Cap 8-11

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5HSXHVWDIUHFXHQFLDOGHORV
DPSOLILFDGRUHV
$&DORPDUGH
'HSDUWDPHQWG(QJLQ\HULD(OHFWUzQLFD
8QLYHUVLWDW3ROLWqFQLFDGH&DWDOXQ\D
A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-1

(OHFWUyQLFD
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+DVWDDKRUDKHPRVFRQVLGHUDGRDORVDPSOLILFDGRUHVFRPRVLVX
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRIXHVHLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODIUHFXHQFLDGHODVHxDO
/RVFRQGHQVDGRUHVQRFDPELDQEUXVFDPHQWHGHFRUWRFLUFXLWRD
FLUFXLWRDELHUWR
8QHMHPSORGHXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODUHVSXHVWDIUHFXHQFLDOGHXQ
DPSOLILFDGRUHV
|A|
Am frecuencias medias
Am/ 2
frecuenc ias
frecuencias altas
bajas
fL fH f
+DELWXDOPHQWHVHFRQVLGHUDHOSXQWRGHPHGLDSRWHQFLD\VHH[SUHVDHQ
G%G%
$( ) G% = 20 log( $( ) )
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ
3DUDHODQiOLVLVIUHFXHQFLDOXWLOL]DUHPRVOD7UDQVIRUPDGDGH/DSODFH
DVt
Z L = Ls
1
ZC =
Cs
'RQGHs = j
(VWRQRVSHUPLWLUiREWHQHUXQDIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOWLSR
+ ( V) = EP V Q + EP VQ
P P 1
L+ E V + E
+
=N
L
(V ]1 )(V ]2 ) (V ]P )
L+ D V + D L
1 1 0
DQ V + DQ V1
1
+ 1 0 (V S1 )(V S2 ) (V SQ )

(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ
+ ( V) = EP V Q + EP VQ + L + E V + E = N (V ] )(V ] )L(V ]P )
P P 1
DQ V + DQ V + L + D V + D (V S )(V S )L(V SQ )
1 1 0 1 2
1
1 1 0 1 2
(QHVWDIXQFLyQOODPDUHPRV
&HURVziH(s) = 0
3RORVpiH(s)
(OHFWUyQLFD
,QWURGXFFLyQ)XQFLRQHVGHSULPHURUGHQ
&RQVLGHUDUHPRVLQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQWULEXFLyQDODUHVSXHVWD
IUHFXHQFLDOGHXQFRQGHQVDGRUHQVHULH\HQSDUDOHOR
/RVGRVFLUFXLWRVPiVKDELWXDOHVVRQ
RS CS RS
vO vO
vi RP vi CP RP
Y2 ( V) = 53 V(56 + 53 )&6 = . V 6
YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + V(56 + 53 )&6 1 + V 6
Y2 ( V) = 53 1 1
= .
YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + V(56 // 53 )&3 1 + V 3
(OHFWUyQLFD
)XQFLRQHVGHSULPHURUGHQ
6LVXEVWLWXLPRVs=j
Y2 ( V) 53 M 6
=
Y2 ( V) = 53 = . 1
YL ( V ) 56 + 53 1 + M 6 YL ( V) 56 + 53 1 + M 3
<ODPDJQLWXGHV
Y ( M ) 53 6 Y ( M ) 53 1
+ 6 ( M ) = 2 = 2 2
+ 3 ( M ) = 2 = 2 2
YL ( M ) 56 + 53 1 + M 6 YL ( M ) 56 + 53 1 + M 3
|HS(j )|dB |HP(j )|dB

aproximacin aproximacin
5 asinttica 5 asintti ca
20 l og 20 l og
5 + 5 3 dB 5 +5 3 dB
cur va curva
actual actual
+6dB/octava
-20 dB/decada
+20 dB/decada o
-6dB/octava
=1/S =1/P
(OHFWUyQLFD
)XQFLRQHVGHSULPHURUGHQ
<ODIDVHHV
Fase = 90 WDQ1 ( 6 ) Fase = WDQ1 ( 3 )

HS(j ) HS(j ) 1

1

10

aproximacin
asint tica 0
10 S S S
90
-45
45
curva curva
actual
actual
-90 aproximacin
0 asinttica
1 1 10

10 V V V

(OHFWUyQLFD
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DELHUWR
(VKDELWXDOTXHHQXQFLUFXLWRDSDUH]FDQPiVGHXQFRQGHQVDGRU
RS CS
vO
vi CP RP
&X\DIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDHV
Y2 ( V ) 53 1
=
YL ( V ) 56 + 53 53 &3 1
1 + + + V 3
6 5 + 5 &
3 6 V 6
(OHFWUyQLFD
'RQGH
&3 DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV
&6 EDMDV IUHFXHQFLDV
<VLDGHPiVWHQHPRVTXHCP<<CSFRPRHVKDELWXDO
DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV &6 FRUWRFLUFXLWR

