the capacity to sue and be sued;
"2. That the respondent Mayor is the duly elected and incumbent City Mayor and
chief executive of the City of Manila charged with the general power and duty to
enforce ordinances of the City of Manila and to give the necessary orders for the
faithful execution and enforcement of such ordinances;
"3. That the petitioners are duly licensed to engage in the business of operating
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 hotels and motels in Malate and Ermita districts in Manila;
"4. That on June 13, 1963, the Municipal Board of the City of Manila enacted
Ordinance No. 4760, which was approved on June 14, 1963, by Vice-Mayor
Herminio Astorga, then the acting City Mayor of Manila, in the absence of the
respondent regular City Mayor, amending sections 661, 662, 668-a, 668-b and 669
of the compilation of ordinances of the City of Manila besides inserting therein
three new sections. This ordinance is similar to the one vetoed by the respondent
Mayor (Annex A) for the reasons stated in his 4th Indorsement dated February 15,
1963 (Annex B);
"5. That the explanatory noted signed by then Councilor Herminio Astorga was
submitted with the proposed ordinance (now Ordinance 4760) to the Municipal
Board, copy of which is attached hereto as Annex C;

"6. That the City of Manila derived in 1963 an annual income of P101,904.05
from license fees paid by the 105 hotels and motels (including herein petitioners)
operating in the City of Manila."

Thereafter came a memorandum for respondent on January 22, 1965, wherein stress was
laid on the presumption of the validity of the challenged ordinance, the burden of showing
its lack of conformity to the Constitution resting on the party who assails it, citing not only
U .S. v. Salaveria, but likewise applicable American authorities. Such a memorandum
likewise refuted point by point the arguments advanced by petitioners against its validity.
Then barely two weeks later, on February 4, 1965, the memorandum for petitioners was
led reiterating in detail what was set forth in the petition, with citations of what they
considered to be applicable American authorities and praying for a judgment declaring the
challenged ordinance "null and void and unenforceable" and making permanent the writ of
preliminary injunction issued.
After referring to the motels and hotels, which are members of the petitioners association,
and referring to the alleged constitutional questions raised by the party the lower court
observed: "The only remaining issue here being purely a question of law, the parties, with
the nod of the Court, agreed to le memoranda and thereafter, to submit the case for
decision of the Court." It does appear obvious then that without any evidence submitted by
the parties, the decision passed upon the alleged in rmity on constitutional grounds of the
challenged ordinance, dismissing as is undoubtedly right and proper the untenable
objection on the alleged lack of authority of the City of Manila to regulate motels, and
came to the conclusion that "the challenged Ordinance No. 4760 of the City of Manila,
would be unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void." It made permanent the preliminary
injunction issued against respondent Mayor and his agents "to restrain him from enforcing
the ordinance in question." Hence this appeal.
As noted at the outset, the judgment must be reversed. A decent regard for constitutional
doctrines of a fundamental character ought to have admonished the lower court against
such a sweeping condemnation of the challenged ordinance. Its decision cannot be
allowed to stand, consistently with what has hitherto been the accepted standards of
constitutional adjudication, in both procedural and substantive aspects.
Primarily what calls for a reversal of such a decision is the absence of any evidence to
offset the presumption of validity that attaches to a challenged statute or ordinance. As
was expressed categorically by Justice Malcolm: "The presumption is all in favor of validity
. . . The action of the elected representatives of the people cannot be lightly set aside. The
councilors must, in the very nature of things, be familiar with the necessities of their
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 particular municipality and with all the facts and circumstances which surround the subject
and necessitate action. The local legislative body, by enacting the ordinance, has in effect
given notice that the regulations are essential to the well being of the people . . . The
Judiciary should not lightly set aside legislative action when there is not a clear invasion of
personal or property rights under the guise of police regulation." 2
It admits of no doubt therefore that there being a presumption of validity, the necessity for
evidence to rebut it is unavoidable, unless the statute or ordinance is void on its face,
which is not the case here. The principle has been nowhere better expressed than in the
leading case of O'Gorman & Young v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 3 where the American
Supreme Court through Justice Brandeis tersely and succinctly summed up the matter
thus: "The statute here questioned deals with a subject clearly within the scope of the
police power. We are asked to declare it void on the ground that the speci c method of
regulation prescribed is unreasonable and hence deprives the plaintiff of due process of
law. As underlying questions of fact may condition the constitutionality of legislation of
this character, the presumption of constitutionality must prevail in the absence of some
factual foundation of record for overthrowing the statute." No such factual foundation
being laid in the present case, the lower court deciding the matter on the pleadings and the
stipulation of facts, the presumption of validity must prevail and the judgment against the
ordinance set aside.
Nor may petitioners assert with plausibility that on its face the ordinance is fatally
defective as being repugnant to the due process clause of the Constitution. The mantle of
protection associated with the due process guaranty does not cover petitioners. This
particular manifestation of a police power measure being speci cally aimed to safeguard
public morals is immune from such imputation of nullity resting purely on conjecture and
unsupported by anything of substance. To hold otherwise would be to unduly restrict and
narrow the scope of police power which has been properly characterized as the most
essential, insistent and the least limitable of powers, 4 extending as it does "to all the great
public needs." 5 It would be, to paraphrase another leading decision, to destroy the very
purpose of the state if it could be deprived or allowed itself to be deprived of its
competence to promote public health, public morals, public safety and the general welfare.
6 Negatively put, police power is "that inherent and plenary power in the State which
enables it to prohibit all that is hurtful to the comfort, safety, and welfare of society." 7
There is no question but that the challenged ordinance was precisely enacted to minimize
certain practices hurtful to public morals. The explanatory note of the then Councilor
Herminio Astorga included as annex to the stipulation of facts speaks of the alarming
increase in the rate of prostitution, adultery and fornication in Manila traceable in great part
to the existence of motels, which "provide a necessary atmosphere for clandestine entry,
presence and exit" and thus become the "ideal haven for prostitutes and thrill seekers." The
challenged ordinance then "proposes to check the clandestine harboring of transients and
guests of these establishments by requiring these transients and guests to ll up a
registration form, prepared for the purpose, in a lobby open to public view at all times, and
by introducing several other amendatory provisions calculated to shatter the privacy that
characterizes the registration of transients and guests." Moreover, the increase in the
license fees was intended to discourage "establishments of the kind from operating for
purpose other than legal" and at the same time, to increase "the income of the city
government." It would appear therefore that the stipulation of facts, far from sustaining
any attack against the validity of the ordinance, argues eloquently for it.

