SRM UNIVERSITY NCR CAMPUS MODINAGAR

Department of Automobile Engineering

AE 1016 Vehicle body engineering and Aerodynamics

CYCLE TEST-1

ANSWER KEY:

Part-A

1. d)Estate car
2. Multi Utility Vehicle
3. b)0.2-0.3
4. b)Torsion
5. c)Honda Amaze
6. d)All of these
7. c)Under steer
8. d)All of these
9. a)8 to 15
10. b)300m

Part-B

1. Classification of car bodies:

1. Saloon or sedan
i. Notchback
ii. Fast back
iii. Hatchback
iv. 4 door saloon
v. 2 door saloon and pillar less saloon
2. Coupe
3. Sports coupe
4. Limousine
5. Estate car
6. Convertibles
7. MUV or MPV
8. SUV
2. Design factors affecting the visibility:

1. Effects of A-pillar angle on visibility

2. Height of the driver
3. Visibility in a convertible
4. Windshield reflections
5. Other automobile design factors

3. Classification of bus body based on capacity:

4. Features of limousine:

It is a luxury car. It is provided with components and equipment of high quality and with
better finish.
It is usually provided with a partition between the driver and the passengers.
Cushioned seats, air conditioning, cooling glasses etc.. are the other features of this Model?

EX: Rolls Royce Phantom, Hummer H2,H3, Mercedes Benz S600,Ford Excursion
 5. Integral bus body construction:

Monocoque, meaning 'single shell' in French, is a construction technique that utilizes the
external skin to support some or most of the load. The technique may also be called structural
skin or stressed skin.
The semi-monocoque is a hybrid of a mutually reinforcing tensile shell and compressive
structure.
Unitary body / unit body - uses a system of box sections, bulkheads and tubes to provide most
of the strength of the vehicle, to which the stressed skin adds relatively little strength or
stiffness. In integral bus construction, a base structure is formed with 4 long Side members,
cross members, outriggers and wheel arch supports. Units like engine, gear box, axles etc are
mounted on the flexible under structure, which is fabricated by welding.

6. Drawbacks of convertible cars:

Potentially reduced safety

Poor break-in protection
Deterioration and shrinkage of the sun-exposed textile fabric over time
Diminished rear visibility, from a large roof structure, small rear window, or obstructed rear
window or all of these: e.g., MINI convertible.
Generally poor structural rigidity. Contemporary engineering goes to great length to counteract
the effects of removal of a car's roof.

7. Types of sanding

1. Scuff Sanding
2. Detail Sanding
3. Orbital Sanding

Scuff Sanding:
 Scuff sanding is done on E-coat bodies for highlighting the defects. All the horizontal and upper
vertical surfaces are lightly sanded in a front-to-back motion.
Detail Sanding:
Defects found by scuff sanding are removed by detail sanding. Light, Circular motion should be used
for removing the defects.

Orbital sanding:
Orbital sanding should only be used where absolutely necessary. The Orbital sander uses self-
adhesive paper discs and is powered by compressed air. Defects which cannot be removed / difficult
to remove by Detail sanding are removed by Orbital sanding.

Part-C

1. Active and passive safety:

Automobile safety is the study and practice of vehicle design, construction, and equipment to
minimize the occurrence and consequences of automobile accidents. (Road traffic safety more
broadly includes roadway design.)

Active safety:
It refers to devices and systems that help keep a car under control and prevent an accident. These
devices are usually automated to help compensate for human error -- the single biggest cause of car
accidents.
Example: Anti-lock brakes prevent the wheels from locking up when the driver brakes, enabling the
driver to steer while braking.
Traction control systems prevent the wheels from slipping while the car is accelerating.
Electronic stability control keeps the car under control and on the road.

Passive safety:
It refers to systems in the car that protect the driver and passengers from injury if an accident does
occur.
Example: Air bags provide a cushion to protect the driver and passengers during a crash.
Seat belts hold passengers in place so that they aren't thrown forward or ejected from the car.
Rollover bars protect the car's occupants from injury if the vehicle rolls over during an accident.

Working principle of Emergency brake assist:

Emergency brake assist (EBA) or Brake Assist (BA or BAS) is an automobile braking technology
that increases braking pressure in an emergency situation.

Electronic brake assist systems use an electronic control unit (ECU) that compares instances of
braking to pre-set thresholds. If a driver pushes the brake down hard enough and fast enough to
surpass this threshold, the ECU will determine that there is an emergency and boosts braking power.
Many of these systems are adaptable, which means they will compile information about a drivers
particular braking style and tweak the thresholds to ensure the highest accuracy in emergency-
situation detection.