EDMDV IUHFXHQFLDV &3 FLUFXLWRDELHUWR
'HWDOPDQHUDTXHSRGHPRVREWHQHUODVIUHFXHQFLDVGHFRUWHDG%
FRPR
|v o/vi|
1 1
I/ = / = =
2 2 6 2 ( 56 + 53 )&6
-3dB
1 1
I+ = + = =
2 2 3 2 ( 56 // 53 )&3
fL fH f

(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRVGHOFRQGHQVDGRUGHDFRSOR
$QDOL]DUHPRVORVHIHFWRVGHOFRQGHQVDGRUCCHQHOFLUFXLWR
(OFRQGHQVDGRUUHDOL]DUiXQHIHFWRGHSDVDDOWRV VCC
0HGLDQWHHOPRGHORHQDOWHUQD\
UHDO]DQGRXQDQiOLVLVFRPSOHWR
R1 RC
REWHQHPRV
vO
RS CC
Y (V) J U5 5% V ( 56 + 5L )&&
Y = R = P &
YL ( V ) 56 + 5L 5% + 5LE 1 + V ( 56 + 5L )&&
5L = 5% //[U + (1 + )5( ] = 5% // 5LE vi
R2 RE
6LEXVFDPRVODUHVLVWHQFLD
HTXLYDOHQWHYLVWDGHVGHHO
FRQGHQVDGRUSRGHPRVFDOFXODUODIUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWHDG%
1 1
= =
6 ( 56 + 5L )&&
(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRVGHOFRQGHQVDGRUGHFDUJD
VDD
&RUUHVSRQGHDOFLUFXLWRCLGHOFLUFXLWR
(VXQFLUFXLWRSDVDEDMRV
6LUHDOL]DPRVHOPRGHORHQDOWHUQD RD
\REWHQHPRVODFRQVWDQWHGH vO
WLHPSRREWHQHPRV
1 1
= =
3 ( 5' // 5/ )&/
v RG RL CL
4XHFRUUHVSRQGHDOD s
RS
IUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWHDG%
$IUHFXHQFLDVPX\EDMDVHO
FRQGHQVDGRUHVXQFLUFXLWRDELHUWR -VDD
\ODJDQDQFLDHV
J ( 5 // 5/ )
Y PD[ = P '
1 + J P 56
(OHFWUyQLFD
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(QHVWHFDVRQRSXHGHDSOLFDUVHHOPpWRGRDQWHULRU
8QDQiOLVLVGHOFLUFXLWRGHDOWHUQDQRVGD VCC
J P U 5& 1 + V5( &(

Y = RC
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ] V5( ( 56 + U )&(
1 + [5 + U + (1 + )5 ]
vO
6 ( RS
4XHSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
J P U 5& 1 + V $ vi
Y = CE
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ]1 + V %
RE
-VCC
&RQ
$ = 5( &(
% = 5( &(
(56 + U ) =
1
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ] $ (1 + )5(
1+
56 + U
(OHFWUyQLFD
'HGRQGHSRGHPRVGHGXFLUTXHHOSRORGHODIXQFLyQGH
WUDQVIHUHQFLDVHUiVXSHULRUDOFHUR
/DIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDWHQGUiXQDVSHFWR
|v|
_ v_
_ v_0
a b
'RQGH
J P U 5&
Y 0 =
[56 + U + (1 + )5( ]
J U5
Y = P &
56 + U

(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHORIUHFXHQFLDOGHO%-7
6HSXHGHREWHQHUXQPRGHORGHOWUDQVLVWRUPiVSUHFLVRTXHHO
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WUDQVLVWRUELSRODU
& % ( % &
S
Q (
Q
S %
&

FDSDRF XOWDQ
'RQGH
{ E,B,CVRQORVWHUPLQDOHVRULJLQDOHV
(QWUHORVWHUPLQDOHVDQWHULRUHV\ORVH[WHULRUHVH[LVWLUiXQD
UHVLVWHQFLDrex, rb, rc
([LVWLUiXQDFDSDFLGDGHQWUHODXQLyQHPLVRU\EDVHC\RWUD
HQWUHODXQLyQFROHFWRU\EDVHC
+DEUiRWUDFDSDFLGDGHQWUHHOFROHFWRU\HOVXEVWUDWRCS
(OHFWUyQLFD
+DEUiXQDUHVLVWHQFLDHQWUHEDVH\FROHFWRUr
6LDxDGLPRVORVFRPSRQHQWHVDQWHULRUHVDOPRGHORGHO%-7
REWHQHPRV r
rb rc
B C
B C
C
v r C gmvbe ro CS
rex

(OHFWUyQLFD
*DQDQFLDDQFKRGHEDQGDHQHO
%-7
6REUHHOPRGHORDQWHULRUODVUHVLVWHQFLDVrex, rb, rc y rVRQ
KDELWXDOPHQWHGHVSUHFLDEOHV
3DUDFDOFXODUODJDQDQFLDGHFRUULHQWHHQHOWUDQVLVWRU
ELSRODUFRUWRFLUFXLWDPRVHOFROHFWRU\FDOFXODPRVHOFRFLHQWHHQWUHOD
FRUULHQWHGHFROHFWRU\EDVH
IC
C
IB v r C gmv ro
L =
,&
= K IH =
( J P M & )
,% 1
+ M (& + & )
U
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XHFRPRC << gm\gmr = WHQHPRV