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 It is a fact worth noting that this Court has invariably stamped with the seal of its approval,
ordinances punishing vagrancy and classifying a pimp or procurer as a vagrant; 8 providing
a license tax for and regulating the maintenance or operation of public dance hall; 9
prohibiting gambling;1 1 and monte; 1 2 prohibiting playing of panguingui on days other than
Sundays or legal holidays; 1 3 prohibiting the operation of pinball machines; 1 4 and
prohibiting any person from keeping, conducting or maintaining an opium joint or visiting a
place where opium is smoked or otherwise used, 1 5 all of which are intended to protect
public morals.
On the legislative organs of the government, whether national of local, primarily rest the
exercise of the police power, which, it cannot be too often emphasized, is the power to
prescribe regulations to promote the health, morals, peace, good order, safety and general
welfare of the people. In view of the requirements of due process, equal protection and
other applicable constitutional guaranties, however, the exercise of such police power
insofar as it may affect the life, liberty or property of any person is subject to judicial
inquiry. Where such exercise of police power may be considered as either capricious,
whimsical, unjust or unreasonable, a denial of due process or a violation of any other
applicable constitutional guaranty may call for correction by the courts.
We are thus led considering the insistent, almost shrill tone, in which the objection is raised
to the question of due process. 1 6 There is no controlling and precise de nition of due
process. It furnishes though a standard to which governmental action should conform in
order that deprivation of life, liberty or property, in each appropriate case, be valid. What
then is the standard of due process which must exist both as a procedural and as
substantive requisite to free the challenged ordinance, or any government action for that
matter, from the imputation of legal in rmity; suf cient to spell its doom? It is
responsiveness to the supremacy of reason, obedience to the dictates of justice.
Negatively put, arbitrariness is ruled out and unfairness avoided. To satisfy the due
process requirement, of cial action, to paraphrase Cardozo, must not outrun the bounds
of reasons and result in sheer oppression. Due process is thus hostile to any of cial action
marred by lack of reasonableness. Correctly has it been identi ed as freedom from
arbitrariness. It is the embodiment of the sporting idea of fair play. 1 7 It exacts fealty "to
those strivings for justice" and judges the act of of cialdom of whatever branch" in the
light of reason drawn from considerations of fairness that re ect [democratic] traditions
of legal and political thought." 1 8 It is not a narrow or "technical conception with xed
content unrelated to time, place and circumstances," 1 9 decisions based on such a clause
requiring a "close and perceptive inquiry into fundamental principles of our society." 2 0
Questions of due process are not to be treated narrowly or pedantically in slavery to form
or phrases. 2 1
It would thus be an affront to reason to stigmatize an ordinance enacted precisely to meet
what a municipal lawmaking body considers an evil of rather serious proportion an
arbitrary and capricious exercise of authority. It would seem that what should be deemed
unreasonable and what would amount to an abdication of the power to govern is inaction
in the face of an admitted deterioration of the state of public morals. To be more speci c,
the Municipal Board of the City of Manila felt the need for a remedial measure. It provided
it with the enactment of the challenged ordinance. A strong case must be found in the
records, and as has been set forth, none is even attempted here, to attach to an ordinance
of such character the taint of nullity for an alleged failure to meet the due process
requirement. Nor does it lend any semblance even of deceptive plausibility to petitioners'
indictment of Ordinance No. 4760 on due process grounds to single out such features as
the increased fees for motels and hotels, the curtailment of the area of freedom to
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 contract, and, in certain particulars, its alleged vagueness.
Admittedly there was a decided increase of the annual license fees provided for by the
challenged ordinance for both hotels and motels, 150% for the former and over 200% for
the latter, rst-class motels being required to pay a P6,000 annual fee and second-class
motels, P4,500 yearly. It has been the settled law however, as far back as 1922 that
municipal license fees could be classi ed into those imposed for regulating occupations
or regular enterprises, for the regulation or restriction of non-useful occupations or
enterprise and for revenue purposes only. 2 2 As was explained more in detail in the above
Cu-Unjieng case: "(2) Licenses for non-useful occupations are also incidental to the police
power and the right to exact a fee may be implied from the power to license and regulate,
but in xing amount of the license fees the municipal corporations are allowed a much
wider discretion in this class of cases than in the former, and aside from applying the well-
