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Radiographic inspection
Ultrasonic inspection
Large areas or large volumes of parts can be inspected rapidly and at low
cost.
High accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally thin or not homogeneous
Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect due to low sound transmission
Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration, and characterization of flaws
Eddy-current testing
In its most basic form the single-element ECT probe a coil of conductive wire
is excited with an alternating electrical current. This wire coil produces an
alternating magnetic field around itself in the direction ascertained by the right-
hand rule. The magnetic field oscillates at the same frequency as the current
running through the coil. When the coil approaches a conductive material, currents
opposed to the ones in the coil are induced in the material eddy currents.
ECT has a very wide range of applications. Because ECT is electrical in nature, it is
limited to conductive material. There are also physical limits to generating eddy
currents and depth of penetration (skin depth)
Advantages
Sensitivity to surface defects. Able to detect defects of 0.5mm in
length under favorable conditions.
Can detect through several layers. The ability to detect defects in
multi-layer structures (up to about 14 layers), without interference from
the planar interfaces.
Can detect through surface coatings. Able to detect defects through
non-conductive surface coatings in excess of 5mm thickness.
Accurate conductivity measurements. Dedicated conductivity
measurement instruments operate using eddy currents.
Can be automated. Relatively uniform parts can be inspected quickly and
reliably using automated or semi-automated equipment, e.g. wheels,
boiler tubes and aero-engine disks.
Little pre-cleaning required. Only major soils and loose or uneven
surface coatings need to be removed, reducing preparation time.
Portability. Portable test equipment is very small and light, some of the
latest equipment being as small as a video cassette box and weighing less
than 2kg.
Disadvantages