K IH =
1 + MU (& + & ) 1 + M 2I %
|hfe|
'HGRQGHREWHQHPRVHOGLDJUDPD 0 3 dB
GH%RGH
(OPyGXORGHhfeVHUiSXHV
0
K IH = 2
I
1 +
I%
fB f
<HOSXQWRGRQGH_hfe_
0
0
K IH = 1 = 2
I -45
1 + 7
I%
-90

(OHFWUyQLFD
+DELWXDOPHQWH ft >> fBGHWDOPDQHUDTXH
0 I %
1=
I7
2
I7 = 0 I%
'RQGH0fBHVHOSURGXFWRJDQDQFLDDQFKRGHEDQGD\fTTXHGD
I7 = 0
1 JP
=
2U
(& + & )
2 (& + & )
(OHFWUyQLFD
&DSDFLGDG0LOOHUHQHO%-7
/DFDSDFLGDGCHQHOPRGHORGHO%-7FRPSOLFDHOFDOFXOR3DUD
SRGHUVLPSOLILFDUpVWH\SRGHUYHUORVHIHFWRVLQWURGXFLGRVSRUHVWD
FDSDFLGDGVHVXHOHGHVJORVDUHQGRVSDUWHV(OSURFHGLPLHQWRHV
$QDOL]DUODFDSDFLGDGFRPRXQFXDGULSROR\REWHQHUVX
HTXLYDOHQFLD
v vo
v vo + v C v o
- (1/j C)

(OHFWUyQLFD
6REUHHVWHHTXLYDOHQWHFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODIXHQWHGHFRUULHQWH
HVLQIHULRUDODIXHQWHgmvHVORKDELWXDO\HOFRQGHQVDGRUGHOD
VDOLGDSUHVHQWDXQDLPSHGDQFLDPX\VXSHULRUDRC
v vo +
-
,QFRUSRUDPRVDOHTXLYDOHQWHHQVHxDOGHXQDFRQILJXUDFLyQ
HPLVRUFRP~Q
vO
r C gmv RC RL
v C
Is + vo
RB -
(OHFWUyQLFD
<VLDQDOL]DPRVODFRUULHQWHi1REWHQHPRV
L1 = M& [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]Y

4XHQRHVRWUDFRVDTXHXQFRQGHQVDGRUGHYDORU
&0 = & [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]
3RUORTXHQRVTXHGD
vO
v r gmv RC RL
C C
Is
RB

(OHFWUyQLFD
0RGHORIUHFXHQFLDOGHO026
3RGHPRVH[WUDHUORVVLJXLHQWHVSDUiPHWURV
*
6 &*63 &*6 & *' &*'3

'
UV UG
Q Q
JPYJV &'6
{ CGS\CGDVRQODVFDSDFLGDGHVHQWUHSXHUWD\VXUWLGRU\GUHQDGRU
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
{ CGSP\CGDPVRQFDSDFLGDGHVSDUiVLWDVTXHDSDUHFHQSRUHO
VRODSDPLHQWRHQWUHHOy[LGRGHSXHUWD\ORVFRQWDFWRVFRQ
VXUWLGRU\GUHQDGRU
{ rs\rdVRQODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHORVWHUPLQDOHVVXUWLGRU\GUHQDGRU
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
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{ CDSHVODFDSDFLGDGHQWUHHOFRQWDFWRGHGUHQDGRU\VXEVWUDWR
$VtHOPRGHORQRVTXHGD
C GDT rd
G D
vgs CGST ro CDS

vgs gmvgs
rs
S
'RQGH
{ CGST&DSDFLGDGJOREDOHQWUHSXHUWD\VXUWLGRU
{ CGDT&DSDFLGDGJOREDOHQWUHSXHUWD\GUHQDGRU

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026
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CGDT
'HGRQGHREWHQHPRV ii D iD
G
J P M&*'7
L =
M (&*'7 + &*67 ) vgs CGST
<FRPRKDELWXDOPHQWH gmvgs
gm!!CGDTWHQHPRV S
JP
L =
M (&*'7 + &*67 )
&RQXQDJDQDQFLDDQFKRGHEDQGD
JP
I7 =
2 (&*'7 + &*67 )
(OHFWUyQLFD
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$OLJXDOTXHHQHOWUDQVLVWRUODFDSDFLGDGCGDTSXHGHHYDOXDUVH
CGDT
G D
vgs CGST RL
gmvgs
S
'HWDOPDQHUDTXHREWHQHPRV
G D &0 = &*'7 (1 + J P 5/ )
CGST
vgs CM RL
gmvgs
S

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+HPRVYLVWRFRQDQWHULRULGDGHODPSOLILFDGRUFDVFRGRSHURQR
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VCC
RC
R1 CC2
vO
CB
Q2
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R2
CC1
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RE CE
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&
YR
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& Y
56 JPY
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YL Y U & UR
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= 2 = U 2 1
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+ V& 2
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&
5 6

=
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5 Y U & U U
Y &

%
L
5 5

J Y
P
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5
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5 Y U & & & U U