known legal principle that municipal ordinances must not be unreasonable, oppressive, or
tyrannical, courts have, as a general rule, declined to interfere with such discretion. The
desirability of imposing restraint upon the number of persons who might otherwise
engage in non-useful enterprises is, of course, generally an important factor in the
determination of the amount of this kind of license fee. Hence license fees clearly in the
nature of privilege taxes for revenue have frequently been upheld, especially in cases of
licenses for the sale of liquors. In fact, in the latter cases the fees have rarely been
declared unreasonable." 2 3
Moreover, in the equally leading case of Lutz V. Araneta 2 4 this Court af rmed the doctrine
earlier announced by the American Supreme Court that taxation may be made to
implement the state's police power. Only the other day, this Court had occasion to af rm
that the broad taxing authority conferred by the Local Autonomy Act of 1959 to cities and
municipalities is suf ciently plenary to cover a wide range of subjects with the only
limitation that the tax so levied is for public purpose, just and uniform. 2 5
As a matter of fact, even without reference to the wide latitude enjoyed by the
City of Manila in imposing licenses for revenue, it has been explicitly held in one case
that "much discretion is given to municipal corporations in determining the amount,"
here the license fee of the operator of a massage clinic, even if it were viewed purely as
a police power measure. 2 6 The discussion of this particular matter may tly close with
this pertinent citation from another decision of signi cance: "It is urged on behalf of the
plaintiffs-appellees that the enforcement of the ordinance would deprive them of their
lawful occupation and means of livehood because they can not rent stalls in the public
markets. But it appears that plaintiffs are also dealers in refrigerated or cold storage
meat, the sale of which outside the city markets under certain conditions is permitted . .
. And surely, the mere fact, that some individuals in the community may be deprived of
their present business or a particular mode of earning a living cannot prevent the
exercise of the police power. As was said in a case, persons licensed to pursue
occupations which may in the public need and interest be affected by the exercise of
the police power embark in those occupations subject to the disadvantages which may
result from the legal exercise of that power." 2 7
Nor does the restriction on the freedom to contract, insofar as the challenged ordinance
makes it unlawful for the owner, manager, keeper or duly authorized representative of any
hotel, motel, lodging house, tavern, common inn or the like, to lease or rent any room or
portion thereof more than twice every 24 hours, with a proviso that in all cases full
payment shall be charged, call for a different conclusion. Again, such a limitation cannot be
viewed as a transgression against the command of due process. It is neither unreasonable
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 nor arbitrary. Precisely it was intended to curb the opportunity for the immoral or
illegitimate use to which such premises could be, and, according to the explanatory note,
are being devoted. How could it then be arbitrary or oppressive when there appears a
correspondence between the undeniable existence of an undesirable situation and the
legislative attempt at correction. Moreover, petitioners cannot be unaware that every
regulation of conduct amounts to curtailment of liberty, which as pointed out by Justice
Malcolm cannot be absolute. Thus: "One thought which runs through all these different
conceptions of liberty is plainly apparent. It is this: 'Liberty' as understood in democracies,
is not license; it is 'liberty regulated by law.' Implied in the term is restraint by law for the
good of the individual and for the greater good of the peace and order of society and the
general well-being. No man can do exactly as he pleases. Every man must renounce
unbridled license. The right of the individual is necessarily subject to reasonable restraint
by general law for the common good . . . The liberty of the citizen may be restrained in the
interest of the public health, or of the public order and safety, or otherwise within the
proper scope of the police power." 2 8
A similar observation was made by Justice Laurel: "Public welfare, then, lies at the bottom
of the enactment of said law, and the state in order to promote the general welfare may
interfere with personal liberty, with property, and with business and occupations. Persons
and property may be subjected to all kinds of restraints and burdens, in order to secure the
general comfort, health, and prosperity of the state . . . To this fundamental aim of our
Government the rights of the individual are subordinated. Liberty is a blessing without
which life is a misery, but liberty should not be made to prevail over authority because then
society will fall into anarchy. Neither should authority be made to prevail over liberty
because then the individual will fall into slavery. The citizen should achieve the required
balance of liberty and authority in his mind through education and personal discipline, so
that there may be established the resultant equilibrium, which means peace and order and
happiness for all." 2 9