Older vehicles that do not have an ECU can have a mechanical brake assist system put in. Mechanical
systems also use pre-set thresholds, but these are set mechanically. This means that they are not
adaptable to individual drivers. These systems include a locking mechanism that activates when the
valve stroke which is directly related to how far the brake pedal is pushed passes a critical point.

Once this threshold is passed, the locking mechanism switches the source of braking power from the
brake piston valve to the brake booster, which supplies the braking assistance.

2. Classification of bus body based on shape and style:

1. Classic type

The Classic or normal control bus has the engine in front of the passenger carrying compartment.
This design, which was almost universal at one time, has practically disappeared and is mainly of
historical interest.
Low ratio of useful length to overall length.
It also has a high tare weight and poor aerodynamic shape.
2. Single Decker

The fulllength bodywork, i.e. single deck bus or coach is almost universal today as this layout
eliminates all the disadvantages of classic type.

3. Double Decker

These buses have a greater number of seats for a given overall length than a single Decker but
stability is not so high as for the single Decker.

4. Splitlevel bus
An intermediate solution between the two is the splitlevel layout.This layout has more seats than a
single Decker and more stability than the double Decker.
However, owing to the small number of variations that can be made from this basic design, it has not
been widely accepted.

5. Twolevel single Decker

Twolevel single Decker has been used for luxury coaches.

This layout provides good forward visibility for all passengers, good luggage space and easy
installation of an underfloor or rear engine.

Again this type is only made for special orders, as it is not easy to make derivations from the same
body shell.

6. Articulated bus

Bodies for very large coaches or in particular, city buses are often made in two parts because of axle
load limitations. The rear portion is articulated to the main vehicle by a covered pivot allowing easy
access between the two sections.
A biarticulated bus or double articulated bus is an extension of an articulated bus in that it has three
passenger compartment sections instead of two.
This also involves the addition of an extra axle. Due to the extended length, biarticulated buses tend
to be used on high frequency core routes or bus rapid transit schemes rather than conventional bus
routes.
3. i. Fastback

A fastback sedan is a twobox sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the deck lid,
but excludes the hatchback feature.
Ex: Volkswagen beetle, Plymouth barracuda

ii) Convertibles

These models are provided with windup windows and folding roof.
A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract and fold away, converting it from
an enclosed to an open-air vehicle.
Roofs are affixed to the body of the vehicle and are usually not detachable. Instead the roof is hinged
and folds away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle.
The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators, the roof
itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material.
Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material; hard-top convertibles have roofs made
from steel, aluminum, carbon fiber or plastic materials.

Ex: Jaguar XK8, Audi R8, Lamborghini Aventador

3. Two door saloon

The features of two door saloon and pillar less saloon are the same as that of four door
saloon.However in pillar less saloon there will not be a center pillar.
SAE(Society of Automobile Engineers) defines such a vehicle as any two-door model with rear
accommodation greater than or equal to 33 cubic feet (0.93 m3) in volume (a calculation made by
adding the legroom, shoulder room, and headroom)

Ex: Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Ferrari 612 Scaglietti

4. Hatchback

Hatchback containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the
vehicle by a single, tophinged tailgate or large flipup window.
The vehicle commonly has two rows of seats, with the rear seat able to fold down to increase cargo
space.entire of the back lifts up using a hatch.
It has 4 doors and one rear lift gate
Also called as four door hatchback or 5 door saloon.

Ex: Hyundai i20, i10,eon, Ford figo, Ford Fiesta, Volkswagen polo
4. Bus body based on distance traveled by the vehicle:

1. MINI BUS:

It should have a seating capacity up to 25.

It built on light duty truck chassis.
It has front mounted engine and rear axle drive.
It has soft and comfort suspension.
It has reasonably comfortable seat.
It has fairly small entry platforms.

2. Town bus

These buses are used for a short distance of about 20kms.

They are provided with large number of standing places two places, wide doors with large
entry and exit platform and hard seats covered with durable plastic materials.
3. Suburban bus

These buses are used for a distance of about 40 to 50 kms. They usually have reasonably
comfortable seats.
Fairly small entry platform for the extra space can be used for luggage and extra standing
passengers.
Usually one door is sufficient for this type of operation.

4. Long Distance Coaches

These buses are used for a distance of about 200 kms and above. They have comfortable
seats with under floor luggage space and roof racks for large items of luggage.

5. Touring Coaches

For longer distance touring coaches, very comfortable reclining seats are used.
Toilets, air conditioners, TV,etc are provided.
Additional windows in the roof are used to improve visibility for the passengers.
Thermal and acoustic insulation is usually elaborate and spacious luggage compartments are
provided under the floor and on the roof