Y &

%
L
5 5

0
J Y
P
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6LVXSRQHPRVro1<<r2/(1+)CMYDOGUi
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1 +
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U 1 U 2 J P1 J P 2
3RUORTXH
J P1U 2 =
<REWHQHPRV
&0 2& 1
'HGRQGHSRGHPRVGHGXFLUTXHODFRQILJXUDFLyQFDVFRGRUHGXFH
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DPSOLILFDGRU
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6XIXQFLyQSULQFLSDOHVDPSOLILFDUODVHxDOGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHGRV
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Y
VHxDOFRP~QDORVGRVSXQWRV
Y2
W $PSOLILFDGRU
'LIHUHQFLDO
Y
YR = ' (Y2 Y1 )
/DHQWUDGDFRQHOVLJQRVHGHQRPLQDHQWUDGDLQYHUVRUDLOD
HQWUDGDFRQHOVLJQRVHOODPDHQWUDGDQRLQYHUVRUD
6LY = 0Y2 = $Y
6LY = 0Y2 = $Y
(OHFWUyQLFD
(QODSUDFWLFDQRVHYHULILFDTXH
YR = $2Y2 + $1Y1
YR = ' (Y2 Y1 )
&RPRODXWLOLGDGGHODPSOLILFDGRUGLIHUHQFLDOHVDPSOLILFDUOD
VHxDOGLIHUHQFLDVHGHILQH
YG = Y2 Y1

Y2 + Y1 YR = G YG + F YF
YF =
2
TXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDODVHxDOGLIHUHQFLD\FRP~QGHWDOPDQHUD
TXH
YG
Y1 = YF
2
YG
Y2 = YF +
2
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&055
&.0 .5.5. 20 log G

F
(OHFWUyQLFD
$PSOLILFDGRUGLIHUHQFLDO%-7
(ODPSOLILFDGRUGLIHUHQFLDOEiVLFRHV
9&&
5& 5&
YR
7 7
Y Y
,4
9&&
3DUDVXDQiOLVLVUHFRUGHPRVTXH
Y %( 1

97
L&1 = , 61H
Y %( 2

L& 2 = , 6 2H 97

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6LVXSRQHPRVORVGRVWUDQVLVWRUHVLJXDOHV
Y %( 1 Y %( 2
,4 = L&1 + L& 2 = , 6 H 97 H 97

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L&1 1
= Y %( 2 Y %( 1
,4
97
1+ H
L& 2 1
= (Y %( 2 Y %( 1 )
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97
1+ H
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= YG
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1 + H 97
L& 2 1
= YG
,4
1 + H 97
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1
LF 0.9 LF

,4 ,4
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 YG
([LVWHXQHOHYDGRJUDGRGHQROLQHDOLGDG
&XDOHVODPi[LPDWHQVLyQGLIHUHQFLDOTXHVHSXHGHDSOLFDU
PDQWHQLHQGROLQHDOLGDG"
/DSHQGLHQWHHQvd HV
,
= 4
GLF1
JG =
GYG
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,
LF1 (OLQHDO ) = 0.5 , 4 + 4 YG
497
(OGHGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHOYDORUUHDO\HOOLQHDOYHQGUiGDGRSRU
LF1 (OLQHDO ) LF1 (UHDO )
= 0.01
LF1 (OLQHDO )
&X\DVROXFLyQQRVGDSDUDVT=mV
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PDQWHQHUXQGHOLQHDOLGDG
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(OHFWUyQLFD
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Y 1 Y Y
+ J PY 1 + J P Y 2 + 2 = H
U U 5R
4XHSXHGHH[SUHVDUVH
1 + 1 + YH
Y 1 + Y 2 =
U U 5R
<GHJUiILFRYHULILFDPRV
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Y 2 = Y2 YH
6XEVWLWX\HQGR
(Y1 + Y2 2YH ) 1 + = YH

U 5R
6LREWHQHPRVODWHQVLyQHQORVHPLVRUHV
Y1 + Y2
YH =
U
2 + (1 + )5
R
(OHFWUyQLFD
6LFRQVLGHUDPRVVDOLGD~QLFDGHVGHHOFROHFWRUGHOWUDQVLVWRU
YR = YF 2 = ( J P Y 2 )5& = ( J P 5& )(Y2 YH )

<VXEVWLWX\HQGR
U
Y2 1 + Y1
( + )5
YR = J P 5& R
1
U
2+
(1 + )5R
$KRUDVLFRQVLGHUDPRVTXH
YG YG
Y1 = YF + Y2 = YF
2 2
2EWHQHPRV

J P 5& J P 5&
YR = YG YF
2 1 + 2(1 + )5R
U

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J 5 , 5 , 5
G = P & = &4 & = 4 &
2 97 2 497
, 5
4 &
J P 5& 297
F = =
2(1 + )5R 2(1 + ), 4 5R
1+ 1+
U 97
<HO&055
1 (1 + ), 4 5R
&.0 .5.5. = 20 log10 G = 20 log10 1 +
F 2 97
(OHFWUyQLFD
,PSHGDQFLDVGHHQWUDGD
GLIHUHQFLDO
3DUDWHQVLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHVODLPSHGDQFLDVHUi
= LG = 2U
&RPRSXHGHYHUVHHQHOFLUFXLWR
RC RC
vC1 vC2
v1 gmv2 v2
vd r r
gmv1
Ro