It is noteworthy that the only decision of this Court nullifying legislation because of undue
deprivation of freedom to contract, People v. Pomar, 3 0 no longer "retains its virtuality as a
living principle. The policy of laissez faire has to some extent given way to the assumption
by the government of the right of intervention even in contractual relations affected with
public interest." 3 1 What cannot be stressed suf ciently is that if the liberty involved were
freedom of the mind or the person, the standard for the validity of governmental acts is
much more rigorous and exacting, but where the liberty curtailed affects at the most rights
of property, the permissible scope of regulatory measures is wider. 3 2 How justify then the
allegation of a denial of due process?
Lastly, there is the attempt to impugn the ordinance on another due process ground by
invoking the principle of vagueness or uncertainty. It would appear from a recital in the
petition itself that what seems to be the gravamen of the alleged grievance is that the
provisions are too detailed and speci c rather than vague or uncertain. Petitioners,
however, point to the requirement that a guest should give the name, relationship, age and
sex of the companion or companions as inde nite and uncertain in view of the necessity
for determining whether the companion or companions referred to are those arriving with
the customer or guest at the time of the registry or entering the room with him at about
the same time or coming at any inde nite time later to join him; a proviso in one of its
sections which cast doubt as to whether the maintenance of a restaurant in a motel is
dependent upon the discretion of its owners or operators; another proviso which from
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 their standpoint would require a guess as to whether the "full rate of payment" to be
charged for every such lease thereof means a full day's or merely a half-day's rate. It may
be asked, do these allegations suf ce to render the ordinance void on its face for alleged
vagueness or uncertainty? To ask the question is to answer it. From Connally v. General
Construction Co. 3 3 to Adderley v. Florida, 3 4 the principle has been consistently upheld
that what makes a statute susceptible to such a charge is an enactment either forbidding
or requiring the doing of an act that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess
at its meaning and differ as to its application. Is this the situation before us? A citation
from Justice Holmes would prove illuminating: "We agree to all the generalities about not
supplying criminal laws with what they omit, but there is no canon against using common
sense in constructing laws as saying what they obviously mean." 3 5
That is all then that this case presents. As it stands, with all due allowance for the
arguments pressed with such vigor and determination, the attack against the validity of the
challenged ordinance cannot be considered a success. Far from it. Respect for
constitutional law principles so uniformly held and so uninterruptedly adhered to by this
Court compels a reversal of the appealed decision.
Wherefore, the judgment of the lower court is reversed and the injunction issued lifted
forthwith. With costs.
Reyes, J .B.L., Makalintal, Bengzon, J .P., Zaldivar, Sanchez, Castro and Angeles, JJ ., concur.
Concepcion, C .J . and Dizon, J ., are on official leave.