(OHFWUyQLFD
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2
RC RC
r vC1 vC2 r
v1 gmv2 v2
r r
gmv1
vc Ro
'HELGRDOHOHYDGRYDORUGHRoGHEHQLQFRUSRUDUVHro\r\DTXH
VXHOHQVHUGHYDORUHVVLPLODUHV
U U
5LF = //[(1 + )5R ]// (1 + ) R
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R2\ODWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDVHUi
YR = LE 52
(OHFWUyQLFD
4XHVLVXSRQHPRVXQDFRUULHQWHGHSRODUL]DFLyQGH5A\5
GH100KQRVGDXQDWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGH9
3DUDFRPSHQVDUHVWDWHQVLyQVHSURSRQHHVWHFLUFXLWR
L 5
5 L%
YL
5 L%
/DWHQVLyQHQV+HV
+
9 = , % 2 53
<ODGHVDOLGDSURYRFDGDSRUIB2HV
52 52 + 5
YR = 1 + 9 = 1 + 9 = 1 + 2 , % 2 53
51 51 51

(OHFWUyQLFD
4XHMXQWRFRQHOHIHFWRGHIB1WHQHPRV
52
YR = , %152 1 + , % 2 53
51
6LDPEDVFRUULHQWHGHSRODUL]DFLyQVRQLJXDOHVSDUDWHQHU
WHQVLyQGHVDOLGDFHURVHGHEHFXPSOLU
52
0 = 52 1 + 5
51 3
'HWDOPDQHUDTXH
5152
53 = = 51 // 52
51 + 52
(OHFWUyQLFD
5HVSXHVWDIUHFXHQFLDO
/DPD\RUtDGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVFRQDPSOLILFDGRUHVRSHUDFLRQDOHV
VRQHQOD]RFHUUDGR
3RUHVWHPRWLYRHVIUHFXHQWHTXHHOIDEULFDQWHLQFRUSRUHXQD
FRPSHQVDFLyQSRUSRORGRPLQDQWHHQHOLQWHULRUGHODPSOLILFDGRU
DXQTXHHQDOJXQRVPRGHORVHVWDFRPSHQVDFLyQSXHGHKDFHUVH
H[WHULRUPHQWHHQGRVSDWLOODVGHOHQFDSVXODGR
$VtODUHVSXHVWDIUHFXHQFLDOVXHOHVHU
| |
O
R
( I ) =
I
1+ M
I3
fP fT f

(OHFWUyQLFD
<ftTXHHVODIUHFXHQFLDDODFXDOODJDQDQFLDHVXQLWDULDHV
I7 = I3 R
4XHWDPELpQHVHOSURGXFWRJDQDQFLDDQFKRGHEDQGD
3DUDHOFDVRGHXQDPSOLILFDGRULQYHUVRUUHDOL]DQGRHO
DQiOLVLVWHQHPRV
R 1
Y ( I ) =
R 1+ M I
1 + (1 + ( 5 / 5 )) R
1 I 3 1 +
2
(1 + ( 52 / 51 ))
6LHQGRODIUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWHDG%

I 3G% = I 3 R
(1 + ( 52 / 51 ))
(OHFWUyQLFD
6OHZ5DWH
8QDGHODVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHORVRSHUDFLRQDOHVHVODSHQGLHQWH
Pi[LPDTXHSXHGHQHQWUHJDUDODVDOLGDslew-rate
GYR
65 =
GW PD[
3RUORTXHODUHVSXHVWDDXQSXOVRVHUi
9W
SHQGLHQWH 65 SHQGLHQWH 65

(OHFWUyQLFD
6XSRQJDPRVDKRUDXQDHQWUDGDVHQRvi=Vpsen(t)HQHOFDVRGHXQ
DPSOLILFDGRUQRLQYHUVRU
52 ( )
YR = 93 1 + sen W = 932 sen (W )
51
<ODSHQGLHQWHGHODWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDVHUi
GYR
= 932 cos(W )
GW
&X\RYDORUPi[LPRHVVPOTXHHVHQORVFUXFHVSRUFHURGHODVHxDO
GHHQWUDGD6LHVWHYDORUHVPD\RUTXHHOVOHZUDWHHODPSOLILFDGRU
GLVWRUVLRQDUiODVDOLGD\DTXHQRSXHGHVXSHUDUODPi[LPDSHQGLHQWH
/DPi[LPDIUHFXHQFLDDODTXHSXHGHWUDEDMDUHODPSOLILFDGRUVLQ
OLPLWDFLyQGHOVOHZUDWHVHUi
PD[932 = 2I PD[932 = 65
65
I PD[ =
2932
9DORUTXHSXHGHVHUPHQRUTXHHODQFKRGHEDQGD

(OHFWUyQLFD
5HDOLPHQWDFLyQ
$&DORPDUGH

(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
1HFHVLGDG
/LQHDOL]DFLyQGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOFLUFXLWR
$XPHQWRGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHORVSDUiPHWURVYDULDEOHVGHO
FLUFXLWR
,QFRQYHQLHQWHV
3pUGLGDGHJDQDQFLDJOREDO
3RVLELOLGDGGHVLVWHPDLQHVWDEOH
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
(OVLVWHPDAHVDOWDPHQWHQROLQHDO
e A s
6XIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDHV
1.4
1.2
0.8
vs = e v e
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
$xDGLPRVXQDUHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
e + s
A
-

$KRUDODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDVHUi
0.9
0.85
0.8
ve 0.75
A e
vs = =
(1 + A) (1 + e v )
0.7
e
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
2EVpUYHVHTXHVLODJDQDQFLDGHOD]RT = A>> 1WHQHPRVTXH
$ $ $ 1
V= = =
(1 + $) (1 + 7 ) $
+DELWXDOPHQWHODUHG$HVXQDPSOLILFDGRU\ODUHGHVWiIRUPDGD
SRUHOHPHQWRVSDVLYRVSRUORWDQWRVL7HVDOWR
/DIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOVLVWHPDQRGHSHQGHGHO
DPSOLILFDGRU

(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
6HQVLELOLGDGHQODJDQDQFLD
G$5 1 $ 1
= =
G$ (1 + $) (1 + $) 2 (1 + $)2
G$
G$5 =
(1 + $) 2
(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHODVHQVLELOLGDGGHOVLVWHPDUHDOLPHQWDGRARHV
PHQRVTXHODGHOVLVWHPDVLQUHDOLPHQWDUAHVGHFLUVLHOVLVWHPD$
HVXQWUDQVLVWRUODYDULDFLyQGHODJDQDQFLDGHELGRDODYDULDFLyQGH
VXVSDUiPHWURVHVPHQRU
(MHPSOR
$ = 105

$5 = 50 $5 G$ G$
G$5 = = 2.5 103 5 = 5 10 5 (0.005%)
= 0.01999 (1 + $) $ $5
G$ = 104
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV%iVLFRV
([WHQVLyQGHODQFKRGHEDQGD
6XSRQHPRVHODQFKRGHEDQGDGHODPSOLILFDGRUGRPLQDGRSRUXQ
~QLFRSROR
$2
$( V ) =
V
1+
+
'RQGHAOHVODJDQDQFLDDIUHFXHQFLDEDMDV\HHVHOSROR
GRPLQDQWH
/DJDQDQFLDHQOD]RFHUUDGRSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
$( V) $2 1
$5 ( V ) = =
(1 + $( V ) ) (1 + $2 ) V
1 + (1 + $ )
+ 2

(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRV%iVLFRV
'RQGHSXHGHYHUVHTXHODJDQDQFLDKDGLVPLQXLGRHQXQIDFWRU
(1+AO)SHURHODQFKRGHEDQGDKDDXPHQWDGRHQHOPLVPRIDFWRU
$2 1
$5 ( V ) =
(1 + $2 ) V
|AR| 1 + (1 + $ )
+ 2
ARO
lazo abierto
AO
1+AO lazo cerrado
H H(1+AO)
(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
6HQVLELOLGDGDOUXLGR
8QSDUiPHWURLPSRUWDQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVHOHFWUyQLFRVHVODUHODFLyQ
VHxDOUXLGR
5XLGR&XDOTXLHUVHxDOHOpFWULFDQRGHVHDGD\RDOHDWRULDTXH
SXHGHHVWDUSUHVHQWHMXQWRFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQ
(OSDUiPHWURTXHQRVGDODFDOLGDGHVODUHODFLyQGHOQLYHOGHOD
VHxDOUHVSHFWRGHOUXLGRSNR
6 Y
615 = =
L L
L
1 Y L Q
(YLGHQWHPHQWHHOFLUFXLWRDPSOLILFDUiVHxDO\UXLGRSRUORTXH
6 $ 6
615 2 = 2 = 7L L
1 2 $7Q 1 L

(OHFWUyQLFD
&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
9HDPRVXQHMHPSORFRQFXDWURVLVWHPDV
vn vn
+ +
vi A1=10 + A2=10 v oA vi + A1=10 A2=10 voB
YR$ = $1 $2YL + $2YQ = 100YL + 10YQ YR% = $1 $2YL + $1 $2YQ = 100YL + 100YQ
6R 100YL 6 6R = 100YL = 6L
= = 10 L
1 R 10YQ 1L 1R 100YQ 1L
vn vn
+ +
vi + v + v oC vi + v voD