Footnotes

1. The eighteen members are Waldorf Hotel, Hotel Monte Carlo, Golden Gate Motel, Miami
Hotel, Palm Spring Hotel, Flamingco Motel, Holiday Motel, Rainbow Motel, Palo Alto
Hotel, Paradise Hotel, Mayfair Hotel, Siesta Court, Sun Valley Hotel, Spring eld Hotel,
New Palace Hotel, Hotel del Mar, Longbeach Hotel and Ritz Motel.
2. U.S. v. Salaveria (1918) 39 Phil. 102, at p. 111. There was an af rmation of the presumption
of validity of municipal ordinance as announced in the leading Salaveria decision in
Eboa v. Daet, (1950) 85 Phil. 369.

3. 282 U.S. 251, 328, January 5, 1931.

4. Cf. Ichong v. Hernandez (1957) 101 Phil. 1155, at p. 1163. Also: "To Frankfurter the police
power, true to its etymology, is the power to shape policy. It de es legal de nition; as a
response to the dynamic aspects of society, it cannot be reduced to a constitutional
formula. The law must be sensitive to life; in resolving cases, it must not fall back upon
sterile cliches; its judgments are not to derive from an abstract dialectic between liberty
and the police power. Instead, in a world of trust and unions and large-scale industry, it
must meet the challenge of drastic social change. For him as for Holmes, 'society is
more than bargain and business' and the jurist's art rises to no higher peak than in
vindicating interests not represented by the items in a balance-sheet. In a progressive
society, new interests emerge, new attitudes appear, social consciousness quickens. In
the face of the unknown one cannot choose with certainty. Nor as yet, has the whole
truth been brought up from its bottomless well: and how fragile in scienti c proof is the
ultimate validity of any particular economic adjustment. Social development is a
process of trial and error; in the making of policy the fullest possible opportunity must be
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 given for the play of human mind. If Congress or legislature does not regulate, laissez
faire not the individual must be the regulator. (Hamilton, Preview of a Justice (1939)
48 Yale Law Journal, 819).
5. Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 US 412.
6. U.S. v. Gomez-Jesus (1915) 31 Phil. 218.

7. Rubi v. Provincial Board (1918) 39 Phil. 660.

8. U.S. v. Giner Cruz (1918) 38 Phil. 677.
9. U.S. v. Rodriguez (1918) 38 Phil. 759. See also Sarmiento v. Belderol, 60 Off. Gaz. (2) 196;
Lapera v. Vicente, L-18102, June 30, 1962.
10. U.S. v. Pacis (1915) 31 Phil. 524.
11. U.S. v. Espiritu-Santo (1912) 23 Phil. 610; U.S. v. Joson (1913) 26 Phil. 1; People v. Chan
Hong (1938) 65 Phil. 625.
12. U.S. v. Tamparong (1915) 31 Phil. 321.
13. U.S. v. Salaveria (1918) 39 Phil. 102.

14. Uy Ha v. The City Mayor, 108 Phil. 400; Miranda v. City of Manila L-17252, May 31, 1961.
15. U.S. v. Ten Yu (1912) 24 Phil. 1.

16. There is no occasion to consider even cursorily the alleged invasion of the right of privacy
or the prohibition against self- incrimination. Petitioners obviously are not the proper
parties to do so. Nor may such an incurable defect be remedied by an accommodating
intervenor "who has always taken advantage of, as he exclusively relies on, the facilities,
services and accommodations" offered by petitioner-motels. A general merchant, doing
business not only in Baguio City but in the City of Manila, has no legitimate cause for
complaint. At least, not according to the case as it has been developed.
17. Frankfurter, Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court (1938) pp. 32-33.