3 3
A1=10 A2=10 A1=10 A2=10
- -
YR& = $1 $2Y + $2YQ =0.01 =0.01
Y = YL YR& $1 $2
YR& = (YL + YQ ) 100YL + 100YQ
YR& = $1 $2 YL + $2 YQ 100YL + 0.1YQ (1 + $1 $2 )
(1 + $1 $2 ) (1 + $1 $2 ) 6R 100YL 6L
= =
6R = 100YL = 1000 6L 1 R 100YQ 1 L
1R 0.1YQ 1L
(OHFWUyQLFD
7RSRORJtDV
(QHOHFWUyQLFDWUDEDMDPRVFRQ9H,SRUORTXHH[LVWLUiQFXDWURWLSRV
GHFRQILJXUDFLRQHVDOUHDOL]DUHOEORTXHGHUHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo paralelo Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo paralelo

vi + v vo vo ii + i vo vo
A A
- -
vr ir
vo vo

Realimentacin serie - Muestreo serie Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo serie

vi + v io io ii + i io io
A A
- -
vr ir
io io


(OHFWUyQLFD
7RSRORJtDV
3DUDUHDOL]DUXQDQiOLVLVVHQFLOORHVFRQYHQLHQWHGLYLGLUODUHGEGH
WDOPDQHUDTXHVHSDUHPRVODHQWUDGDGHODVDOLGD
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo paralelo Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo paralelo
ir h11 io ir io
h12vo + h2 1i r y12 vo y21vr

vr 1/h22 vo vr 1/y11 1/y22 vo
vr vr i o i o ir ir i o i o
h11 = h12 = h21 = h22 = y11 = y12 = y 21 = y 22 =
ir vo = 0
vo ir = 0
ir vo = 0
vo ir = 0
vr vo = 0
vo vr = 0
vr vo = 0
vo vr = 0
Realimentacin serie - Muestreo serie Realimentacin paralelo - Muestreo serie

ir z11 z22 io ir g22 io
+ + g 12i o +
vr z12io z 21ir vo vr 1/g11 g21vr v o
vr vr vo vo ir ir v o vo
z11 = z12 = z 21 = z 22 = g11 = g12 = g 21 = g 22 =
ir io = 0
io ir = 0
ir io = 0
io ir = 0
vr io = 0
io vr = 0
vr io = 0
io vr = 0
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSORGHDQiOLVLV
5HDOL]DUHPRVXQDQiOLVLVGHOVLJXLHQWHDPSOLILFDGRUUHDOLPHQWDGR
VCC
8 K 1 K 10 K 2 K
C2 CO
vO
CI
T1 T2
vi
1 K 0,1 K 10 K 0,5K CE2
10 K
6XSRQGUHPRVWRGRVORVWUDQVLVWRUHVHQDFWLYD\
hfe = 50 ; hie = 2,5 k

(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
(OSULPHUSDVRDVHJXLUHVREWHQHUODUHGHQ$&
vi 1 K 2 K vO
8K//1K 10K//10K
10 K
0,1K
6HJ~QHVWHHVTXHPDWHQHPRVFRPSDUDFLyQVHULHPXHVWUHRSDUDOHOR
SRUORTXHXWLOL]DUHPRVSDUiPHWURV>h@\VXVYDORUHVVRQ
Y Y L L 1
K11 = U
. K12 = U
K21 =
R
K22 =
R
L
U YR =0
Y R L =0
L U YR =0
YR L =0
10 ,1 .
U U
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR,,
6LVXEVWLWXLPRV
vi 1 K 2 K vO
8K//1K 10K//10K
ic 0,1 K io
+
vr 10-2vo 10,1 K
-2
-10 i c
3DUDUHDOL]DUHODQiOLVLVURPSHUHPRVHOOD]RGHUHDOLPHQWDFLyQ

(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR,,,
ib1 ic1 ib 2 ic2
vi 50 ib1
1 K 50 ib2 10,1 K 2 K vO
2,5K 2,5K -2
8K//1K 5 K -10 ic1
0,1 K
-2
10 vo
<REWHQGUHPRVvo = f(vi, vo):

YR
7 = I 0, YR )
Y R Y =0
L
YR
$ = IYR ,0)
YL
Y =0
R
YR
$5 = IYL , YR )
YL
Y =Y
R R
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR,9
5HDOL]DQGRRSHUDFLRQHVREWHQHPRV
2
YR = 1,67(10 LF1 50LE 2 )
2
LE 2 =
0.83
LF1 = 0,25LF1
YR = 1,67(10 LF1 12,5LF1 )
0.83 + 2,5

YL = 2,5LE1 + 0,1 51LE1 + 10Y R
YL 10 2 YR
LE1 =
7,6
= 137(YL 10 2 Y R )
YR
<SRUORWDQWR
Y
7= R = 1,37
YR Y = 0
L
Y
$= R = 137
YL Y =0
R
YR
$5 = 57,8
YL Y =Y
R R

(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR
5HDOL]DUHPRVXQHMHPSORFRQDPSOLILFDGRUHVRSHUDFLRQDOHV
R2
R1
vi
vO
(OFXDOHVFRPSDUDFLyQSDUDOHORPXHVWUHRSDUDOHORSHURHQHVWH
FDVRXWLOL]DUHPRVIXHQWHGHWHQVLyQHQODHQWUDGDSDUDODUHG
R 1
vi vO
vd Advd
R2 R2
+ +
vo vd
(OHFWUyQLFD
(MHPSOR,,
2EWHQHPRVODVHFXDFLRQHV
52 51
YG = YL + Y R
51 + 52 51 + 52
52 51
YG = $G YL + YR
5
1 + 52 51 + 52
'HGRQGHSRGHPRVREWHQHU
YR 51
7= = $G
Y R Y =0 51 + 52
L
YR 52
$= = $G
YL Y =0
51 + 52
R
52
$G
Y 51 + 52 5
$5 = R = 2
YL 51 51
Y =Y 1 + $G
51 + 52
R R

(OHFWUyQLFD
(IHFWRGHODUHDOLPHQWDFLyQVREUH=
/DUHDOLPHQWDFLyQPRGLILFDODVZi\Zo RULJLQDOHVGHODPSOLILFDGRUVLQ
UHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
Impedancia de Impedancia de
Comparacin Muestreo
entrada salida
Ro
Serie Paralelo Ri (1 + A)
(1 + A)
Ri
Paralelo Serie Ro (1 + A)
(1 + A)
Serie Serie Ri (1 + A) Ro (1 + A)
Ri Ro
Paralelo Paralelo
(1 + A) (1 + A)
(OHFWUyQLFD
&ULWHULRVGHHVWDELOLGDG
5HFRUGHPRVODH[SUHVLyQGHXQVLVWHPDUHDOLPHQWDGR
$ $
$U = =
(1 + $) (1 + 7 )
6LSRUFXDOTXLHUPRWLYRT = -1HQWRQFHV
$
$U = =
(1 + (1) )
(VFRPRGHFLUTXHVLODHQWUDGDHVFHURH[LVWLUiVDOLGDRORTXHHVOR
PLVPRHOVLVWHPDHVLQHVWDEOH
+DELWXDOPHQWHA\VRQIXQFLRQHVGHODIUHFXHQFLDHVGHFLU
$( V ) $( V )
$U = =
(1 + ( V ) $( V ) ) (1 + 7 ( V ) )

(OHFWUyQLFD
&ULWHULRVGHHVWDELOLGDG
3DUDIUHFXHQFLDVItVLFDVODJDQDQFLDGHOD]RSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVH
FRPRVXPDJQLWXG\IDVH
7 ( M ) = 7 ( M )
<SXHGHFRPSUREDUVHTXHVL
{ |T(j)| < 1FXDQGR VLVWHPDHVWDEOH
{ |T(j)| 1FXDQGR VLVWHPDLQHVWDEOH
3XHGHFRQRFHUVHODHVWDELOLGDGGHOVLVWHPDUHDOLPHQWDGRPHGLDQWH
RWUDVWpFQLFDVFRPRSRUHMHPSORHOFULWHULRGHHVWDELOLGDGGH
1\TXLVW\ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOGLDJUDPDGH%RGHGHODJDQDQFLDGH
OD]R
(OHFWUyQLFD
0DUJHQGHIDVH
8QDPDQHUDPiVFyPRGDGHFRQRFHUODHVWDELOLGDGGHOVLVWHPD
UHDOLPHQWDGRHVUHDOL]DUHOGLDJUDPDGH%RGHGHODJDQDQFLDGHOD]R
|T(j)|
Margen de
ganancia
1
f
0
Margen de fase
-90
-180
f
3DUDHVWDELOLGDGFXDQGRODPDJQLWXGVHKDFHXQLWDULDODIDVHGHEH
VHUPHQRUGH
8QPDUJHQGHIDVHWtSLFRDFHSWDEOHVHHQFXHQWUDHQWUH\

Cap 8-11

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Cap 8-11

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Formatos disponibles

(OHFWUyQLFD

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-1

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-2

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-3

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-4

|HS(j )|dB |HP(j )|dB

Fase = 90 WDQ1 ( 6 ) Fase = WDQ1 ( 3 )

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-7

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-8

DOWDV IUHFXHQFLDV &6 FRUWRFLUFXLWR

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-9

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-10

J P U 5& 1 + V5( &(

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-12

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-13

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-14

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-15

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-16

4XHFRPRC << gm\gmr = WHQHPRV

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-17

+DELWXDOPHQWH ft >> fBGHWDOPDQHUDTXH

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-18

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-19

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-20

L1 = M& [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]Y

&0 = & [1 + JP (5& // 5/ )]

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-21

6 &*63 &*6 & *' &*'3

vgs CGST ro CDS

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-23

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-24

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-25

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-26

U &  5& 5/ &/

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-27

5 Y U & & & U U

&0 = &1 1 + JP1 U 2

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-28

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 8-29

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-1

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-2

&.0 .5.5. 20 log G

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-5

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-6

LF 0.9 LF

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-7

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-8

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-9

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-10

YR = YF 2 = ( J P Y 2 )5& = ( J P 5& )(Y2 YH )

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-11

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-12

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-13

5LF = U + (1 + )5R (1 + )5R

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-14

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-15

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-16

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-17

L' 0.9 L'

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-18

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-19

, 5() = , & 1 + , %1 + , % 2 = , & 1 + 2 , % 2

A. Calomarde, Edicions Virtuals Transparencia 9-20

4XHFRPRC << gm\gmr = WHQHPRV

+DELWXDOPHQWH ft >> fBGHWDOPDQHUDTXH

6 &63 &6 & ' &'3

U & 5& 5/ &/

LF 0.9 LF

L' 0.9 L'

6LY > Y YR 9((

SHQGLHQWH 65 SHQGLHQWH 65