18. Frankfurter, Hannah v. Larche (1960) 363 US 420, at 487.

19. Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy (1961) 367 US 1230.

20. Bartkus v. Illinois (1959) 359 US 121.

21. Pearson v. McGraw (1939) 308 US 313.

22. Cu Unjieng v. Patstone, (1922) 42 Phil. 818, 828.

23. Citing Swarth v. People, 109 Ill. 621; Dennehy v. City of Chicago, 120 Ill. 627; 12 N.E., 227;
United States Distilling Co. v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill., 19; Drew County v. Bennet, 43 Ark.,
364; Merced County v. Fleming, 111 Cal., 46; 43 Pac., 392; Williams v. City Council of
West Point, 68 Ga., 816; Cheny v. Shellbyville, 19 Ind., 84; Wiley v. Owens, 39 Ind., 429;
Sweet v. City of Wabash, 41 Ind., 7; Jones v. Grady, 25 La. Ann., 586; Goldsmith v. City of
New Orlean, 31 La. Ann., 646; People exrel., Cramer v. Medberry, 39 N.Y.S., 207; 17 Misc.
Rep., 8; McGuigan v. Town of Belmont, 89 Wis. 637; 62 N.W., 421; Ex parte Burnett, 30
Ala., 461; Craig v. Burnett, 32 Ala., 728, and Muhlenbinck v. Long Branch Commissioners,
42 N.J.L., 364; 36 Am. Rep. 518. At pp. 829-830.
24. 98 Phil. 148 (1955) citing Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co. v. Grosjean, 301 U.S. 412, 81 L. Ed. 1193;
U.S. v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 80 L. Ed. 477; M'Culloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat, 316, 4 L. Ed. 579.
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 The Lutz decision was followed in Republic v. Bacolod-Murcia Milling, L-19824, July 9,
1966.

25. Ormoc Sugar Co. v. Municipal Board of Ormoc City, 65 Off. Gaz. (12) 2861.
26. Physical Therapy Organization v. Municipal Board (1957) 101 Phil. 1142.

27. Co Kian & Lee Ban v. City of Manila (1955) 96 Phil. 649, 654, citing City of New Orleans v.
Stafford, 27 L. Ann. 417.
28. Rubi v. Provincial Board (1919) 39 Phil. 660, at 706, citing Hall v. Geiger-Jones (1916), 242
U.S., 539; Hardie-Tynes Manufacturing Co. v. Cruz (1914), 189 Al., 66.

29. Calalang v. Williams (1940) 70 Phil. 726, at 733-734.

30. 46 Phil. 440 (1924). The Philippines was then under American sovereignty, American
Supreme Court decisions having thus an obligatory effect. No alternative was left to this
Court except to follow the then controlling decision in Adkins v. Children's Hospital
(1924) 261 US 525, which subsequently was overruled in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish
(1937) 300 US 379.
31. Antamok Gold elds Mining Co. v. Court (1940) 70 Phil. 340, at 360, quoting a concurring
opinion of Justice Laurel in Ang Tibay v. Court, G.R. No. 46496.

32. Cf. "In weighing arguments of the parties it is important to distinguish between the due
process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as an instrument for transmitting the
principles of the First Amendment and those cases in which it is applied for its own
sake. The test of legislation which collides with the Fourteenth Amendment, because it
also collides with the principles of the First, is much more de nite than the test when
only the fourteenth is involved. Much of the vagueness of the due process clause
disappears when the specific prohibitions of the First become its standard. The right of a
State to regulate, for example, a public utility may well include, so far as the due process
test is concerned, power to impose all of the restrictions which a legislature may have a
'rational basis' for adopting. But freedoms of speech and of press, of assembly, and of
worship may not be infringed on such slender grounds. They are susceptible of
restriction only to prevent grave and immediate danger to interests which the state may
lawfully protect." (West Virginia State Bd. of Edu v. Barnette, (1942) 319 US 624, at 639).

33. 269 US 385 (1926).

34. 17 L. Ed. 2d 149, Nov. 14, 1966.

35. Roschen v. Ward (1929) 279 US 337, 339.

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